power-for-flight-tagged

The Power for Flight Numerical Propulsion System Simulation H (NPSS), 177 Hamilton Standard, 35 “open rotor” engine, 219 578-DX demonstrator engine, 123–124, 123 Quiet Aircraft Technology (QAT), 195 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 115 Revolutionary Turbine Accelerator (RTA), CRP-X1 tractor propfan engine, 120–121 Large-Scale Advanced Propfan (LAP) project, 200–201 126 stator design, 190–191 propellers, xii, 115 Supersonic Wind Tunnel, 199, 219 propellers (variable-pitch), 125 Ultra Safe Propulsion Project, 171–172 QCSEE program, 92 Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program Quiet-Fan (Q-Fan) program, 91–92 SR-7L propfan, 117–118 (UEET), 166, 179–180 turboprop (counter-rotating), 120 Glennan, T. Keith, 51 Gloster Aircraft Company, 22–23, 28, 44n78 Hartzell Propeller, 125, 181–182 Goddard Space Flight Center, 179, 197 Hawker Aircraft, 87–88 Goldin, Daniel S., 180–181 Hawker Siddeley Harrier reconnaissance/strike- Goldwater, Barry M., 104 Goodrich Corporation, 196 fighter, 87–88 Goodyear, 27 Hawks, Frank, 15 Google, 223–224 Haynes, Alfred C., 146–147 Gough, Melvin N., 10 He 178 aircraft, 22 Gray, David, 112 Heinkel, Ernst, 22–23 Gray, George, 12 Helios unmanned aerial vehicles, 223 Great Britain, 22, 25, 30, 88. See also United Henderson, Bill, 159 Herschel-Quincke (HQ) tubes, 190–191 Kingdom Hibbard, Hall L., 26 Grubb, H. Dale, 76 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV), 155, Grumman Corporation. See also Northrop 155–156, 158, 159 Grumman high supersonic flight, 57, 200. See also Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 116–117 F9F Panther, 33 supersonic flight F-14 Tomcat, 61 High Temperature Engine Materials Technology F-14A series, 66 F-14A Tomcat, 64, 64 Program (HITEMP), 169–170 Gulfstream business jet, 116 High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) vehicles, Gulfstream II business jet, 116–119, 118–119, 119 223 XF10F-1 Jaguar, 59 High-Angle-of-Attack Technology Program GTD-21 reconnaissance drone, 56 (HATP), 154–155 Guckian, William, 184 Highly Integrated Digital Electronic Control Guinness Book of World Records, 113 Gulf War (first), 59 (HIDEC) program, 142–145, 147, 149 Gulfstream, 115–119 High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT), 156, 197–199 High-Speed Research (HSR) program, 168, 197–199, 198 Hines, Williams, 84–85 288

Index HITEMP Review, 169 temperature/pressure, 63, 145 Hobbs, Leonard S., 26 Triple Plow I/II, 61 Hobbs, Luke, 14 “unstart” (defined), 58 Holmes, Bruce A., 180 variable-geometry, 142 Honeywell Inc. vortex generators, 60 Inner Loop Thrust Vectoring (ILTV), 156 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) instrument landing system (ILS), 149, 152 program, 188 Integrated High Performance Turbine Energy Technology (IHPTET) program, 168–170, business jet engines, 188 176–180, 201 Engine Validation of Noise Reduction integrated propulsion control system (IPCS) program, 142–143 Concepts (EVNRC) program, 191 intercontinental ballistic missiles, 38 engine-component noise nomenclature, 190 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), integrated propulsion control system (IPCS) 86, 187 International Nickel Company, 167 program, 142 Irkut, 186 Jet Engine Containment Concepts and Israeli-Arab war, 103 Blade-Out Simulation, 205n19 J NPSS team, 177 propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program, Jacobs, Eastman N., 10, 29–30 “Jake’s Jeep,” 29–30, 33 152–153 Japan Airlines, 146, 152 stator design, 191 Jet Propulsion Static Laboratory, 29, 197 Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program jet-propelled aircraft, 22, 22–32, 31, 34 Jetstar aircraft, 116 (UEET), 179 John F. Kennedy International Airport, 77–78 Honeywell International Inc., 172 Journal of Defense Software Engineering, 178 Hooker, Stanley, 87 Journal of the Franklin Institute, 5 Horne, Clifton, 185 Junkers Motoren Werke, 24 Housing and Urban Development and Jumo 004 axial-flow turbojet, 28 Transportation, 78 Howes, Rob, 192 K HU-25 Falcon jet, 227 “hush kit,” 79 Kahler, Jeff, 153 hybrid propulsion, 37–38 Kalitinsky, Andrew, 26 hypersonic flight, 50, 154, 199–203 Keirn, David, 28–29 Kemper, Carlton, 2–3 I Kennedy, John F., 52 Kennedy International Airport, 77–78 IM-99 Bomarc, 37, 37–38, Ketchum, James R., 141 inlets, 144, 154, 166, 192, 222 Klimov VK-1 aircraft, 33 engine incompatibility, 60 F-111 design, 60 guide vanes, 83 multidimensional, 158–159 noise from, 75, 190–192 scarf, 190 289

