NHỮNG VĨ NHÂN THAY ĐỔI THẾ GIỚI

["kinh\tth\u00ec\tth\u1ea7m\t\u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0110\u1ebf!\t\u0110\u1ea5ng\tv\u1ea1n\tn\u0103ng\tb\u1ea5t\tdi\u1ec7t\tc\u1ee7a\tThi\u00ean\t\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0i\t\u1ea9n\tm\u00ecnh\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tb\u00f3ng\tm\u00e1t\ttr\u00ean\tcao\u201d. C\u00e1c\tt\u00edn\t\u0111\u1ed3\tH\u1ed3i\tgi\u00e1o\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u1ea5t\t\u0111i\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tth\u00e2n\ty\u00eau\ts\u00f9ng\tk\u00ednh c\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tti\u00ean\ttri\t\u1ea2\tR\u1eadp. S\u1ef1\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tl\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ed5\tt\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\tth\u1edd\tc\u00e1c\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tth\u1ea7n,\tv\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\th\u1eefu\t\u00edch\tnh\u01b0\th\u1ea1n\tch\u1ebf\tn\u1ea1n\t\u0111a\tth\u00ea,\tc\u1ea5m\tth\u00f4ng d\u00e2m\tngo\u1ea1i\tt\u00ecnh,\tc\u1ea5m\tcho\tvay\tv\u1edbi\tti\u1ec1n\tl\u1eddi\tc\u1eaft\tc\u1ed5,\tch\u1ed1ng\tc\u1edd\tb\u1ea1c\tv\u00e0\tr\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8.\t\u00d4ng\tc\u1ea5m\tch\u1ec9\tch\u1ebf\t\u0111\u1ed9\tn\u00f4\tl\u1ec7\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tt\u00ecnh\thuynh\t\u0111\u1ec7\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng\tgi\u1eefa\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi,\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tcho\tri\u00eang\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1eafc\td\u00e2n hay\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1eb3ng\tc\u1ea5p\tn\u00e0o. Quy\u1ec3n\tQur\u2019an\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh\tc\u1ee7a\tH\u1ed3i\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tgi\u1eef\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u1ebb\t\u0111\u1eb9p tr\u00e1c\ttuy\u1ec7t\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ea7n\tth\u00e1nh\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\th\u01a1n\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tba\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tnay\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1ecbch\tsang\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u1ee9\tti\u1ebfng.","MARTIN\tLUTHER (1483\u20131546) Khi\tMartin\tLuther\t\u0111\u00f3ng\t\u0111inh\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u00edch\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\tl\u1ec5 chu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\tb\u1eb1ng\tti\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tWittenberg\tth\u00ec\tti\u1ebfng\tb\u00faa\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh\tv\u1ee1\tt\u00edn\t\u0111\u1ed3\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tra\tl\u00e0m\thai.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u00e3nh t\u1ee5\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tph\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng,\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ef1c\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tm\u1edbi\tl\u1eadp\tn\u00ean\tTin\tL\u00e0nh\tgi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y\tnay.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tlinh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tnh\u00e0\tti\u00ean\tphong\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\ts\u1ef1 tan\tv\u1ee1\tcho\tto\u00e0\tth\u00e1nh\tLa\tM\u00e3,\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\ts\u1ef1\tnghi\u1ec7p\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tch\u1ea5m\td\u1ee9t\ttrong\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tmai\th\u1eadu d\u01b0\u1edbi\ttr\u1eddi\tT\u00e2y. Ch\u01b0a\tbao\tgi\u1edd\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tgi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\t\u1edf\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tv\u00e0\tch\u01b0a\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tc\u00f3\tth\u1eddi k\u1ef3\tsuy\tt\u00e0n\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tth\u1ee9\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\ts\u00e1u.\tNh\u1eefng\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0ng\tson\thuy\tho\u00e0ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tph\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\txu\u1ea5t\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\t\u00dd\tv\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1edbn\ttheo\tsau\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00e0n.\t\u1ede\tB\u1eafc\t\u00c2u,\ts\u1ef1\tph\u1ee5c\th\u01b0ng\tch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u.\tS\u1ef1\tl\u1eeb\t\u0111\u1eeb\tbi\u1ebfng\tnh\u00e1c\tv\u00e0\ttru\u1ef5\tl\u1ea1c\t\u0111\u00e3\th\u1ea1\tth\u1ea5p\tuy\tt\u00edn\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i,\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tkh\u1eafp\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tsuy\t\u0111\u1ed3i,\tnh\u01b0ng\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ed3i\ttru\u1ef5\tl\u1ea1i\td\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u1edf m\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0i\tn\u01a1i\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tkhi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tth\u1ea5y.\tNh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\ttu\tkh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh\tph\u1ea7n\tl\u1edbn\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecf\tr\u01a1i\tl\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\ttham\tlam\tbi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c.\tL\u1ee3i\tt\u1ee9c\tc\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tgia\tt\u0103ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tgi\u00e1m\tm\u1ee5c\tch\u1ec9\tbi\u1ebft\tngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u01a1\tv\u00e9t\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1ea3i,\tx\u00e2y\tc\u1ea5t\tdinh\tth\u1ef1\tnguy\tnga\ttr\u00e1ng\tl\u1ec7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tvinh\tth\u00e2n\tph\u00ec da.\tTrong\tkhi\t\u0111\u00f3,\tc\u00e1c\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tnh\u01b0\tAlexander\t\u0111\u1ec7\tl\u1ee5c\tv\u00e0\tJulius \u0111\u1ec7\tnh\u1ecb\tl\u1ea1i\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ecba\tv\u1ecb\tthi\u00eang\tli\u00eang\tc\u1ee7a\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u00e1c th\u1ebf\tl\u1ef1c\ttr\u1ea7n\tt\u1ee5c.\tTh\u1eddi\tgian\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u00edn\tmu\u1ed3i\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadn\th\u1ed9i\tm\u1edbi.\tM\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1 thay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tb\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t\ttrong\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tng\u00e0y\t01\tth\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\t1517,\tti\u1ebfn\ts\u0129\tMartin\tLuther,\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tWitterberg\t\u0111\u00f3ng\ttr\u00ean\tc\u00e1nh\tc\u1eeda\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tch\u00edn\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tl\u0103m\tb\u00e0i\t\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n\tt\u1ed1\tc\u00e1o\ts\u1ef1\ttham\tnh\u0169ng\tsuy\t\u0111\u1ed3i\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o\tH\u1ed9i,\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u1eadn\tb\u00e3o\tl\u1edbn n\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tkh\u1eafp\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tngo\u00e0i\ts\u1ef1\tmong\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3.\t\u1ede\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tch\u00fang\tta","ph\u1ea3i\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u1ea3n\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttr\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t\tth\u1ec3\tth\u1ee9c\ttuy\u00ean\ttruy\u1ec1n. Luther\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tl\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tvai\ttr\u00f2\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00e3nh\tt\u1ee5\tt\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\tM\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tlinh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tto\tl\u1edbn,\tkhi\tc\u00f3\td\u1ecbp\tc\u0169ng\ts\u1eb5n\ts\u00e0ng\t\u0103n\tt\u1ee5c n\u00f3i\tph\u00e9t,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e2y\tvi\u1ebft\tkh\u00e1\tbay\tb\u01b0\u1edbm;\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\tm\u1ed9t con\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tr\u1ea5t\td\u1ec5\tphi\u1ec1n\tto\u00e1i\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f3\tch\u1ecbu\tkhi\tph\u1ea3i\tchung\t\u0111\u1ee5ng\tv\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tthu\u1ed9c\tgiai\tc\u1ea5p\tcao\th\u01a1n,\tt\u00f3m\tl\u1ea1i,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tch\u00fang.\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean,\ttrong\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u1ecdn\tl\u1eeda\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea v\u00e0\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\ttranh\t\u0111\u1ea5u\tm\u00e3nh\tli\u1ec7t.\tSau\tkhi\tr\u1eddi\tb\u1ecf\tn\u01a1i\tch\u00f4n\tnhau\tc\u1eaft\tr\u00fan l\u00e0\tEisleben,\tn\u01a1i\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1eddi\tn\u0103m\t1483,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ef1\tchu\u1ed1c\tl\u1ea5y\tcho m\u00ecnh\tn\u1ed7i\tphi\u1ec1n\tto\u00e1i\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tho\u00e0i\tnghi\tkh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tsi\u00eau\ttho\u00e1t\tlinh\th\u1ed3n.\tV\u1edbi\tl\u00f2ng\tnhi\u1ec7t\tth\u00e0nh qu\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ed9,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ea5t\tch\u1ea5p\tlu\u1eadt\tph\u00e1p,\tgia\tnh\u1eadp\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n\tEnfurt\tthu\u1ed9c\td\u00f2ng Augustin\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ea7n\tn\u1eefa\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\tCh\u00faa\tTr\u1eddi\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t quan\tto\u00e0\tl\u00fac\tn\u00e0o\tc\u0169ng\t\u00e1m\t\u1ea3nh\tt\u00e2m\ttr\u00ed\t\u00f4ng,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eadp\tkh\u1ed5\th\u1ea1nh,\tt\u1ef1\tki\u00eang \u0103n\tu\u1ed1ng,\tt\u1ef1\ttr\u1eebng\tph\u1ea1t\tm\u00ecnh,\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\tt\u1eadp\tluy\u1ec7n\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqu\u00e1 xa\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u00e1o\t\u0111i\u1ec1u.\tNh\u01b0ng\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u1ed5\th\u1ea1nh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng \u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u00e2u\tc\u1ea3.\tNh\u1eefng\tm\u1ed1i\tho\u00e0i\tnghi\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tch\u01b0a\tngu\u00f4i\tngoai, nh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tlo\tngh\u0129\tkh\u1ed5\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00e0ng\tgia\tt\u0103ng\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tgi\u1ea3m\t\u0111i.\tSau \u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tth\u1ed1t\tl\u00ean\t\u201cN\u1ebfu\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\ttu\ts\u0129\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00ean\tThi\u00ean\t\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng do\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e1n\tx\u00e9t\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n,\tth\u00ec\tch\u1eafc\tt\u00f4i\ts\u1ebd\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\u201d. N\u0103m\t1507,\tLuther\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u0129,\tn\u0103m\t1508,\t\u00f4ng\tdi\u1ec5n\tthuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1\ttri\u1ebft\tl\u00fd\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tm\u1edbi\tx\u00e2y\tc\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tWittenberg.\tN\u0103m\tsau,\t\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tv\u1ec1\tquy\u1ec3n\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh,\tnh\u01b0ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\t\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tth\u00edch\th\u1ee3p\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttheo\tnh\u1eefng\tnghi\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ed5\ttruy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\tN\u0103m\t1510,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tLa\tM\u00e3,\tnh\u01b0ng\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\ts\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m\tquy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00e0ng\tgi\u00e1o\tph\u1ea9m\tcao\tc\u1ea5p\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tkhi\u1ebfn\t\u00f4ng\txung\t\u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi\tTo\u00e0\tTh\u00e1nh.\tB\u1ea3y\tn\u0103m\tsau,\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tba\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tb\u1ed1n\ttu\u1ed5i,\t\u0111ang l\u00e0m\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\tWittenberg.\t\u00d4ng\tg\u00e2y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tthanh\tth\u1ebf\tti\u1ebfng t\u0103m\tnh\u1edd\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u00e0i\tgi\u1ea3ng\t\u0111\u1ea1o,\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng","nguy\u00ean\tthu\u1ef7\td\u00f2ng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\t\u201cT\u00ecm\thi\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1i\tnh\u00e2n\ttrong m\u1ed9t\th\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u1eadu,\th\u1ea1t\tl\u00faa\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e2y\tl\u00faa\tv\u00e0\ttu\u1ef7\ttrong\tx\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tch\u01b0a\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\tg\u00ec\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tgi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u00edch\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tch\u01b0\u1edbng\ttai\tgai m\u1eaft\tl\u1ea1m\td\u1ee5ng\tquy\u1ec1n\th\u00e0nh\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00e0ng\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c.\tNh\u01b0ng\tr\u1ed3i\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\ts\u1ef1\tchu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\tb\u1eb1ng\tti\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd Wittenberg. \u0110\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tphong\tt\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecb\tl\u1ea1m\td\u1ee5ng\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\ttrong\tsu\u1ed1t\tth\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3 m\u00e0\tl\u00f2ng\tt\u00edn\tng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tb\u1ecb\tsuy\t\u0111\u1ed3i.\tN\u00f3i\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tkh\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb,\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u00e2n x\u00e1\tc\u00f3\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tt\u1ed9i\tph\u1ea1m\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u00e3i\tb\u1ecf\ttrong\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tc\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m\tnh\u00e2n\tsau\tkhi\tth\u00fa\tt\u1ed9i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tcha\tv\u00e0\tb\u1eb1ng\tl\u00f2ng\tg\u00f3p\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\tth\u00ec\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u1ec5\tgi\u1ea3i\tt\u1ed9i.\tV\u00e0o\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3,\tl\u1ec5\tgi\u1ea3i\tt\u1ed9i\tr\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng\td\u1ee5ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tg\u00f3p\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng,\tv\u00e0\tkhi\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y\tl\u1ecdt\tv\u00e0o\ttay\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebb\tthi\th\u00e0nh\tb\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn thi\u00eang\tli\u00eang\tqu\u00e1\tc\u1ea9u\tth\u1ea3\tv\u00e0\tqu\u00e1\th\u0103ng\th\u00e1i\tth\u00ec\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng th\u1ecbnh\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u00e1p\tphe\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\tti\u1ec1n\tb\u1ea1c. C\u1ee9\ttheo\t\u0111\u00e0\tb\u00e0nh\ttr\u01b0\u1edbng\tn\u00e0y\tth\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u1ea3i\tt\u1ed9i\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\tn\u1eefa\tn\u00ean\tt\u1ec7\t\u0111oan\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecb\tLuther\tt\u1ed1\tc\u00e1o\tn\u0103m\t1517.\tNh\u1eefng\tb\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u\ttr\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn,\tnh\u01b0ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3 t\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3.\tCu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tm\u00e0\tLuther\tmu\u1ed1n\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0 t\u00e1ch\tr\u1eddi\tkh\u1ecfi\tgi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o.\tNh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00e0ng t\u1ecf\tra\tn\u00f3ng\tn\u1ea3y\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ef1c\th\u01a1n\tv\u00e0\tv\u1ecb\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\t\u1edf\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc\tWittenberg\tc\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111ang\td\u1ea5n\tth\u00e2n\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\th\u1ed7n\tlo\u1ea1n\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\t\u1edf\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u. Tu\tvi\u1ec7n\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\td\u00f2ng\tDominican,\tJolin\tTetzel,\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb\tLuther\tnh\u1eafm\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ebf\tgi\u1ec5u\tch\u00e2m\tbi\u1ebfm,\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tth\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng\tb\u00e0i\tb\u00ecnh\tlu\u1eadn\tn\u1ea3y\tl\u1eeda\tc\u1ee7a\tLuther\tv\u00e0\tbu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee7\tx\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft.\tCu\u1ed9c\tb\u00fat\tchi\u1ebfn\ts\u00f4i\tn\u1ed5i\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u,\tv\u00e0\tti\u1ebfng\t\u0111\u1ed3n\tv\u1ecdng\tt\u1edbi Vatican. \u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tLeo\t\u0111\u1ec7\tth\u1eadp,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\th\u1ecdc\tth\u1ee9c,\tquy\u1ebfn\tr\u0169,\tt\u00ean th\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tMedici,\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea5y\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd.\t\u00d4ng\txem\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tnh\u01b0","m\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tk\u1ec3\t\u1edf\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tr\u1ed3i\ts\u1ebd\tt\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1eafm\tch\u00ecm trong\t\u0111\u1ea1i\td\u01b0\u01a1ng\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\tt\u1eeb\th\u1ecdc.\tNh\u01b0ng\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tth\u1eadt\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tnh\u01b0 v\u1eady\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tb\u1eaft\tbu\u1ed9c\tph\u1ea3i\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tquan\tni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh.\tCu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tlan\ttr\u00e0n\tkh\u1eafp\tn\u01a1i\t\u1edf\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tv\u00e0\tti\u1ebfn\ts\u0129\tJohn Eck,\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0,\tc\u0169ng\tt\u1ed1\tc\u00e1o\tLuther.\tLuther\tquy\u1ebft\tt\u00e2m\tb\u1ea3o\tv\u1ec7\tcho\tch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tph\u1ed5\tbi\u1ebfn.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u0103n\tb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tch\u1ee7\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\tv\u00e0\tbi\u1ec7n\tminh\tb\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u1ee9c tin\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u201cNh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tt\u1ed1t\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao gi\u1edd\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ed1t,\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u00ednh\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\tra\tnh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tt\u1ed1t;\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tx\u1ea5u\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tcon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tx\u1ea5u\tm\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tx\u1ea5u\tm\u1edbi\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tx\u1ea5u\u201d.\tLuther\tn\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tk\u1ebb\tt\u1ed9i\tl\u1ed7i.\tH\u00e3y\t\u0111\u1ec3\tcho\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\td\u00e2ng\tm\u00ecnh\tcho\tCh\u00faa.\tN\u1ebfu\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\ttin\tr\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh\ts\u1ebd\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ee9u\tr\u1ed7i,\tth\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ee9u\tr\u1ed7i\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1edbi\tm\u00ecnh.\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u00e3\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\tn\u01a1i\t\u00f4ng;\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tsau \u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u00e0y\tt\u1ecf\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tn\u00e0y\ttrong\tl\u00e1\tth\u01b0\tg\u1edfi\tcho\tMelanchthon,\tv\u1eeba l\u00e0\tb\u1ea1n\tv\u1eeba\tl\u00e0\tm\u00f4n\t\u0111\u1ed3,\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f9ng\tl\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\t\u1edf\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Wittenberg.\t\u201cH\u00e3y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u1ebb\tt\u1ed9i\tl\u1ed7i\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tx\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng.\tNh\u01b0ng\tph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tni\u1ec1m\ttin\ty\u00eau\tv\u00e0\thi\tv\u1ecdng\tn\u01a1i\tCh\u00faa,\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tchi\u1ebfn\tth\u1eafng qua\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\tt\u1ed9i\tl\u1ed7i\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tch\u1ebft\u201d.\tD\u0129\tnhi\u00ean,\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ec3\tth\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea9y cho\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ee7\tthuy\u1ebft\tm\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\tm\u1edbi\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e3nh\th\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. La\tM\u00e3\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tl\u00e0m\tng\u01a1\tcho\tLuther\ttung\tho\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa\tv\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1520,\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tLeo\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00e0\tban\th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t\tchi\u1ebfu\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00ean\t\u00e1n\tv\u00e0i\tba\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tLuther\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh,\tn\u1ebfu t\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\tr\u00fat\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttr\u00ean\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng s\u00e1u\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tng\u00e0y\tth\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1ecb\tkhai\ttr\u1eeb\tkh\u1ecfi\tgi\u00e1o\tH\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o. Luther\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111e\tdo\u1ea1\t\u0111\u00f3\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ed1t\tchi\u1ebfu\tch\u1ec9\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tc\u00f4ng\tkhai.\tGiai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\ttr\u1ea7m\ttr\u1ecdng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u.\tUy\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tb\u1ecb\tcoi\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u00e0\tLuther\tv\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\td\u1ea5n","th\u00e2n\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0o\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o. K\u1ec3\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3\tv\u00f4\tt\u00ecnh\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ed3ng\tthu\u1ef7,\tbao\tgi\u1edd \u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e2y\t\u0111inh\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tbu\u1ed5i\tdi\u1ec5n\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u00f4ng\tc\u1ed9ng,\tkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n\tc\u00f3\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tcho\tng\u00e0y\tmai;\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00e3nh\tt\u1ee5\tt\u00e0n\tnh\u1eabn, phi\tl\u00fd,\th\u01a1i\tl\u00fang\tt\u00fang,\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tgieo\tv\u00e0o\tl\u00f2ng\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\tbi\u1ebft bao\ts\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\ts\u1eb5n\ts\u00e0ng\t\u1ee9ng\tkh\u1ea9u\tl\u00fac\t\u0111i\tngo\u00e0i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng;\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\ttr\u1ecdng\tt\u00e2m\tc\u1ee7a\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tch\u01b0a\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tni\u1ec7m\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng\ts\u1ebd\td\u1eabn\td\u1eaft\td\u01b0\tlu\u1eadn\t\u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ee7\t\u0111\u00edch\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tn\u00e0o. K\u1ebf\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tt\u00e2n\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u00e0\tCharles\t\u0111\u1ec7\tng\u0169,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tT\u00e2y\tBan\tNha, ch\u1ec9\tm\u1edbi\tc\u00f3\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\ttu\u1ed5i,\tnh\u01b0ng\tl\u1ea1i\tn\u1eafm\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ed1i\tcao,\tra\ts\u1eafc\tl\u1ec7nh tri\u1ec7u\th\u1ed3i\tLuther\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u00f3\tm\u1eb7t\tt\u1ea1i\tQu\u1ed1c\tH\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u1ec3\tnghe\tbi\u1ec3u\tquy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\t\u00f4ng.\tM\u1ed9t\td\u1ef1\tlu\u1eadt\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tban\th\u00e0nh\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tLuther,\tra\tl\u1ec7nh cho\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ed1i\tb\u1ecf\tnh\u1eefng\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tt\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\tTr\u01b0\u1edbc\tQu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i,\tLuther\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\tx\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t;\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00e0ng\tt\u1ecf\tra\tcoi th\u01b0\u1eddng\tbu\u1ed5i\th\u1ecdp\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\tnghi\u00eam\ttr\u1ecdng\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0y.\t\u00d4ng\tv\u1eabn\tgi\u1eef v\u1eefng\tl\u1eadp\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u201cT\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tr\u00fat\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\th\u1ebft\tv\u00ec h\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tph\u1ea3n\tl\u1ea1i\tv\u1edbi\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u00e2m\tm\u00ecnh\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tnguy hi\u1ec3m\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ec9\t\u1ed5i\u201d.\tK\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ec3\ts\u1ed1\tph\u1eadn\tra\tngo\u00e0i\tv\u00f2ng\tph\u00e1p\tlu\u1eadt v\u00e0\tQu\u1ed1c\tH\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tthanh\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tt\u1eed\th\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ecbu\ttr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh.\tNh\u01b0ng\tgi\u1ea5y\tth\u00f4ng\th\u00e0nh\tm\u00e0 \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea5p\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\thi\u1ec7u\tnghi\u1ec7m,\tv\u00e0\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1edbi\tt\u00ean\ts\u1ee9\tgi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia\tth\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ea5t.\tTin\t\u0111\u1ed3n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tlan\ttruy\u1ec1n\tr\u1ed9ng\tr\u00e3i\tg\u00e2y n\u00ean\tni\u1ec1m\tt\u00edn\tng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\ttr\u00e0n\t\u0111\u1ea7y\ttrong\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang.\tS\u1ed1\t\u0111\u00f4ng\tqu\u1ea7n\tch\u00fang tin\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecb\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tbu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\tch\u1ee7\tm\u01b0u\t\u00e1m\ts\u00e1t;\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tphong tr\u00e0o\tch\u1ed1ng\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t\td\u1eef\td\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt,\ts\u1ef1\tvi\u1ec7c\tx\u1ea3y\tra\tl\u00e0\tdo\tFrederick,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\tt\u1ed1t\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t \u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tvi\u00ean\ttrung\tth\u00e0nh\tnh\u1ea5t,\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tb\u1eaft\tc\u00f3c\tLuther\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111em\tgi\u1ea5u v\u00e0o\tl\u00e2u\t\u0111\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tta\t\u1edf\tWartburg,\tcho\tnh\u00e0\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\ttho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi\tl\u01b0\u1ee1i\th\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a\tT\u1eed\tTh\u1ea7n.\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u1ed1ng\tr\u00f2ng\tr\u00e3\tg\u1ea7n\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\ttr\u1eddi","trong\tth\u00e0nh\tlu\u1ef9\tki\u00ean\tc\u1ed1\tn\u00e0y,\tv\u00e0\th\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\tqu\u00ea\th\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u00e2n y\u00eau\tl\u00e0\tt\u1ec9nh\tEisenach\ttrong\tt\u1ea7m\tm\u1eaft. Trong\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tn\u00e0y,\tLuther\tv\u00f9i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7c\tvi\u1ebft\tl\u00e1ch,\txem\ts\u00e1ch\tv\u00e0 suy\tt\u01b0,\tpha\ttr\u1ed9n\tv\u1edbi\tni\u1ec1m\tc\u00f4\t\u0111\u01a1n\tman\tm\u00e1c.