WinterSchool

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- various authors. They are Scylla, Portunus, Charybdis, Lupocyclus and Thalamita. Among them the first three genera mainly contribute to the commercial crab fishery. Portunidae Carapace hexagonal, transversely ovate to transversely hexagonal, sometimes circular; dorsal surface relatively flat to gently convex, usually ridged or granulose; front broad, margin usually multidentate; usually 5 to 9 teeth on each anterolateral margin, posterolateral margins usually distinctly converging. Endopodite of second maxillipeds with strongly developed lobe on inner margin. Legs laterally flattened to varying degrees, last 2 segments of last pair paddle-like. Male abdominal segments 3 to 5 completely fused, immovable. Sexuality In crabs, sexes are separate and sexes can be distinguished from the shape of the abdomen. In males the abdomen is narrow, inverted ‘T’ shaped and in addition mature males have larger and broader chelae. The first and second abdominal appendages (pleopods) are highly modified to form an intromittant copulatory organ. Females possess a broad abdomen, conical/oval in shape (according to the stage of maturity) and bear four pairs of pleopods. 400

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key to species of interest to fisheries occurring in the area 1a. Carapace with 2 anterolateral teeth; eyes very long, reaching lateral edge of carapace (Fig. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Podophthalmus vigil 1b. Carapace with more than 2 anterolateral teeth; eyes normal in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2a. Carapace rounded; ventral surface of palm with stridulatory (sound-producing) ridges (Fig. 2a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ovalipes punctatus 2b. Carapace transversely ovate; palm without any stridulatory (sound-producing) ridges (Fig. 2b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3a. Five to 7 teeth on each anterolateral margin (Fig. 3a-c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3b. Nine teeth on each anterolateral margin (Fig. 3d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 401

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4a. Width of frontal-orbital border not much less than greatest width of carapace; 5 teeth on each anterolateral margin (first tooth sometimes with accessory denticle) (Fig. 4a) . . . . . 5 4b. Width of frontal-orbital border distinctly less than greatest width of carapace; 6 or 7 teeth on each anterolateral margin (Fig. 4b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5a. Basal antennal segment with a smooth or granulated ridge (Fig. 5a) . . .Thalamita crenata 5b. Basal antennal segment with several sharp spines (Fig. 5b) . . . . .. .Thalamita spinimana 6a. Posterior border of carapace forming an angular junction with posterolateral border (Fig. 6a); merus of cheliped without distal spine on posterior border . .. . .Charybdis truncate 6b. Posterior border of carapace forming a curve with posterolateral border (Fig. 6b); merus of cheliped with distal spine on posterior border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7a. Carapace with distinct ridges or granular patches behind level of last pair of anterolateral teeth (Fig. 7a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charybdis natator 7b. Carapace without distinct ridges or granular patches behind level of last pair of anterolateral teeth (Fig. 7b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8a. Merus of cheliped with 2 spines on anterior border; palm with 2 spines on upper surface 402

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Fig. 8a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charybdis anisodon 8b. Merus of cheliped with 3 or 4 spines on anterior border; palm with more than 2 spines on upper surface (Fig. 8b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9a. First anterolateral tooth not truncate or notched (Fig. 9a) . . . . . .Charybdis annulata 9b. First anterolateral tooth truncate or notched (Fig. 9b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10a. Palm of cheliped with 4 spines on upper surface (Fig. 10a); male abdominal segment 4 keeled (Fig. 11a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charybdis feriata 10b. Palm of cheliped with 5 spines on upper surface (Fig. 10b); male abdominal segment 4 not keeled (Fig. 11b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11a. Palm with well-developed spines (Fig. 12a); male abdominal segment 6 with convex lateral borders (Fig. 13a); last anterolateral tooth smallest and spiniform, not projecting beyond preceding tooth (Fig. 14a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charybdis japonica 11b. Palm with poorly developed spines (Fig. 12b); male abdominal segment 6 with lateral borders parallel in proximal half (Fig. 13b); last anterolateral tooth elongate, projecting laterally beyond preceding tooth (Fig. 14b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charybdis affinis 12a. Last anterolateral tooth subequal in size to others (Fig. 15a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 12b. Last anterolateral tooth at least 2 times larger than others (Fig. 15b) . . . . . . . . . 16 403

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13a. Carpus of cheliped with only 1 low to very low granule on outer surface, never spiniform (Fig. 16a); colour of palm usually with at least some patches of orange or yellow in life . .. 14 13b. Carpus of cheliped with 2 distinct spiniform or sharp granules or spines on outer surface (Fig. 16b); colour of palm in life green to purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14a. Frontal margin usually with sharp teeth (Fig. 17a); palm usually with distinct, sharp spines (Fig. 18a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scylla paramamosain 14b. Frontal margin usually with rounded teeth (Fig. 17b); palm usually with reduced, blunt spines (Fig. 18b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scylla olivacea 15a. Frontal margin usually with rounded teeth (Fig. 19a); sharp granules on palm and carpus never spiniform; colour in life: carapace usually very dark green to black, outer surface of palm purple and never with marbled pattern, last legs marbled only in males . . . .Scylla tranquebarica 15b. Frontal margin usually with sharp teeth (Fig. 19b); sharp granules on palm and carpus often spiniform; colour in life: carapace usually green to olive-green, outer surface of palm green and often with marbled pattern, last legs marbled both in males and females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scylla serrata 404

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16a. Carapace with 3 purple to red spots on posterior half. . . Portunus sanguinolentus 16b. Carapace marbled or with uniform coloration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 17a. Front with 4 teeth (Fig. 21a); inner margin of merus of cheliped with 3 spines (Fig. 22a) …………………… Portunus pelagicus 17b. Front with 3 teeth (Fig. 21b); inner margin of merus of cheliped with 4 spines (Fig. 22b) . . . . .. . . . .Portunus trituberculatus Key – P.K.L.Ng .1998. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes – Crabs – Portunidae . Species identification guide for fishery purposes – Crabs –Portunidae Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Flower crab). Carapace rough to granulose, front with 4 acutely triangular teeth; 9 teeth on each anterolateral margin, the last tooth 2 to 4 times larger than preceding teeth. Chelae elongate in males; larger chela with conical tooth at base of fingers. Colour: males with blue markings, females dull green/greenish brown. Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783)( Three-spot swimming crab). Carapace finely granulose, regions just discernible; 9 teeth on each anterolateral margin, the last tooth 2 to 3 times larger than preceding teeth. Chelae elongated in males; larger chela with conical tooth at base of fingers; pollex ridged. Colour: olive to dark green, with 3 prominent maroon to red spots on posterior 1/3 of carapace. Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crucifix crab) Carapace ovate; 5 distinct teeth on each anterolateral margin. Colour: distinctive pattern of longitudinal stripes of maroon and white, usually with distinct white cross on median part of gastric region; legs and pincers with numerous scattered white spots. 405

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Charybdis natator (Herbst, 1789) (Ridged swimmimg crab) Carapace with densely covered with very short pubescence which is absent on several distinct transverse granulated ridges in anterior half. Colour: orangish red overall, with ridges on carapace and legs dark reddish brown. Podophthalmus vigil (Fabricius, 1798) Carapace distinctly broader than long; anterior margin much broader than posterior margin, with posterolateral margins converging strongly towards narrow posterior carapace margin; orbits very broad. Eyes very long, reaching to or extending beyond edge of carapace. Colour: carapace green; chelipeds and parts of legs violet to maroon in adults. Charybdis feriatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Charybdis natator (Herbst, 1789) Podophthalmus vigil (Fabricius, 1798) Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) 406

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Scylla spp. The taxonomy of the genus Scylla has been terribly confused and is still difficult. Recent research in Australia (Keenan et al., 1998) has clearly shown, using morphological, DNA, and allozyme data, that there are 4 species of Scylla. Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) (Giant mud crab) Carapace smooth, with strong transverse ridges; H-shaped gastric groove deep; relatively broad frontal lobes, all more or less in line with each other; broad anterolateral teeth, projecting obliquely outwards, colour green to greenish black; legs may be marbled. Well- developed spines present on outer surface of chelipedal carpus and anterior and posterior dorsal parts of palm. Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798) (Purple mud crab) Colour varies from brown to almost black in coloration, and has very well-developed spines on the outer surfaces of the chelipedal carpus and the palm (as seen in S. serrata). It differs from S. serrata, however, by having the frontal teeth more acutely triangular, the median pair projecting slightly forwards of the lateral pair, and the anterolateral teeth gently curving anteriorly, giving the carapace a less transverse appearance. Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) (Orange mud crab) Carapace brownish to brownish green in colour (sometimes orangish), palm orange to yellow. It has a smoother, more evenly convex carapace with very low transverse ridges, a shallow H- shaped gastric groove, the median pair of the frontal lobes more rounded and projecting slightly forwards of the lateral ones, the anterolateral teeth gently curving anteriorly, giving the carapace a less transverse appearance. It also has very low spines on both the outer surface of the chelipedal carpus and the dorsal surface of palm. 407

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Scylla paramamosain Estampador, 1949 ( Green mud crab) Carapace usually green to light green, palm green to greenish blue with lower surface and base of fingers usually pale yellow to yellowish orange. Frontal margin usually with sharp teeth, palm usually with distinct, sharp spines. Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798) Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) Scylla paramamosain Estampador, 1949 References  Carpenter, K. E. and Niem, V. H. (eds). (1998). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific.Volume 2.Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks.687-1396 p.  Dev Roy, M. K. (2013). Diversity and Distribution of Marine Brachyuran Crab Communities Inhabiting West Coast of India. In K. Venkataraman et al. (eds.), Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Faunal Communities. 147-169.  Keenan, C.P., P.J.F. Davie, and D.L. Mann. (1998). A revision of the genus Scylla De Haan (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae). Raffles Bull. Zool., 46(1): 217-241.  NMFDC (National Marine Fishery Resources Data centre) of ICAR-CMFRI, (2020).  Rao, G. Sudhakara, E.V. Radhakrishnan and Jose Josileen. (2013). Handbook of Marine Prawns of India. ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi.414p. 408

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Radhakrishnan, E .V. , Jose Josileen and Pillai, S Lakshmi, (2011). Handbook of Prawns. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi.125p.  Trivedi J. N., D. J. Trivedi, K. D. Vachhrajani and P. K. L. Ng. (2018). An annotated checklist of the marine brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of India. Zootaxa 4502: 1-83. 409

32chapter Penaeid prawns are distributed all along the Indian coast and inhabit inshore or offshore waters. They have a general life span of 2 to 2.5 years, maturing mostly between 6 – 8 months. They spawn in oceanic waters but the large number of eggs released by them develop through different stages and drift to estuaries. Here they develop into juvenile prawns. From the estuaries, they move to the sea to mature and spawn, and complete their life cycle. Most of the penaeid prawns spawn throughout their life. They are bisexual and mature females are larger than males. Petasma is the copulatory organ in males formed between the first pair of pleopods or swimming appendage and in females the genitalia termed thelycum consisting of the modifications of the posterior two or sometime three thoracic sternites, for the transfer or storage of sperms. Fig.1. 410

