RETA-IC2023 Abstract Book

CONTENTS 3 4 Committee 8 Programe 10 Conference Venue 18 Sponsors 20 Presenters Abstracts by Session 21 28 Plenary Speaker 36 EC : End of Life and Circular Economy of Rubber and Polymeric Products 50 RG : Environmentally Friendly Rubber and Green Materials 58 SN : Sustainability of Natural Rubber and Social Impacts 64 TE : Rubber Technology and Engineering 72 AP : Science Advancement and Prospects of Rubber and Elastomer MC : Rubber Materials and Composites

RETA-IC 2023 COMMITTEE Local Organising Committee Dr. Banja Junhasavasdikul President of REA Prof. Dr. Suwabun Chirachanchai Secretariat and Vice President for International Relations Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ittipol Jangchad Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research of Thailand Central and Eastern Regions Prof. Dr. Cattaleeya Pattamaprom Vice president for Public Relations Mr. Chaiyasit Samrittivanicha Vice President for Industrial Network Mr. Attapon Phraephrewngarm Vice President for Automotive Wheel Industry Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kanoktip Boonkerd Vice President for Education and Finance Assoc.Prof. Dr. Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research of Thailand North-Eastern Regions Asst. Prof. Dr. Tithinun Rattanaplome Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research of Thailand Northern Regions Mr. Praphan Boonyakiat Vice President for the Government Affairs and Natural Rubber Prof. Dr. Charoen Nakason Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research of Thailand Southern Regions International Advisory Board Committee Prof. Dr. Andreas Limper The German Rubber Society Mr. Naoya Ichikawa Sumitomo Rubber Thai Eastern Corporation Dr. Takeharu Isaki Mitsui Chemical Inc. Dr. Seiichi Kawahara Nagaoka University Prof. Dr. Sakurai Shinichi The Society of Rubber Science and Technology, Japan Prof. Dr. Kensuke Naka The Society of Rubber Science and Technology, Japan Dr. Supramaniam Shanmugam Malaysian Rubber Board, Malaysia Dr. Lee Siang Yin Malaysian Rubber Board, Malaysia Dr. Ngeow Yen Wan Malaysian Rubber Board, Malaysia Prof. Dr. Yasuaki Maeda Osaka Prefecture University, Japan Prof. Dr. Rigoberto Advincula University of Tennessee, USA Prof. Dr. Min-Young Lyu Seoul National University of Science & Technology Asst. Prof. Dr. Krisda Suchiva Mahidol University, Thailand Assoc. Prof. Pranee Phinyocheep Mahidol University, Thailand Prof. Dr. Supawan Tantayanon Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

Conference Program March 2, 2023 Time Function 08:00 - 08:30 Registration (Foyet, M Floor) Ballroom A and B 08:30 - 09:00 Opening Ceremony 09:00 - 09:40 Dr. Banja Junhasavasdikul, President of RETA, and Mr. Nakorn Tangavirapat, President of Rubber Authority of Thailand P01 Rubber Processing in Times of Restricted Resources – Possibilities to Reduce Energy Demand and Carbon Footprint Prof. Dr. Andreas Limper, The Deutsche Kautschuk-Gesellschaft e.V., Germany 09:40 - 10:20 P02 Studies on Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber by Using X-Ray Scattering Beamlines at Japanese Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Prof. Dr. Shinichi Sakurai, SRIJ Vice President, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan 10:20 - 10:40 Booth Visit and Coffee Break Ballroom A and B Jamjuree 2 MC-01 SN-01 (Rubber Materials and Composites) (Sustainability of Natural Rubber and Social Impacts) MC01-K01 SN01-K01 Ammonia-free Natural Rubber Latex: A journey with Palm- 10:40 - 11:05 Natural Rubber for Carbon Dioxide Capture 11:05 – 11:30 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirilux Poompradub, Chulalongkorn 11:30 – 11:55 based Surfactants 11:55 – 12:15 Dr. Lee Siang Yin, Malaysia Rubber Board 12:15 - 13:15 University, Thailand MC01-I01 SN01-K02 New Engineered Elastomer Composite Products Expand the Insights into the Mixing of Silica-Natural Rubber Compounds Potential for Performance & Sustainability of Rubber for More Sustainable Tire Industry Products Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kannika Sahakaro, Prince of Songkla Joko Widjaya, Cabot Corporation, Indonesia University, Pattani Campus, Thailand MC01-I02 SN01-K03 Study the Influence of Nano Zinc Oxide Particles on the Social Issues and Technical Issues Required of the natural Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Films Rubber industry Dr. Phattarawadee Nun-anan, Innovation Group, Thailand Mr. Naoya Ichikawa, Sumirubber Thai Eastern Corporation Co., Ltd. MC01-G01 SN01-G01 Toughness Enhancement of PLA-based Filaments for Socio-Economic Perspective: The Importance of Systematic Management of NR Production towards the Sustainability of Material Extrusion 3D Printing Technique the NR Industry Ms. Siriwan Pongsathit, Thammasat University, Thailand Mr. Wasutin Khodkaew, International Rubber Consortium, Thailand Lunch Break at CiTi BiSTRo and Poster Setting Time (Jamjuree 1) 4 RETA-IC 2023