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tphi th\u01b0\u1eddng,\tsong\tsong\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7c\tho\u00e0n\tm\u1ef9\tb\u1ea3n\td\u1ecbch\tquy\u1ec3n\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh\tb\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\tsang\tti\u1ebfng\t\u0110\u1ee9c,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\tvi\u1ebft\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u01a1n\tt\u1ed1\tc\u00e1o\tnh\u1eefng th\u00f3i\tx\u1ea5u\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u1ec5\tMisa,\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tth\u1ec1\t\u1edf\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n\tv\u00e0\tph\u00f2ng\tx\u01b0ng\tt\u1ed9i;\t\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1eafp\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\tnh\u00e0n\tr\u1ed7i\t\u00f4ng\tph\u00ea\tb\u00ecnh\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u00e0i\tth\u00e1nh\tca\tm\u00e0 \u00f4ng\tth\u00edch.\tT\u1ea1i\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tbi\u1ec7t\tl\u1eadp\tkh\u1ecfi\ts\u1ef1\tphi\u1ec1n\tnhi\u1ec5u\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\td\u1ecbp\tsuy\tg\u1eabm\tl\u1ea1i\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh. Luther\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tph\u1ea3i\td\u1eb9p\tb\u1ecf\tnhi\u1ec1u\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u0103n\tb\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ee9c\ttin\tThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\tc\u1ed5\tx\u01b0a.\t\u00d4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u00ecn\tnh\u1eadn\tquy\u1ec1n\th\u00e0nh\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u0129,\tv\u00e0\ttuy\u00ean b\u1ed1\tm\u1ed7i\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00edn\tng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tch\u00e2n\tch\u00ednh\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttu\ts\u0129.\t\u00d4ng\ty\u00eau c\u1ea7u\tcho\th\u00e0ng\tgi\u00e1o\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u0169ng\tk\u1ebft\th\u00f4n,\tv\u00e0\tl\u00ean\t\u00e1n\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tkh\u1ea5n\th\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n.\tTr\u00ean\th\u1ebft,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u00e1c\tb\u1ecf\tl\u1ec5\tMisa\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ee7\tnh\u1eadn\tx\u00e1c\tth\u00e2n\tCh\u00faa\tc\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\ttrong\tb\u00e1nh\tth\u00e1nh. V\u1ec1\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tn\u00e0y\tm\u00e0\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\td\u1ecbp\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\ts\u00f4i\tn\u1ed5i\tv\u1edbi\tUlrich Zwingli,\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tThu\u1ef5\tS\u0129.\tH\u1ecd\t\u0111\u00e3\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tbi\u1ebft\tbao ng\u00e0y\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u00ean\tnh\u1eefng\tti\u1ebfng\t\u201c\u0110\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tth\u00e2n\tx\u00e1c\tt\u00f4i\u201d.\tLuther\tv\u1eabn\tc\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft\tgi\u1eef\tv\u1eefng\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\t\u00f4ng\ttrong\tkhi\tZwingli\tl\u1ea1i\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n\th\u1eefu\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n. M\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tgay\tc\u1ea5n,\tnh\u01b0ng\tLuther\tv\u1eabn gi\u1eef\tt\u00ecnh\tth\u00e2n\th\u1eefu\tt\u1ed1t\t\u0111\u1eb9p\tv\u1edbi\tZwingli,\tv\u00e0\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u1edbi\tBullinger\tng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba\tk\u1ebf\tZwingli.\tLuther\tc\u0169ng\tb\u1ecb\t\u1ea5n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tl\u00e0m\tv\u00e0\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a Calvin\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tt\u1ea1i\tPh\u00e1p\tv\u00e0\tThu\u1ef5\tS\u0129, nh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\tkhuy\u1ebfn\tkh\u00edch\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u1ed5\th\u1ea1nh\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ee7\ttr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1i\tt\u1ea9y\tl\u1ec5\t(l\u1ec5\tr\u1eeda\tt\u1ed9i\tth\u1ee9\thai\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tTin\tL\u00e0nh)\ttrong\tkhi\t\u0111\u00f3\tCalvin\txem vi\u1ec7c\tt\u00e1i\tt\u1ea9y\tl\u1ec5\tcung\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tnh\u01b0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa. C\u00f9ng\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3,\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tchia\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tra\tl\u00e0m\thai. Philip\td\u00f2ng\tHesse,\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0ng\tth\u1ebf\tl\u1ef1c\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0110\u1ee9c","l\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u1eadp\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tc\u1ee7a\tLuther.\tNh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcu\u1ed3ng\tt\u00edn c\u1ef1c\t\u0111oan\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ef1c\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tm\u1edbi\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e1m\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0y\ts\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\tn\u1ed5i\tlo\u1ea1n\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tt\u00ecnh\ttr\u1ea1ng\tv\u00f4\tch\u00ednh\tph\u1ee7.\tKhi\tLuther r\u1eddi\tl\u00e2u\t\u0111\u00e0i\t\u1edf\tWartburg,\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\ts\u1ee3\tchi\u1ebfu\tch\u1ec9\tc\u1ee7a\ttri\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00ecnh\tn\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u1eadp\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tr\u1ea5t\tm\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eeba\ts\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c\tl\u1ea1i\tquy\u1ec1n\tl\u1ef1c\tto\tl\u1edbn\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u1edf\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u.\tN\u0103m\t1522,\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\tn\u1ea9y\tl\u1eeda\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\tc\u1ee7a\tHenry\tVIII,\tho\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u1ebf\tAnh qu\u1ed1c,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\td\u00f9ng\tnh\u1eefng\tdanh\tt\u1eeb\tn\u1eb7ng\tn\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ec3\tg\u1ecdi\tnh\u01b0\tt\u00ean x\u1ea5c\tx\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u00f4\tt\u1ee5c,\tx\u1ea3o\ttr\u00e1\td\u00e2m\t\u0111\u1ea3ng\tv\u00e0\tv\u00f4\tl\u1ea1i.\tV\u00e0\tba\tn\u0103m\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng cho\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tvi\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1eadn\tm\u1ea1ng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i Erasmus\t\u0111\u00e3\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\tch\u1ee7\tl\u1ea5y\tm\u00ecnh. N\u0103m\t1525,\tcu\u1ed9c\tn\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u1edbi\tn\u00f4ng\td\u00e2n,\tv\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tn\u1ed5i\tlo\u1ea1n\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn\tcho\tn\u00f4ng\td\u00e2n\tn\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tgi\u1edbi\tch\u1ee7\tnh\u00e2n.\tTrong\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\tbi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1,\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i\tlo\u1ea1n\t\u0111\u1ec1u\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tv\u1ec1\tLuther\tmong\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tche\tch\u1edf\tgi\u00fap\ts\u1ee9c.\tNh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tth\u1ea5t\tv\u1ecdng.\tLuther\tbu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\tc\u1ea3\thai\tph\u00eda.\tKhi\tcu\u1ed9c\tn\u1ed5i\tlo\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\tb\u00f9ng\tn\u1ed5,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\tt\u1ed1\tc\u00e1o\ts\u1ef1\tn\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\tngoan\tc\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.\t\u00d4ng\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cL\u1ea1y\tCh\u00faa\t\u01a1i,\tn\u1ebfu\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tlinh\th\u1ed3n\tn\u00e0o\tng\u1ef1\ttri\ttrong\t\u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n\tqu\u00ea\tn\u00e0y,\tth\u00ec\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00fac\tc\u1eaft\tc\u1ed5\tch\u00fang\tnh\u01b0\tc\u1eaft\tc\u1ed5\tm\u1ed9t\tcon ch\u00f3\t\u0111i\u00ean\u201d.\tV\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f2n\tn\u00f3i\t\u201cM\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u1ea1m\tt\u1ed9i\tn\u1ed5i\tlo\u1ea1n\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ea5m\tch\u1ec9\tc\u1ee7a\tCh\u00faa\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tVua,\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed7i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tC\u00f4ng\tgi\u00e1o\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3 th\u1ec3\tgi\u1ebft\tk\u1ebb\tph\u1ea1m\tt\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u1ed1t\u201d. \u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1eddi\tn\u00f3i\tl\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\txu\u1ea5t\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\tg\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu\ts\u1ef1\tph\u1eabn\tn\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1ea3\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tl\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tVua. S\u1ef1\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tl\u00fac\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tkhi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tph\u1ea3i\tvu\u1ed1t\tve.\tN\u0103m\t1526,\tQu\u1ed1c\tH\u1ed9i\tc\u1ee7a Speyer\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tth\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea3m\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebd\tn\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng\tba\tn\u0103m\tsau,\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tl\u1ea1i\tn\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ebf\tl\u1ef1c \u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u00f4ng\tkhai.\tDo\t\u0111\u00f3,\tch\u1eef Protestant\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ec9\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tTin\tL\u00e0nh\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi.","Sau\t\u0111\u00f3,\tvua\tCharles\tl\u1ea1i\tra\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1eafc\tch\u1ec9\tt\u1ea1i\tAugsburg,\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u\tc\u00e1c\tl\u00e3nh t\u1ee5\tTin\tL\u00e0nh\tgi\u00e1o\tgiao\tho\u00e0n\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tt\u00e0i\ts\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u00e3\tchi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu\tl\u1ea1i\tcho\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o.\tLuther\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ea7n\tn\u1eefa\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra ngo\u00e0i\tv\u00f2ng\tph\u00e1p\tlu\u1eadt,\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tb\u00f9ng\tn\u1ed5\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\t\u1edf\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tth\u1eddi\tgian.\tNh\u1eefng\tl\u00e3nh\tt\u1ee5\tTin\tL\u00e0nh\tgi\u00e1o\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1\tuy\tth\u1ebf\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd,\tv\u00e0\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u1eadp\tli\u00ean\tminh\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tVua. T\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00e2y\ttr\u1edf\t\u0111i,\ts\u1ef1\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\tLuther\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\ttrong\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u1eabn\tto\tl\u1edbn\tnh\u01b0\tbao\tgi\u1edd.\tV\u00e0\t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng\tngh\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00e3nh\tt\u1ee5\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u00ecn\tnh\u1eadn,\tLuther\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tgi\u1ea3ng\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tv\u00e0\tb\u00e0nh\ttr\u01b0\u1edbng\tr\u1ed9ng\tr\u00e3i quan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0o\tqu\u1ea3ng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tqu\u1ea7n\tch\u00fang. Th\u00e1ng\tS\u00e1u\tn\u0103m\t1525,\tLuther\tv\u1ec1\tWittenberg\tv\u00e0\tth\u00e0nh\th\u00f4n\tv\u1edbi Catherine\tvon\tBora,\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1eef\ttu\ts\u0129\td\u00f2ng\td\u00f5i\tqu\u00fd\tph\u00e1i\tv\u1eeba\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\ttu vi\u1ec7n.\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9,\t\u00f4ng\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\tv\u1eabn\td\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1eb7c\t\u00e2n\tcho\tgi\u1edbi\ttu\ts\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tquy\u1ec1n\tk\u1ebft\th\u00f4n,\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u00ednh\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\t\u00f4ng\tth\u00ec\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tc\u0169ng\tgi\u1eef l\u1eddi\tth\u1ec1\tnguy\u1ec1n\tkhi\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tch\u00e2n\tv\u00e0o\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n\tt\u1ea1i\tErfert.\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ea3o\tv\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ea5y\tv\u1ee3\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tb\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tl\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\tnh\u1ea5t \u201cT\u00f4i\tth\u00e0nh\th\u00f4n\tv\u1edbi\tn\u1eef\ttu.\tT\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\t\u0111\u1ec3\tth\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebb\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tc\u00e1c\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0ng,\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\tlinh\tm\u1ee5c\tv\u00ec\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u00e3\tngu\tng\u1ed1c khi\tc\u1ea5m\t\u0111o\u00e1n\ttu\ts\u0129\tc\u01b0\u1edbi\tv\u1ee3.\tV\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\ts\u1ebd\tsung\ts\u01b0\u1edbng\tkhi\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tnh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n\tkinh\tthi\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ecba\th\u01a1n\tn\u1ebfu\tt\u00f4i\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tchuy\u1ec7n\tg\u00ec\tkh\u00e1c\tm\u00e0 c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tv\u1eeba\tl\u00e0m\tCh\u00faa\th\u00e0i\tl\u00f2ng\tv\u1eeba\tkhi\u1ebfn\tb\u1ecdn\th\u1ecd\tn\u1ed5i\t\u0111i\u00ean\u201d.\tC\u0169ng\ttrong tinh\tth\u1ea7n\tch\u1ecbu\tch\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tti\u1ebfp\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\t\u201c\u1ed2!\tN\u1ebfu\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f3 th\u1ec3\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ed9i\tl\u1ed7i\tn\u00e0o\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u00e0m\tb\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed1i\tb\u1ecdn\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\tgi\u1ea3\tv\u00e0\ts\u1eb5n\ts\u00e0ng\tcho\tb\u1ecdn\th\u1ecd\thi\u1ec3u\tr\u1eb1ng\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u00fa\tt\u1ed9i\tv\u00ec\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1eafn\tr\u1ee9t\u201d. Trong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00e0ng\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u01a1n\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tki\u00ean\tgan\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tsuy\tk\u00e9m\ts\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb,\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1eeda ch\u1eefa\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1ea3n\td\u1ecbch\tquy\u1ec3n\tC\u1ef1u\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tt\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\t1523\u2013","1532\tv\u00e0\tlu\u00f4n\tquy\u1ec3n\tT\u00e2n\t\u01b0\u1edbc.\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00f3p\tph\u1ea7n\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tcho\tv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttrong\tgiai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0y,\tt\u1ea1o\tcho\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tv\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\tthi\u1ec7n\ttrong\tn\u01b0\u1edbc.\tNgo\u00e0i\tt\u00e0i\tngh\u1ec7\td\u1ecbch\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tvi\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng b\u00e0i\tth\u00e1nh\tca\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tc\u1ea3m\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u00ec\tl\u1eddi\tl\u1ebd\tr\u1ea5t\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u1eadt. Trong\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tch\u00fang,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tvi\u1ec7c\tli\u00ean\tminh v\u1edbi\tLa\tM\u00e3,\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\tho\u00e0\tgi\u1ea3i\tv\u1edbi\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tc\u00f3 ngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\thy\tsinh\tth\u1eadt\tnhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u1eefng\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tchi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. \u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tcho\tph\u00e9p\ttu\ts\u0129\tl\u1ea5y\tv\u1ee3\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u00f4\th\u00e0o\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\th\u0103ng\tsay\tm\u00e3nh\tli\u1ec7t\tkhi\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tk\u1ebb\th\u1eadu\tsinh\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tti\u1ebfc\tl\u1eddi\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u00edch\t\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tcon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\th\u1ebft\ts\u1ee9c\tc\u1ef1c\t\u0111oan,\tc\u00f3\tt\u1eadt\thay\tn\u00f3i\tn\u0103ng\tth\u00e1i\tqu\u00e1.\t\u00d4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao gi\u1edd\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0103n\tn\u00f3i\t\u00f4n\tho\u00e0.\tV\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tm\u1ed9\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\tbi\u1ec7n minh\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u00e1n\tth\u00e0nh\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tph\u00e9p\tc\u01b0\u1edbi\tcho\tvua\tPhilip d\u00f2ng\tHesse\tl\u1ea5y\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1ee3\tth\u1ee9\thai.\t\u1ede\t\u0111\u00e2y\ts\u1ef1\tl\u1ec5\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00fam\tn\u00fam\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u00e1c\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tl\u1ed9\tli\u1ec5u,\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1eb7c\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u00e2n\tqu\u00ea\tm\u00e0 \u00f4ng\tch\u01b0a\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\tLuther\t\u0111\u00e3\tk\u00fd\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1edd\tgi\u1ea5y\tcho\tph\u00e9p\tv\u00e0\tn\u00eau\tra nguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tl\u00e0\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tkh\u00f4ng\tcho\tph\u00e9p\tc\u01b0\u1edbi\thai\tv\u1ee3,\tnh\u01b0ng\tv\u00ec\tm\u1ee5c\ts\u01b0 trong\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0i\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tngo\u1ea1i\tl\u1ec7\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tth\u00f4ng\tqua\tlu\u1eadt\tl\u1ec7\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\th\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c\tho\u00e1\tl\u1ec5\tth\u00e0nh\th\u00f4n\td\u01b0\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tch\u1ee9ng\tki\u1ebfn\tc\u1ee7a\tCh\u00faa.\t\u0110\u00e2y\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\td\u1ea1y\t\u0111\u1eddi. Luther\tch\u1ebft\tn\u0103m\t1546,\tl\u00fac\ts\u00e1u\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tba\ttu\u1ed5i,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tEisleben,\tn\u01a1i\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u1ed1ng\tsu\u1ed1t\tc\u1ea3\tth\u1eddi\tth\u01a1\t\u1ea5u,\t\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0i\ttranh\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1ecf.\tTh\u1eddi\tti\u1ebft\tl\u1ea1nh\tbu\u1ed1t\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb\t\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m\ts\u00fat\td\u1ea7n.\t\u00d4ng\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tgi\u1ea3ng\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tl\u1ea7n\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tt\u1ea1i\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd,\tnh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t\tch\u1ee3t\tng\u1eebng\tl\u1ea1i\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tb\u00e0i\tgi\u1ea3ng\tch\u1ea5m\td\u1ee9t,\tb\u1ed1n\th\u00f4m\tsau\t\u00f4ng qua\t\u0111\u1eddi\tng\u00e0y\t18\tth\u00e1ng\tHai\tn\u0103m\t1546.\t\u1ede\tgi\u00e2y\tph\u00fat\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tcu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi,\tkhi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u1ecfi\tc\u00f3\tgi\u1eef\tkh\u0103ng\tkh\u0103ng\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ee9c\ttin\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1ea3ng\td\u1ea1y","hay\tkh\u00f4ng,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\ttrong\th\u01a1i\tth\u1edf\th\u1ea5p\th\u1ed1i\t\u201cc\u00f3\u201d. Thi\th\u00e0i\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tmang\tv\u1ec1\tWittenberg,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tqu\u00fd\tph\u00e1i v\u00e0\tqu\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ed9i\ttheo\th\u1ed9\tt\u1ed1ng\tc\u00f9ng\th\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0n\td\u00e2n\tqu\u00ea\tn\u1ed1i\t\u0111u\u00f4i\ttheo\tti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\td\u00e0i.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tan\tngh\u1ec9\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tn\u01a1i\tm\u00e0\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tch\u00edn\tn\u0103m\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00f3ng\t\u0111inh\t95 b\u00e0i\tv\u0103n\tl\u00ean\tc\u00e1nh\tc\u1eeda. Luther\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tnh\u1ea5t\ttrong\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o. Th\u1eadt\tra\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea7u,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tmu\u1ed1n\tch\u1ebft\tngo\u00e0i\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tLa\tM\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tl\u00e0\tnguy\u00ean\tnh\u00e2n\th\u1ee9ng\tkh\u1edfi\tcho\tc\u1ea3\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch t\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o.\tB\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc.\tNh\u01b0ng\tch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tm\u00e2u\tthu\u1eabn\tnhau,\tv\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ebft,\tnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e2n\tt\u1ea3n\tra\tl\u00e0m\tba\tnh\u00f3m\tv\u00e0\tt\u00ecnh\ttr\u1ea1ng\tph\u1ee9c\tt\u1ea1p\t\u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n.\tNh\u01b0ng\ts\u1ee9c\tm\u1ea1nh\t\u1edf\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tche\tkhu\u1ea5t\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\tsau\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tZwingli,\tMelanchthon,\tCalvin.\tS\u1ee9c\tm\u1ea1nh v\u00e0\tn\u0103ng\tl\u1ef1c\ttr\u00e0n\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ef1c\td\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcho\tm\u1ed9t phong\ttr\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tth\u1eddi\ttrung\tc\u1ed5\tsang\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tm\u1edbi.","GALILEO\tGALILEI (1564\u20131642) Galileo\tGalilei\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111i\tti\u00ean\tphong\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tnh\u1ea5t trong\tl\u00e3nh\tv\u1ef1c\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc.\tT\u00ean\ttu\u1ed5i\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1ed1ng\tm\u00e3i\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean v\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tc\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\tto\u00e0n\tm\u1ef9\tchi\u1ebfc\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tchi\u1ebft\tquang\t\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9\tcho\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\txem\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tm\u1edbi\ttrong\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5.\tNh\u01b0ng\tc\u0169ng ch\u00ednh\tv\u00ec\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tCopernicus\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\txoay\tchung\tquanh\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tl\u01b0u\t\u0111\u00e0y\tdo\tn\u01a1i\tquy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o\tH\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o,\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\ts\u1ef1\tho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111en\tt\u1ed1i.\tC\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\tc\u01a1\tgi\u1edbi\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ecdc\tc\u00f2n\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u01a1n\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tr\u1ea5t\th\u1eefu\thi\u1ec7u, \u00e1p\td\u1ee5ng\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00edch\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0o\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\tlu\u1eadt\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00f3t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tcho\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc gia\tNewton. V\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i\ts\u00e1ng\tng\u00e0y\t22\tth\u00e1ng\tS\u00e1u\tn\u0103m\t1633,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e0n\t\u00f4ng gi\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ttrong\tph\u00f2ng\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n\tMinerva\tt\u1ea1i\tRome,\tv\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eb7t\t\u00f4ng l\u00e0\th\u00e0ng\tgi\u00e1o\tph\u1ea9m\tcao\tc\u1ea5p\tc\u1ee7a\ttruy\tt\u00e0\tph\u00e1p\t\u0111\u00ecnh\tLa\tM\u00e3\t(to\u00e0\t\u00e1n\td\u1ecb\tgi\u00e1o Rome).\tKho\u00e1c\ttr\u00ean\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tchi\u1ebfc\t\u00e1o\tb\u1eb1ng\tv\u1ea3i\tbao\tb\u1ed1\tc\u1ee7a\tk\u1ebb\tt\u1ed9i\tnh\u00e2n\ts\u00e1m h\u1ed1i,\tg\u01b0\u01a1ng\tm\u1eb7t\t\u00f4ng\txanh\tm\u00e9t,\ttay\tch\u00e2n\trun\tr\u1ea9y,\tr\u1ee5t\tr\u00e8\tnh\u00ecn\tnh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tnghi\u00eam\ttrang\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\tH\u1ed3ng\tY\ttrong\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tx\u1eed\t\u00e1n\tnh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\t\u0111\u1ecdc\ttr\u00ean\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u00e9t\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u00f3\tb\u1ea3n\t\u00e1n\tc\u1ee7a\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng.\tCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng,\ttrong\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\tn\u1eb7ng\tn\u1ec1\tkh\u00f3\tth\u1edf,\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\tl\u00ean trong\th\u00e0ng\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tth\u1ea9m\tv\u1ea5n\tv\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u1ecdng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ec1u,\ttr\u1ea7m tr\u1ea7m\tn\u00f3i:\t\u201cQua\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tn\u00e0y\tth\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tx\u00e1\tt\u1ed9i\tv\u00ec v\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ea5m\tl\u00f2ng\tsay\tm\u00ea\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ee9c\ttin\tch\u00e2n\tth\u00e0nh,\ttuy\tnhi\u00ean,\t\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1\tch\u1eedi\tr\u1ee7a\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ec1\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111i\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eebng\t\u00f4m\t\u1ea5p, c\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee9\tt\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0o\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tgi\u00e1o\tH\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o,\tv\u00e0","trong\tkhi\tch\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ee3i\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1ecb\tgiam\tv\u00e0o\tng\u1ee5c\tc\u1ee7a\tPh\u00e1p\t\u0110\u00ecnh\u201d. Gi\u1ecdng\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tng\u1eebng\tl\u1ea1i.\tK\u1ebb\t\u0103n\tn\u0103n\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tk\u00ednh\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u1ea3i\tqu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ec1\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tgi\u00e1o\tH\u1ed9i\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\td\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng\tt\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u1eefa.\t\u00d4ng\tk\u1ec3\tr\u00f5\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tn\u00e0y\tra,\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tk\u1ec3\tra\tm\u00e0\tb\u1ea3n\t\u00e1n\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00e0\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng\tkhi\tn\u00f3i\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tquay\tchung\tquanh\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi.\tR\u1ed3i,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\tb\u00e0n tay\trun\tr\u1ea9y\tra\t\u0111\u1ec3\tk\u00fd\tt\u00ean\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1edd\tgi\u1ea5y\tth\u00fa\tnh\u1eadn\tnh\u1eefng\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tsai l\u1ea7m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\tH\u1ed9i\t\u0110\u1ed3ng\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ea5ng\tH\u1ed3ng\tY\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\td\u1eady\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tt\u00e1n\tv\u00e0\tk\u1ebb\tt\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n\ts\u00e1m\th\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tmang\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\tph\u00f2ng.\tV\u1eeba\t\u0111i\tra,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eeba\tl\u1eabm\tb\u1eabm m\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tngoan\tc\u1ed1\t\u201cEppur\tsi\tmuove\u201d\t(tuy\tv\u1eady\tn\u00f3\tv\u1eabn\txoay).\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tGalileo,\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc,\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00e3nh\tt\u1ee5\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc. Galileo\tsinh\tt\u1ea1i\tPisa,\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u00dd,\tv\u00e0o\tth\u00e1ng\tHai\tn\u0103m\t1564,\tcha\t\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c\td\u00f2ng\td\u00f5i\tqu\u00fd\tph\u00e1i\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttri\u1ebft\tgia\tkh\u00e1\ttr\u00ed\tth\u1ee9c.