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Diagrammatic representation of penaeid prawn Fig.2. Carapace Fig.4. Pereopod Important characters for identification of some important penaeid prawn species from Indian waters: Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers, 1878) Distomedian projections of petasma with a short filament on ventral surface and another on dorsal surface. Anterior thelycal plate tongue-like. Merus of fifth pereopod with 1-2 triangular teeth. Fig.5. Petasma, thelycum and merus of fifth pereopod 411

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) Distomedian projections of petasma hood-like. Lateral thelycal plates with parallel ear-shaped lateral ridges; Merus of fifth pereopod with large spine. Fig.6. Petasma, thelycum and merus of fifth pereopod Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Distomedian projections of petasma crescent- shaped. Anterior thelycal plate longitudinally grooved, wider posteriorly than anteriorly; Merus of fifth pereopod with a proximal notch followed by a twisted keeled tubercle. Fig.7. Petasma, thelycum and merus of fifth pereopod Metapenaeus brevicornis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Distomedian projections of petasma with a long and slender apical filament. Anterior plate of thelycum large, square and grooved, lateral plates enclosing two pear shaped plates. Merus of fifth pereopod with spine like projection. 412

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fig.8. Petasma, thelycum and merus of fifth pereopod Metapenaeus kutchensis (George, George and Rao, 1963) Distomedian petasmal lobes bifid. Anterior plates of thelycum lying in level with the coxal projections, posterior lateral plates large and round. Fig.9. Petasma and thelycum Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 Rostrum with 7-8 dorsal and 5-6 ventral teeth. Adrostral carina ending just before epigastric tooth. Gastro-orbital crest ending close to hepatic spine. 413

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Penaeus merguiensis De Man, 1888 Rostral crest triangular and high. Dorsal teeth on rostrum 6-9 and 3-5 ventral teeth. Gastro orbital crest not reaching up to the hepatic spine. Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 Rostrum with 7-8 dorsal and 3 ventral teeth. Adrostral carina reaches beyond the epigastric tooth. Body pale brown or greenish with yellow stripes on carapace and abdomen. Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 Rostrum has 6-8 dorsal and 3-4 ventral teeth. Adrostral carina reaches almost the epigastric tooth. Body with distinct black and yellow stripes on abdomen and uropods. Penaeus canaliculatus (Olivier, 1811) Adrostral crest extends almost to the posterior margin of carapace. Telson lack lateral spines. Two bands present on carapace and the band on the last abdominal segment complete. 414

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896 Adrostral crest extends almost to the posterior margin of carapace. Telson with 3 pairs of movable lateral spines. Black or brown dots on abdominal segments and black lines on pleuron. Penaeus japonicus Spence Bate, 1888 Adrostral crest extends to the posterior margin of carapace. Telson with 3 pairs of movable lateral spines. Three bands on carapace, band on last abdominal segment incomplete. Parapenaeopsis stylifera (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) Telson armed with 4 pairs of lateral fixed spines. Distolateral projection of petama slender, horn like and straight, directed antero laterally. Anterior plate of thelycum square, concave; posterior plate deeply notched anteromedially. 415

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fig.10. Petasma, thelycum and spines on telson Kishinouyepenaeopsis maxillipedo (Alcock, 1905) Petasma with slender horn like distolateral projections curving inwards. Thelycum subquadrate, posteriorly depressed and medially fused to posterior plate. Dark brown spot on the last abdominal segment. Fig.11. Petasma and thelycum Mierspenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller, 1862) Petasma with long, rabbit ear- shaped distomedian projections, deeply concave ventrally; distolateral projections short, directed anterolaterally; proximolateral lobes very large, and curved dorsally. Thelycum with anterior plate distally rounded and broadly articulating with posterior plate. Fig.12. Petasma and thelycum 416

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kishinouyepenaeopsis cornuta (Kishinouye, 1900) Telson with 2 to 4 pairs of distolateral spinules. Petasma with long and slender, horn-like distolateral projection, diverging proximally and curving inward distally, each with a small dorsal spiniform process. Anterior plate of thelycum oblong and concave, fused posteromedially with posterior plate. Fig.14. Petasma and thelycum Mierspenaeopsis hardwickii (Miers, 1878) Petasma with distomedian projections wing-like, wider than long, their anterior margin often crenulate; distolateral projections short and directed laterally. Thelycum with anterior plate concave, rounded anteriorly; posterior plate flat, with a pair of anterolateral tooth-like projections. Fig.15. Petasma and thelycum Ganjampenaeopsis uncta (Alcock, 1905) Distolateral projections of petasma tapering, ends with a long dorsornedian spine-like process. Anterior plate of thelycum wide and short, with curved anterior margin and with 2 longitudinal ridges, medially fused with the quadrate posterior plate. Dark brown patch on dorso posterior part of carapace. 417

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fig.16. Petasma and thelycum Metapenaeopsis stridulans Alcock, 1905 Carapace, abdomen and telson with dark brown mottlings. 5 to 7 strong stridulating ridges in a straight band on carapace. Left lobe of petasma sharply pointed and triangular. Thelycal plate square. Fig.17. Petasma, thelycum and stridulating ridges Metapenaeopsis toloensis Hall, 1962 Stridulating ridges 14 to 22 in curved band. Left distoventral projection of petasma swollen. Thelycal plates subquadrate with rounded corners. 418

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fig.18. Petasma, thelycum and stridulating ridges Trachysalambria aspera (Alcock, 1905) - Rostrum straight with 8- 9 dorsal teeth excluding the epigastric tooth. Carina on the second abdominal segment forms a tubercle. Carina on 3rd abdominal segment starting at 1/3rd, that on 6th abdominal segment ends in sharp spine. The median plate on the anterior portion of the thelycum semicircular, single transverse plate on the posterior portion. Fig.19. Petasma and thelycum Solenocera crassicornis (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) - Rostrum with 8-10 dorsal teeth. Fifth pereopod without coxal spine. Telson unarmed. Solenocera choprai Nataraj, 1945 - Rostrum with 6-9 dorsal teeth. Fifth pereopod with a coxal spine. Telson with a pair of fixed distolateral spine. Solenocera crassicornis Solenocera choprai Few important terms for identification of penaeid prawns  Adrostral carina: Ridge flanking the rostrum, sometimes nearly reaching the posterior margin of the carapace.  Branchiostegal spine: Short spine on or near anterior margin of the carapace ventral to the antennal spine and dorsal to the anteroventral angle of the carapace.  Distomedian projection: Distal relatively narrow extension of the dorsomedian lobule of the petasma.  Epigastric tooth: Tooth on the carapace situated above the gastric region behind the first (posterior most) rostral tooth. 419

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Hepatic carina: Longitudinally or obliquely disposed ridge of variable length lying ventral to the hepatic region, sometimes extending almost to the anterior margin of the carapace.  Hepatic spine: Lateral spine situated near the anterior margin of the hepatic region of the carapace.  Pleuron (Pleura): One of the lateral flaps on each of the anterior five abdominal somites.  Postorbital spine: Spine situated near the orbital margin posterior to the antennal spine  Postrostral carina: Dorso-median ridge extending posteriorly from the base of the rostrum, sometimes nearly reaching the posterior margin of the carapace.  Pterygostomian spine: Marginal spine arising from the anteroventral angle or border of the carapace.  Sternum: Ventral surface of the cephalothorax or abdomen.  Prahepatic spine: Spine arising from the edge of the cervical carina dorsal to the hepatic spine.  Supraorbital spine: Spine located posterior to the orbital margin of the carapace.  Telson: Terminal unit of the abdomen bearing the anus.  Uropod: Paired biramous appendage attached to the sixth abdominal somite, usually combining with the telson to form a tailfan. 420

33chapter Taxonomy is the practice and science of classifying organisms. Taxonomy uses taxonomic units known as taxa. Conventional classic taxonomy mainly classifies the organism based on their morphological features whereas integrative taxonomy is based on the molecular techniques such as gene sequencing and DNA barcoding with classical morphological features. The term ‘Systematics’ is often used in taxonomy. The systematic zoology is the science that discovers names, determines relationships, classifies and studies the evolution of living organisms. It is an important branch in biology and is considered to be one of the major subdivisions of biology having a broader base than genetics, biochemistry and physiology. Shellfish systematics is the most unique one in fisheries science in view of its importance and implications in diversity. The shellfish includes two highly diversified phyla i.e. phylum Arthropoda and phylum Mollusca. These two groups are named as shellfishes because of the presence of exoskeleton made of chitin in arthropods and shells made of calcium in molluscs. These two major phyla are invertebrates. They show enormous diversity in their morphology, in the habitats they occupy and in their biology. Phylum Arthropoda includes economically important groups such as lobsters, shrimps, and crabs. Taxonomical study reveals numerous interesting phenomena in shellfish phylogeny and the study is most indispensable for the correct identification of candidate species for conservation and management of our fishery resources and aquaculture practices. On the whole taxonomic study on shellfishes furnishes the urgently needed information about species and it cultivates a way of thinking and approach for all biological problems, which are much needed for the balance and well-being of shellfish biology as a whole. Lobster Resources Lobsters are among the most prized of fisheries resources and of significant commercial interest in many countries. Because of their high value and esteemed culinary worth, much attention has been paid to lobsters in biological, fisheries, and systematic literature. They have a great demand in the domestic market as a delicacy and is a foreign exchange earner for the country. 421

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key to species of Panulirus recorded off the Indian coast and the island groups, Andaman Nicobar Island and the Lakshadweep Islands 1. Margin of transverse abdominal grooves with squamae varying from well-developed and even in size to minute and irregular in size. Overall colour ranges from brownish- red in specimens with large squamae to olive green in specimens with minute squamae ……………………………………………………………………...P.homarus 2. Antennular plate (between the stridulating organs) with 2pairs (4) of subequal principle spines, fused at their bases. Supraorbital horns rounded in cross section. Overall colour olive- black……………………………………………………….....P.pencillatus 3. Antennular plate with 1 pair (2) of equal principle spines; supraorbital horns flattened bilaterally. Overall colour purplish-red with abdomen covered with conspicuous white spots…………………………………………………………………P.longipes 4. Antennular plate with 1 pair of equal spines; white bands on each abdominal segment. Legs with white spots. Colour Olive green………………………...P.polyphagus 422

