Body Systems Flipbook

Body Systems Flipbook: Shannon Christian Mrs. Gibson 2A











Vocabulary: Afferent Neuron- sensory cells, conducts messages from sensory receptors to the Central Nervous System. Efferent Neuron- conduct messages from the Central Nervous System to the muscles or glands of the body. CSF Shunt- surgically implanted device that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the abdomen or heart, and is used to treat hydrocephalus. Psychotherapy- treatment for psychiatric disorders that emphasizes verbal and nonverbal communication in a one on one environment or group to attain a desired response or action. Cerebrum- part of the brain controls high level cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, planning, memory, and sensory integration. Sensory Input- any electrical input sent from the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin) to the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord). Motor Output- CNS transmits messages to effectors (muscles or glands) that generate a response in the form or motorfunction, voluntary and involuntary movement. Integration- The CNS processes and interprets the information received through the sensory organs, and enables motor function. Brain Stem- connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord, the conduit for sensory information, between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and the rest of the body. Governs functions such as respiratory rate, cardiac rhythm, body temperature, and sleep patterns. Cerebral Angiography- X-ray of the blood vessels in the brain after a dye has been added. It is used to diagnose a cerebrovascular accident, as well as brain injuries and disorders.

The Special Senses Function: The special senses monitor stimuli, or changes in the internal and external environment. Neural receptors are activated by the special senses, and a neural impulse is sent through the nervous system to the brain for interpretation and output. Sense of smell, touch, taste, hearing, and sight. Main Structures: Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue, and Skin. Key Terms: Irid/o - iris Tympan/o - eardrum, tympanic membrane -Cusis - hearing Opthalm/o - eye -Opia - vision condition -Metry - process of measuring Ot/o - ear Diseases/Disorders: Amblyopia- impaired vision in one or both eyes resulting from a developmental deficiency in early childhood; lazy eye. Tinnitus- sensation of noises in the ears when no sound is present. Glaucoma- disease in which intraocular pressure causes damage to the retina and the optical nerve, eventually producing blindness. Impacted Cerumen- accumulation of cerumen (earwax) inside the ear that can lead to infection or hearing loss. Health Occupations: Optometrist- a health care professional that examines the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as recommending glasses or contact lenses for treatment of eye diseases. Audiologist- a health care professional trained to evaluate hearing loss and related disorders and to rehabilitate those with hearing loss and disorders.

Vocabulary: Conjunctiva- clear, colorless mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the anterior portion of the eyeball. Sclera- the fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the eye’s shape and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue. Retina- the layer of tissue that lines the posterior eye internally. Auditory Canal- short, narrow chamber that leads to the tympanic membrane. Tympanic Membrane- the eardrum. Separates the outer and inner structures of the ear and transmits sound through vibrations. Cerumen- waxy yellow substance, protects the middle ear by trapping debris; earwax. Audiometry- test that measures the ability to hear different sounds. Olfactory Bulb- structure in the brain where olfactory (smell) nerves originate, and where information about odors is processed. Taste Buds- tiny, sensitive structures that allow you to distinguish different tastes. Enucleation- surgical removal of the entire eyeball; performed when the eye is irrecoverably diseased or damaged.

The Cardiovascular System Function: The function of the cardiovascular system is to oxygenate and circulate blood to all parts of the body to fuel cells and sustain life. Main Components: The Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels. Key Terms: Cardi/o - heart Thromb/o - clot Angi/o - vessel -Emia - blood condition Hem/o, Hemat/o - blood Leuk/o - white Brady - slow Erythr/o - red Tachy - fast Arteri/o - artery Diseases/Disorders: Congestive Heart Failure- reduced blood flow from the heart; weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, and edema in lower extremities are a result of the reduced blood flow. Coronary Artery Disease- narrowing of coronary arteries, resulting in insufficient blood supply to the heart. Heart Murmur- abnormal whooshing sound heard during auscultation of the heart, and is caused by a valve not completely closing. Cardiac Tamponade- pathological condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pericardium. Health Occupations: Cardiologist- a doctor who specializes in the study of heart diseases or treatment of heart abnormalities and diseases. Cardiothoracic Surgeon- a doctor who specializes in surgical procedures of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs in the chest.

Vocabulary: Endocardium- thin, smooth membrane which lines the inside of the chambers of the heart. Myocardium- involuntary, striated muscle that forms the main tissue of the walls of the heart. Epicardium- a serous membrane that forms the outer surface of the heart. Aorta- the largest artery of the human body; it pumps blood to all parts of the body. Blood Pressure- the pressure exerted by the blood against an artery or vein. Sphygmomanometer- an instrument used to measure blood pressure; the balloon inflates as pressure increases and deflates as pressure decreases. Angiogram- radiographic test that uses a contrast agent (dye) and a camera to take pictures of blood flow in the arteries or veins. Stress Test- a radioactive substance is injected into a vein near the end of a stress test to aid in identifying the sizes of the heart chambers, how well it pumps blood, and whether there is damage or dead tissue. Anticoagulant- an agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots. Beta Blocker- used to treat angina, hypertension, heart rhythm disorders, migraines, panic attacks, and tremors.