The Power for Flight knock, 13–14, 20 Puffin (personal air vehicle), 223, 224 Korean War, 32, 35, 140 Quiet Aircraft Technology (QAT), 194–195 Kramer, James J., 85–86 radial air-cooled engines, 15 Kramer Commission, 115 relationship with NACA, 2–3, 7–10 Kucinich, Dennis, 180 role, 2–3 Supercharger Division, 19 L Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research (SCAR) L-133 aircraft, 26 Program, 55 Lancair International, Inc., 181 transonic region testing, 88 Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, 66, Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program 180 (UEET), 179 24-Inch Jet Tunnel, 10 VDT tests, 10 Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP), 185 V/STOL development, 89 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) XV-6A Kestrel testing, 88 program, 188 Learjet, 120, 122, 128, 128–129, 188 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), Lerch, Bradley, 170 115–116 Lesley, Everett P., 5, 7–10, 41n25 AERL, 2–3 Levintan, Richard M., 91 aircraft noise conference, 75 Lewis, George W., 2, 16, 30, 32 Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, 30–31, 35, Cruise Emissions (ACCESS) study, 226 171, 180. See also Glenn Research Center axial-flow compressor research, 29 Active Noise Control Fan, 192 chevron studies, 195–196, 196 Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP), 185 drag reduction, 159 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) 8-Foot High Temperature Tunnel, 201, 202, 203 program, 188–189 F-111A/F-111B design, 60 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 115–116, fuels research, 94 Full-Scale Tunnel, 11, 88, 128 125 High-Angle-of-Attack Technology Program afterburning turbofan design, 140–141 (HATP), 154 Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) program, HU-25 Falcon jet, 227 Nacelle Acoustic Treatment program, 76–77, 131 81 Aircraft Noise Reduction Conference, 85 Power Plants Division, 19 alloys, 168 propeller research airplane, 35 Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT), xii, 140–141 Propeller Research Tunnel (PRT) creation, Anechoic Low Speed Wind Tunnel, 121 9–10 computer-based aeronautics, 141 propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program, Distortion Tolerant Control, 158 150–151 emissions reduction, 127 Energy Efficient Engine (E3), 110, 112, 125 Engine Component Improvement (ECI) Program, 106, 110, 125–126 290

Index Engine Noise Reduction Element, 188–190 Lewis Research Center, 49, 62–63, 72, 105 Experimental Clean Combustor Program Liebert, Curt H., 168 Li’l Abner, 56 (ECCP), 87 Lincoln Composites, 169 F-15 design, 66 Lindbergh, Charles, 17, 25 F-111/TF-30 Propulsion Program Review “Lindbergh moment,” 203, 215n136 Locci, Ivan, 170 Committee, 61 Lockheed Air Express (1929), 15 fuels research, 94, 94–95 Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 15 GAP FJX-2 turbofan, 184 General Aviation Propulsion (GAP) program, A-12, 56 Advanced Cargo Aircraft Study, 116 181 Advanced Development Projects division, 56. High Stability Engine Control (HISTEC) See also “Skunk Works” project, 157 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 115–117 High Temperature Engine Materials C-5/C-5A Galaxy transport, 85, 106–107, Technology Program (HITEMP), 169–170 146 independence, loss of, 67 collaboration with Ames Research Center, 57 Joint Office of Noise Abatement, 81–82 Energy Efficient Engine (E3), 111 Low-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Facility, F-94 interceptor, 30 F-104/F-104A Starfighter, 36, 54 130, 130–131 F-117 aircraft, 103 Low-Speed Wind Tunnel, 192 GTD-21 reconnaissance drone, 56 Nozzle Acoustic Test Rig (NATR), 193 Jetstar aircraft, 116 nuclear propulsion research, 38 L-133 aircraft, 26 propfan, 115 L-1000 turbojet, 26 PSL propulsion program, 66–67 L-1011 aircraft, 75, 77–78, 146 QCSEE funding, 92–93 M-12 aircraft, 56 QUESTOL funding, 91 P-38 Lightning, 20 Quiet and Clean Turbofan Engine (QCGAT) P-80 Shooting Star, 30, 32 SR-71 Blackbird, 56–58, 104, 199, 203 program, 129–131 SR-71 series, 58 Quiet Engine Program (QEP), 76, 81, 85 T-33 trainer, 30 rocket research, 49 U-2, 56 Separate-Flow Nozzle (SFN) Jet Noise Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program Reduction Test Program, 193 (UEET), 179 successes of, 67 Vega, 15 Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research (SCAR) XJ-37, 26 YF-12 Blackbird, 48, 57 Program, 55 YF-12A/C program, 56–58 Supersonic Wind Tunnel, 128 YP-80A Shooting Star, 30 Transonic Wind Tunnel, 119, 121 turbojet design, 33 turbojet engines (single-shaft), 141 wind testing, 121 YF-12A/C program, 58 291

