Commercial_Poultry_Nutrition

394 CHAPTER 9 FEEDING PROGRAMS FOR GAME BIRDS, RATITES AND PET BIRDS Selected References Muirhead, S. (1995). Ratite gastrointestinal physiol- ogy, nutrition principles explored. Feedstuffs, Oct. Chah, J.C. (1982). Scientific formulation of diets for 2., pp 12. captive birds. In Proc. 2nd Dr. Scholl Conference on Roudybush, T. (1986). The nutrition of altricial Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals. Lincoln Park birds. In Proc. 6-7th Dr. Scholl Conference on Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals. Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. Cilliers, S.C., F. Sales, F.P. Hayes, A. Chwalibog and Sales, J. and G.P. J. Janssens (2003). Nutrition of the F.F. Du Preez (1999). Comparison of metabolisable domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). energy values of different foodstuffs determined in World’s Poult. Sci. J. 59(2):221-232. ostriches and poultry. Br. Poult. Sci. 40:491-500. Sales, J. and J.J. Du Preez (1997). Protein and ener- gy requirements of the Pearl Grey guinea fowl. Cooper, R.G. (2000). Management of ostrich World’s Poult. Sci. J. 53:381-385. (Struthio camelus) chicks. World’s Poult. Sci. 56 Tables, A.E.C. (1987). Nutrient requirement tables (1):33-44. for various game bird species. A.E.C. Rhone- Poulenc. Paris, France. Earle, K.E. and N.G. Clarke (1991). The nutrition of Van Niekerk, B. (1995). The science and practice of the budgerigar. J. Nutr. 121:S186-192 ostrich nutrition. Proc. AFMA Forum, June 1995, Sun City, South Africa. Flegal, C.J. (1993). Diets for growing and breeding Vohra, P. (1992). Information on ostrich nutritional ostrich. Proc. Multi-state Big Bird Conf., April 24-25. needs still limited. Feedstuffs, July 13, p. 16. Gandini, G.C. M., R.E. J. Burroughs and H. Ebedes (1986). Preliminary investigation into the nutrition of ostrich chicks under intensive conditions. J. South African Vet. Sci., March 1986 pp 39-42. Hullar, I., I. Meleg, S. Fekete and R. Romvari (1999). Studies on the energy content of pigeon feeds. I. Determination of digestibility and metabolizable energy content. Poult. Sci. 78(12):1757-1762

Appendix 1. Basic nutrient composition Ingredient Crude Digestible Metabolizable Crude fat Crude fiber Calcium (%) Available Linoleic acid protein (%) protein (%) energy (kcal/kg) (%) (%) phosphorus (%) (%) Yellow Corn 8.5 7.8 3300 3.8 2.5 0.01 0.13 1.9 Wheat 13.0 11.6 3150 1.5 2.7 0.05 0.20 0.5 Oats 12.0 9.9 2756 4.0 12.0 0.10 0.20 1.5 Barley 11.5 9.3 2780 2.1 7.5 0.10 0.20 0.8 Milo 9.0 7.9 3250 2.5 2.7 0.05 0.14 1.0 Rye 12.5 8.4 2734 1.7 2.4 0.05 0.18 0.4 Triticale 15.4 13.2 3110 1.0 4.5 0.05 0.19 0.4 Rice (rough) 7.3 5.5 2680 1.7 10.0 0.04 0.13 0.6 Wheat bran 15.8 11.7 1580 4.8 10.4 0.10 0.65 1.7 Wheat shorts 15.1 14.3 2200 4.0 5.0 0.07 0.30 1.6 Wheat screenings #1 15.0 11.7 3000 4.1 3.0 0.05 0.20 0.7 Rice bran 13.0 7.7 1900 5.0 12.0 0.06 0.80 3.4 Rice polishings 11.0 8.5 2750 15.0 2.5 0.06 0.18 6.2 Bakery by-product 