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Conspicuous transverse white band posteriorly on each abdominal segment. Legs with longitudinal white stripes, juveniles have white antennae. Overall colour black and green……………………………………………………………..…P.versicolor 6. No transverse white band on abdominal segments but above each pleural spur is a conspicuous white spots. Legs with irregular transverse mottling, no longitudinal stripes. Overall colour bluish green………………………………………….P.ornatus Panulirus homarus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Biology: Maximum total length 31cm, carapace length 12cm. Average total length 20 to 25cm Major fisheries are on the southeast and southwest coast of India. The commercial fishery at Muttom, Kanyakumari district was found to be largely supported by 1st and 2nd year animals. At a given carapace length females are heavier than males. Females attain functional maturity at a carapace length (CL) of 55mm. Males attain maturity at 63mm CL on the basis of allometric growth of III walking leg. Peak breeding season is from November to December. Genus Puerulus Ortmann, 1897 Key to species (after Berry, 1969) 1. Two teeth between frontal horns and the cervical groove 1a. Median keel of carapace with 5 post-cervical and 2 or 3 intestinal teeth. Fifth pereopod of male not chelate……………………………………….… P.sewelli Biology: Maximum total body length 20cm, maximum carapace length about 8cm. Average total length about 15 cm. The species was commercially exploited along the southwest and southeast coast of India. A catch rate of 200-300kg/hr was reported from vessels opening off Mandapam. January to April is the peak period of abundance. During 1998-2000, 524t were landed at Sakthikulangara, Kollam, and Kerala. The sizes of P.sewelli ranged from 76-80mm to 176-180 TL in Males and from 81-85mm to 176-180mm in females. 26% of females were found in mature/berried stage. Due to coincidence of peak breeding and the fishery, the breeding population has been heavily exploited. The species has been overexploited and the current landing is around 2 tonnes/annum from Quilon Bank. Family: Scyllaridae Latreille, 1825 Key to Identification of the family Antennal flagellum reduced to a single, flat plate which forms the sixth and final segment of the antenna. The shovel-like appearance of the antennae is responsible for the name shovel- nosed lobster Thenus unimaculatus Burton & Davie, 2007 Biology: Maximum total body length about 25cm; often appears as bycatch in trawl; also caught in gillnets. At Kollam, Kerala peak fishery was observed from November to February. Total length varied between 61-230 mm in males and 46-250mm in females. Length at recruitment (Lr) was 48mm. Absolute fecundity varied from 14750 to 33250 mature eggs (Radhakrishnan et al., 2013). 423

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shrimp Resources Shrimp resources are available both from inshore and from offshore waters. As the fish resource from inshore waters remained static during the last two decades, fishing pattern underwent several changes in the previous decade, leading to the exploitation of deep sea resources either with deployment of large sized vessels or modified medium/small sized vessels. Deepwater shrimps appear to have a world-wide distribution in tropical waters. They have been caught in surveys using baited traps in depths between 200 m and 800 m off continents and at 200- 500 m depth in the Indian Ocean. Deep sea decapod crustaceans constitute one of the dominant high price groups of invertebrates in the marine fishery sector of Kerala although the structure and organization of their community are not well known as that of coastal penaeid prawns. In view of the increasingly prominent role played by deep sea prawns and prawn products in the economy of the country, the taxonomic identity of various species exploited from the deep sea fishing grounds off Kerala is an essential prerequisite for the sustainable development and management of deep sea prawn wealth of Kerala. The deep sea prawns landed at various harbours of Kerala is an assemblage of wide array of species representing various families, the prominent being Pandalidae, Aristeidae, Solenoceridae and Penaeidae while family Oplophoridae contributes to only a minor portion of the deep sea trawl catches in Kerala. 424

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Penaeid shrimps Aristeus alcocki Ramadan 1938 Diagnostic characters: Large size red abdominal rings. Rostrum in female long and slender upper margin curved downwards till distal end of 2nd segment of antennular peduncle. Rostrum in males much shorter and seldom surpassing tip of antennular peduncle, armed with three teeth above orbit; and no teeth on ventral side, lacks hepatic spine, upper antennular flagellum very short, Eyestalk with a tubercle. Petasma simple, membranous, right and left halves united with each other along the whole length of dorsomedian with a papilla-like projection directed posteromedially. Thelycum represented by a shield shaped plate directed anteroventrally bordered by an oblique ridge on either side. Colour: Pink with reddish bands on the posterior border of all abdominal segments. Fishery & Biology: The catches were mainly composed of females and their size ranged from 78 mm to 188 mm in total length. The size distribution showed unimodal pattern with majority in size groups 146-165 mm. The males, which were very poorly represented in the catches were relatively smaller in size and their total length varied from 67 mm to 110 mm. Distribution: Indian Ocean; Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, at depth of 350-450 m off Quillon and Alleppey. Solenocera hextii Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Family : Solenoceridae Diagnostic characters: Flatenned rostrum with 7 teeth on dorsal side and no teeth on ventral side of the rostrum. Postrostral carina sharp but not laminose. Antennular flagella with red and white bands. The spines on the cervical groove situated ventral to the posteriormost rostral tooth which is well developed. The characteristic ‘L’ shaped groove on either side of the branchiostegal region is also clearly defined. Colour: Pink to red Distribution: Found all along the east and west coast of India at depths between 250 to 547 m. Metapenaeopsis andamanensis (Wood-Mason, 1891) Family: Penaeidae Diagnostic characters: Rostrum more or less horizontal and straight with 6 to 7 teeth on dorsal side and no teeth on the ventral side. Lower antennular flagellum longer than the upper, much longer than the entire antennular peduncle but 0.7 times the carapace length. 3rd pereopod surpass the rostrum by the length of the entire chela. Assymetrical petasma. 3rd maxilliped and 1st pereopod with a basal spine, distal fixed pair of spines on telson. Colour: Pale pink to red Fishery & Biology: The total length of males varied from 67 mm to 115 mm and that of females from 68 mm to 130 mm. Distribution: A penaeid prawn commonly encountered in the trawl catches at all depths ranges upto 400 m and was obtained from all areas. Penaeopsis jeryii Perez Farfante, 1979 Family: Penaeidae Diagnostic characters: Dagger shaped rostrum with teeth on dorsal side of the rostrum. Specimen appears to be pale red in color with white bands on the body. Cervical groove very prominent, antennal scale as long as rostrum. Thelycum trilobed and sub elliptical in structure. 425

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fishery & Biology: Size range of female specimens ranged from 74-115 mm and males ranged from 70-110 mm. Distribution: All along the southwest coast of India particularly off Cochin, Quillon and Alleppey at depth of 275-350 m Caridean / Non-Penaeid shrimps Heterocarpus woodmasoni Alcock, 1901 Family : Pandalidae Diagnostic characters: Carapace with 2 longitudinal crests on each side, extending over full length of carapace – post antennal crest and branchiostegal crest. A conspicuous elevated, sharp tooth at middle of dorsal crest of 3rd abdominal segment, telson bears 5 pairs of dorsolateral spinules besides those at the tip. Fishery & biology: Size in the catches ranged from 72 to 135 mm in total length but dominated by 111-120 mm size groups in both the sexes. The fertilized eggs on the pleopods and the head-roe are light orange and this colour stands out in contrast with the pink colour of the prawn. The berry becomes greyish in advanced stages of development. Distribution: Andamans, Southwest of India off Cochin and Alleppey at depths of 250-400 m Heterocarpus chani Li, 2006 Diagnostic characters: The teeth on the dorsal crest and the rostrum together vary from 8 to 10. Teeth on the rostrum proper varying from 2 to 4 and 13-15 on ventral side. The dactyli of the 3 posterior legs short, median carination of the 3rd abdominal tergum is quite prominent. Carapace with 2 longitudinal crests on each side, extending over full length of carapace- post- ocular crest and branchiostegal crest. Post antennal crest very short. Fishery & biology: The size of the individual prawn varied from 67 to 140 mm in total length and the catches were represented by all groups of the females. Males are mostly in 90- 100 mm size groups. The colour of the berry is light orange and turns dirty grey as embryo develops. Distribution: Southeast and Southwest coast off Cochin, off Alleppey at depths of 250-400 m. immature specimens were found in greater numbers in shallow waters while the bigger prawns seemed to prefer deeper grounds beyond 350 m. Plesionika quasigrandis (Bate, 1888) Pandalidae Diagnostic characters: Rostrum upturned at the tip. Rostrum is armed with 46 teeth on the dorsal side and 31 teeth on the ventral side., very long slender legs, Telson is double the length of the 5th abdominal somite. Lower antennular flagellum longer than the upper and about 5.4 times the carapace length. 3rd maxilliped extends beyond the antennal scale by the length of its dactylus. Second pereopod exceeds the tip of antennal scale by its chela and 1/8 length of carpus. Minute tubercle on the dorsal surface of the carapace at about 1/6th of its length from the hinder edge which corresponds in position to the small blunt median spine which is present in all the specimens. Colour: Body pale red in colour Fishery & biology: The size of this prawn in the catches ranged from 63 to 125 mm but the size groups 95-110 mm in both sexes predominated. Berry is greenish-blue in colour with ovoid shape of fertilized eggs. Distribution: In Indian waters this species is known to occur in south-east and south-west coast of India abundantly noticed from Quilon and Mangalore regions from the depth of 250- 400 m. 426

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plesionika semilaevis Spence Bate, 1888 Diagnostic characters: Rostrum very long pointed with 7-9 dorsal teeth including 2-5 teeth on carapace posterior to the level of orbital margin while ventral margin of the rostrum is armed with 34-56 teeth. Fishery & biology: The size of this prawn in the catches ranged from 71 to 120 mm in males and 80 to 130 mm in females. The modal lengths for males and females were at 90-95 mm and 96-100 mm respectively. Berry is deep blue in colour in the early stages and to light grey in advances stages of development. Distribution: In Indian waters this species is known to occur along the south-west coast particularly throughout the Kerala coast abundantly noticed from Quilon and Alleppey regions from the depth of 200-450 m. Family : Ophlophoridae Ophlophorus gracilirostris Alcock, 1901 Diagnostic characters: Carapace with dorsal carina extending to the posterior margin. Rostrum very long almost equal in length to the carapace. Branchiostegal spine quite distinct, with a well-defined keel, spine on the 3rd abdominal tergum very much longer than those on the 4th and 5th. In the male the anterior border of the first abdominal somite is bilobed with the posterior lobe more pronounced and angular. Distribution: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea and Hawaiin Islands, Southwest of Cochin, off Alleppey 300-450 m Acanthephyra fimbriate Alcock & Anderson, 1894 Diagnostic Characters: The carapace is without a straight ridge or carina running on the entire length of the lateral surface i.e., from the hind margin of the orbit to the posterior edge of the carapace. Rostrum long, upcurved with 5 to 6 teeth on the dorsal side and only one tooth on the ventral side of rostrum. Dorsal carina of 3rd to 6th abdominal somites ending in pointed spines. Sometimes the posterior spine on the sixth somite may be absent. Telson generally more or less truncated at the tip and laterally it is armed with spines. Eyes are well pigmented. Incisor process of the mandible is provided with teeth throughout the entire length of its cutting edge. Pereopods are not abnormally broad and flattened. Exopods of the third maxilliped and all pereopods are neither foliaceous nor rigid. Distribution: Southeast and Southwest coast of India Acanthephyra sanguinea Wood-Mason, 1892 Diagnostic Characters: Rostrum longer than carapace with 7 dorsal and 5 ventral teeth, extending much beyong the tip of the antennal scale. Branchiostegal spine small, forming a small projection on frontal border of carapace and without a carina. Surface of carapace finely pitted as in all the species of the purpurea group. Dorsal carinae of 3rd to 6th abdominal somites ending in pointed spines, that of 3rd somite the longest and of 4th and 5th of equal size and smallest. Four pairs of dorsolateral spines present on the telson. Distribution: Southeast and Southwest coast of India 427