The Power for Flight Lockheed Georgia DC-10 airliner, 75, 77, 85–86, 93, 106–108, 570 engine series, 118 107, 151 Propfan Test Assessment (PTA) project, 118–119, 126 DC-10 airliner (loss of), 146–147 Energy Efficient Engine (E3), 111 Lockheed Martin Engine Component Improvement (ECI) Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) program, 188 Program, 106–107 F-22A Raptor, 145 F-15A Eagle, 65 F-22/F-22A Raptor, 145, 158 F-15/F-15A Eagle, 61, 65–66, 149–150 Martin F-35 Lightning II STOVL aircraft, F/A-18 Hornet, 153, 155 178–179 MD-11 airliner, 113, 151, 151–152 YF-22 (ATF program), 159 MD-80 airliner, 75, 83–84, 107, 110, 116, Logan International Airport, 77 122, 123, 124 Lowenstein, Allard K., 77–78 MD-91 aircraft, 114 Lundin, Bruce, 67 noise abatement, 76 Lycoming Engines, 181 propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program, M 151–152 “propulsor” (propfan), 124 M-12 aircraft, 56 ultra-high-bypass (UHB) demonstrator Marquardt Aircraft, RJ43 engine, 37, 38 Martin F-35 Lightning II STOVL aircraft, program, 122–123 Unducted Fan (UDF) engine, 122–124 178–179 McKinney, Marion (“Mack”), 88 Martin-Baker Aircraft Company Ltd., 64 McNamara, Robert, 58, 60 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 3, MD-11 airliner, 113, 151, 151–152 MD-80 airliner, 75, 83–84, 107, 110, 122, 123, 17, 26, 128, 223 124 Massachusetts Port Authority, 77 MD-91 aircraft, 114 materials, 167–175, 225–226 Me 262 aircraft series, 22, 29 McAulay, John E., 106 Me 262-A-1a Schwalbe (“Swallow”), 24 McCook Field, 17 Mead, George, 17, 25 McDonnell Aircraft Menasco Manufacturing Company, 26 Messerschmitt AG, 22, 24, 29 F4H-1 Phantom II, 36 Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie, 40n14 F-101A Voodoo, 35 MiG-15 series, 33 FH-1 Phantom, 27 MiG-23 aircraft, 59 XF-88B, 35 Mikkelson, Daniel, 115 McDonnell Douglas Milford, Dale, 83 Advanced Control Technology for Integrated Miller, Cearcy D., 13–15 Miller, George P., 49, 73 Vehicles (ACTIVE) program, 156 Miller, Robert, 170 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 115–116 Mitsubishi, 186 C-17 Globemaster III transport, 153 Moore, Charles Stanley, 19–20 DC-8 airliner, 75–77, 79–81, 84, 86 DC-9 airliner, 75, 81–84, 107, 116 292

Index Morrill, William, 81 propulsion research, 1–38, 228 Moss, Frank E., 104 relationship with Langley, 2–3, 7–10 MTU Aero Engines, 185 relationship with Stanford University, 5–10 Multi-Axis Thrust Vectoring (MATV) program, 158 role, 1 Munk, Max M., 8 Special Committee on Jet Propulsion, 27 Subcommittee on Propellers for Aircraft, 35 N successes of, 22 turbojet research, 30 NA-17 aircraft, 20 Universal Test Engine, 2 Nahigyan, Kervork K., 29–30 water injection tests, 13–14 Nathal, Michael, 170 wind testing, 60 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics women at, 20, 22 X-5 research aircraft, 59 (NACA), 85 National Aeronautic Association (NAA), 15, 124 aerodynamics research, 15 National Aeronautics and Space Administration aeronautics research, 73 (NASA) afterburning turbofan design, 140–141 Adaptive Engine Control System (ADECS), airfoil theory, 29 airfoils (16-series), 10 143–144 annual report, 5 Advanced Control Technology for Integrated axial-flow compressor research, 29 Collier Trophy, 15 Vehicles (ACTIVE) program, 156–160 committee structure, 1, 8 Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP), 185 cuffs, 11, 11 Advanced Gas Turbine (AGT), 168 DC-1 aircraft, 15 Advanced General Aviation Transportation diesel engine research, 181 dissolved, 49 Experiments (AGATE), 180–181 Durand at, 5 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) engineering parameter variation, 15 fuels research, 94 program,169 188–190 fundamental research, 1–2, 16, 18, 31, 35 Advanced Supersonic Propulsion and jet propulsion, 25–30 Jet Propulsion Static Laboratory, 30 Integration Research (ASPIRE) project, 199 laboratory plan for agency research, 31 Advanced Turbine Technology Applications Lewis at, 2, 16 Mead at, 17–18 (ATTAP) program, 168 NACA cowling, 15, 16 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 105–106, National Aeronautical Research Policy, 31 noise-reduction studies, 96n10 114–118, 179 piston engine design, 13–22 aeronautics research, 73, 217, 228 propeller experiments, 7–10 Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate propeller research, 1–12 (ARMD), 226 Aerospace Industry Technology Program, 169 afterburning turbofan design, 66 aircraft analytics, 65 Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) program, 104–126, 131 293

