Alexander the Great

m etre-long arrow deep in his chest. T hey defeated his attackers, then carried him away on his shield, but they had little hope that he w ould live. T he Malloi were killed —m en, w om en and children —and the other tribes rushed to accept defeat peacefully. B ut news reached the main arm y on the river that Alexander was dead. W hen he finally arrived, n o t only alive bu t able to ride and walk, they cried w ith happiness. T hey thought that A lexander must truly be protected by the gods. A lexander’s soldiers fo u g h t b loody battles against the Brahm ins, w h ich b ro u g h t th e total n u m b e r o f Indian dead in the last six m onths to a quarter o f a million. T hen the rainy season began again, and there were terrible storms. W hen they finally reached the Arabian Sea, they gave thanks to the gods. T hey did not know that the m ost difficult part o f th eir jo u rn e y was still ahead o f them. Two hundred years before, the Persian king Cyrus the Great had lost a w hole arm y in the Gedrosian D esert. T h e desert, now called the M akran, covers 62,000 square kilom etres o f present-day so u th ern Pakistan an d Iran. A nd th eir ro u te led across it. Alexander led a force by land, carrying w ater for the m en w ho sailed the ships. A lex an d er’s frien d N earchus was in charge o f the ships, w hich brought food for the land army. It was impossible to pull enough food for everyone through the sand o f the desert. T he sailors and soldiers needed each other. B ut the storm s o f the rainy season delayed the ships after A lexander’s arm y h ad already entered th e desert. T h e n the local people started fighting, and the ships w ere unable to take on board all the food th at they needed. In the desert, the sand was deep and the soldiers’ legs sank into it. It had b een b lo w n in to steep m ou n tain s and valleys, so every kilom etre felt like ten. Occasionally they cam e to a w atering- place. T h ere, thirsty m en dived in to th e w ater and drank so 44

They carried him away on his shield.

greedily that they died. T h e expected rains came late, and w hen they did, they arrived very forcefully. M ost o f the w om en, children and animals follow ing the arm y were washed away and killed. T he Gedrosian D esert was a hell on earth. Soon the m en started to die o f hunger. If they left the army in search o f food, they were likely to be killed by poisonous plants or snakes. T h e n they discovered that th e ir guides had lost th eir way. Eventually, eight weeks after entering the desert, they came out on the other side. B ut the desert had proved a m uch stronger enem y than an army. Tens o f thousands o f m en, w om en and children had died on the march. At this tim e, N earchus and the ships w ere only just leaving India. They too w ere hungry and thirsty on their journey, but N earchus led them well and they lost few m en. Eventually, the ships reached C arm ania (in present-day southern Iran), on the far side o f the desert, and Alexander was there to welcom e them . T here were w ild celebrations. Sailors and soldiers w ere together again, and they k n ew th at they w ere lucky to be alive. W hen Alexander had marched over the H indu Kush, few Persians had believed that he w ould ever return. Since then, there had been stories that he had died in M ultan or in the Gedrosian Desert. They were very surprised w hen he arrived in Carm ania, an easy march from Persepolis. Few o f the conquered lands had stayed loyal in the six years since the Battle o f Gaugamela. Some governors had becom e disloyal as soon as A lexander had left. O th ers, including the governor o f Babylon and Q u een Ada o f C aria, had died o f illness o r in battle, and disloyal m en had taken their place. M any Greeks and M acedonians had b een left as th e p o p u latio n s o f A lexander’s new cities; som e had hated their new life and killed their governors. A nd in Ecbatana, a g roup o f A lex an d er’s generals had behaved very badly, insulting the local religion and attacking the local noblewom en. 46