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY- A NOVEL APPROACH TO BIOLOGICAL STUDIES A multisource approach that takes advantage of complementarity among disciplines, i.e., fields of study, has been called combined, multidisciplinary, multidimensional, collaborative, or integrative taxonomy mainly focusing on the species level. Integrative taxonomy does not replace traditional taxonomy. Rather, it compresses the traditional but slow taxonomic routine of visiting a taxonomic problem repeatedly into one procedure by coordinating the findings of different disciplines under the procedure. By doing so, integrative taxonomy improves rigor, more confidence in taxonomic information and consequently provides taxonomic stability. DNA barcoding, a new method for the quick identification of any species based on extracting a DNA sequence from a tiny tissue sample of any organism, is now being applied to taxa across the tree of life. As a research tool for taxonomists, DNA barcoding assists in identification by expanding the ability to diagnose species by including all life history stages of an organism. As a biodiversity discovery tool, DNA barcoding helps to flag species that are potentially new to science. As a biological tool, DNA barcoding is being used to address fundamental ecological and evolutionary questions, such as how species in plant communities are assembled. The process of DNA barcoding entails two basic steps: (1) building the DNA barcode library of known species and (2) matching the barcode sequence of the unknown sample against the barcode library for identification. Although DNA barcoding as a methodology has been in use for less than a decade, it has grown exponentially in terms of the number of sequences generated as barcodes as well as its applications. Detailed species and larval level identification forms the pre-requisite for the proper conservation and management of the declining deep water shrimp resource of the country. DNA barcoding has been successfully used for species identification and discovery of new species, utilizing 650 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). COI was effectively used for the discrimination of closely related species and detection of cryptic species as well as for the identification of fish products. Mitochondrial DNA (Mt-DNA) sequence information has been used as an accurate and automated species identification tool for carrying out studies in a wide range of animal taxa, due to the presence of a significant amount of information. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection (a) Proper disposable or easily sterilized tools. (b) Proper individual storage containers for the organisms and tissues. (c) Data collection tools to handle specimens, tissues. (d) Photo documentation materials (digital camera with appropriate lens(es), memory cards, backup hard drives). 2.2. Storage buffers (a) Dry ice and cooler. (b) Salt solution. (c) EtOH—95% (nondenatured). (d) Formalin or other voucher specimen preservation solution(s) 2.3. Extraction components (a) Lysis buffer for extraction method. (b) Proper plates, tubes or storage vessels. (c) When possible, on-site portable DNA extractor. 2.4. PCR components (a) PCR reaction ingredients and primers. (b) Positive control 16S or 18S and COI 2.5. Sequencing, data QC, and analysis. 428

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data analysis Molecular sequences were checked and confirmed using ABI SeqEditor v.1.0. Protein coding gene sequences (COI and Cytb) were translated into amino acids using Transeq (EMBOSS online tool) to avoid the inclusion of pseudogenes. All the sequences were blasted to report GenBank data to verify the potential contamination and the nucleotide sequences were aligned using the Clustal W algorithm. The aligned data was edited using bioedit V.7.0.5.2, gaps of sequences treated as missing data. All the sequences were submitted to GenBank. The pairwise genetic distance was calculated using MEGA 6.0. Morphological analysis In case of deep sea penaeoid shrimps ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) was used to evaluate character evolutions. Fifty-two morphological characters (24 binary, 27 multistate and one non-informative) were chosen and considered for phylogenetic analyses based on the original taxonomic works of Ramadan (1938), Crosnier (1978; 1985), Pérez-Farfante (1997) and Dall (1999). All these major characters were re-examined carefully. The data matrix was analyzed with maximum parsimony using combinations of programs: Mesquite v.3.01 (Maddison and Maddison 2015) and PAUP v.4.0 (Swofford 2002). These characters were given equal weightage and unordered, the code given for each state (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4). Branch support was assessed using 1000 bootstrap replicates without any outgroups. Results acquired from both morphological and molecular tools was combinely assessed before deriving to any conclusion of a particular species, which is nothing but integrative taxonomy. References Alcock. A. (1901). A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea crustacea: Decapoda, Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum, Being a revised account of the Deep-sea species collected by the Royal Marine Survey Ship ‘INVESTIGATOR’, Calcutta, India, 286 pp. Alcock. A. (1906). Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the Collections of the Indian Museum. Part III. Macrura (Penaeus) Indian Museum, Calcutta, 55 pp. Calman, W.T. 1939. Crustacea: Caridea. John Murray Exped., 1933-34, Scientific Reports 6(4): 183-224. Chace, F.A., Jr. (1985). The caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910, Part 3; Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian contributions to Zoology, No. 411: 143 p. Chakraborty, Rekha D and Chan, Tin-Yam and Maheswarudu, G and Kuberan, G and Purushothaman, P and Chang, Su-Ching (2015) Plesionika quasigrandis Chace, 1985 (decapoda, caridea, pandalidae) from Southwestern India. Crustaceana, 88 (7-8). pp. 923- 930. Chakraborty,RekhaD and Maheswarudu,G and Purushothaman, P and Kuberan, G and Sebastian, Jomon and Radhakrishnan, E V and Thangaraja, R (2016) Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers based identification of blunthorn lobster Palinustus waguensis Kubo, 1963 from South-west coast of India. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 15. pp. 172-177. 429

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chakraborty,RekhaD and Purushothaman,P and Kuberan,G and Sebastian,Jomon and Mahes warudu, G (2015) Morphological analysis and molecular phylogeny of Aristeus alcocki Ramadan, 1938 from south-west coast of India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine sciences, 44 (11). pp. 1716-1725. Chan,Tin-Yam and Chakraborty, Rekha D and Purushothaman, P and Kuberan, G and Yang, Chien-Hui (2018) Plesionika persica (Kemp, 1925) and P. reflexa Chace, 1985 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from India. Zootaxa, 4382 (3). pp. 583-591. Chan,T.Y. (2010). Annotataed checklist of world’s marine losters (Crustacea, Decapoda: Astacidea, Glypheida, Achelata, Polychelida). The raffles Bulletein of Zoology, SupplementNo.23: 153-181. De Man, J.G. (1911). The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition – Part I. Family Penaeidae. Siboga Exped. Monogr., 39a: 1-131. George, M J and George, K C (1964) On the occurrence of the caridean prawn Thalassocaris lucida (Dana) in the stomach of Neothunnus macropterus (Temminck and Schlegel) from the Arabian Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 6 (1). pp. 171-172. George, M.J and K.C.George.(1965). Palinustus mossambicus Barnard (Palinuridae:Decapoda), a rare spiny lobster from Indian waters. J.Mar.Biol.Assn.India, 7(2): 463-464. Holthuis, L.B. (1980). FAO species catalogue. Vol.1 Shrimps and prawns of the world. An annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.1: 1-271. Holthuis, L.B. (1991). Marine losters of the World. FAO species catalogue, Vol.13.FAO Fisheries Synopsis, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 125 (13):1-292. Jeena, N.S. (2013). Genetic divergence in lobsters (Crustacea: Palinuridae and Scyllaridae) from the Indian EEZ. Ph.D Thesis submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India, May 2013, pp.153 John, C. C. and C.V. Kurian. (1959). A preliminary note on the occurrence of deep-water prawn and spiny lobster off the Kerala coast. Bull. Cent. Res. Inst. Trivandrum, Ser. C., 7(1): 155-162. Lalitha Devi, S. (1980). Notes on three caridean prawns from Kakinada. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India., 22 (1&2):169-173. Mohamed, K.H. and C. Suseelan. (1973). Deep-sea prawn resources off the South-West Coast of India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of the Seas around India, CMFRI., India, pp. 614-633. Nandakumar, G., K.N. Rajan and K. Chellappan. (2001). Is the deep-sea prawn fishery of Kerala sustainable? Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 170: 5-9. 430

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oomen P. Varghese. 1980. Results of the exploratory fishing in Quilon Bank and Gulf of Mannar IFP. Bulletin, 4: 1-49. Radhakrishnan E.V., Rekha D. Chakraborty, P.K. Baby and M.Radhakrishnan. (2013). Fishery and Population dynamics of the sand lobster Thenus unimaculatus (Burton & Davie, 2007) loanded by trawlers at Sakthikulangara fishing harbor on the southwest coast of India. Indian j.fish., 60(2): 7-12 Radhakrishnan E.V., S. Lakshmi Pillai, Rajool Shanis and M.Radhakrishnan.(2011). First record of the reef lobster Enoplometopus macrodontus Chan & Ng, 2008 from Indian waters. J.Mar.Biol.Ass.India 53(2): 264-267 Rajan, K.N., Nandakumar, G. and Chellapan, K. (2001). Innovative exploitation of deepsea crustaceans along the Kerala coast. MFIS No. 168. Silas, E.G. (1969). Exploratory fishing by R. V. Varuna. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., No. 12: 1-86. Sulochanan, P., K.N.V.Nair and D. Sudarsan, (1991). Deep-sea crustacean resources of the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone. Proc. National Workshop on Fisheries Resources Data and Fishing Industry: 98-107. Suseelan, (1974). Observations on the Deep-sea prawn fishery off the south-west coast of India with special reference to Pandalids. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 16(2): 491-511. Suseelan, C and K.H. Mohamed. (1968). On the occurrence of Plesionika ensis (A.M. Edw.) (Pandalidae, Crustacea) in the Arabian Sea with notes on its biology and fishery potentialities. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 10(1): 88-94. Thomas, M.M. (1979). On a collection of deep sea decapod crustaceans from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 21 (1&2): Tsang, L.M., K.Y.Ma, S.T. Ahyong, T.Y.Chan and K.H.Chu. (2008). Phylogeny of Decapoda using two nuclear protein coding genes. Orgin and Evolution of the Reptantia. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 48: 359-368. 431