The Power for Flight Aircraft Fuel Conservation Technology Task engine modification, 86 Force, 104–105 engine noise, 105 Engine Validation of Noise Reduction aircraft noise conference, 75 Airworthiness Committee, 119 Concepts (EVNRC) program, 191 alloys, 167–168, 179–180 engine-component noise nomenclature, Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails and 190 Cruise Emissions (ACCESS) study, Environmental Research and Aircraft Sensor 226–227 Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails and Technology (ERAST) program, 223 Cruise Emissions II (ACCESS II) program, Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) 227 APNASA code, 176, 183 Project, 220–222, 230n11 Aviation Safety Program, 154, 172 EPA emissions standards, 86–87 Bell X-14 aircraft, 88 F-15 aircraft, 142, 150, 160n11 budget cuts, 55–56, 67, 180 F-15 HIDEC, 143–145 chevron studies, 192–197 F-15 simulator, 148–149 Civil Aviation Research and Development F-111A/F-111B design, 60 (CARD) Policy Study, 80–81, 89 F-111E test aircraft, 143 collaboration with FAA, 83, 89, 120, five-stage compressor design, 63 126–128 flight and propulsion control system collaboration with U.S. Air Force, 57, 66 Collier Trophy, 114–115, 123 development, 147 composite fan casings, 174, 174–175 free-flight research, 88 computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 63 fuel efficiency, 104–106, 110, 125 Concepts and Missions Division, 91 fuel prices, 104 contact with EPA, 127 fuels research, 94–95 creation of, 49 Full-Scale Engine Research (FSER), 65 Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC), 138 Fundamental Aeronautics Program, 222 Distortion Tolerant Control, 158 fundamental research, 169 electric propulsion, 49–50, 223–224 GAP diesel engine, 182 emissions reduction, 73, 104–105, 125, GAP small gas turbine initiative, 183–185 224–225 gas turbine research, 74, 130, 175 Enabling Propulsion Materials (EPM), general aviation, 126 168–169, 171–175 General Aviation Propulsion (GAP) program, Energy Efficient Engine (E3), 105–108, 110–111, 115, 125 181–185 Energy Efficient Transport, 105 Green Flight Challenge, 223–224 Engine Component Improvement (ECI) Gulfstream business jet, 116 Program, 105–110, 125 High Temperature Engine Materials engine development, 61 Technology Program (HITEMP), 169–170 High-Angle-of-Attack Technology Program (HATP), 154–155 Highly Integrated Digital Electronic Control (HIDEC) program, 142–145 294