10.5 9.8 3500 9.5 2.5 0.05 0.13 3.0 Molasses (cane) 3.0 2.1 1962 - - 0.50 0.03 - Dehydrated alfalfa meal 17.0 9.5 1647 2.0 26.0 1.40 0.10 0.3 Canola meal 37.5 34.0 2000 1.5 12.0 0.65 0.45 0.5 Full-fat canola seed 22.0 19.7 4620 40.0 6.0 0.38 0.27 8.0 Soybean meal (48%) 48.0 44.0 2550 0.5 3.0 0.20 0.33 0.4 Full-fat soybeans 38.0 33.4 3880 20.0 2.0 0.15 0.37 0.3 Corn gluten meal 60.0 54.4 3750 2.51 2.48 0.10 0.28 9.0 Corn gluten feed 22.0 14.3 1830 2.5 10.0 0.40 0.21 1.22 Cotton seed meal 41.0 33.2 2350 0.5 14.5 0.15 0.40 1.0 Peanut meal 47.0 35.7 2205 1.0 13.0 0.20 0.45 0.21 Peas 23.5 20.7 2550 1.3 5.5 0.10 0.30 0.3 Safflower meal 42.0 32.9 1630 1.1 14.5 0.37 0.20 0.9 Sesame meal 44.0 30.6 1984 5.0 5.0 0.20 0.63 0.5 Sunflower meal 46.8 35.6 2205 2.9 11.0 0.30 0.75 2.0 Lupins 34.5 29.8 3000 6.3 16.0 0.20 0.50 1.8 Flax 22.0 18.1 3500 34.0 6.0 0.25 0.20 3.0 Meat Meal 50.0 45.0 2500 11.5 2.5 8.00 0.17 5.2 Fish meal (60%) 60.0 55.4 2750 2.0 1.0 6.50 4.00 1.82 Poultry by-product meal 60.0 52.5 2950 8.5 1.9 3.60 3.50 0.3 Blood meal 80.0 71.2 2690 1.0 1.0 0.28 2.10 2.5 Feather meal 85.0 75.7 3000 2.5 1.5 0.20 0.28 0.1 Dried Whey 13.0 12.4 1918 0.5 - 0.80 0.70 0.1 APPENDIX 395 Appendix Table 1 Basic nutrient composition

396 APPENDIX Appendix Table 2 Total amino acid composition Appendix 2. Total amino acid compostion Ingredient Methi Cystine Lysine Hist Trypt Thre Arg Iso Leu Phenyl Val -onine % (%) -idine -ophan -onine -inine -leucine -cine -alanine -ine Yellow Corn % Wheat % 0.11 0.2 % % % % % % % Oats 0.21 0.49 0.4 Barley 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.41 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 Milo 0.2 0.21 0.39 0.2 0.21 0.42 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 Rye 0.2 0.17 0.31 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 Triticale 0.21 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.19 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 Rice (rough) 0.12 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.09 0.32 0.4 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.6 Wheat bran 0.2 0.11 0.22 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 Wheat shorts 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.5 Wheat screenings #1 0.12 0.19 0.61 0.2 0.11 0.34 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 Rice bran 0.1 0.21 0.53 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.7 Rice polishings 0.21 0.11 0.51 0.2 0.21 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5 Bakery by-product 0.21 0.29 0.50 0.2 0.2 0.42 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.6 Molasses (cane) 0.29 0.19 0.29 0.3 0.18 0.38 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 Dehydrated alfalfa meal 0.21 0.2 0.12 0.32 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.5 Canola meal 0.21 -- 0.3 0.13 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 - Full-fat canola seed - 0.4 1.8 - - - - - 0.9 Soybean meal (48%) 0.3 0.61 2.21 0.4 - - 