Time Function 13:15 - 13:55 Ballroom A and B 13:55 - 14:20 14:20 - 14:45 P03 14:45 - 15:05 Rubber Extrusion and Shaping Process for Automobile Tire Tread 15:05 – 16.05 Prof. Dr. Min-Young Lyu, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, S. Korea 16.05 - 16.30 Ballroom A and B Jamjuree 2 16.30 - 17.30 EC-01 RG-01 (End of Life and Circular Economy of (Environmentally Friendly Rubber and Green Materials) Rubber and Polymeric Products) RG01-K01 EC01-K01 A Valuable Rubber Seeds Oil and its Cascade Utilization for End of Life and Circular Economy of Rubber and Polymeric Sustainable Energy and Chemicals Products Prof. Dr. Yasuaki Maeda, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan Mr. Attapon Phrawphrewngam, Thai Bridgestone Co.,Ltd. RG01-K02 EC01-I02 The Thriving of Natural Rubber as an Environmentally Bringing Circularity at Scale Through Sustainable Friendly Rubber and Green Materials, based on Structure Carbonaceous Materials Characterization Studies Mr. Park Seongho, Birla Carbon Korea Co., Ltd., and Prof. Dr. Jitladda Sakdapipanich, Mahidol University, Mr. Jayant Gehlot, Birla Carbon (Thailand) Public Co., Ltd. Thailand RG01-G01 EC01-G01 The Feasibility Study of Using Wolffia Powder in Rubber Enzymatic Degradation on Rubber Compounding Ms. Aziana Abu Hassan, University of Nottingham, England Ms. Pattamaporn Klongklaew, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Coffee Break and General Annual Assembly at Ballroom A and B Ballroom A and B Jamjuree 2 TE-01 AP-01 (Science Advancement and Prospects of (Rubber Technology and Engineering) TE01-K02 Latex and Glove) Development of Cure Optimization using Arrhenius Model AP01-K02 Dr. Ngeow Yen Wan, Malaysia Rubber Board, Malaysia Metal Ions Cross-links of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Foyet Assoc. Prof. Dr. Charoen Nakason, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Thailand MOU Signing Ceremony and Networking Time Ballroom A and B Dinner Talk 17.30 - 20.00 Building a Sustainable Future for Thailand’s Rubber Industry Together Mr. Chartsiri Sophonpanich, President of Bangkok Bank Public Company Limited only ticket holders, co-hosted by BBL RETA-IC 2023 5 Program updated on 28/02/2023