\tH\u00ecnh\t\u1ea3nh\t\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\tm\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ec1\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tth\u00edch\tti\u00eau\tkhi\u1ec3n\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00ec gi\u1edd\tnh\u00e0n\tr\u1ed7i\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tx\u00e2y\tc\u1ea5t\tr\u00e1p\tn\u1ed1i\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\tli\u1ec7u\tnh\u1ecf\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh\tm\u00e1y\tm\u00f3c,\ttr\u00f2\tch\u01a1i\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u00e0o\th\u1ee9ng\tv\u00e0\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn cho\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\th\u1ecdc.\tCha\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ea5y\tnh\u1eefng\td\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u\tthi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i\t\u0111ang\ttr\u1ea7m\t\u1ea9n\ttrong\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tv\u00e0\td\u00f9\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tti\u1ec7n\tgi\u00fap\tcho\tthi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i\tcon\tm\u00ecnh\tn\u1ea9y\tn\u1edf,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tghi\tt\u00ean cho\tc\u1eadu\tv\u00e0o\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1ef9\tthu\u1eadt\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tPisa\tn\u0103m\t1581. C\u1eadu\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\ttr\u1ebb\ttu\u1ed5i\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\ttheo\th\u1ecdc\tng\u00e0nh y\tkhoa,\tnh\u01b0ng\tkhi\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\tEuclid\tth\u00ec\tquan ni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tsang\tm\u1ed9t\tchi\u1ec1u\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tkh\u00e1c.\tVui\tm\u1eebng\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n\tl\u00fd\tm\u1edbi\tv\u1eeba\tb\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t\ttrong\tl\u00f2ng,\tGalileo\tb\u1ecf\td\u1edf\ty\tkhoa\tv\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc\ts\u01a1\t\u0111\u1eb3ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc,\t\u00f4ng\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ecfi\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\tArchim\u00e8des.\tTr\u00ed\t\u00f3c\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e3nh\th\u1ed9i\tmau\tch\u00f3ng\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng\tph\u00ea\tb\u00ecnh\tmau\tl\u1eb9\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a Aristotle,\ttri\u1ebft\tl\u00fd\t\u0111ang\tbao\ttr\u00f9m\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3,\tb\u1eb1ng\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnhi\u1ec7t\tth\u00e0nh\tv\u00e0\tn\u1ea9y","n\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\u1ed5i\ttr\u1ebb\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00e1m,\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tsai\tl\u1ea7m\tc\u0169ng nh\u01b0\tphi\tl\u00fd\ttrong\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng\tv\u00e0\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnhi\u00ean\tcho\ttr\u00ed\tth\u1ee9c\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\th\u0103ng\tsay\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle,\tv\u00e0\tkhi\tbi\u1ebft\th\u1ecd\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tkhi\tb\u00e1c\tb\u1ecf\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle,\t\u00f4ng\tli\u1ec1n th\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\ttr\u1ef1c\tti\u1ebfp. N\u0103m\t1583,\tkhi\tnh\u00ecn\ts\u1ef1\tchao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u1ecdn\t\u0111\u00e8n\ttreo\tl\u01a1\tl\u1eefng\ttr\u00ean n\u00f3c\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd,\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tc\u1ee7a\tqu\u1ea3\tl\u1eafc\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tkho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi\tgian\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh,\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u00fd\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed7i\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tl\u1eafc\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong\tm\u1ed9t\tkho\u1ea3ng\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnhau\td\u00f9\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee9\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea1m\tvi n\u00e0o.\tK\u1ec3\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u1ee7a\tthu\u1ef7\tt\u0129nh. Nh\u01b0ng\ts\u1ef1\t\u01b0a\tth\u00edch\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tl\u00e0\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc,\tv\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1588,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tn\u00e0y.\tSau\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tdanh\tti\u1ebfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u00e1i\tth\u00e1p\tnghi\u00eang\t\u1edf\tPisa. M\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle\tv\u1ec1\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tl\u00e0\tkhi\thai\tng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01a1i\txu\u1ed1ng\tth\u00ec\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o\tn\u1eb7ng\th\u01a1n\ts\u1ebd\tr\u01a1i\txu\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkia,\tv\u00e0 t\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ed9\tr\u01a1i\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\ts\u1ebd\ttu\u1ef3\tthu\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0o\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\tNh\u00e0\ttri\u1ebft\tgia\ttr\u1ebb\ttu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7y\tnhi\u1ec7t\thuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebf\tnh\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle,\t\u00f4ng\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tt\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\tv\u1eadt\ts\u1ebd\tr\u01a1i\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\ttrong\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u1ebfu c\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f9ng\tchung\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ee9c\tc\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00e1p\tl\u1ef1c\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\tnh\u01b0\tnhau. \u0110\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1ee5\tt\u1eadp\tv\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ttrong\tnh\u00f3m\ttheo h\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle,\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tcho\th\u1ecd\txem\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tsai\tl\u1ea7m\tc\u1ee7a Aristotle.\tV\u1edbi\tv\u1ebb\tkhinh\tmi\u1ec7t\ttr\u00ean\tn\u00e9t\tm\u1eb7t,\t\u00f4ng\tleo\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ec9nh\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u00e1p nghi\u00eang\t\u1edf\tPisa\tv\u00e0\tcho\tr\u01a1i\thai\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau.\tNh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebb\tth\u00f9 c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eadp\th\u1ee3p\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tki\u1ebfn\tt\u01b0\u1eddng\tt\u1eadn\thai\tv\u1eadt\tr\u01a1i\txu\u1ed1ng\tm\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00fac.\tGalileo,\tchi\u1ebfn\tth\u1eafng\tleo\txu\u1ed1ng\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tnghe\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1ebb\tb\u1ea5t\tm\u00e3n\tkh\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\t\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle.\tNh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0y\tl\u1ea1nh\tl\u00f9ng\tquy\tl\u1ed7i\tcho\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tv\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\tl\u00fd\tdo\tkh\u00f4ng\tv\u1eefng\tch\u1eafc,\tv\u00e0\tl\u00f2ng\ttin\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\tAristotle\tv\u1eabn\tkh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb\tlung\tlay.\tNh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tv\u1eadt","l\u00fd\th\u1ecdc.\tK\u1ebb\tth\u00f9\t\u00e9p\tbu\u1ed9c\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ee9c\tv\u00e0\tr\u00fat\tlui\tv\u1ec1\tFlorence,\tnh\u01b0ng n\u0103m\t1592,\tGalileo\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ed5\tnhi\u1ec7m\tch\u1ee9c\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\t\u1edf\tPadua.\t\u00d4ng\ttr\u1edf n\u00ean\tl\u1eebng\tdanh\tkh\u1eafp\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u.\tR\u1ed3i\tn\u0103m\t1604,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tquay\tsang\tl\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc.\tM\u1ed9t\tv\u00ec\tsao\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00e3\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111ang\tl\u00f4i\tk\u00e9o\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi s\u1ef1\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n.\tC\u00f3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcho\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tkh\u00ed\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong\tkhi\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c\tth\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111ang\t\u0111i\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ea7u.\tTrong ph\u00f2ng\tdi\u1ec5n\tthuy\u1ebft\tch\u1eadt\tn\u1ee9c,\tGalileo\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\tkh\u00ed\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u00ec\ttinh\tt\u00fa\tc\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh,\tng\u00f4i\tsao m\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\t\u1edf\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\txa\tkh\u1ecfi\tgi\u1edbi\th\u1ea1n\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u00e1i\td\u01b0\u01a1ng\th\u1ec7.\t\u0110\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i n\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tcho\th\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0n\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnghe\t\u00f4ng.\tNh\u1eefng\tchi\u1ebfc b\u0103ng\ttrong\tph\u00f2ng\tngh\u1eb9t\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00e1\th\u1ed9p,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tchen\tl\u1ea5n\td\u1eabm\tl\u00ean\tnhau g\u1ea7n\tmu\u1ed1n\tng\u1ed9p\tth\u1edf\tv\u00ec\th\u1ecd\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tnghe\txem\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i\tg\u00ec.\tTh\u00f4i\tthi\t\u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t,\tt\u1eeb\tsang\t\u0111\u1ebfn\th\u00e8n,\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u00ed\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ebfn\th\u1ea1\tl\u01b0u,\thi\u1ec7p\ts\u0129,\tnam\tthanh\tn\u1eef\tt\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00f4ng\tgi\u00e0\tch\u1ed1ng\tg\u1eady\ty\u00ean\tl\u1eb7ng\tn\u00edn\tth\u1edf\tnghe\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i.\tV\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn\tnghe\tv\u1eabn\tc\u1ee9\ttr\u00e0n\tng\u1eadp,\tt\u00ecm\tc\u00e1ch\tchen\tl\u1ea5n\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u1ed7i\tGalileo\tph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi\tbu\u1ed5i\tdi\u1ec5n\tthuy\u1ebft\tra\tngo\u00e0i\ttr\u1eddi. Th\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\ttranh\tlinh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ed7n\tt\u1ea1p.\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tchi\u1ebfu\tr\u1ecdi\tch\u00f3i chang\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tkh\u00f4\tc\u1eb1n,\tv\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00e1m\t\u0111\u00f4ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\thi\u1ebfu\tk\u1ef3.\tNh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft\tgia\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ea5t.\t\u00d4ng\td\u00e1ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ea7m\tth\u01b0\u1edbc,\th\u01a1i m\u1eadp\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00e1\tc\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ed1i.\tT\u00f3c\t\u00f4ng\tm\u00e0u\thung\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00f4i\tm\u1eaft\ts\u1eafc.\tnh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1eb9p\ttrai\tr\u1ed3i\tv\u00ec\tm\u0169i\t\u00f4ng\tto\tv\u00e0\tg\u1ea7n\tnh\u01b0\tx\u1eb9p,\tnh\u01b0ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng\tm\u1eb7t\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ee9u\tg\u1edf\tnh\u1edd\tv\u1ebb\tlinh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tph\u1ea3n\tchi\u1ebfu\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i. \u0110\u00e1m\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3\ttheo\ts\u00e1t\tt\u1eebng\tl\u1eddi\tn\u00f3i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\t\u00f4ng\tc\u1ee9ng\tr\u1eafn tr\u00e1ch\tb\u1ecd\t\u0111\u00e3\tqu\u00e1\ts\u1ed1t\ts\u1eafn\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1ea1m\tth\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\tqu\u00ean\t\u0111i nh\u1eefng\tk\u1ef3\tquan\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee9\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eaft\th\u1ecd. B\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd,\tGalileo\tcho\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\tvi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc,\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tv\u1ec1\th\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\tv\u1ea7n\txoay\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5,\tv\u1ec1\t\u00e2m\tthanh\tv\u00e0\tti\u1ebfng\tn\u00f3i,\tv\u1ec1\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tv\u00e0 m\u00e0u\ts\u1eafc.\tNh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1609\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1ea3m\tgi\u00e1c\tto\tt\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng. Trong\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u00f3,\tGalileo\tc\u00f3\tnghe\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1ed9t\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\t\u0111\u1ec3\txem,\tt\u00e1c","d\u1ee5ng\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\t\u1edf\txa\thi\u1ec7n\tra\tg\u1ea7n\tv\u00e0\tr\u00f5 h\u01a1n.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ts\u00e1ng\tch\u1ebf\tv\u00e0\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m,\tnh\u01b0ng\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tl\u1ea7n\tm\u00e0\tv\u1eabn ch\u01b0a\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng.\tKh\u00f4ng\tn\u1ea3n\tch\u00ed,\t\u00f4ng\thu\u1ef7\th\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m,\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ed1 g\u1eafng\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u00e1ng\tch\u1ebf\tm\u1edbi\th\u01a1n.\tCu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\t\u00f4ng\tlo\u00e9\tra\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng, \u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\thai\tlo\u1ea1i\tk\u00ednh,\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u00ednh\tl\u00f2i\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u00ednh\tl\u00f5m.\tR\u1ed3i\t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t\thai\tmi\u1ebfng\tk\u00ednh\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed7i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tmi\u1ebfng\tch\u00ec.\t\u00d4ng\tnh\u00ecn\txuy\u00ean qua\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\u2026\tCh\u00faa\t\u01a1i!\tC\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tho\u00e0n\tt\u1ea5t.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u00e1ng\tch\u1ebf\tra\tm\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tv\u00e0\tm\u1edf\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1nh\tc\u1eeda\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ea7y\thuy\u1ec1n\td\u1ecbu\tth\u00edch th\u00fa,\tnh\u00ecn\txuy\u00ean\tqua\t\u0111\u00f3,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a\tth\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tgi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng\tmang\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\tm\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tVenice\ttrong\ts\u1ef1\tchi\u1ebfn\tth\u1eafng,\tc\u0169ng nh\u01b0\ts\u1eb5n\ts\u00e0ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tVi\u1ec7n,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00e2n\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tb\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\tgi\u1eef\tch\u1ee9c\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tPadua\tsu\u1ed1t\t\u0111\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng\tb\u1ed5ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng t\u0103ng\tt\u1eeb\t520\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t1.000\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tv\u00e0ng. Chi\u1ebfc\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tx\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tdai\td\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng\tth\u00e1ng\ttr\u1eddi.\tS\u1ef1\tt\u00f2\tm\u00f2\tsay\tm\u00ea\tc\u1ee7a\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u00ean\tcu\u1ed3ng.\tH\u00e0ng\ttr\u0103m\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ed5\tx\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\txem\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\tk\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u\tn\u00e0y.\tM\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\tkia,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tleo\tl\u00ean\tth\u00e1p\tchu\u00f4ng nh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tSt.\tMark,\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00f4ng\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\tm\u1edbi\tl\u1ea1\t\u0111\u00f3\tm\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tqu\u1ea5y\tr\u1ea7y.\tNh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u00e1m\t\u0111\u00f4ng\td\u01b0\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\tra\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\ts\u00f4i\tn\u1ed5i,\th\u1ecd\ttranh\tgi\u00e0nh\tnhau\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tk\u1ef3\tdi\u1ec7u\t\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m\tanh\tch\u00e0ng\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tthi\u1ebfu\tki\u00ean\tnh\u1eabn\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1edd\th\u01a1n\ts\u00e1u\tti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng\th\u1ed3,\tsau\tkhi\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ed7i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u1ed1ng k\u00ednh. V\u00e0\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd,\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcanh\tt\u00e2n,\tGalileo\tb\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tg\u00e2y\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tcho\tc\u1ea3\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi,\tthay \u0111\u1ed5i\tkhoa\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tmang\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u0103n\tkho\u0103n\tth\u1eafc\tm\u1eafc trong\t\u0111\u1eddi\tra\tluy\u1ec7n\tt\u1eadp. \u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tsung\ts\u01b0\u1edbng\tkh\u00f3\ttin\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tnh\u1eefng\td\u00e3y\tn\u00fai\tv\u00e0 h\u1ed1\ttr\u0169ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng.\tTrong\ts\u1ef1\ty\u00ean\tl\u1eb7ng\tt\u1ed1i\tt\u0103m\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u0103n\tph\u00f2ng","nh\u1ecf\ttr\u00ean\tn\u00f3c\tnh\u00e0,\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tbao\tla\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tt\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\tm\u1eb7c\tt\u00ecnh\tcho \u00f4ng\tth\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\ttinh\tt\u00fa\ttrong\tch\u00f2m\tsao th\u1ea5t\ttinh\t(Pleiades),\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ed1n\tv\u1ec7\ttinh\tquay\tchung\tquanh\tsao M\u1ed9c\t(Jupiter),\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eadn\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tsao\tTh\u1ed5 (Saturn)\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u00e0nh\t\u0111ai\tchung\tquanh\tn\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tli\u1ec1n\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3,\tg\u00e2y\tn\u00ean m\u1ed9t\ttr\u1eadn\tb\u00e3o\tl\u1edbn\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tGalileo\tt\u1ef1\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u00ecnh\tb\u1ecb\tk\u1ebb\tth\u00f9\tv\u00e2y quanh.\tV\u00e0i\tk\u1ebb\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1 m\u00e0\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u00f4ng,\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c\tth\u00ec\tv\u1ed9i\tv\u00e0ng\tla\tl\u00ean r\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ee7\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00e0\tt\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft. N\u0103m\t1611,\tGalileo\t\u0111i\tRome,\tv\u00e0\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tvinh\td\u1ef1. L\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00f4ng\tch\u01b0a\tb\u1ecb\t\u00e1c\tc\u1ea3m\tv\u00ec\tc\u00e1c\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0ng,\tc\u00e1c\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tH\u1ed3ng\tY\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c gi\u00e1m\tm\u1ee5c\tmu\u1ed1n\tg\u1eb7p\tg\u1ea5p\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ttr\u00ed\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7.\t\u00d4ng\tmang\ttheo b\u00ean\tm\u00ecnh\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\tn\u00e0y\txem nh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tm\u1edbi\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi. L\u00f2ng\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea\tnhi\u1ec7t\tth\u00e0nh,\ttri\tgi\u00e1c\ts\u00e1ng\tsu\u1ed1t\tc\u00f9ng\tt\u00ecnh\ty\u00eau\tcu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tch\u00e2n\tl\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tk\u1ebb\tth\u00f9\tn\u1ed5i\tgi\u1eadn,\tv\u00e0\tGalileo c\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\tc\u00e1ch\txoa\td\u1ecbu\th\u1ecd. Tr\u00e1i\tl\u1ea1i,\tv\u1edbi\tb\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t\tg\u1ea7n\tnh\u01b0\tc\u1ee9ng\tr\u1eafn\tt\u00e1o\tb\u1ea1o,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tt\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tk\u1ebb\tth\u00f9.\tV\u1edbi\thai\tch\u1ee5c\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\thay h\u01a1n,\tph\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tb\u00ed\tm\u1eadt\tgh\u00e9t\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u1ec3\th\u1ecd\tn\u00f3i,\tch\u0103m ch\u00fa\tnghe\tt\u1eebng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0\tr\u1ed3i\tch\u1ec9\ttrong\tv\u00e0i\tc\u00e2u\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb\tng\u1eafn\tng\u1ee7i, \u00f4ng\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1ea1i.\tNh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebb\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e0m\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9\tbi\u1ebft\tnh\u00ecn\tnhau\tb\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed1i,\tc\u1eafn\tm\u00f4i,\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tbu\u1ed3n\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\tngu\tng\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng\tl\u00fac\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd,\tgi\u00e1o\tH\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tv\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\tch\u1ee7\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tGalileo.\tCaccini,\tthu\u1ed9c\td\u00f2ng\ttu\tDominican, \u0111\u1ee9ng\ttr\u00ean\tb\u1ee5c\ttrong\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1edd\tm\u00e1i\tcao,\th\u00ecnh\tcong\tki\u1ec3u\tGothic\tkh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc\tl\u1eddi\tm\u1eafng\tnhi\u1ebfc,\tch\u1ebf\tnh\u1ea1o\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo","Galileo\tb\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tlu\u1eadn\t\u0111i\u1ec7u\tm\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnghe\tph\u1ea3i\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tv\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0nh\tnh\u00ecn\tnhau\tn\u1edf\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1ee5\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\tg\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tg\u1ea1o. S\u1ef1\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u00edch\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tch\u1ea5p\tthu\u1eadn,\tv\u00e0\tv\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c\tc\u1ee7a\td\u00f2ng\tDominican\tph\u1ea3i\tnh\u00e2n\tdanh\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\txin\tl\u1ed7i Galileo.\tNh\u01b0ng\tGalileo\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u00fd\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tc\u1ea3nh\tc\u00e1o\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn\tb\u00e3o\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tcho\t\u00f4ng\tn\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\tGalileo v\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c. S\u1ef1\ttranh\tch\u1ea5p\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tgi\u1eefa\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tv\u00e0\tGalileo\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tn\u1ed5i\td\u1eady khi\tGalileo\tl\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\tb\u00eanh\tv\u1ef1c\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tnh\u1ef1t\tt\u00e2m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tt\u1ee9c\tl\u00e0\tm\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\tc\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u00e0\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\txoay.\tV\u00e0o\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3,\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tPtolemy\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn,\td\u1ea1y\tr\u1eb1ng\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tc\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ecdi\tv\u1eadt\tquay\tchung\tquanh\ttr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.\tL\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tnh\u1ef1t\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tCopernicus\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tl\u00fac\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc,\tnh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng,\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tkhi\tGalileo\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\tnh\u1eefng v\u1ec7\ttinh\tc\u1ee7a\tsao\tM\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tngang\tqua m\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1edbi\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tbi\u1ec7n\tminh\tcho\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y. Galileo\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\tra\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u1eadn\tb\u00e3o\tl\u1edbn\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i.\tNh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u00eanh v\u1ef1c\tcho\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tPtolemy\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tr\u1eb1ng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tGalileo ph\u1ea3n\tl\u1ea1i\tv\u1edbi\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tc\u00e1c\tquy\u1ec3n\tJoshua,\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t10, \u0111i\u1ec1u\t13\t\u201cV\u00e0\tth\u00e1i\td\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ty\u00ean\u2026\ttrong\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\u201d,\ttrong\tEcclesiastes, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t1,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t4\t\u201c\u0110\u1ecba\tc\u1ea7u\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tm\u00e3i,\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tm\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tl\u1eb7n\tr\u1ed3i\tv\u1ed9i\tv\u00e0ng v\u1ec1\tch\u1ed7\tc\u0169\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tc\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tgay\tc\u1ea5n,\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1615, \u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tPaul\tV\ttruy\u1ec1n\tl\u1ecbnh\tb\u00e1n\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ea3nh\tc\u00e1o\tGalileo. N\u0103m\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3,\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ty\u00ean\ttrong\ttrung\tt\u00e2m\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ecdn\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcho\ttr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\tdi\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u00e0\tt\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft,\tv\u00e0\tGalileo\tb\u1ecb\tkhi\u1ec3n\ttr\u00e1ch\tc\u1ea5m\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u00ecn gi\u1eef,\tgi\u1ea3ng\td\u1ea1y\thay\tb\u00eanh\tv\u1ef1c\tcho\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tb\u1ecb\tc\u1ea5m\t\u0111o\u00e1n\t\u0111\u00f3. Trong\tsu\u1ed1t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\td\u00e0i,\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tv\u00e0\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u trong\ty\u00ean\tl\u1eb7ng.\tV\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1632,\t\u00f4ng\tcho\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0110\u1ed1i","tho\u1ea1i\tv\u1ec1\thai\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tl\u1edbn\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\t(The\tDialogue\tof\tthe\ttwo\tPrincipal Systems\tof\tthe\tworld).\tQuy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\tra\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n\tho\u00e1\tdai d\u1eb3ng\tv\u00ec\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tbao\tg\u1ed3m\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ed1i\th\u00e0nh\tv\u0103n\tlinh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tbay\tb\u01b0\u1edbm\tv\u1edbi s\u1ef1\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tkh\u00fac\tchi\u1ebft\tv\u00e0\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng.\tNh\u01b0ng\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tr\u00f5\tr\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tth\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tl\u1ecbnh\tc\u1ea5m\tc\u1ee7a\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tn\u0103m\t1616\tv\u00e0\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa t\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea9n\t\u00fd\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\tho\u1ea1t\tk\u00ea\th\u00e0i\th\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tUrban\tVIII. H\u1eadu\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u00e1nh\tkh\u1ecfi,\tGalileo\tb\u1ecb\tl\u00f4i\tra\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p\t\u0110\u00ecnh\tLa\tM\u00e3.\t\u0110\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00e1p\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tkhuy\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1o\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd,\t\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tl\u00e0\t\u201ckh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tc\u00f2n\tgi\u1eef\thay\tb\u00eanh\tv\u1ef1c\tcho\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t xoay\tv\u00e0\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ty\u00ean\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a Copernicus\tr\u1ea5t\ty\u1ebfu\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u00e2u\u201d.