Alexander punished his disloyal governors and generals w ith death. H e chose new governors from am ong his European com m anders; too few o f his Persian appointm ents had been a success. Alexander next planned a great w edding celebration, choosing Persian wives for ninety o f his officers. H e him self was already m arried to R oxane, but he decided to follow royal M acedonian tradition and take tw o m ore wives: th e eldest daughters o f Persia’s m ost recent kings, D arius and Artaxerxes. H e asked his best friend, H ep h a istio n , to m a rry D a riu s ’s y o u n g e r d au ghter, so th at H ep h aistio n ’s children could be his o w n nephew s. T h e w eddings were celebrated for five days, in an enorm ous tent in Susa that had been richly decorated w ith gold and jewels. Alexander had taken the pow er o f governm ent away from the Persians; now he was including th e m in his em pire in an o th er way. M ore and m ore soldiers from the eastern half o f the empire w ere jo in in g A lex an d er’s army. W h e n he asked his oldest M acedonian soldiers to go hom e, they felt insulted that he did not need them any m ore. A fter ten years in Asia, they now w anted to stay and enjoy th e lands that they had co n q u ered . T hey refused to leave. T h e rest o f th e M acedonian soldiers su p p o rted them . ‘If you send th e old soldiers ho m e, you m ust send us all,’ they told A lexander. B u t A lex an d er’s decision was final, and he said that they could all go h o m e if they w ished; Persians w ould take th e ir place in his army. Im m ediately the M acedonians changed their m inds. They asked A lexander to forgive them . They w anted him to send the old soldiers h o m e, b u t allow th e rest o f th e m to stay. T h e problem was solved, and Alexander organized a great dinner to celebrate the friendly relationship betw een M acedonians and Persians. A lexander and his friends spent the next few m onths relaxing and being entertained by theatre perform ances and sports 47

com petitions. B ut H ep h aistio n caught a fever, becam e ill and died. His death was a terrible shock to his lifelong friend and king. For m any w eeks he was unable to th in k ab o u t an y th ing else. Slowly A lexander returned to his usual business. H e planned to send ships and a land arm y around the coast o f Arabia from Persia to Egypt. O th e r ships were going to check if the Caspian Sea was part o f a n o rth e rn ocean o r jo in e d th e B lack Sea; although its southern coast was part o f the empire, no one seem ed to know at that tim e that the C aspian Sea was actually a lake. B u t in B abylon, A lexander suddenly becam e ill. Possibly he had been poisoned by his officers; probably he had caught a disease carried by insects w hile he was travelling on B abylon’s waterways. H e had a high fever, and after a w eek he could n o t talk. O n the te n th day, his c o u rt and arm y w ere given th e unthinkable news: Alexander the G reat was dead. C hapter 10 A fter A lexander A lthough A lex an d er’s achievem ents h ad spread G reek custom s far into Asia, the Greeks in E urope were pleased about his death and decided to fight for th e ir indep en d en ce. To th em , he was still a foreigner. B ut the Persians, w ho had lost an em pire and hundreds ot thousands o f m en because o f Alexander, were very upset when they heard that he had died. K ing D a riu s’s m o th er, w h o had becom e A lex an d er’s p riso n e r after th e B attle o f Issus, stopped eating w h e n she heard th e new s, and was dead h erself five days later. Alexander had becom e the Persians’ Great King, w hose rule follow ed the traditions o f th e past. H e had b een th e ir friend as well as th e ir conqu ero r. A nd, rightly, they feared a future w ith o u t him . A lexander died w ith no close male relative except his brother A rrhidaeus, w h o had learn in g difficulties. B u t R o x an e, A lexander’s first wife, was soon g o in g to have a baby. A lexander’s friends 48