Index High-Speed Research (HSR) program, 168, Performance Seeking Control (PSC) program, 197–199 144–145 hypersonic research, 50, 203 Polymerization of Monomer Reactants (PMR), Hyper-X research program, 201 168 Improved Digital Electronic Engine Controller propeller research, 127–128 (IDEEC) system, 156 propfan, 114–125, 124 Integrated High Performance Turbine Energy Propulsion and Power Base Research and Technology (IHPTET) program, 176–179 Technology Program, 172 integrated propulsion control system (IPCS) Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL), 62 propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program, program, 142 Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC), 149, 152–154 QCSEE development, 92–93 154 QSRA development, 90, 93 Integrated System Research Program, 222 QUESTOL development, 92 J85 turbojet experimental nozzle, 58 Quiet Aircraft Technology (QAT), 194–195 Joint Office of Noise Abatement, 81 Quiet and Clean Turbofan Engine (QCGAT), Joint Technology Demonstrator Engine 128–131 (JTDE) program, 168 Quiet Engine Program (QEP), 76, 78, 81, 82, Large-Scale Advanced Propfan (LAP) project, 84–86, 92 116 Quiet Experimental Short Takeoff and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), 117 Learjet, 120, 122, 128 Landing (QUESTOL), 91–92 multidimensional inlet, 158–159 Quiet Technology Demonstrator 2 (QTD2) Nacelle Acoustic Treatment program, 76–77, program, 196–197 81 Quiet Technology Demonstrator (QTD) NASP Joint Program Office, 200 National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) Project program, 194–195 Quiet-Fan (Q-Fan) program, 91–92 Office, 200 Quiet-STOL (Q/STOL) aircraft program, 89–90 Navy-NASA Engine Program, 55 Refan program, 82–84, 129 noise abatement, 73–87, 125, 186–197 resignation of Director of Lewis, 67 noise abatement budget, 85–86 Revolutionary Turbine Accelerator (RTA), noise abatement retrofitting, 79, 82, 84–86 noise test, 72 200–201 nuclear propulsion, 49–50 rocket propulsion, 49–50 Office of Advanced Research and Technology role, 61, 88 Separate-Flow Nozzle (SFN) Jet Noise (OART), 90 Office of Aerospace Technology Vehicle Reduction Test Program, 194 space program, 50, 52 Systems Program, 180 SR-71 Blackbird, 57, 199 “open rotor” engine, 218 STOL development, 88–92 overwing pod installation, 93 Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research (SCAR) P.1127 Kestrel testing, 88 Program, 55–56, 87 295

The Power for Flight supersonic transport (SST), 50–55 Integrated High Performance Turbine Energy support for, 73 Technology (IHPTET) program, 176 synthetic fuels, 226 Technology Readiness Level (TRL), 188–189, Naval Air Development Center, 55 Naval Appropriation Act, 1 191 Navy-NASA Engine Program, 55 Throttles Only Control (TOC), 154 propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program, “Transforming Global Mobility” white paper, 152 218 Special Committee on Jet Propulsion, 27 transonic region testing, 88 TFX program, 58 turbofan development, 63, 73, 94, 102 Towing Tank, 5 Turning Goals into Reality Awards, 175, 178 turbofan preference over turbojet, 64 two-segment landing approach, 78–79 V/STOL development, 92 Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program Neumann, Gerhard, 36 New York Daily News, 86 (UEET), 201 New York University, 3 Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engine Nixon, Richard E., 81–82, 103 Noebe, Ronald, 170 (VAATE), 179 noise, 73–87, 92 V/STOL development, 87–92 airport noise, 77–80, 79, 90–93, 219 Wallops Flight Facility, 119–120 engine noise, 90–91, 102, 218–219, 225 wind testing, 118–119, 121–122, 128 explained, 75–76 X-15 flight research program, 50 “footprint,” 93, 129 X-51A WaveRider, 203 inlet, 191–192 XB-70 Valkyrie program, 53, 54–55 “noise annoyance footprint,” 187 XV-6A Kestrel, 88 passenger cabin noise, 122–123, 191, 196 YF-12 Blackbird, 48 speed sensor, 141 National Aero-Space Plane (NASP), 200 V/STOL engine, 89 National Air and Space Act, 49 Nored, Donald, 105 National Research Council (NRC), 227 North American Aviation National Sonic Boom Program, 55 A3J-1 Vigilante, 36 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 147 B-70 aircraft series, 51 Navy, U.S. F-86 Sabre, 32, 140 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 116–117 F-86D, K, and L interceptors, 140 airfoils (16-series), 10 F-100 Super Sabre, 33 Bureau of Construction and Repair, 8 NA-73, 20 F-14 aircraft, 65 P-51 Mustang, 11, 20 F-111B, 59–61 SM-64 Navaho cruise missile, 37–38 F-111C, 61 T-2 Buckeye, 63 F-111/TF-30 Propulsion Program Review T-39 Sabreliner, 94 X-15 aircraft, 37, 50, 51 Committee, 60–61 FB-111A, 61 fuels research, 94–95 296