\tBa\tng\u00e0y\tsau,\tt\u1ea1i\tphi\u00ean\tto\u00e0 th\u1ee9\thai,\tGalileo\tnghe\ttheo\tl\u1eddi\tkhuy\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ed7i\tl\u1ea7m\tc\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u1eadt\tkhi\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tv\u1ec1\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tnh\u1ef1t\tt\u00e2m.\t\u00d4ng b\u1ecb\tk\u1ebft\tt\u1ed9i\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e3nh\t\u00e1n\tt\u00f9;\tnh\u01b0ng\tthay\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u00e9p\t\u0111i\tSiena\tv\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1\tr\u00fat\tlui,\t\u1ea9n\tth\u00e2n\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tnghi\u00eam\tng\u1eb7t\tv\u00e0o\tng\u00f4i\tnh\u00e0\tri\u00eang\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\tt\u1ea1i\tArcetri. Nh\u01b0ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tch\u1ed1i\tc\u00e3i\tl\u00e0\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tc\u00f3\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\tthi\u1ebfu c\u1edfi\tm\u1edf\tv\u00e0\tngu\t\u0111\u1ea7n,\tnh\u01b0ng\tPh\u00e1p\t\u0110\u00ecnh\tLa\tM\u00e3\tv\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tx\u1eed\tv\u1edbi\tGalileo trong\ts\u1ef1\td\u1ec5\td\u00e3i\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tn\u00e0o\tv\u1edbi\tph\u1ea1m\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tn\u00e0y.\tS\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c\tH\u1ed3ng\tY\tBellarmine\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tam\thi\u1ec3u\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u00eanh\tv\u1ef1c\tcho Galileo\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tn\u00e0o,\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cT\u00f4i\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\tn\u1ebfu\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng\tch\u1ee9ng\tc\u1ee5\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tc\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\txoay\tquanh\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tc\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft\tl\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\tr\u1ea5t\tth\u1eadn\ttr\u1ecdng\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tKinh Th\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttr\u00e1i\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1ea1i,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\tn\u00ean\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u\tl\u1ea7m\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\ttrong\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3 sai\tl\u1ea7m\u201d. Khi\tv\u1ee5\t\u00e1n\tk\u1ebft\tth\u00fac,\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tGalileo\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\ttr\u1edf\t\u0111i\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ed9t\tbi k\u1ecbch,\t\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tnh\u01b0ng\tv\u1eabn\tb\u1ecb\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec3m\tso\u00e1t\tc\u1ee7a\tPh\u00e1p \u0110\u00ecnh.\tV\u00e0\tsau\tkhi\tv\u1ec1\tsum\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh\tch\u1eb3ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbao\tl\u00e2u\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ee9a","con\tg\u00e1i\tth\u00e2n\ty\u00eau\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e2m\tb\u1ecbnh\tb\u1ea5t\tng\u1edd\tm\u00e0\tch\u1ebft.\tBi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1\tn\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng\tkh\u00e1c\tn\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tlu\u1ed3ng\tgi\u00f3\tc\u1ea5u\tx\u00e9\ttri\u1ebft\tgia\tkhi\u1ebfn\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e2m\tb\u1ecbnh.\tTuy nhi\u00ean,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c,\tn\u0103m\t1636,\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tquy\u1ec3n\tLu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1 Khoa\th\u1ecdc\tm\u1edbi\t(Dialogue\tof\tthe\tNew\tScience),\tg\u1ed3m\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tsuy\tt\u01b0\tgi\u00e0\td\u1eb7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tth\u00e0nh v\u1ec1\tc\u01a1\tgi\u1edbi.\tN\u0103m\t1637,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng v\u1ec1\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\tl\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\ttr\u00f2n\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ebft nh\u01b0\tt\u00ednh\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng,\tch\u1ec9\tv\u00e0i\tth\u00e1ng\tsau\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tm\u00f9. Khu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t\tbu\u1ed3n\tth\u1ea3m,\tco\tr\u00fat,\tg\u1ea7n\tnh\u01b0\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u00e8\tn\u1eb7ng\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\ttai ho\u1ea1\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tcan\t\u0111\u1ea3m,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tsi\u00eang\tn\u0103ng\tvi\u1ebft\tcho\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ea1n\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00e1 th\u01b0\t\u201cT\u00f4i\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tb\u1ecb\tm\u00f9\tr\u1ed3i\tanh\t\u00e0,\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0o\tch\u1ea1y\tch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi.\tN\u00e0o\tl\u00e0\tb\u1ea7u\ttr\u1eddi\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t,\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\tn\u00e0y\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tnh\u1eadn\tx\u00e9t\tk\u1ef3\tdi\u1ec7u,\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng\tg\u1ea5p\tng\u00e0n\tl\u1ea7n\tni\u1ec1m\ttin\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tqu\u00e1\tkh\u1ee9,\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tb\u1ecb thu\th\u1eb9p\tv\u00e0o\tkho\u1ea3ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tb\u00e9\tnh\u1ecf\tm\u00e0\tt\u1ef1\tt\u00f4i\tchi\u1ebfm\tc\u1ee9\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tv\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tCh\u00faa\th\u00e0i\tl\u00f2ng\tth\u00ec\td\u0129\tnhi\u00ean\tn\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\ts\u1ebd\tl\u00e0m\tt\u00f4i\th\u00e0i l\u00f2ng\u201d. B\u1ea1n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tlinh\tm\u1ee5c\tCastelli,\tv\u1ec1\tsau\tc\u00f3\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cC\u1eb7p\tm\u1eaft\ttinh\tanh nh\u1ea5t\tm\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tnhi\u00ean\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111en\tt\u1ed1i\u2026\u201d Nh\u01b0ng\tGalileo\tv\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1ef1\t\u0111em\tm\u00ecnh\tra\t\u00e1p\td\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tquan\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc.\t\u00d4ng\tngh\u0129\tra\tc\u00e1ch\td\u00f9ng\tqu\u1ea3\tl\u1eafc\t\u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda\tl\u1ea1i\tm\u00e1y\tch\u1ea1y\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\th\u1ed3.\tC\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tHuygen\tmang\tra\tth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u0103m\tn\u0103m\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng\tgi\u1edd\tph\u00fat\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111ang\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tcho Viviani\tv\u00e0\tTorricelli\tghi\tch\u00e9p\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tm\u1edbi\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3\tr\u00fat\tlui\tv\u00e0o\ttrong\tchi\u1ebfc\tv\u1ecf\ts\u00f2\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\ttrong\tl\u00fac\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tg\u1eafn li\u1ec1n\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tm\u1ea7u\tnhi\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5,\tth\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1eafc\tph\u1ea3i\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u01a1n\ts\u1ed1t\tv\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\tng\u00e0y\t08\tth\u00e1ng\tGi\u00eang\tn\u0103m\t1642,\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tth\u1ecd\tb\u1ea3y\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tt\u00e1m\ttu\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tc\u1ee7a\tGalileo\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tho\u00e1 ng\u00e0nh\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc.\tTrong\tb\u00e0i\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\tthu\u1ef7\tt\u0129nh\th\u1ecdc,\t\u00f4ng\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tc\u00e1ch","c\u1ea5u\tt\u1ea1o\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ed9\tph\u1eadn,\tv\u00e0\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tm\u00e0\tArchim\u00e8des\tnh\u1edd\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3\tt\u00ecm\ts\u1ef1\td\u1ed1i\ttr\u00e1\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00ean\tth\u1ee3\tkim\tho\u00e0n\tkhi\tl\u00e0m\tchi\u1ebfc\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tmi\u1ec7n\tcho vua\tHiero,\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00fap\tcho\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m\tcho\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh,\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u01b0a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00e3nh\tv\u1ef1c\tth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.\tC\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eb1m\tv\u00e0o\ttr\u1ecdng\tt\u00e2m\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt th\u1ec3\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ec1\tt\u1eeb\tt\u00ednh,\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean. \u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tho\u00e1\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1 c\u00e1c\tng\u1ecdn\tn\u00fai\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng,\tc\u00e1c\tv\u00ec\ttinh\tt\u00fa\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00f2m\tth\u1ea5t\ttinh,\tnh\u1eefng v\u1ec7\ttinh\tc\u1ee7a\tsao\tM\u1ed9c,\tt\u1ea7ng\tth\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tquy\u1ec3n\tc\u1ee7a\tsao\tKim\t(Venus),\tv\u00e0nh\t\u0111ai quanh\tsao\tTh\u1ed5\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\td\u1ea5u\tv\u1ebft\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ea5u\tt\u1ea1o\tb\u1eb1ng\tsao\tc\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng\tNg\u00e2n\tH\u00e0. T\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tn\u00e0y\tc\u0169ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3,\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0o\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng trong\tm\u00f4i\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tph\u1ee5ng\ts\u1ef1\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\tNg\u00e0y\tnay,\tch\u00fang\tta xem\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111i\tti\u00ean\tphong,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcho\tnh\u1eefng s\u1ef1\tt\u00ecm\tki\u1ebfm\tv\u00e0\tsay\tm\u00ea\ttrong\tkhoa\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc.","SIR\tISAAC\tNEWTON (1642\u20131727) S\u1ef1\thi\u1ec3u\tbi\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c,\tc\u1ee7a\tnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc\tm\u00e0\tnh\u1edd\t\u0111\u00f3\tto\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5,\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng,\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tv\u00ec\tsao, t\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tv\u00e0\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tnh\u1edd\tv\u00e0o\tb\u1ed9\t\u00f3c\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tIsaac Newton.\tN\u1ebfu\tg\u1ecdi\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tgia\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tAnh\tQu\u1ed1c\tth\u00ec th\u1eadt\tkh\u00f4ng\tx\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tch\u00fat\tn\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3,\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng. M\u1edbi\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tb\u1ed1n\ttu\u1ed5i,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tv\u1ec1\tc\u01a1\tn\u0103ng\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tc\u1ee7a\tph\u00e9p\tt\u00ednh\tt\u00edch\tph\u00e2n,\tv\u00e0\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u0103m\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc,\t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tnh\u00e0\tqu\u00ea\tm\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e1t\tminh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\tph\u1ea3n\tx\u1ea1.\tNh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tH\u1ecdc\tH\u1ed9i\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia\tAnh Qu\u1ed1c\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eafc\tc\u1eed\tgh\u1ebf\tch\u1ee7\tt\u1ecbch\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ed9i\tn\u00e0y\tm\u1ed7i\tn\u0103m trong\tsu\u1ed1t\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tl\u0103m\tn\u0103m\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng.\tVinh\td\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tphong\thi\u1ec7p\ts\u0129\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u1ea7n\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tb\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\td\u1ef1ng\tra\tcho\tlo\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cThi\u00ean\tnhi\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tlu\u1eadt\tthi\u00ean\tnhi\u00ean\u201d. Phe\tD\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7\tv\u00e0\tB\u1ea3o\tho\u00e0ng,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tngh\u00e8o\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng\tgia,\td\u00e2n qu\u00ea\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u1ecb,\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\tkh\u1eafp\tAnh\tQu\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tchu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb\tkh\u00ed\tgi\u1edbi,\tnh\u01b0ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tch\u1eafc\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\t\u1edf\tWoolsthorpe,\ttrong qu\u1eadn\tLincolnshire\tc\u00f3\tb\u1ecb\tx\u00e1o\ttr\u1ed9n\tm\u00e3nh\tli\u1ec7t\tv\u00ec\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\ttin \u0111\u1ed3n\t\u0111\u00e3i\tv\u1ec1\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tkh\u00f4ng?\tM\u00f9a\tgi\u00e1ng\tsinh\tn\u0103m\t1624\tg\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tl\u1ea1nh\tl\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tbi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1\ts\u1eafp\ts\u1eeda\tx\u1ea3y\tra\ttrong\tl\u00e0ng\th\u1ecd,\tm\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tcho\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tch\u00e1u\t\u0111\u1eddi\tsau nh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tn\u1ed9i\tchi\u1ebfn\tb\u00f9ng\tn\u1ed5\tv\u1eady. \u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd,\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tch\u1ec9\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\ttrong\tl\u1ecbch s\u1eed\tAnh\tQu\u1ed1c\tv\u00ec\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tn\u1ed9i\tchi\u1ebfn\thuynh\t\u0111\u1ec7\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u00e0n, m\u00e0\tc\u00f2n\ttr\u1ecdng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ttrong\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00ec\tv\u00e0o\tng\u00e0y\tGi\u00e1ng\tSinh,\tb\u00e0 Hannah\tNewton\t\u1edf\tWoolsthorpe\tcho\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tb\u00e9\ttrai,\tc\u1eadu\tIsaac.","Ba\tn\u0103m\tsau,\tb\u00e0\tNewton\tt\u00e1i\tgi\u00e1\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ed3ng\tth\u1ee9\thai\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0\tl\u00e0 \u00f4ng\tBarnabos\tSmith,\tv\u1ecb\thi\u1ec7u\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tNorth\tWitham,\tthu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn\tLincolnshire,\tv\u00e0\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgiao\tcho\tb\u00e0\tngo\u1ea1i\tnu\u00f4i,\tb\u00e0 Ayscough\tt\u1ea1i\tWoolsthorpe.\tT\u1ea1i\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tb\u1ecb\th\u01b0\t\u0111i\tv\u00ec\tc\u00e1i\tb\u1ec7nh kinh\tni\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tb\u00e0\tngo\u1ea1i\tl\u00e0\thay\tc\u01b0ng\tch\u00ecu\tch\u00e1u.\tN\u0103m\t1654,\tkhi\tb\u00e0\tg\u1edfi c\u1eadu\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tti\u1ec3u\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\tGrantham,\tth\u00ec\tc\u1eadu\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tnh\u01b0\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea5y ch\u00fa\t\u00fd\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ts\u00e1ch\tv\u1edf,\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tthua\ts\u00fat\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\th\u1ecdc\ttrong\tm\u00f4n\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Tuy\tnhi\u00ean,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\tkia,\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tb\u1ea5t\tng\u1edd\tx\u1ea3y\t\u0111\u1ebfn.\tT\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\tti\u1ec3u\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tStokes,\tc\u0169ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c,\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tanh\th\u00f9ng\tr\u01a1m\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\ttheo\td\u00f5i\tr\u00ecnh\tm\u00f2\tph\u00e1\tph\u00e1ch\tm\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc\tsinh\tn\u1ea1n\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnh\u1ecf\tb\u00e9.\tNewton\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu b\u00e9,\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1ecb\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\tc\u00f9ng\ttrang\tl\u1ee9a\tb\u1ecf\tr\u01a1i\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ecdn\tl\u00e0m\tn\u1ea1n\tnh\u00e2n\tc\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\tcu\u1ed9c\tch\u1ecdc\tph\u00e1\tv\u00ec\tb\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\ty\u1ebfu\t\u0111u\u1ed1i\tb\u1edfi\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tnu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0\tgi\u00e0\tl\u1ea9n\tth\u1ea9n.\tNh\u01b0ng\tkhi\tch\u00fa\tch\u00e0ng\tanh\th\u00f9ng\tr\u01a1m hung\th\u0103ng\tra\ttay\td\u1ee3t\tv\u1ecf\tm\u1ea1nh\th\u01a1n\tm\u1ecdi\tl\u1ea7n\tv\u1edbi\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\thi\u1ec1n\tl\u00e0nh\ty\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i\t\u1edf\tWoolsthorpe\tth\u00ec\tch\u00fa\tch\u00e0ng\th\u1ebft\ts\u1ee9c\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tv\u00ec\ts\u1ee9c\tqu\u1eadt\tkh\u1edfi m\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tn\u1ea1n\tnh\u00e2n\tl\u00e0m\tanh\tch\u00e0ng\tto\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111o\tv\u00e1n\ttrong s\u1ef1\tng\u01a1\tng\u1ea9n\tnh\u01b0\tt\u1eeb\tcung\ttr\u0103ng\tr\u1edbt\txu\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3,\tIsaac\tNewton\tt\u1ef1\tbi\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh,\tt\u1ef1\ttao\tcho\tm\u00ecnh\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u0169ng nh\u01b0\tl\u00f2ng\tt\u1ef1\ttin\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\tv\u00e0i\ttu\u1ea7n\tl\u1ec5\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u1eadu\ttheo\tk\u1ecbp b\u1ea1n\tb\u00e8\ttrong\tl\u1edbp\th\u1ecdc\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tc\u1eadu\tti\u1ebfn\tl\u00ean\td\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tl\u1edbp\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t th\u1eddi\tgian\tng\u1eafn. Nh\u01b0ng\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1eafc\tth\u1eafng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\tc\u0169ng\tng\u1eafn\tng\u1ee7i.\tN\u0103m\t1656,\tBarnabas Smith,\tcha\tgh\u1ebb\t\u00f4ng,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u00edt\tkhi\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tqua\t\u0111\u1eddi,\tv\u00e0\tm\u1eb9\t\u00f4ng l\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tph\u1ea3i\ts\u1ed1ng\ttr\u01a1\ttr\u1ecdi\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\tlo\tch\u0103m\ts\u00f3c\tn\u00f4ng\ttr\u1ea1i.\tS\u1ef1 gi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ed1n\ttu\u1ed5i\tr\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft\tcho\tb\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec3\tm\u1ecdi\tvi\u1ec7c tr\u00f4i\tch\u1ea3y,\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tb\u00e0\tb\u1eaft\tIsaac\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1ecf\th\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng\tmay\tcho\tb\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tv\u1ec1\tto\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tk\u00edch\tth\u00edch\tc\u1eadu\tt\u00ecm\tt\u00f2i\ttra\tc\u1ee9u\tth\u00eam\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\tv\u00e0\tthay","v\u00ec\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0m\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e0y\tc\u1ea5y\tcho\tngay\th\u00e0ng\tth\u1eb3ng\tl\u1ed1i\thay\t\u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u00e1c\ts\u00fac\tv\u1eadt\tth\u00ec\tc\u1eadu\tl\u1ea1i\td\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tt\u00e2m\ttr\u00ed\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7c\tsuy\tt\u01b0\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\thi\u1ec3u\tbi\u1ebft\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tm\u00e0\tc\u1eadu\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1ecf\td\u1edf\t\u1edf\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0\tHannah\tSmith\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f3\tm\u00e0\thi\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00e2m\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\tcon trai,\tnh\u01b0ng\tmay\tm\u1eafn\tcho\tc\u1eadu\tl\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u00fa\tl\u00e0\thi\u1ec7u\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\tBurton\tCoggles,\t\u1edf\tLincolnshire\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\t\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tCambridge.\t\u00d4ng\tWilliam\tAyscough\thi\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tkhao kh\u00e1t\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ecfi\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tn\u00ean\tkhuy\u00ean\tb\u1ea3o\tb\u00e0\tch\u1ecb\tHannah\tcho\tIssac\ttr\u1edf l\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tn\u0103m\t1660\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u1eadu\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tchu\u1ea9n\tb\u1ecb\tv\u00e0o\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc.\tN\u1ebfu\tIsaac Newton,\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tnh\u00e0\tqu\u00ea\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00ed\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\tv\u00f4\t\u00edch\t\u1edf\tn\u00f4ng\ttr\u1ea1i,\tnh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng\tl\u00e0\tn\u0103ng\tkhi\u1ebfu\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\tv\u1eabn\tkh\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tr\u1ec9\ts\u00e9t,\tv\u00ec\tng\u00e0y\t05\tth\u00e1ng S\u00e1u\tn\u0103m\t1661,\tc\u1eadu\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u00e0m\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\tph\u1ee5\tkhuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc\tb\u1ed5ng\ttheo\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0110\u1ea1i\tH\u1ecdc\tTrinity\t\u1edf\tCambridge. Ch\u00fang\tta\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ebft\tnhi\u1ec1u\tv\u1ec1\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng,\tngo\u00e0i\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\th\u1ebft\ts\u1ee9c\tc\u1ea7n\tm\u1eabn\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\th\u1ecdc.\tNg\u00e0y\t08 th\u00e1ng\tB\u1ea3y\tn\u0103m\t1661,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1eadu\tk\u1ef3\tthi\tnh\u1eadp\th\u1ecdc\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tTrinity v\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u01b0\u1edfng\th\u1ecdc\tb\u1ed5ng\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ee9c.\tNg\u00e0y\t28\tth\u00e1ng\tT\u01b0\tn\u0103m\t1664\t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\th\u1ecdc\tgi\u1ea3,\tv\u00e0\tth\u00e1ng\tGi\u00eang\tn\u0103m\t1665,\t\u00f4ng\tthi\t\u0111\u1eadu\tc\u1eed nh\u00e2n.\tTrong\tsu\u1ed1t\tba\tn\u0103m\tgi\u1eefa\tl\u00fac\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadp\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tl\u00fac\tchu\u1ea9n\tb\u1ecb\tthi\tc\u1eed nh\u00e2n,\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u00e3nh\th\u1ed9i\th\u1ea7u\th\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc.\tHai\tn\u0103m\tsau\tkhi\tt\u1ed1t\tnghi\u1ec7p,\tho\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tphi\tth\u01b0\u1eddng,\tv\u00ec\tn\u0103m\t1665,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tv\u1ec1\tc\u01a1 n\u0103ng\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tch\u1eb3ng\tbao\tl\u00e2u\tth\u00ec\tt\u00ecm\tra\tph\u00e9p\tvi\tph\u00e2n\th\u1ec7\ts\u1ed1,\tm\u00e0\tng\u00e0y\tnay ch\u00fang\tta\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tt\u00ednh\tt\u00edch\tph\u00e2n\tv\u00e0\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tt\u00ednh\tdi\u1ec7n t\u00edch\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tcong\thay\tth\u1ec3\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1eb7c. Th\u00e1ng\tN\u0103m\tn\u0103m\t1666,\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cT\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\tra\tng\u1ecf\t\u0111i\tv\u00e0o\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\tngh\u1ecbch\t\u0111\u1ea3o\tc\u1ee7a\tph\u00e9p\tvi\tph\u00e2n\th\u1ec7\ts\u1ed1,\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\ttrong\tc\u00f9ng\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c\tm\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng\tra\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tqu\u1ef7\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng\u2026\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tn\u00e0y\tx\u1ea3y\tra\ttrong\thai\tn\u0103m\t1665\tv\u00e0\t1666, v\u00ec\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tn\u00e0y\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ttu\u1ed5i\tch\u00edn\tmu\u1ed3i.\u201d","Theo\tquy\u1ec3n\tLettres\tsur\tles\tAnglais\tc\u1ee7a\tVoltaire,\ttrong\tkhi\td\u1ea1o\tch\u01a1i trong\tv\u01b0\u1eddn\tt\u1ea1i\tWoolsthorpe,\ts\u1ef1\tr\u01a1i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u1ea3\tt\u00e1o\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn\t\u00f4ng kh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tv\u00e0\tdanh\tti\u1ebfng\tnh\u1ea5t,\t\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c.\tD\u0129\tnhi\u00ean\tng\u00e0y\tnay\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tnghi\tng\u1edd c\u00e2u\tchuy\u1ec7n\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb\tn\u00e0y,\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u00f4\tch\u00e1u\tg\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\tl\u00e0\tb\u00e0\tConduitt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tk\u1ec3\tc\u00e2u\tchuy\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\tcho\tVoltaire\tm\u1ed9t\tdanh\tnh\u00e2n\tPh\u00e1p,\tth\u00ec kh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f3\tchuy\u1ec7n\tb\u1ecba\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy\tnhi\u00ean,\tth\u1eddi\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd,\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch nh\u1eefng\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\tb\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\t\u0111ang\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\ttrong\ttr\u00ed\t\u00f4ng.\tS\u1ef1\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng n\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng,\tv\u00ec\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tph\u1ecfng\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tth\u00f4ng\tth\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1\tchi\u1ec1u\td\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ed9\tm\u00e0\tNewton\td\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u00ednh\tb\u00e1n\tk\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\tth\u00ec\tqu\u00e1\tsai\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u1ea3n\tgi\u1eefa\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\tth\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c. N\u0103m\t1667,\tNewton\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tCambridge,\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u\tv\u00e0o\tH\u1ed9i\t\u00c1i\tH\u1eefu\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tTrinity.\tNh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tk\u1ebf\tti\u1ebfp,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\tk\u00ednh,\tph\u1ea7n\tch\u00ednh\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o\ts\u00e1t\tv\u1ec1\tb\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u1eadp\tc\u1ee7a\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng.\tN\u0103m\t1668,\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ebf\tra\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tph\u1ea3n\tx\u1ea1\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean,\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\td\u00e0i\tt\u1edbi\t15\tph\u00e2n\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ed7\th\u1ecfng\tt\u1edbi\t2\tph\u00e2n\tr\u01b0\u1ee1i.\tV\u1edbi\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5 n\u00e0y,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1ec7\ttinh\tc\u1ee7a\tsao\tM\u1ed9c.\tV\u1ec1\tsau,\th\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u1ed1ng\tvi\u1ec5n\tk\u00ednh\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ebf\tra\ttheo\tki\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\tti\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ed9\tho\u00e0n\tm\u1ef9\tnh\u1edd\ts\u1ef1\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tWilliam\tHerschel\tv\u00e0 qu\u1eadn\tc\u00f4ng\tRosse. N\u0103m\t1669,\tBarrow,\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\tTrinity\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ee9c,\tv\u00e0\tNewton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1eed\tv\u00e0o\tch\u1ee9c\tv\u1ee5\tn\u00e0y.\tTh\u00e1ng\tGi\u00eang,\t1671,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0m\th\u1ed9i vi\u00ean\tH\u1ecdc\tH\u1ed9i\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng\tqua\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3n\tx\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\tT\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tg\u00f3p\tcho\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111o\u00e0n li\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tquang\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng mua\tt\u1ea1i\th\u1ed9i\tch\u1ee3\tStourbridge\tn\u0103m\t1666\tl\u00e0\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u0103ng\ttr\u1ee5.