decided to make the unb o rn child the next king, if the baby was a boy. A lexanders friend Perdiccas, w ho had been his second-in- com m and after the death o f H ephaistion and had royal blood himself, w ould rule until the baby grew up. B u t th e c o m m o n soldiers w an ted A rrhidaeus as th e ir king, as he was fully M aced o n ian and R o x a n e ’s baby h ad Asian blood. Less than a w eek after A lexander’s death, fighting began. It was only stopped w hen Perdiccas ordered the death o f thirty o f the soldiers’ leaders and they w ere throw n to the elephants. It was agreed that rule w o u ld be shared b etw een R o x a n e ’s baby and A rrhidaeus. There were many years o f confusion in the empire that A lexander had built. T h e story o f A lex an d er’s dead body is typical o f the tim es. It was believed th at th e b o d y ’s final resting place w ould b rin g good luck to the local people. Perdiccas ordered his m en to take it from Babylon to M acedonia in a box o f gold. But Ptolemy, w ho had been a close friend o f A lexander and had recently m ade him self king o f an independent Egypt, took the body in secret to Egyptian Alexandria, w here it stayed for hundreds o f years. D u rin g th e years after A lexander’s death, R o x an e poisoned A lexander’s o th e r wives to p ro tect th e p o w er o f h e r baby son, also called Alexander. Perdiccas ruled for a short tim e, until he was m u rdered by his bodyguards. A lex an d er’s m ost loyal com m anders all w an ted p o w er for them selves, and they w ere w illing to m u rd er people to get it. A ntipater was the general w ho had controlled the M acedonian arm y in E urope w hile A lexander was in Asia. W h e n A ntipater died o f old age, his son Cassander took control o f M acedonia. A lex an d e r’s m o th e r, O lym pias, was officially in charge o f M acedonia and tried to protect her power. She m urdered King A rrhidaeus, h e r h u sb an d ’s son and A lex an d er’s half-brother, and defended herself in the M acedonian tow n ofP ydna.B ut Cassander p u t the tow n u n d er siege. After nine m onths she had no food, and 49

she died proudly. Cassander then killed R oxane and her son, w ho were visiting Greece, and made him self K ing o f Macedonia. T he M acedonians soon sold the lands that Alexander had conquered in India; they received 500 elephants for them . M any years later, these lands were reconquered by the Greek-speaking kings o f Bactria, w hose family had been started by one o f A lexand er’s M aced o n ian governors. A lter years o f fighting, tw o o f A le x a n d e r’s co m m anders controlled m ost o f his empire. Ptolem y was K ing o f Egypt and Seleucus king o f the Asian em pire. T h e families o f b o th m en stayed in pow er until their lands were conquered by the R om ans in the first century b c . All over A lex an d er’s em pire, G reek-style cities had b een built. T heir populations were mostly European, and becam e perhaps m ore G reek in th e ir habits as th e years passed. In som e areas, they preferred to m arry their sister, niece o r granddaughter than to jo in their family w ith the foreigners that surrounded them . Each city had a gymnasium, and held sporting com petitions and theatre performances. In Afghanistan, buildings and works o f art have been discovered w hich copied exactly the artistic styles o f Greece. T he works o f H om er, Plato and Aristotle were read and enjoyed in India and even across the sea in Sri Lanka. T h e greatest o f A lex an d er’s n ew cities was A lexandria, the capital o f Egypt under the Ptolem aic kings. W hile many parts o f A lexander’s em pire suffered from c o n tin u e d fighting, E gypt lived in peace and grew in pow er. Its eco n o m y was very successful; from A lexandria, ships to o k paper, m edicines, jew ellery and art all over the know n world. T he Ptolemaic kings mixed G reek customs w ith Egyptian traditions, and built temples to both G reek and Egyptian gods. They were very interested in literature, philosophy and science, and invited the m ost famous w riters o f their age to live in Alexandria. O u t o f this collection o f great m en grew a great idea: 50

a library that b ro u g h t to g eth er all G reek kno w led g e and inclu d ed every b oo k that had ever been w ritten . A t its largest, this library held 50,000 books - not a lot com pared to the great m odern libraries, but in a w orld before p rinting m achines this was an extraordinary number. A m ong these books was a grow ing collection o f histories o f A lexanders life. Som e o f them w ere interested in the facts; others told rom antic stories that were com pletely untrue. T hey said that he and his w arhorse Bucephalas each had tw o horns on their heads. T h ey told o f strange flying m achines, a Valley o f D iam onds, and the secret o f immortality. A lexanders legend was told from Iceland to C hina; in death he travelled far beyond the borders o f his ow n empire. O ver the years, interest in A lexander has been shown in many different ways. H e appears in the Book o f Daniel, w hich was w ritten in H ebrew in the second century b c and now form s part o f the C hristian Bible. H e was the hero o f Julius Caesar, R o m e ’s greatest general. T he Italian artist M ichelangelo created a square in R o m e to lo o k like A lex an d er’s fam ous shield. T h e F rench ru ler N a p o leo n used to read about Alexander in bed every night. In the early 1900s, tribal kings in Afghanistan still w ent into battle carrying a red flag w hich, according to their legends, had belonged to A lexander. A n d in 2004, A lex an d er’s extraordinary story was b rought to life in a $155 m illion H ollyw ood film. It starred C olin Farrell as A lexander and was w atch ed in cinem as all around the world. Alexander the Great may be m ore famous in the tw enty- first centu ry than he ever was.

