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Integumentary System  Function: ​The integumentary system serves the body by protecting it, as well as maintaining body temperature, excretion, and the perception of stimuli. Key terms: Derm/o, Dermat/o: ​ Skin Kerat/o: ​ Hard, horn-shaped tissue Xer/o:​ Dry Xanth/o:​ Yellow Erythr/o:​ Red Pedicu/o:​ Fingernail/Toenail Onych/o:​ Nail Myc/o:​ Fungus Pil/o:​ Hair; Hair Follicle Lip/o:​ Fat Rhytid/o:​ Wrinkle Albin/o:​ White EXTRA KEY TERMS Hidr/o:​ S​ weat Scler/o:​ H​ ardening Trich/o:​ ​Hair Adip/o:​ ​Fat Cauter/o:​ ​Heat; burn Vocabulary: Epidermis:​ Outermost layer of the skin Keratin:​ A fibrous water-repellent protein which is what the epidermis consists of. Melanocytes​: Cells that contain and produce dark brown to black pigments (melanin). Basal layer​: The deepest layer of the epidermis. Hair follicles​: Tiny secretory cavities from which hair grows. Collagen​: A fibrous protein found in ​skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Sebum:​ An oily substance that is secreted into hair follicles which lubricates skin and hair. Sweat glands:​ Tiny coiled glands located in the dermis. Perspiration​: A liquid that consists of 99% water and 1% salt and metabolic waste products which is secreted by sweat glands. Arrector pili:​ Bundles of small muscle fibers that are attached to hair follicles.

EXTRA Vocabulary: Nail plate:​ ​ The hard translucent part of the nail. Cuticle:​ ​ Narrow band of epidermal tissue attached to the surface of the nail. Nail root​:​ Area of the dermis on which the nail rests. Lipids:​ ​ A group of organic compounds that consist of fat, and are insoluble. Epithelial tissue:​ Is a layer(s) of the epidermis that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs and cavities. Diseases/disorders: Alopecia:​ Hair loss that occurs due to genetics, normal aging, illness, or drugs for certain diseases. Gangrene:​ The death of tissue due to loss of blood supply and is followed by bacterial infection. Psoriasis​: Chronic disease marked by itchy erythematous skin with silver patches. Scabies​: A contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with itching. EXTRA Diseases/disorders: Keloid:​ An abnormally raised, thickened scar. Tinea:​ Skin infection caused by fungus. Lesions, noncancerous:​ An area of benign tissue. Cicatrix:​ A scar left by a healed wound. Urticaria:​ Hives with localized swelling and itching. Test/Procedures: Excisional biopsy:​ Surgical removal of an entire lesion or tumor. Incisional biopsy: ​ Incision into the tissue for removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination. Healthcare careers: Dermatologist:​ A physician who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatology Technician:​ A specialized medical assistant who works in the skin-care field, and some of their duties are to record patients’ medical histories, preparing patients for examinations, clinical procedures, etc.

EXTRA Healthcare careers: Pediatric Dermatologist:​ A​ dermatologist that specializes in skin disorders in infants and children. Dermatologic Oncologist:​ ​A dermatologist who treats, diagnoses, and surgically removes various types of skin cancers. Cosmetic Dermatologist:​ A​ dermatologist that specializes in skin treatments and conditions to maintain, improve, or restore appearance. Immunodermatologist:​ A​ dermatologist that specializes in the treatment of skin cancers caused by an overactive immune system. Dermatology Nurse Practitioner: ​Dermatology nurse practitioners are nurse practitioners specialized in dermatology and certain duties include prescribing certain medications, ordering lab work, diagnosing and treating minor illnesses, etc.                                    