\tT\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tn\u00e0y\tg\u00e2y","tranh\tlu\u1eadn\tkh\u00e1\ts\u00f4i\tn\u1ed5i\tl\u00fac\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd,\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tt\u00e1n\ts\u1eafc\tv\u00e0 ph\u00e2n\tbi\u1ec7t\tc\u00e1c\tm\u00e0u\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tc\u1ee7a\tquang\tph\u1ed5,\tnh\u1eefng\tm\u00e0u\ts\u1eafc\tm\u00e0 ch\u00fang\tta\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tth\u1ea5y\ttrong\tm\u00f3ng\ttr\u1eddi\t(c\u1ea7u\tv\u00f2ng).\tNewton\tngh\u0129\tr\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u\td\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\tquang\tph\u1ed5\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea1o\tra\t\u1edf\tm\u1ed9t\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u0103ng\ttr\u1ee5,\tth\u00ec v\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tl\u0103ng\ttr\u1ee5\t\u1edf\th\u00ecnh\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00f3c\tc\u1ea1nh\tkhi\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1c\ttia\ts\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\tchi\u1ebfu\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau.\t(S\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tn\u00e0y\tm\u00e0\tNewton\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1eef\tsu\u1ed1t\t\u0111\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn\t\u00f4ng\tsai\tl\u1ea7m,\tnh\u01b0ng\tnh\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn\tto\tt\u00e1t\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00fap\t\u00f4ng\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u.\tV\u1edbi\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tl\u0103ng\ttr\u1ee5,\tNewton\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\th\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\tlo\u1ea1n\tth\u1ecb\thay\tlo\u1ea1n\ts\u1eafc\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tdo\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ea5u\tk\u00ednh\tt\u1ea1o\tra,\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng\tth\u1ea5t\tv\u1ecdng\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tch\u1ebf\tt\u1ea1o\tm\u1ed9t\t\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ednh\tvi\u1ec5n\tv\u1ecdng\tkh\u00fac\tx\u1ea1\tlo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb\tv\u00e0\tthay\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tchuy\u1ec3n\tsang\tm\u1ed9t\tlo\u1ea1i\tk\u00ednh\tph\u1ea3n\tx\u1ea1\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tH\u1ecdc\tH\u1ed9i\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd.) Newton\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u0103n\tki\u1ec7n\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\t\u201c\u00c1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tg\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng\ttia\tt\u00e1ch\tr\u1eddi\u2026\tNh\u1eefng\tm\u00e0u\ts\u1eafc\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103ng\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a \u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\txu\u1ea5t\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00fac\tx\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt\tnh\u01b0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tth\u01b0\u1eddng tin\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tnh\u01b0ng\tdo\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tnguy\u00ean\tthu\u1ef7\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ea9m\tsinh,\tm\u1ed7i tia\tm\u1ed7i\tkh\u00e1c\u2026\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00fac\tx\u1ea1\tthu\u1ed9c\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00e0u\ts\u1eafc\tnh\u01b0\tnhau,\tv\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\tm\u00e0u\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnhau\tc\u0169ng\tthu\u1ed9c\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00fac\tx\u1ea1\u201d. V\u0103n\tki\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tRobert\tHooke\t\u0111em\tra\ttr\u00ecnh\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tH\u1ed9i\t\u0110\u1ed3ng\tHo\u00e0ng Gia,\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00e0y\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tnh\u1eadn\tx\u00e9t\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\tnh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\t\u00fd\t\u1edf\tph\u1ea7n\tk\u1ebft\tlu\u1eadn.\tV\u0103n\tki\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u00e1t\th\u00e0nh,\tg\u00e2y\ts\u1ef1\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng\tk\u1ec3\ttrong\tl\u00e3nh\tv\u1ef1c\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tkh\u1eafp\tc\u1ea3\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u,\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c tranh\tlu\u1eadn\tk\u00e9o\td\u00e0i\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1675,\tnh\u01b0ng\ts\u1ef1\tvi\u1ec7c\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m Newton\tm\u1ecfi\tm\u1ec7t\tch\u00e1n\tn\u1ea3n.\t\u00d4ng\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cT\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecb\tqu\u1ea5y\tr\u1ea7y,\th\u00e0nh\th\u1ea1\tqu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\t\u1ed3n\t\u00e0o\tv\u00ec\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tt\u1ea1i\tt\u00e1nh\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea9n\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eeb\tb\u1ecf\ts\u1ef1\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ea1y\ttheo m\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tb\u00f3ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh\u201d. Newton\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u1eadp\tra\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tquang\th\u1ecdc.\tC\u00f3\tth\u1ec3 n\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tdi\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tli\tti v\u1edbi\tt\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ed9\t190.000\td\u1eb7m\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u00e2y\ttrong\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian.\tL\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f3","\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1801,\tkhi\tThomas\tYoung\tl\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\tx\u00e1c\tnh\u1eadn\ts\u1ef1 ph\u1ecfng\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tc\u1ee7a\tHooke\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n\ttheo\tl\u00e0n\ts\u1ed1ng. Trong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tn\u00e0y,\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\tch\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea5y\td\u1ed3i d\u00e0o\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eaft\tbu\u1ed9c\tph\u1ea3i\txin\tH\u1ed9i\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia\ttr\u1ee3\tc\u1ea5p\tcho\tm\u1ed7i\ttu\u1ea7n\tm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\tti\u1ec1n\tnh\u1ecf.\tTh\u00e1ng\tHai\tn\u0103m\t1675,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ee9c\tl\u00e0m\th\u1ed9i\tvi\u00ean c\u1ee7a\th\u1ed9i\tn\u00e0y. C\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tg\u00ec\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng\tkhi\tNewton\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00ednh\tto\u00e1n c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u1ec3\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1 khi\u1ebfn\tt\u00ean\ttu\u1ed5i\tNewton\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tvang\tl\u1eebng\tb\u1ea5t\th\u1ee7.\tT\u1eeb\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\t\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ed9\td\u1ea7n\td\u1ea7n\tcho\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1684 khi\tHalley,\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\tNewton\t\u0111ang\tthai\tngh\u00e9n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft ki\u1ec7n\tto\u00e0n\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\ts\u1ef1\tkhai\ttri\u1ec3n\tphong\tph\u00fa\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tn\u00ean\tHalley\t\u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac\tNewton\tn\u00ean\tvi\u1ebft\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\tkh\u00e1i\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u00f3\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y. B\u00e0i\tkh\u00e1i\tlu\u1eadn\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tDe\tMotu\tCorporum,\tnh\u01b0ng\tnh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\t\u0111\u1ea7y\t\u0111\u1ee7\th\u01a1n\ttrong\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tl\u1edbn\tNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\ttrong\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\t(Philosophiae\tNaturalis\tPrincipia Mathematica)\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tn\u0103m\t1687. N\u0103m\t1666,\tnh\u01b0\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft\tNewton\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00ednh\tto\u00e1n\ts\u01a1\tkh\u1edfi,\t\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng,\tngay c\u1ea3\tkhi\tsuy\tlu\u1eadn\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tth\u1ee9\tba\tc\u1ee7a\tKepler,\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tn\u1ebfu\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng b\u1ecb\tki\u1ec1m\tgi\u1eef\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u1ef9\t\u0111\u1ea1o\txoay\ttr\u00f2n\tdo\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ea5p\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkhi\u1ec3n\tt\u1eeb trung\tt\u00e2m\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ecba\tc\u1ea7u\tth\u00ec\th\u1ea5p\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00f3\tph\u1ea3i\ttheo\tt\u1ec9\tl\u1ec7\tngh\u1ecbch\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tgi\u1eefa\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng\tv\u00e0\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t. N\u0103m\t1679,\ttrong\tkhi\tc\u00f9ng\ttham\tkh\u1ea3o\tv\u1edbi\tHook;\tNewton\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00ednh\tqu\u1ef9\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111i\u1ec3m;\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tcho\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\tn\u1ebfu\th\u1ea5p\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00f3\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0\tb\u00ecnh\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tngh\u1ecbch\t\u0111\u1ea3o,\tth\u00ec\tqu\u1ef9\t\u0111\u1ea1o\ts\u1ebd\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\th\u00ecnh\tb\u1ea7u\td\u1ee5c\tv\u1edbi trung\tt\u00e2m\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ea5p\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u1edf\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111i\u1ec3m. V\u00e0\tr\u1ed3i,\tn\u0103m\t1684,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u1edf\tng\u1ea1i\tch\u00ednh\t\u0111\u1ec3\tquy","\u0111\u1ecbnh\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c,\ttr\u1edf\tng\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tt\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tk\u00edch\tth\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u0103ng\tv\u00ec\tch\u00fang\tc\u00e1ch\txa\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ecbu\tv\u1ee3i.\tB\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\tNewton\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed7i\tph\u1ea7n\tt\u1eed\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tthu\th\u00fat nh\u1eefng\tph\u1ea7n\tt\u1eed\tkh\u00e1c\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ea5p\tl\u1ef1c\tt\u1ec9\tl\u1ec7\tngh\u1ecbch\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00ecnh\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tc\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tgi\u1eefa\tch\u00fang.\tS\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt,\th\u1ea5p\tl\u1ef1c\th\u00fat\tgi\u1eefa\thai\tc\u1ea7u\tth\u1ec3\tb\u1eb1ng nhau\tn\u1ebfu\tm\u1ed7i\tc\u1ea7u\tth\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3m\t\u0111i\tth\u00e0nh\tk\u00edch\tth\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ee7a\ttrung\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u1eefng\tt\u00ednh\tto\u00e1n\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tph\u1ecfng\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tn\u1eefa\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean x\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tv\u00e0\tl\u1ea7n\tn\u00e0y,\tNewton\td\u00f9ng\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00ednh\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c\tc\u1ee7a\tPicard\t\u0111o chi\u1ec1u\td\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ed9,\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u1ebft\tlu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tthi\u1ebft\tl\u1eadp\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c;\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\tra nguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkhi\u1ec3n\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tv\u00e0\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5. Th\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tng\u00e0y\tnay\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tPhilosophiae\tNaturalis Principia\tMathematica\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1edd\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tEdmund\tHalley, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhuy\u1ebfn\tkh\u00edch\tth\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tNewton\tvi\u1ebft\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\tkhi\tt\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\tho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ed9\tk\u1ef7\tl\u1ee5c\t(1685\u20131686),\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa\tHalley c\u00f2n\tb\u1ecf\tti\u1ec1n\tra\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tv\u00e0\tHooke\tth\u00f4ng\tqua\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n, Hooke\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft\tNewton\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec1u\tcu\u1ed9c\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb. T\u1eeb\t1692\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t1094,\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\tb\u1ecb\tgi\u00e1n\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh\tn\u1eb7ng,\ttrong\tsu\u1ed1t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tn\u00e0y\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tch\u1ee9ng\tm\u1ea5t\tng\u1ee7\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ea7n kinh\tc\u0103ng\tth\u1eb3ng\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tl\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ed3n\tr\u1eb1ng,\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\t\u1edf\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tAnh\tm\u00e0\ttrong m\u00f4i\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\t\u1edf\tkh\u1eafp\tn\u01a1i,\tNewton\tb\u1ecb\tm\u1ea5t\ttr\u00ed\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb\ttrong\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng\ttr\u00ed\tvi\u1ec7n. Trong\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3,\tb\u1ea1n\tb\u00e8\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tb\u1eadn\tr\u1ed9n\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tthay\tth\u1ebf\t\u00f4ng, v\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1695,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea3m\ttr\u00e1ch\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ee9c\tv\u1ee5\tc\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n\tS\u00e1ng\tch\u1ebf.\tB\u1ed1n\tn\u0103m\tsau,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tGi\u00e1m\t\u0110\u1ed1c\tVi\u1ec7n\tS\u00e1ng\tCh\u1ebf. Sau\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tt\u00e1m\th\u1ed9i\tvi\u1ec7n\tc\u1ee7a\tvi\u1ec7n\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m\t1701,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tt\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1eafc\tc\u1eed\tv\u00e0o\tQu\u1ed1c\tH\u1ed9i\t\u1edf\tgh\u1ebf\td\u00e0nh\tri\u00eang\tcho\t\u0110\u1ea1i","H\u1ecdc.\tB\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u1edf\tqu\u1ed1c\th\u1ed9i\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn\tkh\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm\tqu\u00e1\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tn\u00ean\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\td\u00e0nh\tch\u00fat\t\u00edt\tth\u1eddi\tgian cho\tvi\u1ec7c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc.\tKhi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ed5\tnhi\u1ec7m\tl\u00e0m\tGi\u00e1m\t\u0110\u1ed1c\tVi\u1ec7n S\u00e1ng\tCh\u1ebf,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1eed\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c\tth\u1ebf\tch\u1ed7\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng\tn\u0103m\t1701,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ee9c\tc\u1ea3\th\u1ed9i\tvi\u00ean\tl\u1eabn\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0. Ngay\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u1ea7u,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tGi\u00e1m\t\u0110\u1ed1c\th\u1eefu\thi\u1ec7u\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tVi\u1ec7n\tS\u00e1ng Ch\u1ebf\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tgi\u1eef\tnhi\u1ec7m\ts\u1edf\tn\u00e0y\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u1ebft.\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tb\u1ecf\td\u1edf\tnh\u1eefng\tch\u00fa\tt\u00e2m\tv\u00f4\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc.\tN\u0103m\t1703,\t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ea7u\tl\u00e0m\tCh\u1ee7\tT\u1ecbch\tH\u1ecdc\tH\u1ed9i\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia,\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ee9\tm\u1ed7i\tn\u0103m\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i\tc\u1eed\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tl\u0103m\tn\u0103m.\tTrong\tsu\u1ed1t\tth\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\tgi\u1eef\tvai\ttr\u00f2 Ch\u1ee7\tT\u1ecbch,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00edch\tth\u00e2n\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkhi\u1ec3n\tvi\u1ec7c\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tquy\u1ec3n\tGreenwich Observation\tc\u1ee7a\tFlamsteed,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tFlamsteed\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\ttranh lu\u1eadn\ts\u00f4i\tn\u1ed5i\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tgay\tc\u1ea5n\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc. N\u0103m\t1705,\tn\u1eef\tho\u00e0ng\tAnne\tvi\u1ebfng\tth\u0103m\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tCambridge\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t v\u1ecb\tkh\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tTrinity,\tv\u00e0\tnh\u00e2n\td\u1ecbp\tn\u00e0y,\tb\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ecdn\t\u0111\u1ec3\tphong ch\u1ee9c\thi\u1ec7p\ts\u0129\tcho\tNewton. C\u0169ng\tv\u00e0o\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3,\tNewton\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tv\u1edbi\tLeibniz, m\u1ed9t\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tgia\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u,\tv\u1ec1\tai\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00e1c\tquy\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\ttrong\tph\u00e9p t\u00ednh\tvi\tph\u00e2n.\tM\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\tph\u00ea\tb\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\tto\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\tgia\tLeibniz,\tbu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ed9i\tNewton\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u01b0\u1ee3n\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p\tt\u00ednh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\th\u1ec7\ts\u1ed1.\tCu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tk\u00e9o\td\u00e0i\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m,\tv\u00e0 ngay\tc\u1ea3\tsau\tkhi\tLeibniz\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u1ea7n,\tc\u0169ng\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9 \u00f4ng\t\u1edf\tkh\u1eafp\tc\u00e1c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ecdc\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u.\tNgay\t\u0111\u1ebfn\th\u00f4m\tnay,\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f3\tm\u00e0 quy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1eed\tgia\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u00ecnh\tv\u00f4\tt\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\tthi\u00ean\tv\u1ec1 Leibniz,\tnh\u01b0ng\tNewton\tv\u1eabn\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean;\ttuy\tr\u1eb1ng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a\tLeibniz\td\u1ec5\thi\u1ec3u\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea7y\t\u0111\u1ee7\th\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea7u\tn\u0103m\t1727,\tNewton\tl\u00e2m\ttr\u1ecdng\tb\u1ecbnh.\tS\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tsuy\tgi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1\tnhi\u1ec1u\tv\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u1ea7n\tv\u00ec\tb\u1ecbnh\tk\u1ebft\tth\u1ea1ch\tt\u1ea1i\tKensington\tv\u00e0o\tng\u00e0y\t20 th\u00e1ng\tBa\tn\u0103m\t1727.","\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u00f4n\tt\u1ea1i\tV\u01b0\u01a1ng\tCung\tth\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tWestminster\tng\u00e0y\t28 th\u00e1ng\tBa,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1731\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u1ed9\tbia\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1ef1ng\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tni\u1ec7m \u00f4ng. C\u00f2n\tnhi\u1ec1u\tb\u1ee9c\tch\u00e2n\tdung\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\tl\u00fac\tc\u00f2n\tsinh\tti\u1ec1n.\tM\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c do\tKneller\tv\u1ebd\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\tkh\u00e1c\tdo\tThornhell,\tc\u1ea3\thai\tb\u1ee9c\tho\u1ea1\tn\u00e0y\tthu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n\ts\u1edf\th\u1eefu\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e1\tt\u01b0\u1edbc\tPortmouth,\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\tkh\u00e1c\tc\u1ee7a\tKneller\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i\tPetwath.\tH\u1ecdc\th\u1ed9i\tHo\u00e0ng\tgia\tc\u00f3\tba\tb\u1ee9c\tch\u00e2n\tdung\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tdo\tJervas v\u1ebd\tv\u00e0\ttreo\tph\u00eda\ttr\u00ean\tgh\u1ebf\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1ecb\tch\u1ee7\tt\u1ecbch.\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tTrinity\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u00e0i\tb\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c.\tB\u1ee9c\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tto\u00e0n\tth\u00e2n\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\tdo\t\u0111i\u00eau\tkh\u1eafc\tgia Roubilliac\tn\u1eafn\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1ef1ng\tl\u00ean\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eb7t\tti\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tTrinity n\u0103m\t1750.\tV\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tthi\th\u00e0o\tl\u1eebng\tdanh\tAnh\tQu\u1ed1c\tWordsworth\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u1eb7ng m\u1ea5y\tc\u00e2u\tth\u01a1: \u201cB\u1ee9c\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ea9m\tth\u1ea1ch\tkia\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ed9\t\u00f3c\tb\u1ea5t\tdi\u1ec7t, M\u1ed9t\tm\u00ecnh\tdu\tl\u1ecbch\tqua\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\td\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng.\u201d Tuy\tnhi\u00ean,\tph\u1ea7n\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tqu\u00fd\tgi\u00e1\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tnh\u1edb\tnh\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc v\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1ea7n\tth\u01a1\tbay\tb\u01b0\u1edbm\tc\u1ee7a\tthi\th\u00e0o Pope\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tkh\u1eafc\ttr\u00ean\tb\u1ea3ng\tk\u1ef7\tni\u1ec7m\ttrong\tph\u00f2ng\tn\u01a1i\tm\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i Newton\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi: \u201cV\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tthi\u00ean\tnhi\u00ean\tc\u00f2n\tn\u1eb1m\tk\u00edn\ttrong\tb\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.\u201d Ch\u00faa\tb\u1ea3o\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u201cH\u00e3y\t\u0111\u1ec3\tNewton\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ecdi\tv\u1eadt\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1eebng\ts\u00e1ng\u201d.","JEAN\tJACQUES\tROUSSEAU (1712\u20131778) Jean\tJacques\tRousseau\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u1ea7n\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\tPh\u00e1p\tb\u00f9ng\tn\u1ed5,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f2i cho\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\t\u0111\u00f3.\tNh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tra\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1c\tquy\u1ec1n\tl\u1ee3i\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tngh\u00e8o,\tquy\u1ec1n\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed7i\tc\u00f4ng\td\u00e2n\ttrong\tn\u01b0\u1edbc,\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tn\u00ean\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ttrong\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u00f3c\tqu\u1ea7n\tch\u00fang\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tv\u1ec1\tsau\tc\u1ee7a th\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ec3u\tl\u1ed9\tb\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tch\u1ec9\ttrong nh\u1eefng\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tx\u1ea5u\txa\tc\u1ee7a\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f2n\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1eddi s\u1eedng\ts\u1ed1t\tcho\tl\u00e0\tqu\u00e1\t\u201cM\u1edbi\u201d\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u1edbn lao.\tCu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tRousseau,\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea\tk\u1ef3\tl\u1ea1,\tnh\u1eefng\tphi\u00eau\tl\u01b0u sinh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tl\u00e0\tch\u1ee9ng\tlo\u1ea1n\ttr\u00ed,\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tc\u1ea5u\tt\u1ea1o\t\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t\tb\u1ea9m\tch\u1ea5t\tphi\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u00e0\tbi\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\ttrong\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng. Thi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i\tRousseau\tc\u00f3\tli\u00ean\th\u1ec7\tv\u1edbi\tb\u1ecbnh\t\u0111i\u00ean\tth\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch t\u1ea7m\tth\u01b0\u1eddng,\tv\u00e0\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00ed\td\u1ee5\tn\u00e0o\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\tgi\u1ea5c\tm\u01a1\tk\u1ef3\tqu\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ed9\t\u00f3c\tsi\u00eau\tvi\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tr\u1ed3i\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tb\u1ecb\tche ph\u1ee7\tb\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u00e1m\tm\u00e2y\t\u0111i\u00ean\tlo\u1ea1n,\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\td\u1eabn\tl\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tt\u1ef1 do\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tb\u1ecb\tn\u00f4\tl\u1ec7\tv\u00e0\tsoi\ts\u00e1ng\tnh\u1eefng\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tm\u1edbi\tcho s\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttheo\t\u0111u\u1ed5i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u1ed1n. Rousseau\tsinh\tt\u1ea1i\tGen\u00e8ve\tng\u00e0y\t28\tth\u00e1ng\tS\u00e1u\tn\u0103m\t1712,\tcon\ttrai\tth\u1ee9 hai\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\th\u1ed3\tv\u00e0\tki\u1ebfm\tth\u00eam\tti\u1ec1n\tcho\tng\u00e2n\tkho\u1ea3n thi\u1ebfu\tth\u1ed1n\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\td\u1ea1y\tkhi\u00eau\tv\u0169\ttrong\tl\u00fac\tr\u1ed7i\tr\u1ea3nh.\tM\u1eb9\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea5t\thai tu\u1ea7n\tsau\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi,\tv\u00e0\tsu\u1ed1t\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u0103m\tth\u01a1\t\u1ea5u\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1ed1ng\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac v\u1edbi\tcha,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u00fa\tnu\u00f4i\tJacqueline\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u00ec,\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f9ng t\u00ecm\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u1ea5p\t\u0111\u1ea7y\ts\u1ef1\tthi\u1ebfu\tth\u1ed1n\tt\u00ecnh\tm\u1eabu\tt\u1eed\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.","Cha\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\td\u1ea1y\t\u00f4ng\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tth\u1ee9c\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00e1ng\tv\u0103n\tc\u1ed5\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng\tti\u1ec3u\tthuy\u1ebft\tsuy\tnh\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3.\tNh\u01b0ng\tn\u0103m\t1722,\tcha\t\u00f4ng d\u00ednh\tli\u1ebfu\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1ee5\tki\u1ec7n\tb\u1eaft\tbu\u1ed9c\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ecdn\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\thai\tgi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p,\tho\u1eb7c\tl\u00e0\tch\u1ecbu\t\u0111i\tl\u01b0u\t\u0111\u00e0y\thay\tl\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ecbu\t\u1edf\tt\u00f9.\tCha\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ecdn\tgi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\tLyons,\tgiao\tc\u1eadu\tcon\ttrai\tl\u1ea1i\tcho\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tem\tch\u0103m s\u00f3c.\tCh\u00fa\tBernard\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tcon\ttrai\ttr\u1ea1c\ttu\u1ed5i\tRousseau\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ea3\thai \u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1edfi\tt\u1edbi\tBoissy\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttheo\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1edbi\tLambercier\tv\u1ecb\tm\u1ee5c\ts\u01b0\ttrong t\u1ec9nh\t\u0111\u00f3.\tV\u1ecb\tm\u1ee5c\ts\u01b0\tkh\u1ea3\tk\u00ednh\tn\u00e0y\t\u1edf\tchung\tnh\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00f4\tem\tg\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\tch\u1eebng ba\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\ttu\u1ed5i.\tC\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tRousseau\tb\u1ea5t\tth\u1ea7n\ty\u00eau\tc\u00f4\tg\u00e1i\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tl\u00e0m\tch\u1ecb\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\t\u00f4ng\tsau\tn\u00e0y\tth\u00fa\tnh\u1eadn\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea\ttr\u1ebb\tcon\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f3 t\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1\tt\u00ednh\tsu\u1ed1t\tc\u1ea3\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tm\u00ecnh.