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.9 Full-fat soybeans 0.69 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.5 2.2 1.4 2.7 1.5 1.1 Corn gluten meal 0.5 0.79 3.22 0.6 0.5 1.72 1.3 0.8 1.6 0.9 2.5 Corn gluten feed 0.72 0.63 2.41 1.3 0.3 1.0 3.6 2.6 3.7 2.5 1.9 Cotton seed meal 0.49 0.91 0.90 0.9 0.71 1.96 2.7 2.0 2.8 1.9 2.6 Peanut meal 1.61 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.49 1.53 2.2 2.4 8.1 3.2 1.0 Peas 0.4 0.62 1.67 0.7 0.3 1.7 1.0 0.6 2.4 0.7 1.9 Safflower meal 0.49 0.7 1.6 1.0 0.2 0.9 4.6 1.3 2.4 2.2 2.8 Sesame meal 0.4 0.2 1.6 1.2 0.5 1.31 4.9 2.0 3.0 2.7 1.3 Sunflower meal 0.3 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.9 1.1 Lupins 0.4 0.6 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 2.9 0.6 1.2 1.2 2.5 Flax 1.5 0.7 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.6 5.1 2.3 3.2 2.3 2.2 Meat Meal 0.8 0.6 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.7 3.3 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.4 Fish meal (60%) 0.3 0.41 0.89 0.9 0.9 1.6 4.5 1.4 2.4 1.3 1.1 Poultry by-product meal 0.41 0.61 2.68 0.4 0.4 1.2 2.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 2.4 Blood meal 0.71 1.1 5.28 0.7 0.29 0.82 3.0 1.3 3.3 1.6 3.6 Feather meal 1.82 2.0 3.4 1.6 0.36 1.52 4.0 4.1 5.0 2.7 3.0 Dried Whey 1.3 1.4 6.9 1.0 0.58 3.01 3.5 2.1 4.5 1.8 7.0 1.0 5.5 1.72 4.2 0.4 2.2 3.5 1.0 10.0 6.0 7.4 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.5 1.1 3.7 6.4 4.3 6.5 4.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.6 4.51 0.4 0.9 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.8

Appendix 3. Available amino acid compostion Ingredient Methi Cystine Lysine Hist Trypt Thre Arg Iso Leu Phenyl Val -onine % (%) -idine -ophan -onine -inine -leucine -cine -alanine -ine Yellow corn % Wheat % 0.09 0.16 % % % % % % % Oats 0.17 0.40 0.33 Barley 0.18 0.18 0.37 0.18 0.07 0.33 0.35 0.44 0.8 0.42 0.42 Milo 0.16 0.16 0.31 0.18 0.17 0.32 0.56 0.26 0.81 0.54 0.50 Rice (rough) 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.34 0.64 0.45 0.81 0.55 0.48 Wheat bran 0.16 0.06 0.17 0.26 0.15 0.29 0.41 0.41 0.73 0.53 0.40 Wheat shorts 0.09 0.07 0.42 0.26 0.06 0.24 0.28 0.42 1.30 0.40 0.41 Rice bran 0.09 0.14 0.48 0.17 0.11 0.27 0.50 0.26 0.56 0.28 0.55 Rice polishings 0.08 0.07 0.39 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.79 0.48 0.72 0.41 0.57 Bakery by-product 0.16 0.08 0.41 0.16 0.15 0.41 0.71 0.56 0.84 0.49 0.46 Dehydrated alfalfa meal 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.24 0.13 0.28 0.40 0.31 0.54 0.30 0.52 Canola meal 0.16 0.16 1.00 0.18 0.08 0.25 0.48 0.27 0.57 0.31 0.40 Full-fat canola seed 0.18 0.47 1.76 0.24 0.08 0.21 0.40 0.32 0.71 0.51 0.70 Soybean meal (48%) 0.21 0.26 1.00 0.29 0.28 0.35 0.56 0.51 1.00 0.55 1.55 Full-fat soybeans 0.61 0.63 2.87 0.93 0.38 1.30 1.92 1.04 2.40 1.30 0.81 Corn gluten meal 0.40 0.52 2.00 0.48 0.24 0.81 0.98 0.62 1.28 0.72 2.20 Corn gluten feed 0.64 0.78 0.81 1.07 0.53 1.75 3.20 2.30 3.20 2.10 1.70 Cotton