ACTIVITIES Chapter 1 Before you read 1 What do you know about Alexander the Great? List five facts. Then read the Introduction to the book. 2 What do you know about the Greeks who lived more than 2,000 years ago? Look at the Word List at the back of the book. Then discuss what you know about: a their heroes, gods and legends b their temples c their philosophy and literature d their political life e their wars f their sports While you read 3 Write the name of: a a Persian king b a democratic Greek city-state c the king of the Greek gods d a religious centre in Greece e a city that was famous for sport f the capital city of Macedonia After you read 4 Answer these questions. a Did many Greek people live outside the m odern-day country of Greece? b Had the Greeks and the Persians ever fought before the time of Alexander the Great? c Were the different Greek states norm ally at peace with each other? d What two differences were there between the people of southern Greece and the Macedonians? 52

Chapter 2 Before you read 5 You are going to read about Alexander’s early life. Guess w hich of these he did before he was eighteen: a travelled to Persia b had lessons with his friends c hunted with dogs d rode horses e fought in battles f got married 6 Discuss this question with other students: Are people born great, or do their experiences in childhood make them great? While you read 7 Match the names with their relationship to Alexander. a Philip j his father’s new wife b Olympias ii his father c Bucephalas iii his best friend d Aristotle iv his horse e Hephaistion V his teacher f Eurydice vi his m other After you read 8 W hat were P hilip’s achievem ents as ruler o f Macedonia? 9 Discuss w hether you w ould like A ristotle as your teacher. 10 Why did these people have to leave Macedonia? a Olympias b Alexander’s friends 11 If som eone paid the bodyguard to kill Philip, who do you think that person was? Discuss the possible guilty people and their reasons. 12 Work with another student. You are both im portant people in the M acedonian governm ent and you need to choose a new king. Talk about A lexander’s character and experience. Would he be a good king? 53

Chapters 3 -4 Before you read 13 You are going to read about A lexander’s first years as king. Guess which of these he did: a punished the person who ordered his father’s death b killed members of his own family c fought the Greeks d fought the Persians While you read 14 Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? a Alexander was the only possible king of Macedonia after the death of his father, b Neighbouring Greek cities voted to destroy Thebes, c Alexander met Achilles at Troy, d Memnon was Alexander’s second-in-com m and, e There were more Greeks in the Persian arm y than in Alexander's army, f Queen Ada fought against Alexander at Halicarnassus. After you read 15 What happened at these places? a Thessaly b Troy c the River Granicus d Gordium 16 Discuss w hy Achilles was Alexander’s favourite hero from Greek legend. 17 Work with another student. Imagine that you are Greek people living at the tim e of Alexander. Have a discussion and give reasons for your opinions. Student A You think Alexander is a great king and a hero. S tudent B: You think Alexander is a terrible king and a bloodthirsty murderer. 54

Chapters 5 -6 Before you read 18 Discuss these questions. If you cannot answer them , find inform ation in books or on the Internet. a In Chapter 5, Alexander fights against Darius III, king of Persia. Where was Persia? What do you know about the Persians, their empire and their kings? b In C hapter 6, Alexander goes to Egypt. W hat do you know about the history of Egypt? 19 W hat dangers do people meet when they travel across a desert? While you read i Libya 20 Match the questions with the answers. ii Tarsus iii Issus Where did Alexander: iv Egypt a nearly die of a fever? v Tyre b see King Darius for the first time? c build a road across the sea? d build a new city? e nearly die in the desert? After you read 21 Which army, A lexander’s or Darius’s: a was led by Memnon on the Greek islands? b was bigger? c had more women, children and servants with it? d won the Battle of Issus? 22 Which of these people and gods did Alexander behave cruelly to? a his doctor, Philip b King Darius’s wife and mother c the people of Tyre d King Batis of Gaza e the Egyptian gods 23 W hy did Alexander go to Siwah? In w hat way was he different after his visit there? 55