The Respiratory System Function: The functions of the respiratory system include inhaling fresh air, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen, and exhaling old and stale air. This means the respiratory system is important in sustaining life because it performs the gas exchange within the body. Main Structures: Lungs, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Bronchi, Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea, Mouth, and Nose. Key Terms: Bronch/o - bronchus/bronchi Pleur/o - pleura Cyan/o - blue Pneum/o - lung, air Laryng/o - larynx Pulmon/o - lung -Oxia - oxygen Thorac/o - chest Oxy- containing oxygen Trache/o - trachea, windpipe Diseases/Disorders: Asthma- condition characterized by sudden, periodic attacks of difficulty breathing, and wheezing. Pneumonia- inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacteria, virus, fungus, or chemical irritant. Cystic Fibrosis- chronic respiratory infection, pancreatic insufficiency, and heat intolerance. Includes excessive mucus in the lungs as well as secretion of intestinal fluids. Tuberculosis- contagious disease caused by bacterial infection of the lungs. Characterized by inflammation, abcesses, fibrosis, and rectosis. Health Occupations: Respiratory Therapist- a specialized practitioner trained in critical care and cardio-pulmonary medicine to work with patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases that affect their breathing. Pulmonologist- a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the respiratory system.

Vocabulary: Pharynx- (throat) the passageway through which air, food, and liquids travel. Larynx- (voice box) enables the vocal chords to make sounds. Trachea- (windpipe) airway through the chest and throat. Diaphragm- contracts to increase thoracic volume, and inflates the lungs. Bronchi- the major air passages that branch off from the trachea into the five lobes of the lungs. Inspiration- the action of breathing in and taking in oxygen. Expiration- the action of breathing out and releasing carbon dioxide from within the body. Respiration- the action of inspiration and expiration taking place to perform gas exchange within the body. Ventilation- the process in which air moves in and out of the lungs. Hyperventilation- when breathing is faster and deeper than normal.

The Digestive System Function: The functions of the digestive system include the intake of food and fluid into the body (ingestion), the break down of food into smaller components (digestion), the entrance of valuable nutrients into the blood supply (absorption), and discharge of waste from the body (elimination). Main Structures: Oral cavity (mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands), Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, and Rectum. Key Terms: Cholecyst/o - Gallbladder Or/o - Mouth Enter/o - Intestines -Pepsia - Digestion Col/o, Colon/o - Colon, Large Intestine Chol/e - Gall, Bile Hepat/o - Liver Proct/o - Rectum, Anus Gastr/o - Stomach Diseases/Disorders: GERD- (gastroesophageal reflux disease) the backward flow of stomach acids into the esophagus. Celiac Disease- malabsorption syndrome characterized by weight loss, and diarrhea. Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver, usually caused by an infection. Hernia- protrusion of an organ or structure through the muscle that normally contains it. Health Occupations: Gastroenterologist - a medical doctor qualified to diagnose and treat disorders of the stomach and intestines. General Surgeon - a surgeon who’s specialty focuses on abdominal contents and intestines.

Vocabulary: Esophagus- lined muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Cardiac Sphincter- controls the flow of substances between the esophagus and the stomach. Emesis- the process of regurgitating food, vomiting Amylase- the enzyme in saliva that chemically breaks down food. Rectum- storage area for solid waste until defacation can occur. Pancreas- produces enzymes such as amylase and lipase as well as insulin to aid in digestion. Borborygmus- a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines. Mastication- the physical breakdown of food, chewing Salivary glands- secrete amylase to aid in the chemical breakdown of starches. Feces- solid waste that needs to be expelled from the body.

The Urinary System Function: The functions of the urinary system include filtration, waste storage and excretion, hormone production, and homeostasis maintenance. Main Structures: Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, Ureters, and the Urethra Key Terms: -Cele - Hernia, Swelling, Protrusion -Uria - Urination -Lysis - Breakdown -Pexy - Surgical Fixation Cyst/o - Fluid sac, Bladder -Ectasis - Dilation Nephr/o - Kidney Pyel/o - Renal Pelvis Ren/o - Kidney Diseases/Disorders: Nocturia (nocturnal enuresis)- involuntary discharge that occurs during sleep (bedwetting). Urinary retention- inability to completely empty the bladder due to a urethral blockage or a neurological disorder. Incontinence- loss over voluntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder. Diuresis- an abnormal increase in the production of urine. Health Occupations: Urologist - a doctor who specializes in the study or treatment of functions and disorders of the urinary system. Nephrologist - a doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the kidney.

Vocabulary: Filtration- The kidneys separate metabolic waste products from your blood. They are stored and expelled as urine. Waste Storage and Excretion- Urine is stored in the urinary bladder, then expelled from the body along with excess water and ions. Hormone Production- The kidneys produce hormones that aid in blood cell and bone marrow production as well as hormones that aid in digestion. Homeostasis Maintenance- The urinary system balances blood volume, maintains and balances fluid and electrolytes in the body, and control the level of PH in the blood. Urine- Metabolic waste, ions, and excess water filtered out from the blood by the kidneys and expelled from the body. Kidneys- The kidneys filter out metabolic wastes, ions, and excess water from the blood forming urine. Ureters- Transfers urine from the renal pelvises of the kidney to the urinary bladder. (Urinary) Bladder- A resevoir for urine until it can be expelled. Urethra- Tube that tranfers urine from the bladder to outside of the body. Meatus - opening or canal.