Index XB-70 Valkyrie, 53 Parker, Jack, 63–64 XB-70/A Valkyrie, 50, 53–55 Pathfinder unmanned aerial vehicles, 223 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 95 Pavlecka, Vladimir H., 26 Northrop Aircraft, 26, 37, 63, 65 “PCA Lite”/”PCA Ultralite,” 153. See also Northrop Grumman, 103. See also Grumman Corporation propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program nuclear bomber aircraft, 38, 50, 54 Pereira, J. Michael, 170 Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft Performance Seeking Control (PSC) program, (NEPA), 38 nuclear propulsion, 37–38, 49–50, 54 144–145, 160n11 Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) personal air vehicle, 183, 223, 224 program, 177–178, 199 Pinkel, Benjamin, 19–20 Pinkel, I. Irving, 95 O Plum Brook Station, 38 Polymerization of Monomer Reactants (PMR), 168 Office National d’Etudes et Recherches Popular Science, 124 Aérospatiales (ONERA), 117 Porter, Lisa, 218 Power Jets, Ltd., 23 Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology power plants. See engines (OAST), 151 Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Office of Aerospace Technology Vehicle Systems 578-DX demonstrator engine, 123–124, Program, 180 123 O’Hare International Airport, 78 Advanced Control Technology for Integrated Ohio State University, 125, 128, 205n19 Vehicles (ACTIVE) program, 156 Operation Babylift, 146 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP), 185 Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP) low-speed (OPEC), 103 Orient Express, 199 fan, 186, 192 Otto, Edward W., 141 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) program, 188–193, 192–193 superalloys, 167 Advanced Turboprop Project (ATP), 115 aircraft testing, 188 P airliner market, 112 alloys, 168, 180 P-38 Lightning, 20 chevron studies, 193 P-51 Mustang, 11, 11, 20 chevron-enhanced engines, 197 P-59 Airacomet, 30 computer software, 199 P-61C Black Widow, 37 creation of, 17, 26 P-80 Shooting Star, 30, 32 Critical Propulsion Components (CPC), 198 P.1127 Kestrel aircraft, 88, 88 Energy Efficient Engine (E3), 110–113, 125 Packard Motor Car Company, 14 Engine Alliance GP7200 engine, 180 Pan American Airlines, 106, 108 Engine Component Improvement (ECI) Pappas, Drew, 151 Program, 106–110 297

The Power for Flight Engine Validation of Noise Reduction PurePower PW1000G engine, 186 Concepts (EVNRC) program, 191 PW2000 turbofan, 108 PW2037 turbofan, 123, 143 engine-component noise nomenclature, 190 PW4000 engine series, 112–113, 125 F100 engine, 65–66, 67, 178 PW4000 turbofan, 113 F-100-229 engine, 168 PW4084 engine, 112–113 F100-PW-229 engine, 158 PW4098 engine, 113, 192 F119 engine, 178 Quiet Engine Program (QEP), 87 F119-PW-100 turbofan, 145, 158 Refan program, 83 Flight Propulsion System (FPS), 110–112 relationship with NACA, 19 fuel efficiency, 132n8 RL-10 liquid-fueled rocket, 49 Geared TurboFan, 185–186, 221, 222 Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, 33 High Stability Engine Control (HISTEC) TF30 turbofan, 60, 64–66 Throttles Only Control (TOC) tests, 149–150 project, 157 turbofan design, 81 high-bypass-ratio engines, 93, 192 turbofan market, 73 high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines, 187 turboprop design, 26 High-Speed Research (HSR) program, Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program 197–199 (UEET), 179 Hornet series, 17 variable-cycle engine (VCE), 55–56 Integrated High Performance Turbine Energy Vorbix axial series, 87 Wasp series, 14–15, 17 Technology (IHPTET) program, 176 XRJ47 engine, 38 integrated propulsion control system (IPCS) Pratt & Whitney Canada, 126 Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, 202, 203 program, 142 President’s Aircraft Board, 5 J42 engine, 33 Price, Nathan C., 26 J48 engine, 33 “propeller research airplane,” 35 J57 engine, 33–34, 141 Propeller Research Tunnel (PRT), 9–10, 15, 16, J58 turbo-ramjet, 56–57, 104 42n44 JT3 turbojet, 34 propeller-driven aircraft, 1–22, 25–32, 34–35, JT3D turbofan, 63, 75, 86 40n14, 46n119 JT8D refan series, 83–84 propellers, 4, 7 JT8D turbofan, 86, 98n34, 105–106, as airfoils, 3–4 blade-element theory, 3 108–109, 122 constant-speed, 26 JT8D turbofan (low-bypass), 107–108 counter-rotating (defined), 120 JT8D turbofan (noise of), 75, 105 cuffs, 11 JT9D turbofan, 87, 105–108, 109, 112 design versus airplane design, 6 JT9D-7A engine, 111 development, 3–4 Large Military Engines Division, 156 NPSS team, 177 nuclear propulsion research, 38 Polymerization of Monomer Reactants (PMR), 168 298