Chapter 7 Before you read 24 In this chapter there is another big battle between the armies of Alexander and Darius. Guess the answers to these questions. a Who wins the battle? b How does Alexander behave tow ards Persian people and buildings after the battle? c W hat happens to King Darius? While you read 25 Complete the sentences. a Alexander and Darius fought again at the great Battle of b The people o f ........................... were happy to welcom e Alexander to their city. c There w a s ..........................on the ground when Alexander fought the Persians in the mountains near Persepolis. d At Persepolis, Alexander found three million kilograms of e A le x a n d e r...........................the palace at Persepolis. f The Persians t o o k ............................prisoner and then killed him. After you read 26 At Gaugamela, why did Alexander leave the battlefield before the end of the battle? 27 Work with another student. Imagine that you are tw o o f Darius’s soldiers. Student A: You are angry about your king’s mistakes. Tell your Student B: friend why Darius deserves to die. You are loyal to your king. Explain why you do not want him to be killed. 28 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages o f A lexander’s decision to wear Persian clothes and to give im portant political appointments to Persian people. 56

Chapter 8 Before you read 29 Alexander marched east through present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Do you think anyone defeated him in that time? W hy did he eventually turn back? While you read 30 Tick / the problems that Alexander faced in this chapter. a illness f plans to kill him b the death of his mother g a forest fire h hungry soldiers c very cold weather d very hot weather i elephants e very wet weather j snakes After you read 31 Who were they? W hat happened to them in this chapter? a Bessus b Parmenion c Roxane d Bucephalas 32 How did Alexander: a find out which of his soldiers were disloyal? b cross the River Oxus? c make a surprise attack on Porus’s army? 33 Imagine that you are Alexander’s court historians. You know that Alexander only wants you to write about his successes and the good things in his life. Discuss w hich of these people and places to include in your history, and w hich to leave out. Philotas the Hindu Kush Maracanda Cleitus Oxyartes Callisthenes Porus 34 Work with another student. Imagine that you are beside the River Hyphasis in India. A ct out this conversation. S tudent A: You are one of A lexander’s comm anders. Explain (politely!) why you and your soldiers are angry with him and why you want to go home. Student B\\ You are Alexander. Give reasons for your past behaviour and explain why you think the army should continue east. 57

Chapters 9-1 0 Before you read 35 Discuss these questions. If you do not know the answers, guess, a How did Alexander die? b What happened to his empire after his death? While you read 36 Put these events in the correct order, 1-6. a Tens o f thousands o f Alexander’s soldiers died, b The Romans conquered much of A lexander’s empire, c Hephaistion died, d Alexander was shot with an arrow, e Alexander and Roxane’s baby was born, f Alexander died. After you read 37 Why does the book describe the Gedrosian Desert as a ‘hell on earth’? 38 Was the news that Alexander was leaving India and returning to Persia good news or bad news for these people? W hy/W hy not? a the Indians b the rulers of Caria and Babylon 39 Work with another student. Imagine that you are officers in Alexander’s army. You have been told that you will be married to Persian women. Have a discussion and give reasons for your opinions. S tudent A: You are pleased. You think the marriage will be a good thing for you and for Macedonia. Student B: You are angry. You think the marriage is a terrible idea. 40 Which o f these people were still alive m any years after Alexander’s death? What happened to the others? a Ptolemy b Roxane c Hephaistion d Perdiccas e Seleucus f Olympias 41 Imagine that Alexander died at sixty-tw o, not at thirty-tw o. Discuss how history might be different. 58