\tC\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i\th\u01a1n,\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\txao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea3m\tthu\u1edf\tban\t\u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tcho\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tni\u00ean\tthi\u1ebfu\tRousseau\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tkho\u1ea3ng\tth\u1eddi gian\tt\u00ecnh\t\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea7y\ts\u00f3ng\tgi\u00f3. C\u0169ng\ttrong\tth\u1eddi\tgian\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u00e0\tch\u00fa\tBernard\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u1eadp\tvi\u1ec7c\tv\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\tch\u01b0\u1edfng\tkh\u1ebf\tv\u00e0\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\th\u1ecdc\tngh\u1ec1\tth\u1ee3\tch\u1ea1m\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\tba\tn\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng\tphong\tc\u00e1ch\t\u00f4n\tho\u00e0\tu\ts\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u00edch\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\t\u1ed3n\t\u00e0o\tn\u00e1o\tnhi\u1ec7t\ttrong\tph\u00f2ng\tch\u1ea1m.\t\u00d4ng\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ed9i\tho\u1ea1,\tnh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng\th\u1ecdc\tlu\u00f4n\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00f3i\th\u01b0\tt\u1eadt\tx\u1ea5u\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u1ea1n\tb\u00e8\tthu\u1ed9c\tth\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\th\u1ed7n\tt\u1ea1p.\t\u00d4ng\tch\u1ee7\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f3\tch\u1ecbu\tn\u00ean\tRousseau\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tl\u00f2ng ki\u00eau\th\u00e3nh\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tn\u0103ng\tl\u1ef1c\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u00e0n\tnh\u1eabn,\tv\u00ec th\u1ebf\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111i. Rousseau\tmong\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u00f3n\tti\u1ebfp\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tb\u00ecnh\tth\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u01a1\tl\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0o\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\txin \u0111\u1ebfn\tCofignon\tc\u00e1ch\tGen\u00e8ve\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tng\u1eafn.\tT\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y,\t\u00f4ng\tg\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u0129\tC\u00f4ng\tgi\u00e1o\t\u0111\u00e3\tv\u1ebd\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u1ee9c\ttranh\tch\u00f3i\tl\u1ecdi\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eefng ch\u1eafc\tc\u1ee7a\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ebd\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb\tbi\u1ebft\tbao\tn\u1ebfu ch\u00fang\tta\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00edn\t\u0111\u1ed3\tC\u00f4ng\tgi\u00e1o.\tV\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh.\tV\u00e0 ch\u00ednh\t\u00f4ng,\tJean\tJacques\tRousseau\ts\u1ebd\tt\u00ecm\tra\tch\u1ed7\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\tth\u00edch\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi","\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1edfi\t\u0111i\tAnnecy,\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\tb\u00e0\tDe\tWarens,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1edbi\tv\u1eeba nh\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1ea1o\ts\u1ebd\tnu\u00f4i\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tRousseau\ttrong\tth\u1eddi\tgian\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u1edf\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e0\tta\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ec9nh\ttho\u1ea3ng\tl\u00e0m\tth\u01b0\tk\u00fd\tri\u00eang\thay\ttheo\tl\u00e0m b\u1ed3i\tcho\tb\u00e0.\tL\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3,\tJean\tJacques\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\ts\u00e1u\ttu\u1ed5i,\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu thanh\tni\u00ean\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00f4i\tm\u1eaft\tng\u1eddi\ts\u00e1ng,\tt\u00f3c\t\u0111en,\tda\ttr\u1eafng,\tch\u00e2n\ttay\tr\u1eafn\tch\u1eafc, v\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tch\u00ed\tph\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ea5u\td\u1ebbo\tdai\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tt\u1ef1\ttin\tv\u1ec1\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh.\tB\u00e0\tch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u1ea3\tph\u1ee5\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tt\u00e1m\tc\u00e1i\txu\u00e2n\txanh,\tt\u00f3c\tv\u00e0ng\tx\u00e1m,\tc\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u\tti\u1ec1n,\tt\u00e1nh\tt\u00ecnh\tr\u1ed9ng\tr\u00e3i.\tB\u00e0\tta\tthu\u1ed9c\tm\u1ed9t\tlo\u1ea1i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao gi\u1edd\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac\tn\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tho\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\thay\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o,\tv\u00e0\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tth\u00edch\tth\u00fa\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0 ta\tgia\tt\u0103ng\tkhi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tthanh\tni\u00ean\td\u1ec5\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\t\u00e1i\tm\u1ed9 b\u00e0\tta. Nh\u01b0ng\tch\u00e0ng\tta\tc\u00f2n\ttr\u1ebb,\tv\u00e0\tl\u00f2ng\t\u00e1i\tm\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\u1ed5i\ttr\u1ebb\tkh\u00f3\tm\u00e0\tt\u1ebf\tnh\u1ecb th\u00e2m\ttr\u1ea7m\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t\u00d4ng\tqu\u00e1\thi\u1ec1n\tl\u00e0nh\thay\tqu\u00e1\tghen\ttu\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\tqu\u00e1\tt\u1ef1 tin,\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\tv\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tnh\u00fat\tnh\u00e1t\tqu\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ed9.\t\u00d4ng\tt\u1ef1\ttin\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng\tgh\u00e9t. Chuy\u1ec7n\tk\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1eb1ng,\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111i\tTurin\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng\tb\u00e0\tSabran.\tC\u1ea3\tba ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111i\tb\u1ed9\tt\u1eeb\tAnnecy\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tTurin.\tCh\u00fang\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tbi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tli\u00ean\th\u1ec7\tt\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea3m\tgi\u1eefa\tRousseau\tv\u00e0\tb\u00e0\tDe\tSabran,\tnh\u01b0ng\tb\u00e0\tDe Sabran\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u00e9t\tph\u00e1c\tho\u1ea1\tv\u1ec1\t\u00f4ng.\tNh\u01b0ng\tsau\tchuy\u1ebfn\t\u0111i\tn\u00e0y Rousseau\tc\u00f3\tchuy\u1ec7n\tl\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u1ee5c\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00e0\tDe\tWarens\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\tnh\u00e0 b\u00e0\tn\u00e0y. Sau\t\u0111\u00f3,\tRousseau\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u1edf\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00e1\tt\u01b0\u1edbc\tDe\tGouvon,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tx\u1eed\th\u1ebft s\u1ee9c\tt\u1eed\tt\u1ebf.\tT\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tng\u1eafn,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ea5t\tch\u1ee3t\tmu\u1ed1n\tg\u1eb7p\tb\u00e0\tDe Warens,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tkhi\u1ebfn\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00f4\tl\u1ec5\t\u0111\u1ec3\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111u\u1ed5i\t\u0111i\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ef1\tdo\ttr\u1edf\tl\u1ea1i Annecy.\tB\u00e0\tch\u1ee7\t\u00f4ng\tvui\tv\u1ebb\t\u0111\u00f3n\tti\u1ebfp\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1,\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u1eb3ng\tbao\tl\u00e2u l\u1ea1i\tb\u1eaft\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u1ee7ng\tvi\u1ec7n\tSt.\tLazare\t\u0111\u1ec3\tho\u00e0n\tt\u1ea5t\tvi\u1ec7c\th\u1ecdc.\tS\u1ef1\tli\u00ean l\u1ea1c\thai\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tk\u1ef3\tl\u1ea1.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tgi\u00fap\tvi\u1ec7c\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00e3nh\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1 th\u00f9\tlao\tnh\u1ecf.\tNh\u01b0ng\tb\u00e0\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1ea3o\tb\u1ecdc\tcho\t\u00f4ng\th\u1ecdc\th\u00e0nh,\td\u1ea1y\t\u00f4ng\t\u00e2m\tnh\u1ea1c","v\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tt\u00ean\tth\u00e2n\tm\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\t\u201cM\u1eb9\u201d.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tt\u1ea1m xa\tb\u00e0\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tsau\t\u0111i\tlang\tthang\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tquay\tv\u1ec1.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1eddi ch\u1ee7ng\tvi\u1ec7n\tSt.\tLazare\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\th\u1ecdc\tnh\u01b0ng\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1ecf\tban\td\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tquay\tv\u1ec1\tAnnecy\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ebft\tb\u00e0\tDe\tWarens\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111i\tr\u1ed3i.\tM\u1ed9t th\u1eddi\tgian\t\u1edf\tSavoie\t\u0111\u1ec3\td\u1ea1y\t\u00e2m\tnh\u1ea1c\tt\u1ea1i\tNeuch\u00e2tel\tv\u00e0\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i ho\u00e0\tnh\u1ea1c\tt\u1ea1i\tLausanne,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u01a1\tk\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\tvi\u1ec7n\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u1edf gi\u00e1o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tHy\tL\u1ea1p.\tV\u1edbi\tl\u00e1\tth\u01b0\tgi\u1edbi\tthi\u1ec7u\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1eef\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ts\u1ee9\tPh\u00e1p\tt\u1ea1i Soleure,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111i\tParis,\tv\u00e0\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\td\u1ecbp\tgiao\tthi\u1ec7p\tc\u00f9ng\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tl\u01b0u\ttr\u00ed\tth\u1ee9c,\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tphong\tc\u00e1ch\tthanh\tnh\u00e3,\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111i nh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tth\u00f4\tl\u1ed7\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\tl\u00e0m\tb\u1ea1n\tb\u00e8\tn\u1ed5i\tgi\u1eadn\tl\u00fac\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n\t\u1edf\tqu\u00ea\tnh\u00e0. Cu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng,\tn\u0103m\thai\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\ttu\u1ed5i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttin\tb\u00e0\tDe\tWarens\t\u0111ang\t\u1edf\tt\u1ea1i Chambery,\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\tg\u1ea7n\tn\u1eeda\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tPh\u00e1p\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tg\u1eb7p\tb\u00e0. Cu\u1ed9c\tg\u1eb7p\tg\u1ee1\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tchan\tho\u00e0\ty\u00eau\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f9ng\ttham\tgia\tv\u00e0o\th\u1ed9i\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc,\t\u00e2m nh\u1ea1c\tv\u00e0\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt. N\u0103m\t1738,\tb\u00e0\tch\u1ecdn\t\u201cLes\tCharmettes\u201d,\tm\u1ed9t\tmi\u1ec1n\tqu\u00ea\tg\u1ea7n\tChambery \u0111\u1ec3\tRousseau\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tph\u1ee5c\th\u1ed3i\ts\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb\tsau\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u01a1n\tb\u1ecbnh\tn\u1eb7ng.\tTuy nhi\u00ean\tRousseau\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tkh\u00e1c,\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111i Montpelier\t\u0111\u1ec3\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tb\u1ecbnh.\tB\u00e0\tDe\tWarens\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tra\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa\tb\u1ec7nh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tc\u1edb\t\u0111\u1ec3\tg\u1eb7p\tb\u00e0\tDe\tLarnage\tv\u00e0\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf l\u00e0\ttan\tv\u1ee1\ts\u1ef1\tth\u00e2n\tm\u1eadt\tgi\u1eefa\thai\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tKhi\tRousseau\tlang\tthang\ttr\u1edf\tl\u1ea1i Les\tCharmettes,\t\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecba\tv\u1ecb\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tthay\tth\u1ebf\ttrong\tl\u00fac v\u1eafng\tm\u1eb7t.\tTh\u1ea3n\tnhi\u00ean\t\u00f4ng\tki\u1ebfm\tch\u1ed7\td\u1ea1y\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1741,\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ee7\t\u0111\u00f4 Paris. N\u0103m\tn\u00e0y\tk\u1ebft\tth\u00fac\tth\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\t\u0103n\tch\u01a1i\tv\u00f4\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee7a\tRousseau.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00e2y\tv\u1ec1 sau,\tthi\u00ean\tt\u00e0i\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tb\u1ed9c\tl\u1ed9. T\u1ea1i\tParis,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\tquen\tv\u1edbi\tDiderot\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u0103n\ts\u0129\tl\u1eebng\tdanh\tth\u1eddi\tb\u1ea5y gi\u1edd,\t\u0111ang\tl\u00e0m\tch\u1ee7\tb\u00fat\tt\u1edd\tEncyclopedie\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\t\u00f4ng\ttrong\tnh\u00f3m\tThe Dupins,\ts\u1ef1\tquen\tbi\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\tr\u1ea5t\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ee3i\tcho\t\u00f4ng.\tQua\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u1edbi\tthi\u1ec7u\tc\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\ttrong\tnh\u00f3m\tDupins,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ee9c\tth\u01a1\tk\u00fd\t\u1edf","To\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ts\u1ee9\tPh\u00e1p\tt\u1ea1i\tVenice,\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tParis\tn\u0103m\t1745.\t\u00d4ng\tso\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tv\u1ec1\tk\u00fd\t\u00e2m\tph\u00e1p\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tH\u00e0n\tL\u00e2m\tVi\u1ec7n\tti\u1ebfp\tnh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea5y\tni\u1ec1m\tn\u1edf.\tTi\u1ebfp\ttheo\tv\u1edf\tnh\u1ea1c\tk\u1ecbch\tLes\tMuses\tGalantes\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tmang\tra\ttr\u00ecnh\tdi\u1ec5n\tv\u00e0\tDiderot\td\u00e0nh\tcho\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0i\tm\u1ee5c\tvi\u1ebft tr\u00ean\tb\u00e1o. N\u0103m\t1742,\t\u00f4ng\tg\u1eb7p\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00f4\tth\u1ee3\tmay,\tTherese\tle\tVasseur\tv\u00e0\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng\tc\u01b0\u1edbi\tl\u00e0m\tv\u1ee3.\tTheo\tquy\u1ec3n\tNh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tth\u00fa\tt\u1ed9i\t(Les\tConfessions)\tth\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\t\u201cm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1eb9\tx\u1ea5u\tx\u00ed,\tngu\tng\u1ed1c,\t\u0111\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ed9n\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tgh\u00e9t\u201d.\tTh\u1eadt kh\u00f3\tm\u00e0\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tn\u00e0o\tquy\u1ebfn\tr\u0169,\tnh\u01b0ng\th\u1ecd\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u1edbi\tnhau n\u0103m\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tcon,\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tb\u1ecb\tb\u1ecf\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7n\tm\u1ed3\tc\u00f4i\t\u201c\u0111\u1ec3\tti\u1ebft\tki\u1ec7m\tng\u00e2n\tqu\u1ef9\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea5t\tb\u00ecnh\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u00f3\tsau\tn\u00e0y\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tvi\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i kh\u00e1i\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u1ea3m\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u00e0\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tnh\u1ea5t\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ed1ng\ttr\u1ebb\tm\u1ed3\tc\u00f4i\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0 s\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tth\u1eddi\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd! Trong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tn\u00e0y,\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1edbt\tvi\u1ebft\tl\u00e1ch,\tnh\u01b0ng\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m\t1750,\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1edbi\tg\u1eb7t\th\u00e1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng,\t\u0111o\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u01b0\u1edfng Lu\u1eadn\tV\u0103n\tc\u1ee7a\tH\u00e0n\tL\u00e2m\tVi\u1ec7n\tDijon\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\t\u201cS\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\tc\u1ee7a\tngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\tv\u00e0\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tgi\u00fap\tcho\tvi\u1ec7c\tthanh\tl\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c\thay\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c suy\t\u0111\u1ed3i\u201d.\tV\u1edbi\tch\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y,\tRousseau\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tKhoa\tH\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tNgh\u1ec7\tThu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\td\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1eb9p\t\u0111\u1ebd\t\u1edf\tb\u1ec1\tngo\u00e0i,\tc\u00f2n\tb\u00ean\ttrong\tth\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c\t\u00e1c,\t\u00edch\tk\u1ef7\tv\u00e0\tbi\u1ebft\tc\u00e1ch\tche\t\u0111\u1eady\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u1ed3i\tb\u1ea1i\t\u1ea5y.\tS\u1ef1\tth\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\tth\u1ee9\thai\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tto\tt\u00e1t\th\u01a1n,\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1edf\tca\tk\u1ecbch\tng\u1eafn\tLe\tDevin\tdu Village,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea5p\tlu\u00f4n\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng\tb\u1ed5ng\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ed7\tl\u00e0m\ttai\ttri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh\tPh\u00e1p.\tS\u1ef1\tnghi\u1ec7p\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00fap\t\u00f4ng\tth\u1ea5y\tnhi\u1ec1u\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tx\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng\tkhuy\u1ebft\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tphi\tl\u00fd\tm\u00e0\ttri\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00ecnh\tPh\u00e1p\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u1eb7p\tm\u1eaft\t\u0111\u00f3i\tkh\u00e1t\tc\u1ee7a\td\u00e2n\tch\u00fang.\tM\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\tgian sau,\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ed1i\tti\u1ec1n\tph\u1ee5\tc\u1ea5p\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecba\tv\u1ecb\t\u1edf\ttri\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00ecnh\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tn\u01a1i \u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tlo\tngh\u0129\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tsinh\ts\u1ed1ng\th\u00e0ng\tng\u00e0y. Sau\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u00edt\tl\u00e2u,\t\u00f4ng\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tLu\u1eadn\tv\u0103n\tv\u1ec1\tngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tv\u00e0\tn\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tb\u1ea5t\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng\tgi\u1eefa\tlo\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t(Discours\tsur\tl\u2019origine\tet\tle fondement\tde\tl\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9\tparmi\tles\thommes)\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tn\u0103m\t1754,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i","th\u0103m\tvi\u1ebfng\tGen\u00e8ve,\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y,\t\u00f4ng\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tt\u1eeb\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa.\tKhi tr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tParis,\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u1eddi\t\u1edf\ttrong\tng\u00f4i\tnh\u00e0\tnh\u1ecf\t\u201cThe\tHermitage\u201d\tg\u1ea7n Montmorency\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0\td\u2019Epinay,\tb\u1ea1n\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tr\u1ec3\tb\u00e0\tDupin.\tT\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y,\t\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft\tJulie\thay\tl\u00e0\tn\u00e0ng\tHeloise\tm\u1edbi\t(Julie\tou\tLa\tnouvelle\tHeloise),\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m\t1761\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u1eb7t\th\u00e1i\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\tt\u1ee9c\tkh\u1eafc\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tb\u1ecb\tk\u1ebft\t\u00e1n\tl\u00e0\tv\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\tv\u00ec\tch\u1ee9a\t\u0111\u1ef1ng\tnh\u1eefng\txu\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tqu\u00e1\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tn\u00eau\tl\u00ean\tquy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tngh\u00e8o\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tgi\u00e0u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tquy\u1ec3n\tJulie\thay\tl\u00e0\tn\u00e0ng\tHeloise\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n,\t\u00f4ng g\u00e2y\tg\u1ed7\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00e0\td\u2019Epinay\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u1ea1n\tb\u00e8\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0,\tr\u1ed3i\td\u1ecdn\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u1edf\tt\u1ea1i Montlouis\tg\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00f3,\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tc\u1ee7a\tC\u00f4ng\tT\u01b0\u1edbc\tv\u00e0\tn\u1eef C\u00f4ng\tT\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u1edf\tLuxembourg. N\u0103m\t1762,\tquy\u1ec3n\tD\u00e2n\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tLu\u1eadn\t(Le\tContract\tSocial)\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u00e2n\tquy\u1ec1n\tv\u00e0\td\u00e2n\tquy\u1ec1n.\tTrong\ts\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0y, Rousseau\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ec3\tc\u1ed9ng\tho\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tph\u1ed5\tth\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tphi\u1ebfu\tv\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a\tra\tnh\u1eefng\ty\u00eau\ts\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00f4ng\td\u00e2n\tl\u00e0\tT\u1ef1\tDo,\tB\u00ecnh\t\u0110\u1eb3ng\tv\u00e0 Huynh\t\u0110\u1ec7,\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u1ee7\tquy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e2n\td\u00e2n trong\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u01b0\u1edbc.\tCh\u00ednh\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00f2i\tph\u00e1o\tn\u1ed5\tcho cu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\t\u201cKinh\tTh\u00e1nh\u201d\tcho\th\u1ea7u\th\u1ebft\tc\u00e1c\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tgia\ttrong th\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\tC\u00e1ch\tM\u1ea1ng\t1789\tt\u1ea1i\tPh\u00e1p\tm\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec3n\th\u00ecnh\tr\u00f5\tr\u1ec7t\tqua\tnh\u00e0\tc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\tRobespierre. C\u0169ng\ttrong\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tcho\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tquy\u1ec3n\tEmile\thay\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\t(Emile\tou\tde\tl\u2019Education),\tg\u1ed3m\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\ttrong v\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tcon\ttr\u1ebb,\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ee9\t\u201cT\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tT\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\u201d\tthay\tv\u00ec Thi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o,\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ts\u1ef1\td\u1ea1y\td\u1ed7\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tb\u00e9\tt\u1eeb\tthu\u1edf\tl\u1ecdt\tl\u00f2ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edfng\tth\u00e0nh\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tch\u01b0a\tnghe\tai\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn bao\tgi\u1edd. Quy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0\tnguy\u00ean\tnh\u00e2n\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tm\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd,\tv\u00ec\tRousseau\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\t\u00edt\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u00f4\tph\u1ea1m khu\u00f4n\tkh\u1ed5\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\thu\u1ea5n\tluy\u1ec7n\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103ng\tkhi\u1ebfu\ttr\u00ed tu\u1ec7,\tth\u1ec3\tch\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb.\tV\u00e0\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tt\u1ea5t\tnhi\u00ean\tl\u00e0\tg\u00e2y","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tv\u1ec1\tsau\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c t\u00ean\ttu\u1ed5i\tc\u1ea5p\tti\u1ebfn\tnh\u01b0\tFroebel\tv\u00e0\tPestalozzy. Sau\tkhi\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tquy\u1ec3n\tEmile,\tRousseau\tb\u1ecb\tde\tdo\u1ea1\tb\u1ecf\tt\u00f9\tn\u00ean\t\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ea1y\tsang\tLuerdon\tv\u00e0\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tMotiers,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tFrederick\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ty\u00eau\tchu\u1ed9ng\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt\tb\u1ea3o\tb\u1ecdc\th\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh.\tRousseau\tt\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttrong\tquy\u1ec3n\tLettres\tde\tla\tMontagne\t(1763), v\u00e0\th\u1eadu\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnhi\u00ean\tl\u00e0\tngay\tc\u1ea3\tThu\u1ef5\tS\u0129\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f3\tcho\t\u00f4ng\tdung th\u00e2n\tn\u00ean\tRousseau\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ea1y\tsang\tn\u01b0\u01a1ng\tn\u00e1u\tb\u00ean\tAnh\tQu\u1ed1c\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tc\u1ee7a\ttri\u1ebft\tgia\tDavid\tHume\t(gi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u0103n h\u00e0o\tVoltaire).\tSu\u1ed1t\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tphi\u00eau\tb\u1ea1t\tn\u00e0y,\tb\u00e0\tv\u1ee3\tTherese\t\u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ttheo\t\u00f4ng,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tth\u00fa\tv\u1ecb\tl\u00e0\tb\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tJames\tBoswell\th\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng\t\u0111i\tLondon.\tV\u00e0\tLondon\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tRousseau\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng,\tngay\tc\u1ea3 trong\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u00e1n\tc\u00e0\tph\u00ea\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tph\u00f2ng\ttranh,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u00fd\tv\u00e0 b\u00e0n\tt\u00e1n\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\tk\u00ec\tl\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u1eebng\tdanh\tn\u00e0y.\tTheo l\u1ec7nh\tHo\u00e0ng\tGia,\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i\ttr\u00ecnh\tdi\u1ec5n\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tt\u1ea1i Druvy\tLane\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tquy\u1ec1n\tch\u1ee7\tto\u1ea1\tdanh\td\u1ef1\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng\tch\u1ee9ng\tb\u1ecbnh\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tb\u1ed9c\tph\u00e1t,\tHume\tph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a\t\u00f4ng\txu\u1ed1ng\tmi\u1ec1n\tWooton\t\u1edf\tDerbyshine,\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tcho h\u00e0ng\tx\u00f3m\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1eb7c\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ed9\tqu\u1ea7n\t\u00e1o\tdi\u00eam\td\u00faa\tc\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.\tL\u00fac\tn\u00e0y,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tvi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ea7n\th\u1ebft\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tth\u00fa\tt\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tk\u1ef3\tl\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttru\u1ef5\tl\u1ea1c;\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ef1\tthu\u1eadt\tl\u1ea1i\tcu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eeb\tthu\u1edf\tnh\u1ecf\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tng\u00e0y\tr\u1eddi\tkh\u1ecfi\th\u1ed3\tBienne.\t\u00d4ng\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p\tn\u0103m\t1762,\tsau\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tg\u00e2y\tg\u1ed7\td\u1eef\td\u1ed9i\tv\u1edbi\tHume.\tLang\tthang\tt\u1eeb nh\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0y\tsang\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ec3\tmong\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1,\tth\u00e2n\tth\u1ec3\tx\u00e1c\ts\u01a1,\tg\u00e2y g\u1ed7\tv\u1edbi\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tr\u1ed3i\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tb\u1ecb\t\u00e1m\t\u1ea3nh\tb\u1edfi\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\td\u00e0y d\u00f2\tma\tqu\u00e1i\tl\u00fac\tn\u00e0o\tc\u0169ng\tth\u1ea7m\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\ttuy\u1ec7t\tv\u1ecdng\ttrong\ttr\u00ed\t\u00f3c \u00f4ng. N\u0103m\t1770,\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0n\tt\u1ea5t\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\t\u0110\u1ed1i\ttho\u1ea1i\t(Dialogues) v\u00e0\tti\u1ebfp\ttheo\tl\u00e0\tquy\u1ec3n\tNh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111i\td\u1ea1o\tc\u1ee7a\tk\u1ebb\tc\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ed9c\t(Promenades d\u2019un\tSolitaire),\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\t\u0111\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\thay\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","xem\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt.\tS\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft\tcho\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNh\u1eefng\tL\u1eddi\tTh\u00fa\tT\u1ed9i\tv\u00e0\tca\tt\u1ee5ng\tphong\tc\u1ea3nh\tthi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tnhi\u1ec1u\tb\u00e0i\tb\u00ecnh\tlu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tph\u1ee9c\tt\u1ea1p\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng,\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c,\tgi\u00e0u\tngh\u00e8o,\ts\u1ed1ng\tch\u1ebft.