Index as dominant propulsion system, 2 Quiet and Clean Turbofan Engine (QCGAT), efficiencies, 10–12 128–131 experimental engines, 26 first, 4 Quiet Experimental Short Takeoff and Landing function of, 6 (QUESTOL), 87, 91–92 general aviation, 127–128 helicopter, 8 Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft (QSRA), 90, lack of data for, 5 90, 92–93 low tip speed, 89 low-speed, 182 Quiet Technology Demonstrator 2 (QTD2) paddle blades, 12 program, 196–197 propfan, 115–125, 119 single-rotation (SR) propfan, 120, 125 Quiet Technology Demonstrator (QTD) program, transonic, 35 194–195 variable-pitch, 7–8, 91, 125 wind testing, 18, 19 Quiet-STOL (Q/STOL) aircraft program, 87, Wright-Patterson Propeller Laboratory, 117 89–90 Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL), 35–38, 49 R engine research, 62 GAP FJX-2 turbofan, 183 R&D 100 Awards, 169 PSL No. 1, 35–36, 36, 37, 64–67 R3C-2 Racer aircraft, 25 PSL No. 2, 35, 62, 66–67 Raburn, Vern, 184–185 PSL No. 3, 66 RAF-6 (airfoil), 10, 12 PSL No. 4, 66, 67 Reaction Motors, 50 ramjet research, 37–38 Reagan, Ronald, 199 rocket research, 49 Records, William R., 146–147 turbojet tests, 36 Reeder, Jack, 88 propulsion-controlled aircraft (PCA) program, Rentschler, Frederick B., 17 147–154, 148, 151, 160n11. See also “PCA Republic Aviation Corporation, xii, 11, 29, 35 Lite”/“PCA Ultralite” Research & Technology, 169 Pucinski, Roman C., 76 rocket propulsion, 27, 31–32, 35, 38, 49–50, Puffin (personal air vehicle), 223, 224 Purifoy, Dana, 152 85 Rocketdyne, 49, 202, 203 Q rockets, 27, 37–38, 49–50, 85, 178, 201 Rockwell International, B-1 Lancer, 61 Quesada, Elwood R., 51 Rohr Industries, 115, 118–119, 188 Quiet, Clean, Short-Haul Experimental Engine Rohrbach, Carl, 115 Rolls-Royce, Ltd., 73 (QCSEE), 92–93, 179 Rolls-Royce Corporation, 20. Quiet Aircraft Technology (QAT), 194, 222 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) program, 188 airliner market, 112 business jet engines, 188 chevron-enhanced engines, 197 engine-component noise nomenclature, 190 299

The Power for Flight high-bypass-ratio engines, 187, 192 Separate-Flow Nozzle (SFN) Jet Noise Reduction Jet Engine Containment Concepts and Test Program, 193–194 Blade-Out Simulation, 205n19 Sewell, Charles “Chuck,” 64 Nene turbojet, 33 Shaffer, John H., 76–77, 81 noise abatement, 193 shape memory alloys (SMAs), 175, 195–196 NPSS team, 177 Shaw, Robert J., 179 “open rotor” engine, 218 Shivashankara, Belur, 194 Pegasus engine, 87 Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) program, Quiet Technology Demonstrator (QTD) 88–92, 89 program, 194 Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (STOVL) Trent 800 turbofan, 194 Trent engine series, 112 program, 179, 222 Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program Sievers, G. Keith, 129 Silverstein, Abe, 30, 34, 38, 199 (UEET), 179 single-lever power control (SLPC) systems, 182 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 17 “Skunk Works,” 56. See also Lockheed Aircraft Roots supercharger, 13–14, 19 Rosen, Robert, 131 Corporation Advanced Development Projects Rostock airfield, 22 division Rothrock, Addison M., 3, 19–20 SM-64 Navaho cruise missile, 37–38 Rowe, Brian, 124 Smith, C.R., 103 Royal Aeronautical Society, 6 Smolka, James W. “Jim,” 157 Royal Air Force (Great Britain), 22–23, 27–28 sonic booms, 52–53, 55, 199, 218 Royal Australian Air Force, 61 Soucek, Apollo, 14 Royal Flight of Saudi Arabia, 152 Sound Absorption Material (SAM), 83 Rutan, Burt, 184 Soviet Union, 32–33, 37–38, 49 Ryan, William F., 74 space program, 49–52, 60, 228 Space Shuttle, 56, 149, 201, 217 S Spirit of St. Louis aircraft, 25 Sputnik, 1, 49 S1MA Continuous-Flow Atmospheric Wind SR-71 Blackbird, 56–58, 104, 199, 203 Tunnel, 117–118 Stability Management Control, 158 Stack, John, 10, 12, 60, 88 Sadin, Stan, 188–189 stall, 55, 60–61, 65, 142–144, 158 Sanders, Newell D., 34 Stanford University, 3, 5–10 Scaled Composites, 184, 208n60 Stanley, Robert M., 28 Schey, Oscar W., 3, 19–20 Stapleton International Airport, 146 Schkolnik, Gerard S., 157 Staten, Kenneth, 200 Schmittman, Craig, 114 statorlike turbine, 76 Schneider Trophy, 25 stators, 36, 54, 76, 83, 92, 141, 190 “Screw Propeller: With Special Reference to Stepka, Francis S., 168 Stewart, Jim, 147 Aeroplane Propulsion, The,” 5 Selfridge Air Force Base, 58 300