34chapter Molluscs, which include bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods, belong to large and diverse phylum Mollusca, forming the second largest species rich phylum in the world after Arthropoda. Marine molluscs are important component of the marine ecosystem, contributing significantly to the biodiversity from the coastal regions to the abyssal depths of the ocean. The five major classes in Mollusca, namely Polyplacopohora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda and Scaphopoda representing about 586 families, out of which 279 families occur in Indian region which includes 3600 species of marine, 1129 terrestrial and 199 freshwater forms. (Ramakrishna & Dey, 2010). Marine molluscs occur in a large variety of substrates such as rocky shores, coral reefs, mud flats and sandy beaches. The gastropods and chitons are found on hard substrates while bivalves usually burrow on soft substrates (sediment). However, the cephalopods, which are marine, are mostly oceanic and active predators. BIVALVES: There are about 10000 bivalve species. The bivalves form mostly a subsistence level fishery contributing to the livelihood of coastal populations and proving nutritional security. The bivalves have two shells, left and right valve and are bilaterally symmetrical. The shell is composed of calcium carbonate. The meat is consumed mostly by the local population. The bivalves include the clams, mussels, oysters, pearl oysters and cockles. CEPHALOPODS: Cephalopods are purely marine and about 600 living species occur in the marine realm. The cephalopods include the squids, cuttlefish and octopus. While the squids and cuttlefish have an internal skeleton known as gladius (chitinous) and cuttlebone (calcareous), the octopus do not have the internal skeleton. GASTROPODS: Gastropoda is the largest molluscan group with about 35000 extant species. The gastropods, which possess usually a single external coiled shell, are commercially important since they form a fishery all along the Indian coast. The meat is edible, shells are highly ornamental and operculum of the gastropods have medicinal and cosmetic uses. The meat is consumed locally as well as exported, while there is a huge ornamental shell trade along both coasts. 432

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Molluscan fisheries Cephalopods: Cephalopods from the most important molluscan group contributing significantly to the marine fishery. They are landed as by-catch and as targeted fishery mostly in the mechanized trawlers which are operated up to 200m depth and sometimes beyond. Exploitation: In India, cephalopods are mainly caught by bottom trawlers operating up to 200 m depth zones. Most of the cephalopod catch used to be landed as bycatch from shrimp and fish trawls, however now it is an exclusively targeted fishery during the post monsoon period (September to December) particularly cuttlefish, using off bottom high opening trawls along South west and North west coasts. Traditional gears like shore seines, hooks and lines and spearing are used along Vizhinjam coast where no trawl fishing is done. Experimental squid jigging has been attempted in India but not yet commercialized. The cephalopod production which increased from 1500 t in 1971 to over 15000 t in 1979 has been rapidly increasing ever since, reaching a high of over 250000 t in 2017, due to the export of frozen cephalopod products to several countries. Thus, cephalopods which used to be discarded or treated as bycatch, have now become targeted fishery due to the high foreign exchange being generated. The estimated all India cephalopods catch during 2019 was 2,17,733 tonnes, however declined drastically during 2020 at 161004 t, due to the Covid-19 pandemic resulting in loss of fishing days. Gujarat contributes maximum to the cephalopod production with an annual average of 24885 t followed by Kerala at an annual average of 23195 t during 2017-2020, followed by Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. The average annual production of cephalopod was 92798 t (2017-2020), recording a maximum production of 251678 t in 2017. The region wise production of cephalopods was highest in the northwest with an average annual landing of 40841 t followed by south west at 33445 t (2017-2020). The south east region recorded an average annual production of 16672 t and the south west region landed 1917 t during the period. Cephalopods constitute 5-6% of the total marine fish landings of India (CMFRI annual reports). However, they are under heavy fishing pressure due to their high value as export commodity and are subjected to target fishing particularly in the post monsoon seasons along the west coast of India. The cephalopods are landed maximum during January to March and October to December along the upper east and west coast while they are landed during July to September also in Kerala Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Among the cephalopods exploited from the Indian seas, three major groups are the major components in the commercial fishery, squids (Order Teuthoidea), cuttlefish (Order Sepiodea), and octopus (order Octopodidae). The squids constitute 49%, cuttlefish 47% and octopus 4% in the cephalopod landings. The list of commercially exploited neritic species of cephalopods is given below. The dominant species occurring in commercial catches are Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvaucelii, Sepia pharaonis, S. aculeata and Amphioctopus neglectus. 433

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List of commercially exploited cephalopods from Indian seas. Resource Common English name Distribution Cephalopods Squids Indian squid All along Indian coast Uroteuthis (P.) duvaucelii Sword tip squid SW coast U (P) edulis Long barrel squid SW and SE coast U (P) singhalensis Little Indian squid All along Indian coast Loliolus (L) hardwickii Pharaoh cuttlefish All along Indian coast Cuttlefish Needle cuttlefish All along Indian coast Sepia pharaonis Golden cuttlefish Veraval & Cochin S aculeata SW coast S elliptica Hooded cuttlefish SW & SE coast S trygonina Short club cuttlefish Chennai & Visakhapatnam S prashadi Spineless cuttlefish All along Indian coast S brevimana Sepiella inermis Web foot octopus SW & SE coast and islands Veined Octopus SW & SE coast and islands Octopuses Marbled octopus SW & SE coast and islands Amphioctopus neglectus Lobed octopus SW & SE coast and islands A marginatus Common octopus SW & SE coast and islands A aegina Old woman octopus SW & SE coast and islands O lobensis O vulgaris Cistopus indicus Management: The commercially important cephalopods have been intensely researched and stock status of important species have been assessed. Cuttlefish species such as Sepia pharaonic and S aculeata are under exploited or optimally exploited along east coast. Squid stocks along Karnataka are marginally overexploited. Trawl is the principal gear of exploitation of cephalopods and cod end mesh in these are much below the permitted or notified size and therefore considerable quantities of juveniles are caught in the trawls. Mesh size regulations are implemented by the State Fisheries Department however not very effective. Minimum Legal size of capture for three species of cephalopods has been notified by the Kerala and Tamil Nadu Governments. At present 5.3 % of U (P) duvaucelli juveniles 8.7% of S pharaonic and 5.9% of A neglectus is commercially exploited. The strict implementation through enforcement of MLS would lead to enormous economic gains by virtue of the export value of these species. Regulation of fleet size would also facilitate effective management of recruitment overfishing since cephalopods are targeted fishery except seasonally. The trawl ban during the monsoon period is implemented in all the maritime States for 45 to 60 which has a major regulatory effect on this important fishery. The recommended MLS and weights of three major species are given below Species MLS (Mantle length) mm Corresponding total weight (g) U (P) duvaucelli 80 25 Sepia pharaonis 115 150 A neglectus 45 15 434

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Utilization and marketing: Almost the total catch of Cephalopods is exported and there is very little domestic consumption. The export of cephalopods peaked during 1995 with an annual average of 24% of the total exports, however has continued at 15% from 1992 onwards without much change. The value of cephalopod exports is over ₹800 crores in 2003. Squids products followed by cuttlefish are the major commodity among which frozen, dried, whole, filleted, rings, IQF, bones and ink. Octopus products exported are meagre however in recent years there is growing demand for the in export from 1994. The major export markets are Europe, China and Japan. Oceanic squids: In recent years, new oceanic squid resources have been identified in the Indian Ocean. The purple back flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualensis (lesson 1830) is distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the pacific and Indian Oceans. The Arabian Sea is considered one of the richest regions for these oceanic squids in the Indian Ocean. The squids are pelagic occurring at depths of 250-300. This species is considered as the master of the Arabian Sea due to its high abundance, large size, short life span, fast growth, and highest position in the ecological niche. The estimated stock of squid in the Arabian Sea id 0.9 to 1.6 million t. Purse seining and gill netting with light attraction seem to be most efficient gears for exploiting this resource. Bivalves The bivalves include the clams, mussels and oysters, which are distributed all along the Indian coasts. The clams and oysters are fished by the local community for domestic consumption and forms a subsistence level fishery. Bivalves are exploited by the traditional method of hand-picking, skin-diving or by operating hand-dredges. Mussels and oysters are chiselled out from the substratum. Men and women are engaged in the fishing activity during low tide; hence, daily fishing time varies with changing tides. Generally, clams and oysters are gathered by wading in shallow areas, where it is easy to operate the nets and to clean the harvest. Dredges are operated from canoe in deeper areas. The marine clam, mussel and oyster annual production during 2009-2020 was 1,00,931 tonnes on an average from Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Clams are the most important resource followed by mussels and oysters, among which Villorita cyprinoides contributes more than half to the bivalve fishery. Paphia malabarica, Meretrix casta, M. meretrix, Marcia opima and Anadara spp. are the other important species contributing to the commercial clam fisheries. The mussel fishery is comprised of two species viz., green mussel, Perna viridis and brown mussel, Perna indica. The major edible oyster species are the Indian backwater oyster Crassostrea madrasensis and the rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata. Pearl oyster fishery, which was known since ancient times in the Gulf of Mannar area is not conducted since 1962, due to paucity of oysters in the natural beds. Clams: A number of clam species belonging to the families Arcidae, Veneridae, Cobuculidae, Tridacnidae, soleridae Mesodesmatidae, Tellinidae and Donacidae are exploited along the Indian Coast. The Arcid clams are called blood clams due to the presence of haemoglobin in the blood. A single species Anadara granosa is important and occurs Indian coast in soft muddy substratum and forms a significant fishery in the Kakinada Bay. The clams are essentially exploited for the meat, however, in most places the shell is in demand for the lime industry. The meat is also used in the shrimp farming sector as brood stock feed. 435