\tQua\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tn\u00e0y\tch\u00fang\tta bi\u1ebft\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\t\u1edf\tThu\u1ef5\tS\u0129,\tMenilmontant,\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea3o\tSaint\u2013Pierre,\t\u1edf\th\u1ed3 Bienne,\tGentilly,\tDauphine,\tParis\tv\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u1ecf\tb\u1ecb\tClignancourt. N\u0103m\t1778,\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tkinh\tt\u00e0i\tgi\u00e0u\tc\u00f3\tt\u1eb7ng\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00f4i\tnh\u00e0\tt\u1ea1i Ermenonille,\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\ts\u1ed1ng\ty\u00ean\tl\u00e0nh\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m kh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tTherese,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tchung\tt\u00ecnh\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng\tsu\u1ed1t\tbao\tnhi\u00eau\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i\tl\u00e0m\tcho\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111au\t\u0111\u1edbn\tv\u00e0\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\t\u0111i\u00ean\tlo\u1ea1n\tv\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tgiao\tthi\u1ec7p\tc\u00f4ng khai\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0\tta\tc\u00f9ng\tt\u00ean\tgi\u1eef\tng\u1ef1a.\tNh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tm\u00e0\tTherese\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u1ea3n\tb\u1ed9i \u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tk\u1ebft\tth\u00fac\tvi\u1ec7c\tc\u1ea3\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0o\tth\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y\t02\tth\u00e1ng\tB\u1ea3y\tn\u0103m\t1778,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\tx\u00e1c\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1edbi\tg\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1eabm\tm\u00e1u\tv\u00e0\ts\u01b0ng\tv\u00f9.\tC\u00e1c\ty\ts\u0129\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ebft\tv\u00ec\tb\u1ec7nh\tphong\thay\tv\u00ec\tt\u1ef1\ts\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch l\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\tv\u00e0\tbi\t\u0111\u00e1t.\tRousseau\tch\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00ec\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng,\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ec3\tqu\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7\tchuy\u00ean\tch\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tb\u1ea5t\th\u1ea1nh\tto\tt\u00e1c\tnh\u1ea5t cho\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0111a\ts\u1ed1\tqu\u1ea7n\tch\u00fang,\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ee7\tl\u00fd\tdo\t\u0111\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady.\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tni\u1ec7m\tnhi\u1ec1u\tv\u1ec1\ttr\u00e1ch\tnhi\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tv\u1eabn c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tvi\u1ebft\tm\u1ed9t\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tgi\u00e1o\tkhoa\tth\u00e1nh\tthi\u1ec7n\tv\u00e0\tr\u1ea5t\tc\u00f3\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn\td\u1eaft\tthanh\tthi\u1ebfu\tni\u00ean.\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tX\u00e3\t\u01b0\u1edbc\t(Social\tContract)\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1ea3\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u00e3\tg\u00e2y\th\u1ee9ng\tkh\u1edfi\tsay\tm\u00ea\tcho\tt\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\tTreatise\ton\tGovernment\tc\u1ee7a\tLocke.\tTheo\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u00e0\tqu\u00fd\tt\u1ed9c Morley\tn\u00f3i\t\u201cNh\u1edd\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\th\u01a1n\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee9\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o\tkh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tPh\u00e1p\t\u0111\u00e3\tv\u00f9ng\tl\u00ean\tt\u1eeb\ts\u1ef1\tsuy\tt\u00e0n\tl\u00e0m\tb\u1ea1c\tnh\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\th\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\tl\u1ea1i\tsinh\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ea7u\ttr\u00e1nh\tkh\u1ecfi\ts\u1ef1\thu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t\tb\u00ean\ttrong\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\ts\u1ef1\tx\u00e2u\tx\u00e9\tb\u00ean\tngo\u00e0i\u201d. Tr\u00ean\tb\u00ecnh\tdi\u1ec7n\tv\u0103n\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0\tcha\t\u0111\u1ebb\tc\u1ee7a\tphong\ttr\u00e0o\tv\u0103n","ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u00e3ng\tm\u1ea1ng\tt\u1ea1i\tPh\u00e1p.\tChateaubriand,\tGeorge\tSand\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng\t\u00e1ng\tv\u0103n\t\u00f3ng\t\u1ea3\tbay\tb\u01b0\u1edbm\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e2u\tchuy\u1ec7n\tt\u00ecnh\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00e0\tm\u00f4n\t\u0111\u1ec7\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\th\u1ea7u\th\u1ebft\ttri\u1ebft\tgia,\tv\u0103n\tthi\th\u00e0o\t\u0110\u1ee9c, Nga\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tch\u1ecbu\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0\tKant,\tGoethe,\tTolstoi,\tFichte, Herder,\tSchiller. N\u00f3i\tc\u00e1ch\tkh\u00e1c\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\th\u01a1n,\tch\u00ednh\tRousseau\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u01a1i\tm\u00e0o\tcho\tcu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch\tM\u1ea1ng\tPh\u00e1p\t1789,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\th\u01a1n\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tt\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\ttr\u00f4i\tqua\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc khi\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee5\tth\u1ec3\tth\u00e0nh\th\u00ecnh.","CHARLES\tROBERT\tDARWIN (1809\u20131882) M\u1ed9t\t\u00edt\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tkhi\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tti\u1ebfp\t\u0111\u00f3n\tb\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng\ttr\u1eadn\ttranh lu\u1eadn\tb\u00e3o\tt\u00e1p\tch\u1eb3ng\th\u1ea1n\tnh\u01b0\tquy\u1ec3n\tNgu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i\t(Origin\tof Species),\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\tCharles\tDarwin\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00e0o\tth\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tsinh\tv\u1eadt\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ec3\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1.\tL\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\ts\u1eedng\ts\u1ed1t\tGi\u00e1o\th\u1ed9i\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u00e0\tngay\tch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tc\u0169ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u1ea5y\tl\u00e0m\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean.\tNh\u01b0ng\tc\u00e1c\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tgia sau\tkhi\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tk\u1ef9\tc\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u00f3;\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ebfn\th\u00f4m\tnay, m\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1eeda\t\u0111\u1ed5i,\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u00e1c\tkhoa h\u1ecdc\tgia\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tn\u00f3.\tT\u00ean\ttu\u1ed5i\tDarwin\ts\u1ebd\ts\u1ed1ng\tm\u00e3i\tm\u00e3i,\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng l\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ed9\t\u00f3c\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e3\tcho\tch\u00fang\tta\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tni\u1ec7m\tm\u1edbi\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o. H\u1eadu\tb\u00e1n\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tth\u1ee9\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00e1m,\tt\u1ea1i\tLichfield\tc\u00f3\tEramus\tDarwin,\tm\u1ed9t y\ts\u0129.\tV\u00ec\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tdanh\ty\tn\u00ean\tch\u00ednh\tvua\tGeorge\tIII\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u00edch\tth\u00e2n\tm\u1eddi Eramus\tDarwin\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tLondon.\tNh\u01b0ng\tEramus,\tm\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tkhi\tk\u1ebft\th\u00f4n\tl\u1ea7n th\u1ee9\thai,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tg\u1eafn\tli\u1ec1n\tv\u1edbi\tLichfield,\tv\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1eebng\tdanh\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c v\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc,\tv\u1eeba\tl\u00e0\tthi\ts\u0129,\tv\u1eeba\tl\u00e0\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tgia\tph\u00f3ng\tkho\u00e1ng,\tc\u1ea5p\tti\u1ebfn\tv\u00e0 nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u00e1c\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u0103n\tnguy\u00ean\tc\u1ed9i\tr\u1ec5;\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\tv\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tra\t\u0111\u1ec3\ts\u01b0u\tt\u1ea7m\tv\u00e0\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m.\tL\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tthi\ts\u0129, Eramus\tDarwin\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tx\u1ebfp\tcao\tl\u1eafm,\tnh\u01b0ng\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u00f4ng\tth\u00ec\tr\u1ea5t hay\tv\u00ec\tch\u1ee9a\t\u0111\u1ef1ng\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u0103n\tnguy\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt\tto\tt\u00e1t.\tPh\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng\tc\u00e1c\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tgia\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\ttin\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\ts\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t,\tt\u1ee9c\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady v\u00e0\tv\u1eabn\tgi\u1eef\tnguy\u00ean\tkh\u00f4ng\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i\ttin\t\u1edf\ts\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt. Eramus\tDarwin\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u1ea7n\tn\u0103m\t1802,\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\tm\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc danh\tti\u1ebfng\tc\u1ee7a\tPh\u00e1p,\tLamark,\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcho\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1.\tLamark\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00f3ng\t\u0111\u1ea1i","c\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\ttrong\tquy\u1ec3n\tPhilosophie\tZoologique\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tn\u0103m 1809,\tv\u00e0\tHistoire\tnaturelle\tdes\tanimaux\tsans\tvert\u00e8bres\tn\u0103m\t1815,\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\ts\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\tb\u1eb1ng\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tchung\tquanh\tv\u00e0\tt\u00ednh\tdi\ttruy\u1ec1n trong\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt.\tNh\u01b0ng\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\tv\u00ec\tthi\u1ebfu\ts\u1ef1\tch\u1ee9ng minh\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tn\u00ean\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tl\u00e0\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00e1ng. Nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tho\u00e1\tth\u1ea1ch,\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e2n\tph\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ecba\tl\u00fd\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tkinh nghi\u1ec7m\ttrong\ts\u1ef1\tsanh\ts\u1ea3n,\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tm\u00e0\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n\t\u0111\u1ecbnh.\tNguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tc\u1ee7a\tCharles\tDarwin\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00e0o\tth\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tm\u00e0 \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tv\u1ea1ch\tra\ttrong\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNgu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u00e1c\tCh\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt t\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tcho\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ee9ng\tc\u1edb\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\ttin\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u1edbi th\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0\tquan\ts\u00e1t. S\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00e0o\tth\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tt\u1eebng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tHerbert\tSpencer\tt\u00f3m\tt\u1eaft\tl\u1ea1i\ttrong c\u00e2u\t\u201cS\u1ef1\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tsinh\tv\u1eadt\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tnh\u1ea5t\ttrong\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh \u0111\u1ea5u\t\u0111\u1ec3\tsinh\tt\u1ed3n\u201d.\tDarwin\tth\u00ec\tr\u1ed9ng\tr\u00e3i\th\u01a1n\t\u201cSau\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tc\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt,\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u1ea5u\thi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\ttranh\t\u0111\u1ea5u\t\u0111\u1ec3 sinh\tt\u1ed3n\tng\u1ef1\ttr\u1ecb\t\u1edf\tkh\u1eafp\tm\u1ecdi\tn\u01a1i.\tDo\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u00f4i\tth\u1ea5y\tr\u1eb1ng,\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i\ts\u1ebd t\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tn\u1ebfu\tg\u1eb7p\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tho\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3nh\tthu\u1eadn\tl\u1ee3i\tv\u00e0\tn\u1ebfu\tg\u1eb7p\tngh\u1ecbch\tc\u1ea3nh\tth\u00ec s\u1ebd\tb\u1ecb\tdi\u1ec7t\tch\u1ee7ng,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\ty\u1ebfu\tt\u1ed1\tho\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3nh\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn\tph\u00e1t\tsinh\tra nh\u1eefng\tch\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i\tm\u1edbi\u201d. Con\ttrai\tth\u1ee9\tba\tc\u1ee7a\tEramus\tDarwin\tl\u00e0\tRobert\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tb\u00e1c\ts\u0129\t\u1edf Shrewsbury\tv\u00e0\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\tn\u0103m\t1809,\tcho\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tCharles\tDarwin\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3 cho\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u1ea3i\tph\u00e1p\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tv\u1ec1\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1. L\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tDarwin\tv\u1ec1\tl\u00fd\tdo\tv\u00e0\th\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1c\tkhoa h\u1ecdc\tgia\tt\u00ean\ttu\u1ed5i\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn,\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tdi\ttruy\u1ec1n,\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ea5u tranh\tsinh\tt\u1ed3n\tv\u00e0\tbi\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1. L\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tDarwin\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tm\u1edf\tmang\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1\tnh\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7ng\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tng\u00e0y\tnay\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ed5\tt\u00fac\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0i\t\u0111i\u1ec3m,\tnh\u01b0ng\tv\u1eabn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb.","Charles\tDarwin\tsinh\tng\u00e0y\t12\tth\u00e1ng\tHai\tn\u0103m\t1809.\t\u00d4ng\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tcon th\u1ee9\tn\u0103m\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh\tg\u1ed3m\ts\u00e1u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcon,\tkhi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00e1m\ttu\u1ed5i\tth\u00ec m\u1eb9\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1eeb\ttr\u1ea7n.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcha\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ecb\ts\u0103n\ts\u00f3c,\tv\u00e0\tsu\u1ed1t\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng v\u1eabn\tnh\u1edb\tm\u00e3i\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u00e0y\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac\ttr\u00e0n\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tc\u1ee7a\ttu\u1ed5i\t\u1ea5u\tth\u01a1\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tm\u00e1i gia\t\u0111\u00ecnh. N\u0103m\t1818,\t\u00f4ng\t\u1edf\ttr\u1ecd\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tShrewsbury,\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n\ttheo\tn\u1ec1\tn\u1ebfp\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111i\u1ec3n,\tch\u00fa\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u0103n\tb\u1ea3n\ttr\u00ean\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tt\u1eeb l\u00e2u.\tCharles\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\tsu\u1ed1t\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\th\u1ecdc\tsinh,\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ecfi ri\u00eang\tr\u1ebd\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u1ef1\th\u1ecdc\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u00e0i\tv\u1edf\ttrong\tEuclid\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u0103n\tl\u1ea7u\tch\u1ee9a\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee5\tm\u00e0\tanh\t\u00f4ng\tthi\u1ebft\tl\u1eadp t\u1ea1i\tnh\u00e0.\tNh\u01b0ng\tm\u00f4n\tho\u00e1\th\u1ecdc\tKh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tShrewsbury\t\u01b0a\tth\u00edch v\u00e0\tCharles\tb\u1ecb\tqu\u1edf\tph\u1ea1t\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00ed\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\ttrong\tm\u00f4n\th\u1ecdc\tn\u00e0y.\tNgo\u00e0i\tgi\u1edd h\u1ecdc,\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tthu\tnh\u1eb7t\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\tg\u00ec\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ee3i\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tr\u1ea5t\ty\u00eau\tth\u00edch\ts\u0103n\tb\u1eafn. \u00d4ng\tk\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u201cL\u00fac\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111i\th\u1ecdc,\tt\u00f4i\t\u01b0a\tth\u00edch\tm\u00f4n\tb\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tthu\tth\u1eadp\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tcho\tm\u00f4n\th\u1ecdc\tn\u00e0y\tn\u00ean\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tr\u1ea5t\tm\u1edf mang.\tT\u00f4i\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tt\u00ean\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u1ea1i\tth\u1ea3o\tm\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0\tl\u01b0\u1ee3m\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tnh\u01b0 v\u1ecf\ts\u00f2,\th\u1ea3i\tc\u1ea9u,\ttem,\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tti\u1ec1n,\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u1ea1i\tkho\u00e1ng\tch\u1ea5t.\tTh\u00fa\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea gom\tg\u00f3p\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed3\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tc\u00f3\tquy c\u1ee7,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tth\u00edch\tch\u01a1i\t\u0111\u1ed3\tc\u1ed5,\thay\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u1ebb\th\u00e0\tti\u1ec7n\tb\u1ee7n\tx\u1ec9n,\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1ea5t\tk\u00edch th\u00edch\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00f4i\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ea3n\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ea9m\tsinh\tm\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\tanh\tch\u1ecb\tn\u00e0o\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Charles\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tth\u00edch\ttheo\tngh\u1ec1\tc\u1ee7a\tcha\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tn\u1ed9i\tl\u00e0\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tb\u00e1c\ts\u0129, cho\tn\u00ean\tn\u0103m\t1825,\t\u00f4ng\tghi\tt\u00ean\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tEdinburgh.\tNh\u01b0ng\ty\tkhoa kh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tg\u00ec\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\t\u00f4ng,\tkhoa\tgi\u1ea3i\tph\u1eabu\tkhi\u1ebfn\t\u00f4ng\tgh\u00ea\tt\u1edfm,\tv\u00e0\tph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5,\tth\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\tch\u01b0a\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tthu\u1ed1c\tm\u00ea,\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u0103n\tph\u00f2ng\t\u0111\u1ea7y\th\u00e3i h\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tb\u1ecf\ty\tkhoa\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tmu\u1ed1n\t\u0111i\ttu;\tnh\u01b0ng\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tEdingburg,\tb\u1ea1n\t\u00f4ng,\tb\u00e1c\ts\u0129\tGrant,\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ed5i\t\u00fd\tv\u00e0\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tthi\u00ean\tnhi\u00ean.\tD\u01b0\u1edbi","\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00e0y,\tDarwin\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt\tmi\u1ec1n\tbi\u1ec3n\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\ts\u01b0u\tt\u1ea7m\tv\u00e0i\tgi\u1ed1ng\tc\u00f4n\ttr\u00f9ng\thi\u1ebfm\tc\u00f3\t\u1edf Anh. \u00d4ng\tghi\tt\u00ean\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tChrist\t\u1edf\tCambridge\tn\u0103m\t1827,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecf\tra m\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\t\u1edf\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u00f4n\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u00e0i\tc\u1ed5\th\u1ecdc\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tqu\u00ean\t\u0111i\tv\u00e0\tm\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1828\tm\u1edbi\tnh\u1eadp\th\u1ecdc.\t\u00d4ng\tgia\tnh\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1edbi\tl\u00f2ng h\u0103ng\th\u00e1i\tth\u00fa\tv\u1ecb,\tch\u1ec9\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1eeba\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tthi\t\u0111\u1eadu,\tc\u00f2n\tth\u00ec\tchia\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\tr\u1ed7i\tr\u1ea3nh ra\t\u0111\u1ec3\ts\u0103n\tb\u1eafn,\tc\u1ee1i\tng\u1ef1a,\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tb\u1ea1c,\t\u0111i\th\u1ed9i\th\u00e8\tti\u1ec7c\tt\u00f9ng\tv\u00e0\ts\u01b0u\tt\u1ea7m\tc\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng\tk\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u201cKh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00f4n\th\u1ecdc\tn\u00e0o\t\u1edf\tCambridge\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00f4i theo\t\u0111u\u1ed5i\tb\u1eb1ng\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnhi\u1ec7t\tt\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\tsay\tm\u00ea\tth\u00edch\tth\u00fa\tcho\tb\u1eb1ng\tvi\u1ec7c\ts\u01b0u t\u1ea7m\ts\u00e2u\tb\u1ecd.\tT\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tth\u00fa\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\ts\u01b0u\tt\u1ea7m,\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed5 x\u1ebb\tch\u00fang,\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\t\u00edt\tkhi\tso\ts\u00e1nh\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ec1\tngo\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang v\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\t\u0111\u00e3\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1ea3,\tnh\u01b0ng\tt\u00f4i\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tt\u00ean\tcho\tch\u00fang.\tT\u00f4i s\u1ebd\td\u1eabn\tch\u1ee9ng\tra\t\u0111\u00e2y\tv\u1ec1\tl\u00f2ng\tnhi\u1ec7t\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i.\tM\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\tkia,\tkhi\tx\u00e9 m\u1ed9t\tv\u1ecf\tc\u00e2y\tc\u0169,\tt\u00f4i\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\thai\tcon\ts\u00e2u\tr\u1ea5t\th\u1ea1,\tt\u1ee9c\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ed7i\ttay\tt\u00f4i\tv\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng\tch\u1ee5p\tl\u1ea5y\tm\u1ed9t\tcon;\tnh\u01b0ng\tr\u1ed3i\tt\u00f4i\tl\u1ea1i\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tth\u1ee9\tba\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\tgi\u1ed1ng\tm\u1edbi,\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tb\u1ecf\tl\u1edf\tc\u01a1\th\u1ed9i\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tm\u1ea5t con\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tth\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft\tnhanh\tch\u00f3ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tb\u1ecf\tcon\ts\u00e2u v\u00e0o\tmi\u1ec7ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tn\u1eafm\tl\u1ea5y\tcon\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ee9\tba\tn\u00e0y.\tThan\t\u00f4i!\tN\u00f3\tl\u1ea1i\tti\u1ebft\tra\tm\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t\tl\u1ecfng\tch\u00e1t,\tchua\tcay\tmu\u1ed1n\t\u0111\u1ed1t\tc\u1ea3\tl\u01b0\u1ee1i\tt\u00f4i\tn\u00ean\tt\u00f4i\tph\u1ea3i\tbu\u1ed9c\tl\u00f2ng nh\u1ed5\tn\u00f3\tra\tngo\u00e0i,\tn\u00f3\tbay\tm\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tc\u0169ng\tm\u1ea5t\ttoi\tlu\u00f4n\tcon\tth\u1ee9\tba\u201d. Trong\tkhi\ttheo\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\tCambridge,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tquy\u1ec3n\tT\u1ef1\tThu\u1eadt (Personal\tNarrative)\tc\u1ee7a\tHumboldt\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ea5y\tnhi\u1ec7t\thuy\u1ebft\ttr\u00e0n\t\u0111\u1ea7y,\tnung n\u1ea5u\tn\u1ed7i\tkhao\tkh\u00e1t\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tkhoa\tb\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\tdu\tl\u1ecbch\tv\u1edbi\tvai\ttr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tl\u1eadp\tnh\u00f3m\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u00f9ng\t\u0111i\tth\u0103m\tvi\u1ebfng Teneriffe.\tC\u00f9ng\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tth\u00e2n\tthi\u1ebft\tv\u1edbi\tHenslow,\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u00e1o s\u01b0\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt.\tV\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tCambridge\tl\u00e0\t\u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\tlu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n\t\u0111i\tchung\tv\u1edbi\tHenslow\u201d. Ch\u00ednh\tHenslow\tkhuy\u00ean\tDarwin\tn\u00ean\ttheo\td\u00f5i\tnh\u1eefng\tbu\u1ed5i\tdi\u1ec5n","thuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tch\u00ednh\tHenslow\tgi\u1eef\tcho\t\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ed7\tnh\u01b0\tvai tr\u00f2\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111i\tdu\tl\u1ecbch\tth\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m\ttr\u00ean\tt\u00e0u\tBeagle.\tBeagle l\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e0u\tnh\u1ecf\tch\u1ec9\tv\u1eeba\t\u0111\u1ee7\tcho\tc\u00f4ng\tcu\u1ed9c\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1edd\tbi\u1ec3n\tNam M\u1ef9,\tchuy\u1ebfn\t\u0111i\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tn\u0103m\t1826,\td\u01b0\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkhi\u1ec3n\tc\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng\tKing. Sau\tchuy\u1ebfn\t\u0111i\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\t\u1edf\tNorthwales,\tDarwin\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u00e0 v\u00e0\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\tth\u01b0\tc\u1ee7a\tHenslow\tm\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111i\tth\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m\ttr\u00ean t\u00e0u\tBeagle.\tHenslow\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201c\u0110\u1eebng\tc\u00f3\tqu\u00e1\tkhi\u00eam\tnh\u01b0\u1eddng\thay\ts\u1ee3\th\u00e3i\tv\u00ec kh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ee7\tt\u01b0\tc\u00e1ch\ttham\td\u1ef1.\tT\u00f4i\tcam\t\u0111oan\tv\u1edbi\tanh\tl\u00e0\tanh\t\u0111\u00fang\tm\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\th\u1ecd\t\u0111ang\tt\u00ecm;\tcho\tn\u00ean\th\u00e3y\tt\u1ef1\ttin\tv\u00e0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n th\u00e2n\t\u0111ang\t\u1edf\ttr\u00ean\tvai\tanh\u201d. Cha\tc\u1ee7a\tDarwin\tph\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ec1\tngh\u1ecb\tn\u00e0y\tn\u00ean\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tth\u01b0\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ed1i; nh\u01b0ng\tch\u00fa\t\u00f4ng,\tJosiah\tWedgwood,\tcon\ttrai\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u1ed3\tg\u1ed1m l\u1edbn,\tl\u1ea1i\ts\u1ed1t\ts\u1eafng\tt\u00e1n\tth\u00e0nh\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u00e0\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tRobert\tDarwin\tchi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ngay\th\u00f4m\tsau\tkhi\ttr\u1eddi\tv\u1eeba\tr\u1ea1ng\t\u0111\u00f4ng,\tCharles\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u0103n\tg\u00f3i\tl\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tCambridge\t\u0111\u1ec3\tg\u1eb7p\tHenslow\tv\u00e0\tr\u1ed3i\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111i\tLondon\tg\u1eb7p Fitz\u2013Roy,\tvi\u00ean\tthuy\u1ec1n\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u00e0u\tBeagle.\tV\u1ec1\tsau\tFitz\u2013Roy\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t trong\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tngh\u1ecbch\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tnh\u1ea5t\tv\u1edbi\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tDarwin, v\u00e0\tthan\tth\u1edf\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ecbu\ttr\u00e1ch\tnhi\u1ec7m,\td\u00f9\tgi\u00e1n\tti\u1ebfp trong\tvi\u1ec7c\tgi\u00fap\tDarwin\tc\u00f3\tc\u01a1\th\u1ed9i\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y.\t\u00d4ng\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u01b0a\tCharles\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tnh\u01b0\ttay\tt\u1ed5\tv\u1ec1\tkhoa\txem\tt\u01b0\u1edbng,\tFitz\u2013 Roy\tph\u00e0n\tn\u00e0n\tv\u1edbi\tHenslow\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tnghi\tng\u1edd\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\tm\u0169i nh\u01b0\tCharles,\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\tnh\u1ea5t\ttr\u00ean\tkhu\u00f4n\tm\u1eb7t Darwin,\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tb\u1ea5t\tng\u1edd\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ee7\tngh\u1ecb\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\t\u00fd\tch\u00ed\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\tdai\td\u1eb5ng.\tSau\t\u0111\u00f3\tCharles\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cNh\u01b0ng\tt\u00f4i\tngh\u0129\tr\u1eb1ng,\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u1ea5y\tl\u00e0m\th\u00e0i\tl\u00f2ng\tv\u00ec\tc\u00e1i\tm\u0169i\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tn\u00f3\tl\u1ea1i\tn\u00f3i\tkh\u00e1c\t\u0111i\u201d. Charles\tDarwin\ttham\tgia\tcu\u1ed9c\th\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\tkh\u1ea3o\tc\u1ee9u\tn\u00e0y\tv\u1edbi\tvai\ttr\u00f2 nh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\th\u1ecdc,\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1ea3o\tm\u1ed9c\th\u1ecdc,\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tkh\u1ecfi\tt\u1ed1n\tti\u1ec1n\tv\u00e0 ng\u00e0y\t27\tth\u00e1ng\tM\u01b0\u1eddi\thai\tn\u0103m\t1831,\tchi\u1ebfc\tt\u00e0u\tBeagle,\td\u01b0\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkhi\u1ec3n","c\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ec1n\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\tFitz\u2013Roy,\tnh\u1ed5\tneo\ttr\u1ef1c\tch\u1ec9\tph\u00eda\tNam. Cu\u1ed9c\th\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\tk\u00e9o\td\u00e0i\ttrong\tn\u0103m\tn\u0103m;\tth\u00eam\tv\u00e0o\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c quan\ts\u00e1t\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1edd\tbi\u1ec3n\tNam\tM\u1ef9,\tt\u00e0u\tBeagle\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111i\tth\u0103m\tqu\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea3o Galapagos,\tTahiti,\tch\u00e2u\t\u00dac,\tNew\tZealand,\tTasmania,\tqu\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea3o Maldive,\tMauritius,\tSt.