Index Strategic Air Command, 54, 140 Tokyo International Airport, 146 Subsonic Fixed Wing (SFW) Program, 222 Trans World Airlines (TWA), 106 SunPower Corporation, 223 transonic flight, 32, 35, 87–88, 220 Supermarine Seafire fighters, 12 Tri-Service XV-6A Kestrel Evaluation Squadron, Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research (SCAR) 88 Program, 55–56, 87 turbulence, 55, 76 supersonic flight, 50–62, 199, 218, 228. See U also high supersonic flight high supersonic (defined), 57 U-2 spyplane, 56 Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Program supersonic transport (SST), 50–51, 55, 73, 199 surface-to-air missiles, 38, 54 (UEET), 166, 179–180, 201, 222 Swissair, 152 Unducted Fan (UDF), 114, 121–124, 126, 219 Systems Control, Inc., 66 United Aircraft Corporation, 2 Szalai, Ken, 149, 153 United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, 17 United Airlines (UAL), 83, 106, 146–147 T United Airlines (UAL) Flight 232, 153, 170 United Kingdom, 87. See also Great Britain T-2 Buckeye, 63 United Nations, 86, 187 T-33 trainer, 30 United Technologies, 120–121 T-38 Talon, 63 United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), T-39 Sabreliner, 94 Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) program, 120–121, 193 universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter 58–61 Tan Son Nhut Air Force Base, 146 (UART), 142–143 Taurus G4 electric aircraft, 224, 225 University of Akron, 173, 205n19 Taylor, Burt L. III, 141 University of Michigan, 3 Taylor, C. Fayette, 14 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 223 Team Pipistrel-USA.com, 223–224, 225 U.S.S. Kitty Hawk, 90, 90 Technology Concept Airplane (TCA), 197–198 Technology Readiness Level (TRL), 188–189, V 191–193, 197, 211n88 Variable-Density Tunnel (VDT), 10 Teledyne Continental Motors, 127, 177, 181 Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engine Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical, 176 Textron Lycoming, 176 (VAATE), 179–180, 222 Textron Specialty Materials, 169 Vertical and Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) Theodorsen, Theodore, 10 Théorie Générale de l’Hélice Propulsive, 3 program, 73, 87–89, 88, 92 Thompson Products, 18 Vietnam War, 65, 146, 154 Thomson, Clarke, 2 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Throttles Only Control (TOC), 148–150, 154 thrust vectoring, 154–160 (Virginia Tech), 190 VK-1 aircraft, 33 Volpe, John A., 81 von Ohain, Hans, 22–24, 203 301

The Power for Flight W Air Force Research Laboratory, 203 High Stability Engine Control (HISTEC) Walker, Joe, 54 Ware, Marsden, 2, 13–14 project, 157 Warsitz, Erich, 22 Integrated High Performance Turbine Energy Washington News, 73–74 Washington Post, 80 Technology (IHPTET) program, 176 Wasielewski, Eugene W., 29 Propeller Laboratory, 117 Weick, Fred E., 10, 15 Wydler, John W., 78 Westinghouse, 27, 30 Wheeler, Keith, 54 X Whitcomb, Richard, 32, 127 White, Kevin H., 77–78 X-5 research aircraft, 59 Whitehead, Bob, 151 X-15 aircraft, 37, 50, 51, 201 Whittle, Frank, 22–23, 27–28, 203 X-31 (Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Whittle Unit (W.U.), 23 Williams, Sam, 184 program), 158, 159 Williams International, 172, 176–179, 181–184, X-43A research aircraft, 201, 203 X-51 WaveRider, 201 205n19, 208n60 X-51A WaveRider, 203 Wilson, Eugene E., 2 XB-70/XB-70A Valkyrie, 50, 53, 53, 54–55 women, 20, 28 XF3W-1 Apache, 14 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 4 XF10F-1 Jaguar, 59 World Health Organization, 73–74 XF-84H aircraft, 35 World War II, 16–22, 25–28, 62 XF-88B aircraft, 35 Wright (Wilbur) Memorial Lecture, 6 XP-59A Airacomet, 22–23, 23, 28–29, 29, Wright, Orville, 3–5, 22, 203 Wright, Wilbur, 3–5, 22, 203 44n78 Wright Aeronautical 17, 19, 25–27, 33 XP-84 Thunderjet, 29 Wright Field, 14 XV-6A Kestrel aircraft, 88 Wright Flyer, 4 Wright-Martin Company, 17 Y Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 61 YF-12/YF-12A Blackbird, 48, 56–58, 57 Aeronautical Systems Division, 200 YF-12C aircraft, 57–58 Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, 65, YF-22 (ATF program), 159 YF-102 fighter, 32 94, 176 302

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC NASA SP-2017-631