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The venerid clams are the most exploited among the clams and three genera namely Meretrix, Paphia and Marcia are important. Along the Maharashtra Coast, Meretrix meretrix, Marcia opima, Paphia laterisulca are dominant species. In Goa, M casta, forms a fishery. In Karnataka there 14 estuaries with varying abundance of clams. M casta is found in all estuaries, M meretrix in Kalinadi and Coondapur estuaries, Paphia malabarica in the Mulky, Gurpur, Udayavatra and Coondapur estuaries. Marcia opima is found in Coondapur, Uppunda and Sita estuaries. Along Kerala Coast, P malabarica forms a fishery at Dharmadom, Koduvally, Azhikkal, Valapattinam, Karyangod and Chittari estuaries and Astamudi Lake. Meretrix casta forms fishery in Moorad, Korapuzha, Chaliyar, Mahe and Valapattinam estuaries along the Malabar coast. Along the east coast, M casta occurs in several estuaries and forms a fishery in Vellar estuary, Pulicat lake and Bhimunipatnam. M opima, P malabarica and M meretrix forms fishery in the Kakinada Bay. In Orissa, Meretrix sp occurs in the Chilka lake and Sonapur backwaters. Kerala leads in the clam production followed by Karnataka, while clam resources are smaller in the east coast. Paphia malabarica exploited from the Ashtamudi Lake, had a flourishing fishery but has been declining over the past few years due to drastic change in climatic conditions especially due to flood over the last two years. The average annual production of the short neck clam was 8530 t during 2011 -2020. The average annual production was over 1 lakh t during 2011 to 2015 has declined to 1727 t in 2020. The spat fall has failed due to drastic change in the sediment profile of the Ashtamudi Lake due to continuous rains in the past two years. The short neck clam fishery of Ashtamudi Lake is a regulated and managed fishery. About 500 fishers are depended on this fishery for their livelihood. Based on the recommendations of CMFRI, the Government of Kerala has enforced a ban on clam fishing during the breeding season (September to February), use of 30 mm mesh size to avoid exploitation of smaller clams, restrict the export of frozen clams grade t0 1400 nos/kg and initiate relaying of juvenile clams in suitable areas for stock enhancement. The Minimum Legal Size of fishing of P malabarica has been set at 20 mm. The corbiculid black clam Villorita cyprinoides is a major resource of the Vembanad Lake and is also exploited in several other backwaters and estuaries (Korapuzha, Chaliyar, Moorad, Mahe, Valapattinam, Padanna and Chandragiri) of Kerala, Goa and in the Netravati, Gurpur, Udyavara, Swara and Coondapur estuaries of Karnataka. Villorita cyprinoides exploited from the Vembanad Lake in Kerala contributed almost 90% to the total clam production in India. The average annual production of the black clam in the Vembanad Lake is 44330 t during 2005-2020. A maximum production was 75592 t was recorded in 2006; in 2018 the production was 49394t however has declined to 39243 t in 2020. The Minimum Legal Size of fishing of V cyprinoides has been set at 20 mm. Recently, the relaying of baby clams in new areas where clams did not exist, was highly successful with a production of over 10 t per day for the fishers. Mussels: India has two species of mussels, the green mussel, Perna viridis and the brown mussel, Perna indica. The green mussel contributes substantially to the total mussel production and it is more widely distributed compared to the brown mussel. Green mussels are found along the intertidal coasts of Quilon, Alleppey, Kochi, Kozhikode (Calicut), Kannur and Kasargod districts of Kerala, a state on the south west coast of India. It is most abundant from Kozhikode – Kannur to Kasargod which is known as the mussel zone of India. Along the east coast of India, it ranges along Chilka Lake (Orissa), Visakhapatnam (Andhra 436

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pradesh), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), and Cuddalore (Pondicherry). It is also found along Mangalore, Karwar, Goa, Ratnagiri, and in the Gulf of Kutch and the Andamans and Nicobar Islands. The green mussel fishery along the Malabar Coast is an activity independent of the other marine fishery activities of the coast. The mussel pickers are an exclusive coastal community engaged in the exploitation of this sessile resource and 1551 persons are involved in mussel picking. The green mussel fishery begins from mid-August or September onwards and lasts up to mid-June. The fishery stops during the South West monsoon (June -August). Mussel picking usually begins in the early hours from 07 00 hours and last for 4-5 hours. Picking is generally done during low tide, on bright sunny days when the water is clear. Pickers dive down to the mussel beds and use chisel or knife to scrape off the mussels from the intertidal rocks. The depth ranges from 0.5 to 10 m. The pickers stock the picked heaped in the canoe, while in Thikkodi, the pickers use “catamarans” (made by tying up 3 wooden logs) to reach the mussel beds (Figure 3: A). The fishing duration varies depending on the demand for the mussel and the availability of the particular size range. The major mussel beds along the South west coast are distributed across three districts of Kerala and in Mahe (Union Territory of Pondicherry). The mussel beds in Kozhikode (Calicut) district are Chombala, Thikkodi, Moodadi, Kollam, Elathur, South beach and Chaliyam, constituting about 435 ha. Mussel bed off Mahe (Pondicherry) constitutes nearly 20 ha. The major mussel beds in Kannur district are along Kadalayi, Koduvally, Thalasseri and Thalayi, constituting 125 ha. In Kasargod district, the mussel beds are off Chembarica, Kottikulum, and Bekal constituting 40 ha. The total area of mussel beds along the Malabar Coast constitutes 620 ha in area. Spat settlement occurs on lateritic formations along South beach, Chaliyam, Elathur, Kollam, Moodadi and Thikkodi. Granite rocks are observed in Chembarika, Kottikulum, Bekal, Kadalayi, Koduvally, Thalasseri, Thalayi, Mahe and, Chombala. mussels in nylon bags tied around their waists. In most centers, the 2-3 pickers go out in a small canoe and return with their individual collection The green mussel fishery of the South west Coast of India has unique features which contribute to the sustainability of the fishery. The increased demand for green mussel in recent years has led to increased effort and exploitation of the green mussels. However, the fishery is self-managed and sustained by the mussel pickers themselves by suspending fishing during monsoon season. The special topographic distribution of the mussel beds and the interactions of the climatic factors sustain the livelihood of several wild mussel harvesters in the region. Oysters: The edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis is fished to a very small extent in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It is essentially collected for local consumption and often subsistence fishery. In Ashtamudi Lake, the oyster formed a considerable fishery, however has declined drastically over the last five years. The average annual production was 587t during 2016-2020. The oyster meat is edible and the shell is of composed of calcium carbonate and used in the lime industry. Window pane oysters: The pearl bearing oyster Placuna placenta is distributed in the Gulf of Kutch (Gujarat), Kakinada Bay (Andhra Pradesh) and Nauxim Bay (Zuari estuary in Goa) and the Tuticorin Bay and Velapatti near Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu). P placenta is found on muddy or sandy substrata from shallow water to depths of 100 m. The Kakinada Bay in Andhra 437

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pradesh is a rich ground of live window pane oyster as well as dead shells. The pearls are used in the pharmaceutical preparations of medicines. The shell is large, very flat, thin and rounded and used a glass substitute and other ornamental curio items. The meat is edible. Commonly exploited Common English name Local name bivalve resources Clams and cockles Villorita cyprinoides Black clam Karutha kakka Paphia malabarica, Paphia Short neck clam, Manja kakka (Ma), Chippi kallu (Ka), sp. Tisre (Ko) Meretrix casta, Meretrix Yellow clam Matti (Ta) meretrix Marcia opima Baby clam Njavala kakka (Ma), Vazhukku matti (Ta) Sunetta scripta Marine clam Kadal kakka (Ma) Donax sp Surf clam Mural,Vazhi matti (Ta) Geloina bengalensis Big black clam Kandan kakka (Ma) Anadara granosa Cockle Aarippan kakka (Ma) Placuna placenta Window pane oyster Kapis Mussel Perna viridis Green mussel Kallumakkai, Kadukka (Ma) Alichippalu (Te) Perna indica Brown mussel Kallumakkai, Chippi (Ma) Edible oysters Crassostrea madrasensis Indian backwater oyster Kadal muringa (Ma); Ali, Kalungu (Te) Patti ( Ta) Saccostrea cucullata Rock oyster Kadal muringa (Ma); Ali, Kalungu, Patti (Ta) Ka – Kannada, Ko – Konkani, Ma- Malayalam, Mr – Marati, Ta- Tamil, Te- Telugu Gastropods The gastropod constitutes a large and highly diversified class within the phylum Mollusca with 1,00,000 living species, of which the estimated number of valid marine species is around 50,000 to 55,000 marine (Mollusca Base, 2021). The marine gastropod resources in India comprise a variety of species. Several species of gastropods have high economic value in international markets and play important social roles in small-scale artisanal fisheries. In India from both east and west coasts several gastropod species are being exploited from time immemorial. The gastropods form a niche in the export industry and becoming highly priced objects in Indian and foreign markets and the fishery supports a huge number of the coastal population either directly or indirectly for making the ornaments and handicrafts from gastropods shells. There is a variety of ornamental gastropods and it is used as the raw material for the shell handicraft trade. In southeast coast of India, where the most part of landings of marine gastropods are occur is considered as the hub of shell craft industry. The meat of several gastropods is consumed. The operculum of the gastropods is also in high demand for use in the pharmaceutical industry. The southwest and southeast coasts and the coral reef ecosystem in the Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar Islands harbour some of the richest gastropod beds along the Indian coast. These resources are mainly exploited by either mechanised trawlers, bottom set gillnets or by diving. Very few species form a regular fishery and most of them are obtained in smaller magnitude. Among the several gastropod 438

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- species that are exploited very few species are used for edible purpose. In view of the intense exploitation of several species of gastropods as raw material for the shell craft as well as pharmaceuticals, 24 species of the ornamental molluscs have been classified as endangered and are protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972). In India, commercial exploitation of gastropods is mainly in three States., Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The average annual exploitation of gastropods in India was 4909 tonnes (2012-2020). Tamil Nadu was dominant in the gastropod fishery with 58 % of the total gastropod catch followed by Kerala (25 %) and Andhra Pradesh (17 %). Most of the commercially important gastropods are distributed in the shallow waters, lagoons and reef areas of the coastal sea. In India nearly 60 gastropod species form commercial fishery. Among the exploited gastropods, Babylonia spirata,Turbinella pyrum, Chicoreus ramosus, Lambis lambis, Pirenella cingulata, Laevistrombus canarium, Telescopium Telescopium, Umbonium vestiarium, Neverita didyma, Nassaria coromandelica, Volegalea cochlidium, Agaronia gibbose, Tonna dolium and Conus spp.were the dominant species .Turbinellapyrum, the sacred chank, has formed an inextricable bond with humanity out of all the shells. It has played a key role in the observance of traditional customs o fthe Indians, especially Hindus, as a divine symbol. It occupies the top status and they are exploited from both the east and west coasts of India. Exploitation of T. pyrum by skin diving method is most popular in south east coast of Tamil Nadu. List of commercially exploited gastropods from Indian waters Resource Common English name Gastropods Turritellidae Turritella attenuata Turret/Screw shell Turritella duplicata Duplicate turret Terebridae Auger shell Duplicaria duplicata Duplicate auger Harpidae Harp shell Harpa major Major harp Olividae Olive shell Agaronia gibbosa Gibbous olive (Oliva gibbosa) Ancilla acuminata Pointed ancilla Ficidae Fig shell Ficus ficus Common fig shell Naticidae Moon shell Tanea lineata Lined moon shell (Natica lineata) Natica vitellus Calf moon shell Polinices mammilla Pear-shaped moon Polinices fibrosa Architectonicidae Sundial shell Architectonica perspectiva Perspective sundial Architectonica purpurata Purpurata sundial Rostellariidae Tibia shell 439