\tHelena,\tAscension,\tVerde\tIslard\tv\u00e0\tAzores. Darwin\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\ts\u01b0u\tt\u1ea7m\tkh\u1ed5ng\tl\u1ed3\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tuy\u00ean th\u00e2m,\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\tth\u1ef1c\tti\u1ec5n\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt.\tS\u1ef1\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tho\u00e1\tth\u1ea1ch\t\u1edf\tmi\u1ec1n\tNam\tM\u1ef9\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1eddi\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u1ed1ng chim\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u1edf\tqu\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea3o\tGalapagos\tc\u0169ng\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tli\u00ean\tquan\tv\u1edbi\tnhau,\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\tsuy\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1. Charles\tk\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u201cCu\u1ed9c\th\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\ttr\u00ean\tt\u00e0u\tBeagle\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tbi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ttrong\t\u0111\u1eddi\tt\u00f4i\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tcho\tc\u1ea3\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tlai\ts\u1ef1\tnghi\u1ec7p\tc\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\tT\u00f4i\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\tc\u00f3\tc\u1ea3m\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1edd\tv\u00e0o\tchuy\u1ebfn\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u00f3\tm\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ecfi\tth\u1eadt\ts\u1ef1\tl\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean,\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1eabn\td\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttheo\td\u00f5i\tv\u00e0i ng\u00e0nh\tc\u1ee7a\tkhoa\tb\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1edd\t\u0111\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tx\u00e9t\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tc\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea3i\tti\u1ebfn,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tv\u1eabn\tph\u1ea3i\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng\u201d. Th\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\tsau\tchuy\u1ebfn\th\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh,\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1eadn\tr\u1ed9n\tv\u1edbi\tbi\u1ebft\tbao\tnhi\u00eau v\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tv\u00ec\tl\u00e0m\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00fac\tk\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00e0nh\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ean\tchuy\u1ebfn\tt\u00e0u\tBeagle.\tN\u0103m\t1838,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u01b0\tk\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc\tH\u1ed9i\t\u0110\u1ecba\tCh\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tgi\u1eef\tch\u1ee9c\tv\u1ee5\tn\u00e0y\ttrong\tba\tn\u0103m. \u0110\u1ea7u\tn\u0103m\t1839,\tDarwin\tth\u00e0nh\th\u00f4n\tv\u1edbi\tWedgwood,\tcon\tg\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fa \u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecd\tchung\ts\u1ed1ng\tv\u1edbi\tnhau\tt\u1ea1i\tLondon,\tnh\u01b0ng\tv\u00ec\ts\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb\tsuy k\u00e9m\tb\u1eaft\tbu\u1ed9c\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tgi\u1ea3\tt\u1eeb\tth\u00e0nh\tph\u1ed1\tv\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1842,\t\u00f4ng\tlui\tv\u1ec1\tl\u00e0ng Downe\t\u1edf\tt\u1ec9nh\tKent.\t\u00d4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u201c\u0110i\u1ec3m\tch\u00ednh\ty\u1ebfu\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\th\u1ebft s\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tc\u1ee7a\tmi\u1ec1n\tth\u00f4n\td\u00e3.\tT\u00f4i\tngh\u0129\tr\u1eb1ng\tch\u01b0a\tbao\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ed1ng trong\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u00f9ng\tqu\u00ea\tn\u00e0o\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\th\u01a1n\tnh\u01b0\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y\u201d. \u00d4ng\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111au\ty\u1ebfu\tlu\u00f4n,\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tch\u1ee9ng\tkh\u00f3\tti\u00eau\t\u0111\u00e3\th\u00e0nh\th\u1ea1\tsu\u1ed1t\tcu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tth\u00f3i\tquen\tche\tgi\u1ea5u\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111au\t\u0111\u1edbn.\tTh\u00f3i\tquen\tc\u1ee7a","\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tl\u1eb7ng\tl\u1ebd\ttrong\ts\u1ef1\t\u1ea9n\td\u1eadt\ty\u00ean\tt\u1ecbnh\tt\u1ea1i\tl\u00e0ng\tDowne\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tkhi cu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\ts\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tki\u1ec7t\tqu\u1ec7,\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tngh\u1ec9\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi gian\tng\u1eafn\t\u0111\u1ec3\tph\u1ee5c\th\u1ed3i\ts\u1ee9c\tl\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\tchu\u1ea9n\tb\u1ecb\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tsay\tm\u00ea\tkh\u00e1c trong\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ts\u1ed1ng\tt\u1ea1i\tDowne,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecf\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea3o\tn\u00fai\tl\u1eeda\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\th\u1ecdc\t\u1edf\tNam\tM\u1ef9,\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tbi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3\tc\u00f3\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u1ea1i\ts\u00f2\tnh\u1ecf,\tnh\u01b0ng\ttrong\tkhi\tlay\thoay\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3,\tDarwin\t\u0111\u00e3\tchu\u1ea9n\tb\u1ecb\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\ts\u1eb5n\ttrong\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tm\u1ed9t\td\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\ts\u1ebd\tho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\tti\u1ebfn\tho\u00e1. \u00d4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00fd\tni\u1ec7m\t\u1ea5y\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u1edfi\ts\u1ef1\tvi\u1ebft\tnh\u1eadt\tk\u00fd\tv\u00e0o n\u0103m\t1834\t\u201cTh\u1eadt\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tph\u1ecfng\t\u0111o\u00e1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\tlo\u00e0i\tv\u1eadt c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u1edd\tv\u00e0o\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u1ecdc\tl\u00ean\tt\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng\tn\u0103m\t1842,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tph\u00e1c\tho\u1ea1\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00e0o\tth\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean trong\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u1ea3o\td\u1ea7y\tt\u1edbi\tba\tm\u01b0\u01a1i\tl\u0103m\ttrang.\tT\u1eeb\tn\u0103m\t1838,\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m D\u00e2n\tS\u1ed1\t(Population)\tc\u1ee7a\tThomas\tMalthus\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ts\u1ef1\tsuy lu\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tDarwin\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tdo\tnh\u1eefng\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tc\u1ee7a\tri\u00eang\t\u00f4ng.\tHai\tn\u0103m sau,\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1eeda\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u1ea3o\tv\u00e0\tvi\u1ebft\tth\u00eam\td\u1ea7y\tt\u1edbi\thai\ttr\u0103m\tba\tch\u1ee5c trang.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tthu\tth\u1eadp\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tr\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean\tc\u1ea7n;\t\u00f4ng\ts\u1eeda\tch\u1eefa\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ed9\tx\u01b0\u01a1ng\tchim,\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tth\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ec1\tch\u0103n\tnu\u00f4i\tv\u1edbi\tgi\u1ed1ng\tchim\tb\u1ed3\tc\u00e2u,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttra\tvi\u1ec7c\tchuy\u00ean\tch\u1edf h\u1ea1t\tgi\u1ed1ng.\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tn\u00e0y\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\ttrong\ts\u1ef1\ttham\tkh\u1ea3o\tv\u1edbi c\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0\tLyell,\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\tl\u1eebng\tdanh,\tHooker\tv\u00e0\tAsa\tGray, hai\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc.\tCu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng,\tn\u0103m\t1856,\tLyell\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tv\u00e0\tDarwin\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tvi\u1ebft\tra. R\u1ed3i\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i\ts\u00e1ng,\tDarwin\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\tth\u01b0\tt\u1eeb\tM\u00e3\tLai.\t\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0\tb\u1ee9c\tth\u01b0\tc\u1ee7a\tAlfred\tRussel\tWallace,\tnh\u00e0\tv\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0 th\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m\tdanh\tti\u1ebfng\tAnh\tQu\u1ed1c.\tL\u00e1\tth\u01b0\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\ts\u01a1\tl\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\tm\u00e0\tDarwin\t\u0111ang\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u.\tDarwin\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cT\u00f4i\tch\u01b0a\tbao\tgi\u1edd th\u1ea5y\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\ttr\u00f9ng\th\u1ee3p\tn\u00e0o\thi\th\u1eefu\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tn\u1ebfu\tWallace\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u1ea3o","c\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tvi\u1ebft\tt\u1eeb\tn\u0103m\t1842,\tth\u00ec\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\tt\u00f3m t\u1eaft\tng\u1eafn\th\u01a1n\u201d. Darwin\tb\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed1i\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\ts\u1ef1\tkhai\ttri\u1ec3n\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tn\u00e0y.\tWallace\tkh\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i g\u00ec\tv\u1ec1\tvi\u1ec7c\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1,\tnh\u01b0ng\tDarwin\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tthi\u1ebfu\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u1eadt\tn\u1ebfu\t\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c\tkh\u1eafc\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u0169ng\tdo\tch\u00ednh\ts\u1ef1\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u00f9ng v\u1edbi\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tri\u00eang\t\u00f4ng\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tWallace.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u00e0y\tt\u1ecf v\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\tLyell\tv\u00e0\tHooker. T\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tc\u1ea3\thai\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\thai\tng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tl\u1ed1i\thay\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft\tt\u00ecnh\ttr\u1ea1ng\tb\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed1i\tn\u00e0y,\tt\u00e0i\tli\u1ec7u\tc\u1ee7a Wallace\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tk\u00e8m\ttheo\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00e1\tth\u01b0\tc\u1ee7a\tDarwin\tg\u1edfi\tcho\tAsa\tGray\tth\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn\tn\u0103m\t1857,\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tm\u1ed9t\td\u00e0n\tb\u00e0i\tv\u1ec1\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111o\u1ea1n r\u00fat\ttrong\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u1ea3o\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tn\u0103m\t1844. B\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd,\tDarwin\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tvi\u1ebft\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m,\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f3 kh\u0103n\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f3\tch\u1ecbu\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\t\u00f4ng,\t\u00f4ng\tr\u1ea5t\tth\u00edch\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m,\tnh\u01b0ng\tl\u1ea1i th\u00f9\tgh\u00e9t\tvi\u1ebft\tl\u00e1ch,\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa\tt\u00ecnh\ttr\u1ea1ng\ts\u1ee9c\tkho\u1ebb\tc\u1ee9\tc\u1ea3n\ttr\u1edf\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c. Cu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u0169ng\tho\u00e0n\tt\u1ea5t\tng\u00e0y\t11\tth\u00e1ng\tCh\u00edn\tn\u0103m\t1859, Darwin\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\t\u201c\u1ed2!\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tr\u1ea3nh\tn\u1ee3!\tTh\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\th\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3\tt\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u00f3c\tt\u00f4i.\u201d C\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tbao\tgi\u1edd,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tmi\u1ec7t\tm\u00e0i\tnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\tho\u00e0i\tnghi\tv\u00e0\tr\u1ee5t\tr\u00e8.\tB\u00e0i\tm\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\t\u201cKhi\tt\u00f4i ngh\u0129\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tm\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m,\tv\u00e0\tt\u1ef1\tkhuy\u00ean\tl\u1ea5y\th\u1ecd\tt\u00ecm\tra\tch\u00e2n\tl\u00fd c\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tch\u1ee7\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u0111i\u00ean\tkh\u00f9ng\tnh\u1ea5t,\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f4i\tkhi\tt\u00f4i\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\th\u01a1i\ts\u1ee3 h\u00e3i,\tv\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh\tc\u00f3\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u1eabn\tth\u1eabn\tn\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng\u201d. T\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNgu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u00e1c\tCh\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tng\u00e0y\t24\tth\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m\t1859\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ed1\ts\u00e1ch\tph\u00e1t\th\u00e0nh\tg\u1ed3m\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0n\thai\ttr\u0103m\tn\u0103m ch\u1ee5c\tquy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u00e1n\th\u1ebft\ts\u1ea1ch\ttrong\tng\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tra\tm\u1eaft.\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\t\u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y\tn\u00ean\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tgi\u00f4ng\tb\u00e3o\td\u1eef\td\u1ed9i\tnh\u1ea5t,\tv\u00ec\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa","gi\u00e1o\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tni\u1ec1m\ttin\tv\u00e0o\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tS\u00e1ng\tTh\u1ebf,\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tc\u1ee7a\tT\u1ea1o\tHo\u00e1,\tn\u00ean\tc\u00e1c\tlinh\tm\u1ee5c\tt\u1ee9c\tt\u1ed1c\tnh\u1ea3y\tv\u00e0o\tv\u00f2ng\tchi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch\tt\u01a1i\tb\u1eddi\tDarwin,\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tgia\tc\u0169ng\tmau\tm\u1eafn\t\u1ee9ng\tchi\u1ebfn b\u00eanh\tv\u1ef1c\tDarwin.\tTr\u1eadn\tchi\u1ebfn\tk\u00e9o\td\u00e0i\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m,\tv\u00e0\tDarwin\t\u0111\u00e3 thu\tph\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnhi\u1ec1u\tm\u00f4n\t\u0111\u1ed3\ttrong\t\u0111\u00e1m\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tr\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea7n\ts\u1ef1\t\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9.\t\u00d4ng\tvi\u1ebft\tk\u1ec3\tcho\tHooker\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tr\u1ea5t\t\u201cng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tkhoan\tkho\u00e1i\u201d\tv\u00ec \u0111\u00e3\tc\u1ea3m\tho\u00e1\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttheo\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tDarwin,\tv\u00e0\tk\u00e8m\ttheo m\u1ed9t\tb\u1ea3n\tdanh\ts\u00e1ch\tx\u1ebfp\th\u00e0ng\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttin\tv\u00e0o\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm ra.\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tgia\tc\u1ef1\tph\u00e1ch\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3: C\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecba\tch\u1ea5t\th\u1ecdc:\tLyell,\tRamsay,\tJules\tv\u00e0\tRogers. C\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ed5\tsinh\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc:\tHuxley,\tLubbock,\tJenyns, Searl,\tWood. C\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tsinh\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc:\tCarpenter,\tSir\tH.\tHolland. C\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc:\tHooker,\tWatson,\tAsa\tGray,\tDr.\tBoott, Thwaites. M\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tbi\tth\u1ea3m\tnh\u1ea5t\tli\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i,\t\u0111\u00e3\tx\u1ea3y\tra\tt\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i\th\u1ecdp\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ed9i\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng\t\u1edf Anh\tv\u00e0o\tcu\u1ed1i\tth\u00e1ng\tS\u00e1u\tn\u0103m\t1860,\tdi\u1ec5n\t\u0111\u00e0n\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\tOxford.\tDarwin\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1eb7t\tt\u1ea1i\tbu\u1ed5i\th\u1ecdp\tn\u00e0y,\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebb\tth\u00f9\tc\u1ee7a l\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tchu\u1ea9n\tb\u1ecb\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tl\u1edbn\tv\u00e0\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c\tc\u00f3\tm\u00e1u\tm\u1eb7t\tl\u00e0 Wilberforce\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tOxford\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ebd\tc\u1ea7m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng n\u00e0y.\tPh\u00eda\tb\u00eanh\tv\u1ef1c\tDarwin\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3\tHooker\tv\u00e0\tHuxley.\tCu\u1ed9c\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn tay\t\u0111\u00f4i\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tly\tk\u1ef3\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn.\tM\u1ed9t\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tvi\u00ean\t\u0111\u00e3\tghi\tl\u1ea1i\t\u201cph\u00f2ng\tdi\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tqu\u00e1\tnh\u1ecf\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi s\u1ed1\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea3o,\tv\u00e0\tbu\u1ed5i\th\u1ecdp\tph\u1ea3i\td\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u01b0\tvi\u1ec7n\tc\u1ee7a\tVi\u1ec7n\tB\u1ea3o T\u00e0ng,\tc\u0103n\tph\u00f2ng\t\u0111\u00f4ng\tngh\u1eb9t\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbch\tth\u1ee7\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tv\u00e0o\th\u00e0ng ng\u0169.\tV\u1ecb\tgi\u00e1m\tm\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\tl\u00ean\tm\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tv\u00e0\tn\u00f3i\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\tn\u1eeda\tti\u1ebfng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tlu\u1eadn\t\u0111i\u1ec7u\tkh\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tb\u1eaft\tch\u01b0\u1edbc,\tn\u00f3i\tn\u0103ng\tr\u1ed7ng\ttu\u1ebfch\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng","ch\u00ednh\t\u0111\u00e1ng;\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tng\u00e0i\tng\u00e1n\tt\u1edbi\tc\u1ed5\thay\tsao m\u00e0\tl\u1eafp\tb\u1eafp\tv\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tn\u00f3i\tc\u00e1i\tn\u00e0o\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\tn\u00f3i\tc\u00e1i\tn\u00e0o\tsau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\td\u1ee9t\tl\u1eddi,\t\u00f4ng\tquay\tsang\tHuxley\t\u0111ang\tng\u1ed3i\tb\u00ean\tc\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecfi v\u1edbi\tn\u1ee5\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\tmai\tm\u1ec9a,\tc\u00f3\tph\u1ea3i\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tHuxley\tl\u00e0\tkh\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ed9t\tkh\u00f4ng?\tSau l\u1eddi\tch\u1ebf\tgi\u1ec5u\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\ttr\u1ebb\tcon\tn\u00e0y,\tv\u1ecb\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c\tk\u1ebft\tth\u00fac\tb\u00e0i\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tnh\u1eefng\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ee7a\tDarwin\tph\u1ea3n\tl\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\td\u1ea1y\tc\u1ee7a\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh.\tR\u1ed3i\t\u00f4ng\tng\u00f4i\txu\u1ed1ng,\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tt\u1ef1\th\u00e0i\tl\u00f2ng gi\u1eefa\ttr\u00e0ng\tph\u00e1o\ttay\tc\u1ee7a\tnhi\u1ec1u\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u0129\thi\u1ec7n\tdi\u1ec7n\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tt\u00e1n\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tb\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng\tchi\u1ebfc\tkh\u0103n\ttay\tc\u1ee7a\tnhi\u1ec1u\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\ttrong\t\u0111\u00e1m\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3.\u201d Huxley,\tkhi\tnghe\tv\u1ecb\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c\tn\u00f3i,\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u1eafm\tch\u1eb7t\ttay\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u00f9i\tn\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng\t\u201cCh\u00faa\t\u0111\u00e3\tgiao\th\u1eafn\tv\u00e0o\ttay\tt\u00f4i\u201d,\tl\u00fac\tb\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch im\tl\u1eb7ng,\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tkhi\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3\tkh\u1eafp\tb\u1ed1n\tph\u00eda\tg\u1ecdi\tt\u00ean\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tv\u1ecb\tch\u1ee7\tto\u1ea1 bu\u1ed5i\th\u1ecdp\tl\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\tg\u1ecdi\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i.\t\u0110\u1ee9ng\tl\u00ean\tv\u1edbi\tgi\u1ecdng\t\u0111i\u1ec7u\ts\u1eafc\tb\u00e9n\tnh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng\tl\u1ec7\t\u201cT\u00f4i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u00e2y\tch\u1ec9\tv\u1edbi\tl\u00f2ng\tsay\tm\u00ea\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\tmang\tth\u00e0nh\tki\u1ebfn\th\u1eb9p\th\u00f2i\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1ecb\tth\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7\toai\tnghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\u201d.\tR\u1ed3i\tsau\tkhi\tv\u1ea1ch\tr\u00f5\ts\u1ef1\tv\u00f4\tth\u1ea9m\tquy\u1ec1n\tv\u00e0\tthi\u1ebfu\tt\u01b0\tc\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadp\tcu\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0o\tbu\u1ed5i\ttranh\tlu\u1eadn\tn\u00e0y,\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tv\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt.\t\u00d4ng\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tn\u00e0y \u0111u\u1ed5i\tc\u1ed5\tT\u1ea1o\tHo\u00e1.\tNh\u01b0ng\t\u00f4ng\tqu\u1ea3\tquy\u1ebft\tl\u00e0\tCh\u00faa\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tra\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tnh\u01b0 v\u1eady\tch\u00ednh\t\u00f4ng\tc\u0169ng\tb\u1eaft\tngu\u1ed3n\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\tmi\u1ebfng\tnh\u1ecf\tx\u00edu\tkh\u00f4ng\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u00e2y\tvi\u1ebft\tch\u00ec\tv\u00e0ng\tn\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\ttr\u1edf\tl\u1ea1i\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tcon\tch\u00e1u\tc\u1ee7a\tlo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9\tkh\u00f4ng?\tV\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tnh\u00ecn\tv\u1ec1\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c\tSamuel\tWilberforce,\tk\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebf\tgi\u1ec5u\t\u00f4ng\tt\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tch\u1eafc\tl\u00e0\tkh\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ed9t.\tHuxley\tn\u00f3i\t\u201cT\u00f4i\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tg\u00ec\tl\u00e0\tx\u1ea5u\th\u1ed5\tkhi\tngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tt\u00f4i\tl\u00e0\tgi\u1ed1ng\tkh\u1ec9.\tNh\u01b0ng\tt\u00f4i\ts\u1ebd\tt\u00ecm th\u1ea5y\tx\u1ea5u\th\u1ed5\tn\u1ebfu\tph\u1ea3i\txu\u1ea5t\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e1nh\t\u0111i\tv\u0103n\tho\u00e1 c\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tl\u1ea1m\td\u1ee5ng\ts\u1ef1\t\u0103n\tn\u00f3i\tch\u1ea3i\tchu\u1ed1t\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ec3\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1ee5\tcho th\u00e0nh\tki\u1ebfn\tl\u1ed7i\tth\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\td\u1ed1i\ttr\u00e1\u201d.\tTi\u1ebfng\t\u1ed3n\t\u00e0o\tb\u1ea5t\tng\u1edd\tn\u1ed5i\tl\u00ean.\tGi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c\tSamuel\tWilberforce\ttheo\tth\u00f3i\tquen\tkhi\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ea3\tk\u00edch\tn\u1eb7ng\tn\u1ec1.\tV\u1eabn n\u1edf\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1ee5\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbu\td\u00e0ng,\tnh\u01b0ng\tto\u00e0n\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\td\u1eady,\tk\u1ebb","tung\th\u00f4\tvang\tl\u1eebng,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u0169ng\tquy\u1ebft\tli\u1ec7t.\tB\u00e0\tBrewster\tqu\u00e1 x\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tng\u1ea5t\tx\u1ec9u\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tmang\tra\tngo\u00e0i.\tT\u1eeb\th\u00e0ng\tng\u0169\tc\u00e1c\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u0129\thi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n\tph\u00e1t\tra\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00e2m\tthanh\tgi\u1eadn\td\u1eef\ttr\u1ea7n\tt\u1ee5c\tnh\u1ea5t. Khi\ttr\u1eadt\tt\u1ef1\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u00e3n\th\u1ed3i.\tThuy\u1ebft\ttr\u00ecnh\tvi\u00ean\tk\u1ebf\tti\u1ebfp\tkh\u00f4ng\tai\tkh\u00e1c h\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ed1c\th\u1ea3i\tqu\u00e2n\tFitz\u2013Roy,\tl\u00ean\tti\u1ebfng\t\u0111\u1ea3\tk\u00edch\tDarwin\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tv\u00e0 cho\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111ang\tkh\u1ed5\ts\u1edf\tv\u1edbi\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129\tl\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\t\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ecbu\ttr\u00e1ch\tnhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1n\tti\u1ebfp\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00e0\tthuy\u1ebft\tkh\u1ee7ng\tkhi\u1ebfp\tn\u00e0y\tv\u00ec\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tl\u00e0\tk\u1ebb\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng\tb\u1ea3o\ttr\u1ee3\tv\u00e0\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tti\u1ec7n.\t\u0110\u01b0a\tcao\tquy\u1ec3n\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh\tl\u00ean, \u00f4ng\ttuy\u00ean\tb\u1ed1\tquy\u1ec1n\tn\u0103ng\tb\u1ea5t\tdi\tb\u1ea5t\td\u1ecbch\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0y. Sau\tv\u1ecb\t\u0111\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ed1c\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tphi\u00ean\tHooker,\tth\u1ea5y\tr\u1eb1ng\tHuxley, m\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tc\u1ed1\tg\u1eafng\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tcho\t\u0111\u00e1m\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3\tv\u00f4\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u0169ng ch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgieo\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ea7u\th\u1ecd\tm\u1ed9t\t\u1ea5n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\tv\u00e0\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u01b0\u1ee3t\t\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u\tg\u1ee1.\tV\u00e0\tr\u1ed3i,\tv\u1edbi\t\u00fd\tki\u1ebfn\tri\u00eang;\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea3\tk\u00edch\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tGi\u00e1m\tM\u1ee5c Wilberforce\tc\u00f3\tbi\u1ec7t\thi\u1ec7u\tl\u00e0\t\u201ct\u00ean\tn\u1ecbnh\th\u00f3t\tb\u1ee3\t\u0111\u1ee1\u201d.\tSau\t\u0111\u00f3,\t\u00f4ng\tk\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\tcho Darwin\tnghe\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tt\u00e1n\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tn\u1ed3ng\tnhi\u1ec7t\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00e1n\tgi\u1ea3 \u201cT\u00f4i\th\u1ea5t\ttung\th\u1eafn\tl\u00ean\ttr\u1eddi\tb\u1eb1ng\tph\u00e1t\ts\u00fang\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean,\t\u0111\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u1ed5\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tl\u1eadp lu\u1eadn\txu\u1ea5t\tph\u00e1t\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1i\tm\u00f5m\tth\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1eafn,\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tl\u00e0: 1.\t H\u1eafn\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u1ee7a\tanh. 2.\t H\u1eafn\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\td\u1ed1t\tn\u00e1t\tngay\tt\u1eeb\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\ts\u01a1\tkh\u1edfi\tc\u1ee7a\tkhoa\tth\u1ef1c v\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\th\u1eafn\tc\u00e2m\tmi\u1ec7ng,\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tl\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\tti\u1ebfng\tn\u00e0o\tv\u00e0\tbu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp\tgi\u1ea3i\tt\u00e1n,\tr\u1ed1t\tcu\u1ed9c,\tanh\tv\u1eabn\tl\u00e0m\tch\u1ee7\tchi\u1ebfn\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tsau\tb\u1ed1n\tgi\u1edd\tgiao tranh\td\u1eef\td\u1ed9i.\u201d Trong\tkhi\ttr\u1eadn\tb\u00e3o\th\u00e3y\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111i\u00ean\tcu\u1ed3ng,\tDarwin\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch l\u1eb7ng\tl\u1ebd\t\u0111\u1ec3\tkhai\ttri\u1ec3n\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u0111\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tx\u00e2m\tchi\u1ebfm\tt\u00e2m\ttr\u00ed\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u1ecf\tra\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u00ec\tgi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt\tv\u00e0\tn\u0103m\t1862\tcho\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\ttrong\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tS\u1ef1\tth\u1ee5\ttinh\tc\u1ee7a\thoa\tlan\t(Fertilization\tof"]