seed meal 0.41 0.35 0.42 0.74 0.39 1.27 2.31 1.72 2.20 1.70 2.40 Peanut meal 1.44 0.40 1.18 1.14 0.21 1.58 2.07 2.30 7.90 3.10 0.83 Sesame meal 0.33 0.55 1.28 0.56 0.14 0.65 0.87 0.48 2.12 0.63 1.70 Sunflower meal 0.35 0.54 1.30 0.69 0.35 0.90 3.68 0.95 1.72 2.00 2.40 Lupins 0.33 0.55 1.30 0.96 0.38 1.20 4.00 1.80 2.70 2.30 2.30 Flax 1.30 0.54 1.40 1.00 0.60 1.43 4.60 2.00 2.80 2.10 1.75 Meat meal 0.72 0.30 0.72 0.80 0.65 1.20 2.64 1.28 1.90 1.55 1.20 Fish meal (60%) 0.27 0.33 2.09 0.81 0.26 1.00 4.10 1.20 2.20 1.10 0.95 Poultry by-product meal 0.33 0.80 4.72 0.32 0.26 0.65 1.76 0.72 1.10 0.76 1.90 Blood meal 0.62 1.20 2.70 0.56 0.26 1.17 2.78 1.00 2.60 1.30 3.20 Feather meal 1.62 1.10 5.90 1.40 0.48 2.50 3.62 3.70 4.50 2.30 2.40 APPENDIX 3971.12.38 1.100.800.31.83.001.703.801.406.10 0.90 3.40 0.80 2.80 2.90 0.78 8.90 5.30 6.10 Appendix Table 3 0.47 0.35 0.41 3.15 5.05 3.60 5.00 3.50 Available amino acid composition

398 APPENDIX Appendix Table 4 Mineral composition Appendix 4. Mineral composition Ingredients Chloride Magnesium Sodium Potassium Iron Manganese Copper Zinc Selenium (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Yellow Corn 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.38 0.01 43 29 0.04 Wheat 0.08 0.16 0.09 0.52 0.01 48 7 40 0.50 Oats 0.10 0.17 0.06 0.37 0.01 38 5 31 0.30 Barley 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.48 0.01 16 7 40 0.30 Milo 0.07 0.17 0.05 0.32 0.01 14 9 26 0.04 Rye 0.37 0.12 0.02 0.26 0.01 66 7 30 0.45 Triticale 0.41 0.15 0.04 0.41 0.01 51 6 35 0.43 Rice (rough) 0.28 0.14 0.03 0.34 0.01 15 3 10 0.17 Wheat bran 0.30 0.15 0.06 1.24 0.02 115 12 89 0.95 Wheat shorts 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.84 0.01 104 9 99 0.80 Wheat screenings #1 0.05 0.15 0.08 0.55 0.01 48 7 40 0.57 Rice bran 0.17 0.85 0.10 1.30 0.02 425 14 30 0.19 Rice polishings 0.17 0.65 0.10 1.17 0.02 310 8 30 0.17 Bakery by-product 0.48 0.20 0.53 0.62 0.02 30 7 41 0.30 Molasses (cane) 0.65 0.40 0.30 3.50 0.02 50 20 35 0.08 Dehydrated alfalfa meal 0.45 0.34 0.16 2.40 0.03 50 9 41 0.06 Canola meal 0.05 0.51 0.09 1.45 0.02 61 7 44 0.90 Full-fat canola seed 0.03 0.31 0.01 0.81 0.02 35 6 26 0.52 Soybean meal (44%) 0.05 0.25 0.05 2.61 0.02 32 35 54 0.12 Soybean meal (48%) 0.05 0.27 0.05 2.55 0.01 27 36 52 0.11 Full-fat soybeans 0.04 0.21 0.05 1.50 0.01 20 27 41 0.10 Corn gluten meal 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.04 7 28 66 0.30 Corn gluten feed 0.20 0.29 0.95 0.60 0.05 5 47 45 0.17 Cotton seed meal 0.03 0.39 0.05 1.10 0.01 18 16 40 0.06 Peanut meal 0.55 0.04 0.07 1.10 0.03 29 6 80 0.12 Peas 0.06 0.12 0.03 1.10 0.01 18 16 20 0.05 Safflower meal 0.03 0.27 0.10 0.69 0.03 24 9 80 0.13 Sesame meal 0.05 0.50 0.04 1.20 0.04 48 4 27 0.06 Sunflower meal 0.03 0.75 0.02 1.00 0.10 15 3 100 0.25 Lupins 0.01 0.13 0.10 1.00 0.01 70 4 30 0.18 Flax 0.05 0.30 0.08 1.20 0.02 74 17 91 0.11 Meat meal 0.90 1.00 0.50 1.25 0.04 18 8 98 0.40 Fish meal (60%) 0.55 0.21 0.47 0.32 0.06 25 8 119 1.85 Poultry by-product meal 0.40 0.18 0.36 0.28 0.05 20 6 79 0.90 Blood meal 0.26 0.14 0.33 0.21 0.03 68 80 0.60 Feather meal 0.40 0.20 0.70 0.30 0.05 15 12 7 0.72 Dried Whey 0.07 0.13 0.43 0.19 0.02 4 43 105 0.06