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tibia curta Curta tibia Cassidae Helmet/Bonnet shell Phalium glaucum Grey bonnet Semicassis bisulcata Japanese bonnet Cassis cornuta Horned helmet Tonnidae Tun shell Tonna dolium Spotted tun Muricidae Rock shell Rapana rapiformis Turnip shell (Rapana bulbosa) Murex trapa Rare spined murex Muricidae Chicoreus virgineus Virgin murex (Murex virgineus) Haustellum haustellum Snipe's bill murex (Murex haustellum) Vokesimurex malabaricus Malabar murex (Murex malabaricus) Purpura bufo Toad purpura (Thais bufo) Strombidae Conch shell Mirabilistrombus listeri Lister's conch (Strombus listeri) Dolomena plicata sibbaldi Pigeon conch (S.plicatus sibbaldi) Volutidae Volutes shell Harpulina lapponica loroisi Lorois's volute Babyloniidae Babylon shell Babylonia spirata Spiral babylon Babylonia zeylanica Indian babylon Melongenidae Crown conch Hemifusus cochlidium Spiral melongena Fasciolariidae Spindle shell Fusinus colus Distaff spindle Fusinus forceps Forceps spindle Turbinellidae chank shell Turbinella pyrum Sacred chank ( Xancus pyrum) Bursidae Frog shell Bufonaria echinata Spiny frog shell (Bursa spinosa) Bufonaria crumena Frilled frog shell (Bursa crumena) Tutufa bufo Red-mouth frog shell Ranellidae Triton shell Cymatium(lotoria) perryi Perry's triton (C.(Lotoria) lotorium) 440

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gyrineum natator Tuberculate gyre triton Turridae Turrid shell Lophiotoma indica Indian turrid Cypraeidae Cowry shell Mauritia arabica Arabian cowry (Cypraea arabica) Erronea errones Wandering cowrie (Cypraea errones) Nassariidae Nassa shell/Dog whelk Nassarius conoidalis Cone-shaped nassa Nassarius olivaceus Olive nassa Nassarius stolatus Conidae Cone shell Conus betulinus Betuline cone Conus textile Textile cone Conus milneedwardsi Glory of India cone Conus inscriptus Engraved cone Conus figulinus Personidae Common distorsio Distorsio perdistorta Hunchback distorsio Buccinidae Whelk shell Cantharus tranquebaricus Tranquebar goblet Ovulidae False cowries Volva volva Shuttlecock volva Cancellariidae Nutmeg shell Trigonostoma scalariformis Scalariform nutmeg Calyptraeidae Slipper shell Desmaulus extinctorium Conical slipper shell Trochidae Top shell Clanculus spp. Gibbula spp. Gastropod species composition In Tami Nadu, the average annual gastropod catch was 2848 tonnes (2012-2020). Along Tamil Nadu coast gastropods are mainly exploited from six districts in which, Ramanathapuram contributes 54 % of the total catch followed by Tuticorin (14 %), Nagapattinam (9 %), Cuddalore( 7 %), Kannyakumari (7 %) Chennai(6 %) and Tirunelveli (3 %). Trawl net is the major contributing gear (53 %) followed by Skin diving (38 %), gill net (6 %) and other gears (3 %). In the Tuticorin and Ramanathapuram, gastropods formed a targeted fishery traditionally by skin diving, whereas in gillnet and trawl net, these resources are landed as by catch. The targeted gastropods from skin diving is T. Pyrum, C. ramosus and L. lambis . In the trawl net, Babylonia, Strombids, Olivids, Naticids, Nassarids, Bursa, Conus and Muricids are the most important group. In Tirunelveli, chank net (gill net) is the major gear for gastropod exploitation and T. Pyrum was the dominant species. In this region, gastropods are mainly exploited for its shell and plays an important role in the commercial shell craft industry in Southern coast of India. From Thoothukudi District, the meat of C.ramosus exported to Thailand. Apart from the shell and meat, the dried operculum of 441

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gastropods is in immense demand in the international market. The operculum of gastropods has good market value ranging from Rs. 1,000 to 14,000 depends on the species and operculum powder is an important ingredient in fragrance making. In addition, from the Thoothukudi region the under sized and infested gastropod has been transported to Northern part of Tamil Nadu where the minced and powdered shell is used as an ingredient for the poultry feed. In Chennai, the ornamental gastropods are mainly landed as by-catch along with other resources in the trawl landing. The fishery was compromised of about 30 species of gastropods. Babylonia sp. is the targeted fishery along the coast and it contributes about 68.24% to the total gastropod landings. There is a high export demand on Babylonia in the foreign counties like China, Hongkong, Thailand. The other species which are regularly landed in by catch were Ficus spp., Bursa spp., Turittella spp., Tona dolium, Nassarius dollium , Conus spp., Phalium spp., Rapana rapiformes. Major landing of gastropods was contributed by multiday trawl net (58%). In Kerala, Shakthikulangara and Neendakara are the major landing centres of the Kollam district and ranked top gastropod landing centres along the western coast of India. An estimated annual gastropod landing of Kerala is 1225 tonnes (2012-2020). In Kollam, gastropods occur as a by-catch of shrimp trawlers and the exploited gastropods are mainly used for meat and ornamental shells. Although a large number of gastropod exporting firms exist in this area, due to lacking of hell craft industries exploited ornamental shells are traded to shell craft industries located in Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, and Goa. Few years before in Kollam a large number of species are being exploited and traded and they include Babylonia, Turbinella, Harpulina ,Bufonaria, Rapana, Turritella, Conus, Natica, Tibia, Oliva, Nassarius, Ficus andPhallium. In order to prevent juvenile fishery, in recent years, the strict vigilance from Coastal Police and State Fisheries Department has been carried out at the major landing centre of Kerala including Kollam. Owing to this, trash landings at the landing centres have been reduced because only the trash landings will bring the ornamental gastropods at the landing centres. Gastropods catch was mainly contributed by Babylonia species because of its targeted fishery every year during April – June. The entire gastropod catch was contributed by two main gears, 90 % by Single day trawl net (MTN) and 10 % by multi-day trawl net (MDTN). Babylonia spirata and B. zeylanica were the dominant species in the catch forming 99.8%. of the total gastropod catch. Babylonia spirata and B. zeylanica were the dominant species in the catch forming 99 %. Babylonia spp were obtained as by catch during shrimp trawling throughout the year. Whelk trawl net is specially designed notably it has heavy rigging which help this net to plough deep into the sediment and thereby catching these whelks. Observations on the landings of shells indicated that 54 species of gastropods belonging to 27 families; 9 species of bivalves belonging to 5 families and one species of scaphopod were landed as by-catch of trawlers. In Andhra Pradesh, the gastropods are mainly exploited from Kakinada, Kancheru and Visakhapatnam regions. The targeted centres for gastropod fishery are Kakinada and Kancheruand and in most landing centers the gastropods are mainly came under by-catch discard categories. The average annual landing of gastropods from Andhra Pradesh is 837 tonnes. The main species contribute to the fishery are Cerethidia sp., Bursa sp., Babylonia spp., Telescopium sp., Umbonium sp., Murex sp., Hemifusus sp., Harpa sp. Conus sp. Oliva sp. Tonna sp. etc. The annual landings of Gastropods at Kakinada is 524.23 t and catch/effort was 509.52 kg/unit (2017-2019). About 43% is contributed by the Cerethidia sp. and rest mainly by Murex sp., Telescopium sp. and Umbonium sp.etc. In Kancheru, average annual gastropod landing was 0.75 tonnes with the catch/effort of 3.53 kg/unit respectively. Babylonia zeylanica, Harpa major, Murex Sp., Bursa Spp. contributes more to the landing 442

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The landings is mainly in the by-catch form from gillnets; mostly from the “crab nets” –the bottom set gill nets used in August to December season. In Visakhapatnam the gastropod catch is mainly from trawl by-catch. The total gastropods landings during the year 2017-2019 were about 17.42 tonnes with an average annual landing of about 5.81 tonnes with the catch/effort of 5.65 kg/unit respectively. Nearly 32% of the catch was contributed by the Bursa species, 22% by Ficus sp. and rest 46% by other species like Polinices sp., Tonna spp., Conus sp. etc. The Shells were collected by ladies for domestic consumption mainly the Ficus sp. and Melo sp.The marketing of these shells is mainly depending on the nearby states like Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra and Telengana; besides the small scale exporters of Kakinada, Yanam, Guntur and other regions of the Andhra Pradesh. The molluscan fishery of India can be further developed and production can be increased on a sustainable level with better focused management and regulations. Bivalve and gastropod fishery are not adequately monitored and reported moreover, it is restricted to domestic consumption only and lack of awareness regarding the nutritive values of these high protein nutritive resources. Also, conservation and stock enhancement strategies are to be implemented for the endangered species. Exploitation of cephalopods can be enhanced up to the potential yield estimates only and hence fishery management and gear and fleet size restrictions need to be strictly enforced. Potential for exploitation of Oceanic cephalopods exists and has to be tapped. Literature Alagarswami, K. and K.A. Narasimham (1973). Clam, cockle and oyster resources of the seas around India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of the Seas around India. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin. 648-658 Alagarswami, K. and M.M. Meiyappan (1989). Prospects and problems of management and development of the marine molluscan resources (other than cephalopods) in India. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst. 44(1):250-261. Appukuttan, K K and Velayudhan, T S and Kuriakose, P S and Laxmilatha, P and Kripa, V and Narasimham, K A (1993) Farming experiments and transfer of technology of bivalve culture along the southwest coast of India. NAGA ICLARM Quarterly, 21 (3). pp. 23-26. Appukuttan, K.K., A. Chellam, K. Ramadoss, A.C.C. Victor and M.M. Meiyappan (1989) Molluscan resources. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst. 43: 77-92. Ayyakkannu, K. (1994). Fishery status of Babylonia spirata at Porto Novo, southeast coast of India. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Publ. 13: 53-56. Edible and ornamental gastropod resources. In: Marine Fisheries Research and Management. V.N.Pillai and N.G.Menon (Editors), Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin: 525 – 535. Kasim, H.M (1985). Population dynamics of the squid Loligo duvauceli in Saurashtra waters. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 17(1&2): 103-112. Kasim, H.M. (1988). Commercial fish trawling over pearl and chank beds in the Gulf of Mannar – A new dimension to problems in shell fisheries. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst. 42(1): 94-99. 443