Musculoskeletal System  Function: ​The musculoskeletal system serves the body by holding body parts together in place,making movement possible, protecting internal organs, producing 85% of body heat, assisting with moving food and other fluids as well as aiding blood flow throughout the body. Key terms: My/o: ​ Muscle Myel/o:​ Spinal cord; bone marrow Oste/o:​ Bone Cost/o:​ Rib Crani/o:​ Skull -Pexy:​ Surgical fixation Chondr/o:​ Cartilage Arthr/o:​ Joint; jointed -Plegia:​ Paralysis Kinesi/o:​ Movement EXTRA KEY TERMS Lei/o:​ S​ mooth Sarc/o:​ F​ lesh; connective tissue Articul/o:​ J​ oint Rhabd/o:​ Rod-shaped Tens/o:​ Stretched; strained Vocabulary: Muscle:​ Type of body tissue made up of bundles of fibers that are held together by connective tissue. Voluntary muscles:​ Muscles that are simulated to move through conscious control. Involuntary muscles:​ Muscles that are not simulated to move through conscious control. Automaticity:​ The ability of a muscle to contract without the involvement of a nerve supply. Contractility:​ The ability of a skeletal muscle to contract or shorten. Elasticity:​ The ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed. Excitability:​ The ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by contracting. Extensibility:​ The ability of the skeletal muscles to be stretched.

Tendon: ​A band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. Ligament:​ A fibrous cord of tissue that attaches bone to bone. EXTRA Vocabulary: Endomysium:​ ​A fine sheath of aerolar connective tissue around each muscle fiber. Perimysium:​ ​A sheath of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fasicles. Epimysium​: A​ dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle. Fascia​: F​ ibrous connective tissue that binds muscles into functional groups and envelops other structures in the body.​ Smooth muscle​: ​A type of involuntary muscle that contracts and relaxes to move contents through body systems passageways. Diseases/disorders: Atrophy:​ Wasting away or shrinkage of muscle size. Hemiparesis​: Weakness or slight paralysis on one side of the body. Hemiplegia:​ Total paralysis on one side of the body. Hypertrophy:​ Excessive or abnormal enlargement of a muscle. Myolysis​: Degeneration or deterioration of muscle tissue. EXTRA Diseases/disorders: Myoma:​ Tumor of the muscle. Leiomyoma:​ Benign tumor of smooth muscle, such as that found in the heart, bladder, or uterus. Myocele:​ Herniation or protrusion of muscle through a tear in the fascia. Myoparesis: ​ Weakness or mild muscular paralysis. Myositis:​ Inflammation of a muscle. Test/Procedures: Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR):​ Evaluation of involuntary muscle responses with a reflex hammer. Goniometry:​ The measurement of range of motion in a joint. Healthcare careers: Certified Fitness Trainer (CFT):​ A trainer who serves as a leader and instructor in exercise programs and helps people achieve and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Sports medicine physician:​ A physician who treats and prevents sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles.

EXTRA Healthcare careers: Exercise physiologist:​ ​A physiologist who performs exercise stress tests and evaluates a person’s physical condition, focusing on cardiovascular health and metabolism. Massage therapists:​ T​ herapists that treat patients by using touch to manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body to relieve pain, improve circulation, etc. Kinesiologist:​ Kinesiologists specialize in the analysis of body movement and they monitor human muscle movement to alleviate muscle ailments through multiple techniques. Orthopedist:​ Is a specialist who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions. Physical Therapist: ​ PT’s are therapists that specialize in helping injured or ill people to improve movement and manage pain along with evaluating and tracking their progress.

Citations:   Introduction to Medical Terminology, 1st Edition Page 87​, www.g-wonlinetextbooks.com/introduction-medical-terminology-2017/98.​ “Medical Professions.” ​Integumentary System - Home,​ thehumanskinsystem.weebly.com/medical-professions.html. Introduction to Medical Terminology, 1st Edition Page 82​, www.g-wonlinetextbooks.com/introduction-medical-terminology-2017/98. “Muscular System - Muscles of the Human Body.” ​Innerbody,​ www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html. Image Citations: Ebneshahidi, Dr. Ali. T​ he Integumentary System,​ http://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/AliAnat1/Chap%203%20-%20Integumentary%20System. pdf “The Epidermis.” S​ CIENTIST CINDY,​ w​ ww.scientistcindy.com/the-epidermis.html.​ Cummings, Shane W., and Robin Huw Crompton. “Human Muscle System.” ​Encyclopædia Britannica,​ Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 26 Apr. 2018, www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system. “Building a 3D Human. Phase 3: Muscular System.” P​ ocket Anatomy​, 14 July 2017, www.pocketanatomy.com/teaching-anatomy/building-3d-human-phase-3-muscular-system.