INDEX A 98 Body fat, layer 183 184 Body weight, layer 170 Aflatoxin 67 Bone: Air movement, chilling 76 280 Alfalfa 198, 200 ash 219 Alimet“ 106 breakage, layers 194 Alimet“, egg size 185 medullary 107 Alkaloids 186 Botulism Alkalosis Breeder: 377 Alkalosis, shell strength 79 ducks 382 Amino acid: 302 geese 375 Broiler: 273 analyses 83 ascites 301 breeders 375 breed specifications 281 ducks 184 carcass composition 259 dye-binding 74 chick weight 251 geese 88, 271 diet dilution 247, 248 layers 86 diet energy 260 synthetics 90 efficiency 263 Antibiotics 206 energy balance 261 Anticoccidials 75 environment temperature: 265 Antifungals 251, 253 265 Antioxidant 273 electrolytes 265 Arginine 276 feed change 285 Ascites: protein broiler 78 feathering 240-242 feed restriction 78 feed: 259 Assay: 83 allocation 239 crude protein 84 efficiency 263 fat 80 intake 255 gizzard erosion 85 intake, temperature 238 gossypol 84 withdrawal metabolizable energy 106 feeding programs 249 rice-hull growth: 258 tannin 106 30 yr pattern 257 Autointoxication 28 breeder age 258 21 efficiency 248, 251 B 215 egg weight 264 293 restriction 266 Bacterial toxins 364 temperature 270 Bakery meal 281 water system 233 Barley 68 gut health 231 Beak trimming heavy birds 267, 269 Bioplex“ minerals high nutrient density 232, 246 Biotin, eggs, turkey breeder lighting Blood glucose low nutrient density Blood meal

maintenance needs 250 C 217 mash diets 255 340 minerals 244, 256 Cage layer fatigue 69 necrotic enteritis 272 Cage systems, breeder 152 nutrient management 289 Calcium: 333 nutrition 230 195 prestarter 244 balance 152 SDS 276 balance, breeders 218 skeletal disorders 277 balance, layer 312 skin integrity 285 balance, pullet 193 spiking mortality 281 bone composition 184 stock density 257 breeders 153 strain specific diets 243 eggshell 312 vitamin needs 244 layers 149 vitamins 244, 256 manure moisture 151 Broiler breeder: 297 metabolism, breeder 85 cage systems 340 prelay 153 calcium metabolism 312 retention challenge feeding 321 solubility 37 choking 309 water intake 67 coccidiosis 308 Canola: 104 diet ME 318 meal egg production 320 seed 281 egg weight 314 tannins 283 eggshell quality 332 Carcass composition: 282 energy balance 316, 318, 329 broilers 374 environmental temperature 330 chemical composition 284 feed: components 285 327 ducks 357 clean-up time 337 fat profile 283 efficiency 335 flaxseed 352 grills 305, 315, 336 turkey 206 program 326 weights 321 reduction 304 Cardiomyopathy, turkey 73 restriction 338 Carotenoids 309 fertility 303 Challenge feeding, breeders 211 growth standard 314, 338, 340 Chelates, mineral 210 hatchability 311 Choking, breeders 97 prebreeder 319 Cholesterol, copper, yolk 72 protein needs 308, 334 Cholesterol, egg 308 rooster feeding 339 Cinnamamide 86 semen production 339 Cobalt 59 sperm penetration 328 Coccidiosis, breeders 288 temperature 304 Coccidiostats 250 uniformity 340 Coconut oil 91, 271 vitamin deficiency 309, 331 Collagen 60 water management 307 Compensatory growth 72 weight adjustment 332 Competitive exclusion wind chill 77 Conjugated linoleic acid Bulk density Copper:

turkey 355 size: 198 yolk cholesterol 211 manipulation 154 Corn: 11 maturity 138 gluten meal 40 methionine 198, 200 phosphorus 224 taint 37, 102 Cottonseed 105 204, 212, 213 Cottonseed meal 42 vitamins 314 Crotalaria 108 weight, breeder 205 Crude protein assay 78 Egg, yolk colour Cyanides 99 Eggshell: 193 Cyclopropenoid fatty acids 105 calcium 193 quality: 332 D 117 196 284 breeder 265 Dehydration 208 vitamin D3 156, 185 DHA – carcass Electrolyte: 187 DHA – egg composition 251 balance Diet: 247, 248 feed ingredients 316, 318, 329 164 Energy: 263 dilution, broiler 129 balance, breeders 247, 248 energy, broilers 126 balance, temperature 260 layer 386 broilers, diet 171 prelay 360 efficiency 175 pullet 346 intake prediction 92 pheasant 245 response, egg production 93 turkey breeder 371 Enzymes – additives 284 turkey 375 Enzymes – NSP 100 Digestion, lysine, bird age 377 EPA – carcass 113 Ducks: 374 Ergot 113 amino acid needs 372 Expanders breeder 373 Extrusion 57 carcass composition 78 diet specifications 210 F 351 growth rate 203 63 208 Fat: 84 E 206 assay 61 204 digestion – turkey 59 Egg: 207, 210 hydrogenation 84 cholesterol 320 iodine titre 64 composition 176 oxidation 58, 62 composition, DHA 175 poultry 216 deposition, lutein quality 181 minerals variable AME 52 omega-3 285 production, breeder Fatty acid profiles 286 production, curve Fatty Liver Syndrome (FLS) production, energy response Feather cover – layers Feather meal Feathering, broiler Feathering, keratin

Feed 240-242 Glycine 75 allocation, broiler 305, 336 Gossypol 42, 105 broiler breeder 321 Gossypol, assay 84 challenge, breeder 327 Groundnut 67 clean-up time 337 Growth promoters 88 efficiency, broiler breeder 259 Growth rate: efficiency, broiler 335 373 grills, broiler breeder 187 ducks 380 ingredients, electrolytes geese 390 intake: 239 ratites 248, 251 broiler 171, 172 Growth restriction, broiler 250 layer 202 Growth, compensatory 347 methionine deficiency 364 Growth, standard, turkey 388 turkey breeder 110 Guinea fowl 270 manufacture 7 Gut health – broiler production 315 287 programs, breeder 326 H 314, 338, 340 reduction, breeder 177, 189 restriction: 276 Halofuginone 261 ascites 304 Hatchability 267 broiler breeder 160 Heat distress, layers 178 pullets 183, 192 Heat stress 197, 279 texture 349 Heat stress, strategies 214 texture, turkeys 255 Humidity withdrawal, broiler 238 Hy-D“ 73 338 Hysteria, layers 84 Feeding programs, broiler 54 87 Fertility, broiler breeder 59, 208 I 73 Fish meal 96 Fish oils 207 Iodine 286 Flavouring agents 44 Iodine, titre, fat 355 Flax 285 Ionophores Flaxseed 216 Iron 91 Flaxseed, carcass composition 355 104 FLS (Fatty Liver Syndrome) 17 K Flushing Syndrome, turkey 184 Free choice feeding 385 Keratin 183 378 Knockdown, turkey 170 G 375 219 382 L 184 Game birds 379 195 Geese: 380 Lactobacilli 173 57 Lathyrism amino acid needs 83 Layer: breeder 101 diet specifications amino acids growth rate body fat Gizzard erosion body weight Gizzard erosion, assay bone breakage Glucosinolates calcium calcium, balance cannibalism, protein