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Laxmilatha, P (2013) Review of the Green Mussel Perna viridis Fishery of South West Coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 3 (48). pp. 408-416. Laxmilatha, P (2015) Gastropod and bivalve fishery of Kakinada Bay, Andhra Pradesh, India: Management and conservation issues. Aquaculture Asia, 20 (4). pp. 21-26. Laxmilatha, P (2015) Status and conservation issues of window pane oyster Placuna placenta (Linnaeus 1758) in Kakinada Bay, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 57 (1). pp. 92-95. ISSN 2321-7898 Laxmilatha, P and Thomas, Sujitha and Surendranath, V G and Sivadasan, M P and Ramachandran, N P (2011) Bivalve resources of Moorad Estuary, north Kerala. Marine Fisheries Information Service (207). pp. 24-25. Lipton, A.P., P.Thillairajan, M. Bose, R. Ramalingam and K. Jayabalan (1996). Large scale exploitation of sacred chank Xancus pyrum using modified trawl net along Rameswaram Coast, Tamil Nadu. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T&E Ser. 143: 17-19. Meiyappan, M, M; M.Srinath; K.P.Nair; K.S.Rao; R. Sarvesan; G.S.Rao; K.S. Mohamed; K.Vidyasagar; K.S. Sundaram; A.P. Lipton; P. Natarajan; G. Radhakrishnan; K.A.Narasimham; K.Balan; V. Kripa and T.V. Sathianandan, (1993). Stock assessment of the Indian squid Loligo duvauceli Orbigny. Indian J. Fish., 40(1&2): 74-84. Meiyappan, M,M and K.S. Mohamed. (2003). Cephalopods. In: M.M. Joseph and A.A. Jayaprakash (Eds). Status of Exploited Marine Fishery Resources of India. Cent. Mar. Fish. Rs. Inst. Cochin, India. 221-227. Mohamed, K.S., M. Joseph, P. S. Alloycious, G. Sasikumar, P. Laxmilatha, P. K. Asokan, V. Kripa, V. Venkatesan, S. Thomas, S. Sundaram and G. S. Rao (2009). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of exploitation of juvenile cephalopods from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and determination of minimum legal sizes. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 51 (1): 98 – 106. 444

35chapter The gastropods constitute a large and highly diversified class within the phylum Mollusca with 1,00,000 living species, of which the estimated number of valid marine species are around 50,000 to 55,000 (Mollusca Base, 2021). Gastropods encompass 80 % of living molluscs species. Gastropods are considered as the oldest known fossils with their shells being evolved in rocks 540 million years ago. Many gastropods possess a shell that protects the soft body of the animal. In most species, the coiled shell opens on the right-hand side (dextral). Rarely, right-hand coiled species will produce left-hand coiled (sinistral) shells and vice versa. Many species bear an operculum that assists to protect the animal in addition to the shell. About 5070 species have been reported from India belonging to 290 families and 784 genera which are recorded from Gulf of Mannar (428 species), Lakshadweep (424 spp.), Gulf of Kutch (350 spp.), Orissa coast (337 spp), West Bengal coast (425 spp.) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (1434 spp). Nearly 3,370 species of molluscs are recorded from marine habitat (Venkataraman and Wafar, 2005). Among these, gastropods are the most diverse, followed by bivalves, cephalopods, polyplacophores and scaphopods. About 1900 marine species of gastropods are known to date. The marine gastropod resources in India comprise a variety of species and the resources are exploited regularly for various purposes. They are mainly exploited regularly for ornamental purposes and food. Very few species forms a regular fishery and most of them are obtained in smaller magnitude making them unnoticed. Even though these resources are smaller in magnitude compared to other fisheries, they play an important role as raw materials for the multi-million dollar ‘SHELLCRAFT INDUSTRIES’ world over. In southeast coast of India, where the most part of landings of marine gastropods are landed and considered a hub of shell craft industry. Gastropods are characterised by having single shell and an operculum and an active foot. Wide range in size and the shell has been modified enormously in many groups. Major identifying features of Gastropods  Structure of the radula (rhipidoglossan, docoglossan, taenioglossan, ptenoglossan, stenoglossan and toxoglossan)  Structure of the operculum (Chitinous, calcareous, multispiral, paucispiral, ungulate, ovate).  Character of the aperture 445

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Character of the columella (curvature, sculpture)  Presence and character of umbilicus. Morphometrics of a typical marine gastropod Glossary of technical terms used in identification of gastropods Anterior canal - expansion looking like a groove or a tube Aperture - opening in gastropod shells. Apex - extremity of a gastropod shell opposite to the anterior region. Body whorl - most anterior whorl of the gastropod shell, last and largest whorl. Callus - thickening of the shell, usually secreted on the parietal region of the columella. Columella - column or pillar located on the centre of a gastropod shell. Cord - element of gastropod shell sculpture, usually spirally oriented, thicker than line. Cordlet - narrow cord, thicker than line. Crenulations - notches, or wrinkles that are small and delicate. Denticles - features of sculpture elements looking like small teeth-like projections. Fold / Plication - ridge spiralling on columella. Granulated - surface covered with minute grains, pustules, or beads. Growth lines - lines on shell surface indicative of alternating periods of growth and rest; Incised lines - features of shell sculpture represented by cuts or narrow grooves on the shell surface. Indentation - cut or notch on shell edge or parietal region. Knob - large nodule, rounded projection. Lamella - thin plate or blade-like projection. 446

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lip - edges of the outer surface of the aperture in the gastropod shell. Nacreous - characteristic of being iridiscent, like mother-of-pearl. Nodules - projections that are rounded as tubercules. Notch - cut or depression on any margin, canal, or on the gastropod aperture. Opalescent - characteristic of being whitish, but with nacreous luster. Operculum - plate which closes the aperture of gastropod shells Outer lip - edge of the external part of the aperture away from the shell axis. Parietal - region of the internal part of the aperture Periostracum - layer of the outside part of the shell. It is horny and sometimes hair-like. Peristome - aperture rim or periphery. Plication - same as fold. Protoconch - larval shell remaining on the apex of well-preserved gastropod shells. Radial - structures that are directed away from the apex toward the shell margin, in limpets. Ribs - strucutural elements forming a well-defined, narrow ridge in gastropod shells. Serrated - resembling tiny saw teeth. Septum - partition found in the internal side of gastropod shells; characteristic of slipper- shells. Shoulder - angled region of the whorls of gastropod shells. Siphonal canal - projection of the anterior region shell in tubular form protecting the anterior siphon. Spire - series of successive whorls in a gastropod shell, with exception of the last one. Striation - fine, repeated lines or furrows on shell surface. Suture - line or region of junction between two adjacent whorls in the gastropod shell. Umbilicus - cavity at base of gastropod shells. Varix - axial sculptural element that is more prominent than a costa, and usually more widely spaced; Ventral - region of the animal opposed to the dorsal region; region of the foot in gastropods. Whorl - a complete turn or coil of the gastropod shell. Commercially important gastropod families The class Gastropods consists of as many as 39 families (FAO,1998), represented by numerous species. In order to have a broader understanding on the taxonomy of this group the following most commercially valued families numbering 26 have been considered citing the important representative key species. A mention is also made for better understanding on the key contrasting species under the same family which otherwise look different. Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) use six main clades: Patellogastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Cocculiniformia, Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia,which are generally recognized by researchers. Patellogastropoda: This is a major group of marine gastropods that contains true limpets, traditionally called Docoglossa. Vetigastropoda: This includes top shells, abalone, keyhole and slip limpets and several other families. Cocculiniformia: This group includes white limpets that attach to organic matter in the deep ocean. Neritimorpha: Includes some sea snails and deep water limpets. 447

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Caenogastropoda: This group is highly diverse and has colonized almost all marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. This clade (large group) consist of about 60 % of extant gastropods and contains a large number of ecologically and commercially important marine families such as Muricidae, Volutidae , Mitridae, Buccinidae, Terebridae ,Conidae , Littorinidae, Cypraeidae, Cerithiidae , Calyptraeidae, Tonnidae , Cassidae , Ranellidae , Strombidae and Naticidae . Heterobranchia: This group includes pulmonates (comprises more than 20,000 species) and opisthobranchs includes sea hares, sea slugs and bubble shells. This group includes the gastropod groups positioned by Thiele’s taxonomic scheme into the ‘Opisthobranchia’ and ‘Pulmonata’, as well as some ‘prosobranch’ groups. Major gastropod species in shell trade Haliotidae: Shell ear-shaped, depressed and loosely coiled. Spire eccentric. A spiral row of holes on body whorl. Operculum absent. Haliotis varia Linnaeus, 1758 : Ear shell Moderately large, thick and broadly ovate shell. Outer surface coarse looking with flat spires. The aperture is large and the inner surface smooth and lustrous. Body whorl with 4-5 perforations near the margin. Olive green with white mottling/ dull greyish brown with green tinge. Trochidae: Shell conical to globose, often with a flattened base. Aperture without a siphonal canal, nacreous within. Operculum corneous, nearly circular Trochus radiatus Gmelin, 1791 : Radiate Topshell Moderate sized top shaped shells. Moderate to well- developed spires. Surface sculptured by spiral rows of tubercles, upper rows of tubercles are larger and pearly inner. Columella is smooth and not denticulated. Ground colour white to pale, uninterrupted axial reddish streak. Aperture white in colour. Umbonium vestiarium (Linnaeus, 1758) : Button shell Small solid rounded shells (up to 2 cm). Smooth, highly polished surface. Spire is depressed. Body whorl broad and more or less flattened. Aperture is flattened and ‘D’ shaped. Colour pattern polymorphic and highly variable in exterior. 448

ICAR-CMFRI -Winter School on “Recent Development in Taxonomic Techniques of Marine Fishes for Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management”- Jan 03-23, 2022 at CMFRI, Kochi-Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Turbinidae: Shell varies greatly in shape and size from orbicular, rounded, top shaped, elongately ovoid or even conical. Body whorl is always enlarged and moderately inflated. Pearly within. Thick calcareous operculum. Turbo bruneus (Roding, 1798): Brown dwarf turbon More or less top shaped shell with well- developed spire and rounded whorls, lower surface is rounded or inflated and never flattened. Three to four whorls on the flat inner surface, outer one is rounded, smooth and sculptured. Largest ridge in the middle ends at the margin of outer lip as a distinct tooth. Umblicus narrow and deep with a keel around. Inner lip shiny. Dark greenish brown, irregular yellow blotches. Thick calcareous operculam, with nearly central nucleus. Turritellidae: shell elongate, sharply conical, with numerous whorls and a small aperture.Whorls sculptured with spiral ribs or keels. Siphonal canal absent. Operculum corneous, rounded. Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus 1758): Duplicate turret Shell is large and thick without an umbilicus, often very tall and slender with more or less numerous whorls and usually with spiral sculpture. Aperture is small, rounded or angular and margin unbroken by canals, outer lip distinctly sinuate. Two sharp ridges in the middle of each whorl. This sharp angle tends to disappear in larger specimens but is retained in the top five or six whorls. Architechtonidae: Shell wider than long, with a large, rather flat base. Umbilicus broadly open, within which can be seen the inverted larval shell. A nodular spiral rib bordering the umbilicus. Aperture without a siphonal canal. Operculum corneous, with a tubercle internally. 449