Writing 42 Choose an event from A lexander’s life. W rite a new spaper report about the event. 43 You are one o f Alexander’s soldiers. Write a letter to your fam ily after A lexander’s death. Tell them w hy you liked or disliked your leader. 44 You are a historian. Write the introduction of a book about one of A lexander’s friends or relatives. 45 You are a filmmaker. Describe the first scene of your film about Alexander the Great. 46 You w ork fo r the ‘Time Travel Talk S how ’. Choose a person from this book to be a guest on the show. Write a list of ten questions to ask him/her. 47 You are one of Alexander’s friends. Choose an im portant day in your life and w rite about it in your diary. 48 You are a Persian. Write a letter to a friend who lives abroad. Tell him /her about A lexander’s defeat of Darius and how life in Persia is now, after the defeat. 49 You are teaching army officers how to win battles. What can they learn from Alexander? Write a list. 50 W rite A lexander’s speech for his w edding to the tw o Persian princesses and the weddings of ninety of his officers. 51 You are Roxane after Alexander’s death. Write a letter to Olympias, telling her about the birth of your son. Describe your relationship with Alexander and your hopes and fears for the future. Answ ers for the A ctivities in this boo k are available from th e Penguin R eaders w ebsite. A free A c tiv ity W o rk sh e e t is also available fro m th e w eb site. A ctiv ity W o rk sh eets are p a rt o f th e P e n g u in T e a c h er S u p p o rt P ro g ra m m e , w h ic h also in clu d es Progress Tests and G raded R e a d e r G uidelines. F o r m o re in fo rm atio n , please visit: w w w .penguinreaders.com .

WORD LIST achieve (v) to su c c e e d in g e ttin g th e resu lt y o u w a n t adopt (v) to m a k e s o m e o n e e lse ’s c h ild leg a lly y o u r d a u g h te r o r so n ally (n) a c o u n try o r p e rs o n th a t h elp s a n o th e r o n e , especially in w ar archer (n) so m e o n e w h o sh o o ts arrow s armour (n) m etal o r leath er clothes w o rn in th e past for fighting arrow (n) a th in , straig h t stick w ith a p o in t at o n e en d , w h ic h y o u can shoot battle (n) a fig h t b e tw e e n tw o arm ies in o n e place Chariot (n) a v e h ic le w ith tw o w h eels fo r fig h tin g o r races, p u lle d b y a horse conquer (v) to w in c o n tro l o f a c o u n try o r defeat an enem y by fighting a war create (v) to m a k e so m e th in g n e w exist o r h a p p e n defeat (n /v ) th e losing o f a gam e o r fight. If y ou defeat som eone, you w in. democracy (n) th e fo rm o f politics in w h ic h o rd in ary p eo p le can vote elephant (n) a very large grey anim al w ith b ig ears an d a lo n g nose empire (n) a g ro u p o f c o u n trie s th a t is c o n tro lle d by o n e ru le r o r governm ent extraordinary (adj) unusually g o o d o r special gymnasium (n) a special place w ith e q u ip m e n t fo r d o in g physical exercise horn (n) o n e o f tw o h ard, p o in te d parts g ro w in g o n th e heads o f som e anim als immortal (adj) liv in g o r c o n tin u in g fo re v e r legend (n) an o ld sto ry a b o u t th e a ctio n s a n d a d v e n tu re s o f brave people noble (adj) b e lo n g in g to th e g ro u p o f p e o p le o f th e h ig h est social position philosophy (n) th e stu d y o f ideas a b o u t existence, th o u g h t an d b eh av io u r retreat (n /v ) a m o v e b ack, away fro m th e fig h tin g , b y an arm y shield (n) a th in g u sed in th e past b y soldiers to p ro te c t th em selves in a battle

Siege (n) a s itu a tio n w h e n a n a rm y s u r ro u n d s a p la c e a n d sto p s f o o d a n d oth er things from getting to it slave (n) s o m e o n e w h o is o w n e d by a n o th e r p e rso n snake (n) a long, th in anim al w ith n o legs, w h ich o ften has a poisonous b ite spear (n) a lo n g stick w ith a p o in te d end, w h ich soldiers used in fig h tin g . temple (n) a b u ild in g w h e re p eo p le o f so m e religions g o to c o m m u n ica te w ith their god or gods tomb (n) th e p lace w h e re a d ead b o d y is p u t tribe (n) a g ro u p o f p e o p le w h o have th e sam e lan g u ag e an d custom s, and live to g eth e r in th e sam e area

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