diets 164 nitrogen losses 223 energy balance 174, 179 Mash diets, broilers 255 feather cover 181 Maturity, egg size 138 feathering, protein 173 ME ingredients, ratites 390 feed intake 171, 172 Meal: feeding activity 182 28 heat distress 177, 189 bakery 68 hysteria 214 blood 37 low energy diet 172 canola 40 molting 220 corn gluten 42 nutrient needs 171, 182 cottonseed 52 phosphorus 185 feather 54 protein 184 fish 47 vitamin D3 185 meat 50 water balance 188 poultry by-product 31 Lectins 32 soybean 194 Lighting: Medullary bone 80 broilers 267, 269 Metabolizable energy, assay 75, 191 maturity 159 Methionine: 202 mortality, broiler 268 deficiency, feed intake 198, 200 pullets 147, 157 egg size 203 step down 159 needs, layers 19 Limestone 69 Milo Limestone, solubility 195 Mineral: 293 Linoleic acid, conjugated 60 Bioplex“ 244, 256 Linoleic acid, egg size 201 broilers 204 Linolenic acid 44 eggs 348 Lipase 94 requirements, turkeys 365 Liver fat, layer 217 Model prediction, turkey breeder 66, 182 Low energy layer diets 172 Molasses 90 Lupins 68 Mold inhibitors 220 Lutein, egg deposition 206 Molting, layers 365 Lysine digestion, bird age 245 Molting, schedule, turkey breeder 86 Lysine 75 Monensin 268 Mortality, broiler lighting 98 M 73, 214 Mycotoxins 250 Magnesium 148 N 80 Maintenance needs, broiler 73, 280 272 Management, manure 89 Near Infra Red Analysis (NIRA) 107, 212 Manganese Necrotic enteritis, broiler 107 Mannanoligosaccharides 222 Nicarbazin 93 Manure: 289 Nitrofurans 148, 222, 290 293 NSP enzymes Composition: 225 Nutrient management broilers 148 minerals 153 O 65 99 disposal Oats management Ochratoxin moisture, calcium

Odour control 97 egg, energy response 175 Odour, yucca 97 feed 7 Oil: 57 world 4, 6 59 Prolapse 215 coconut 59, 208, 284 Protein: fish 59 dye-binding 83 palm 59 layer 184 vegetable 288 layer, feathering 173 Oily Bird Syndrome (OBS) 33 solubility 32, 35, 82 Oligosaccharides 284 Proximate analysis 78 Omega-3, carcass 207, 210 Pullet: Omega-3, eggs 389 body weight 132, 136, 145 Ostrich 391 calcium balance 152 Ostrich, carcass composition 61 diets 126 Oxidation – fat 69 feed: Oystershell 136 59 intake 137 P 13 management 160 68 restriction 144 Palm oil 86 feeding examples 142 Particle size 112 growth, temperature 147, 157 Peas 350 lighting 138 Pellet binders 392 maturity 141 Pelleting 190 nutrient intake 153 PEMS, turkey 385 prelay, body weight 149 Pet birds 386 prelay, nutrition 123 Phase feeding 69 programs 124, 125 Pheasant 224 requirements 129 Pheasant, diet specification 185 strain requirements 133, 137 Phosphorus: 291 vitamins 153 94 water intake corn, soybeans 392 385 layers 96 Q 388 manure 350 Phytase 349 Quail 61 Pigeon 50 Quail, Japanese 389 Pigments 59 390 Poult Early Mortality Syndrome 91 R 390 Poult, viability, turkey 129 390 Poultry by-product meal 149 Rancidity 60 Poultry fat 110 Ratites: 23 Prebiotics 155 30 Prelay diets 244 diet specifications 29 Prelay, nutrition, pullets 91 growth rate 85 Premixes ME ingredients Prepause nutrition 176 Restaurant grease Prestarter diets, broiler Rice: Probiotics bran Production: by-products egg, curve hull assay

Roasters 252, 254 breeder 328 Rooster feeding 334 broiler growth 264 Rooster, feeder 308, 334 energy balance 263 Rye 65 environment, broiler 261 feed intake, breeder 330 S 68 feed intake, broiler 263 48 pullet growth 142 Safflower 71 turkey 354 Salmonella 251, 253 Thermal cooking 113 Salt 73 Threonine 75 SDS 339 Tibial dyschondroplasia 277, 280 Selenium 281 Toxic seeds 107 Semen, production, breeder 68 Toxin, T2 286 Serine 193 Toxins, bacterial 106 Sesame 186 Trace minerals 71 Shell quality 37 Trans fatty acids 65 Shell strength, alkalosis 277 Tricothecenes 99 Sinapine 277 Triticale 66 Skeletal disorders: 277, 280 Trypsin inhibitor 32, 45 279 Tryptophan, hysteria 215 broilers Tryptophan 75 tibia 285, 287 Turkey breeder: 359 vitamin D3 287 Biotin, eggs 364 Skin integrity: 287 diet specifications 360 broiler 64 feed intake 364 collagen 60 model prediction 366 halofuginone 69 molting schedule 363, 365 Soap formation 71, 187 Turkey 345 Soapstock 103 broiler 356 Sodium 35 carcass composition 357 Sodium, bicarbonate 31 cardiomyopathy 352 Sorghum tannins 224 copper 355 Soybean 339 diet specifications 346 Soybean, meal 281 fat digestion 351 Soybean, phosphorus 348 feed texture 349 Sperm penetration, breeder 251, 253, 276 Flushing Syndrome 355 Spiking mortality 107 growth standard 347 Strain comparison, turkey 37 heavy 352 Sudden Death Syndrome knockdown 355 Sulfonamides 57 mineral requirements 348 Sulfur-canola 102 PEMS 350 84 poult viability 349 T strain comparison 348 temperature 354 Tallow vitamin requirements 348 Tannin Tannin, assay Temperature:

U 304 pH 273 32 pullet, intake 153 Uniformity, breeders 82 quality 119 Urease 156 restriction 118 Urease, testing system, broiler growth 266 Urolithiasis 214 temperature 118 59 Weight adjustment, breeder 307 V Weight, pullet prelay 153 244, 256 Wheat: 15 Vanadium 340 bran 25 Vegetable oil 204, 212, 213 by-products 25 Vitamin: 110 screenings 26 348 shorts 25 broilers 112, 114 Wind chill, breeders 332 deficiency, breeder 279 World production 4, 6 eggs 185, 287 Worming compounds 97 premixes 278 requirements, turkeys 219 X 96 stability 196 205 Vitamin A 185 Xanthophyll: Vitamin C 216 yolk colour 92 Vitamin D3: 212 115, 188 Y 244 CLF 117 97 eggshell quality 188 Yeasts layers 309, 331 Yolk mottling 100 Vitamin E 116 Yolk sac 73, 279 153 Yucca, odour 221 W Z Water: balance: Zearalenone layers Zinc breeder Zinc, molting consumption intake, calcium effect