Conference Program March 3, 2023 Time Function 08:30 - 10:00 Ballroom A and B Forum: Vision and Roadmap for Social Sustainability  Dr. Chaya Chandavasu, Senior Vice President, GC  Dr. Suracha Udomsak, Chief Innovation Officer and Executive Vice President- New Business SCGC  Mr. Chaiyasit Samrittivanicha, Chairman of Rubber Industry Club, Federation of Thai Industries  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ittipol Jangchud, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang  Prof. Dr. Cattaleeya Pattamaprom, Thammasart University  Prof. Dr. Hathaikarn Manuspiya, PETROMAT 10:00 - 10:30 Moderator: Prof. Dr. Suwabun Chirachanchai, Chulalongkorn University 10:30 - 11:10 Coffee Break and Booth Visit 11:10 - 11:35 Ballroom A and B 11:35 - 11:55 12:00 - 13:10 P04 13:10 - 13:50 Glove Manufacturing & Innovation Initiatives, vis-a-vis the Change in Consumer Behaviour Pattern 13:50 - 14:30 Dr. S. Supramaniam Shanmugam, President of Malaysian Rubber Glove Manufacturers Association (MARGMA), Malaysia Ballroom A and B Jamjuree 2 MC-02 EC-02 (Rubber Materials and Composites) (End of Life and Circular Economy of Rubber and Polymeric Products) AP02-K01 Surface Segregation of Functional Siloxane-Based Cages in a EC02-I01 Polymer Matrix Solution to Carbon Reduction in Rubber Industry Prof. Dr. Kensuke Naka, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Mr. Andy Yuan, ECO INFINIC CO., LTD., Taiwan Japan EC02-G01 MC02-G01 Degradation Behavior of Natural Rubber Gloves under Sustainability in the Rubber World: Green Compounding Composting Conditions and its Effect on Seed Germination Mr. AK Harish, ARLANXEO, Singapore and Bacterial Community Dr. Chomnutcha Boonmee, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Lunch Break at CiTi BiSTRo and Poster Visit (Jamjuree 1) Ballroom A and B P05 Challenges to Waste Plastics Recycling Technology Development Dr. Takeharu Isaki, Research Fellow, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Japan P06 Navigate thru Green Development and Carbon Emission Mr. Panitan Junhasavasdikul, Innovation Group (Thailand) Ltd., Thailand 6 RETA-IC 2023 Program updated on 28/02/2023

Time Function 14:30 - 14:55 Ballroom A and B Jamjuree 2 14:55 - 15:20 15:20 - 15:40 AP-02 TE-02 15:40 - 17:00 Science Advancement and Prospects of (Rubber Technology and Engineering) 17:00 - 18:00 TE02-K01 Rubber and Elastomer Structure and Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber AP02-K02 Prof. Dr. Seiichi Kawahara, Nagaoka University of Radiation Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Latex and its Technology, Japan Applications TE02-K02 Dr. Panithi Wiroonpochit, MTEC, Thailand Fabrication of Super hydrophobic Natural Rubber via Graft AP02-G01 Copolymerization: Preparation and Application Prevulcanized Epoxidized Natural Rubber Latex Blended Prof. Dr. Napida Hinchiranan, Chulalongkorn University, with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Phosphoric Acid for Anti- Thailand Corrosion Coating TE02-G01 Assist. Prof. Philaiwan Pornprasit, Maejo University, An Investigation of Through-Thickness Porosity in CFRP by Thailand Image Processing Techniques Dr. Sawanya Suwannawong, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Thailand Jamjuree 1 Poster Presentation (and Coffee Break) Foyer Closing and Awards Ceremony (with Cocktail) RETA-IC 2023 7 Program updated on 28/02/2023

Conference Venue Pathumwan Princess Hotel 444 MBK Center, Phayathai Road, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan District, Bangkok 10330 Thailand Transportation Conveniently placed at the centre of Bangkok, the hotel is located within minutes’ reach from the city’s airports. You can easily get here without a hassle though both private and public transportation or even opt for the hotel’s curated transportation modes. You can also take advantage of the wide range of transportation methods offered by the hotel and enjoy absolute convenience in getting around. 8 RETA-IC 2023

M Floor Jamjuree Rooms Jamjuree1 Jamjuree2 Ballroom A Ballroom B RETA-IC 2023 9

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TREADING NEW GROUND Cabot’s Engineered Elastomer Composite (E2C™) Solutions for Tire & Rubber Applications Utilizing innovative mixing technology, Cabot’s E2C products break conventional trade-offs in rubber compound design and performance and enable step- change improvements in performance and sustainability. Learn more at cabotcorp.com/e2c © 2022 Cabot Corporation. All rights reserved worldwide. RETA-IC 2023 13

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Booth Sponsors RETA-IC 2023 17

PRESENTERS Plenary Speakers Dinner Talk 18 RETA-IC 2023

Special Forum RETA-IC 2023 19

SESSIONS 20 RETA-IC 2023

Plenary ABSTRACTS

Plenary Rubber processing in times of restricted resources – possibilities to reduce energy demand and carbon footprint Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Limper German Rubber Association (DKG); Zeppelinllee 69, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany. email: [email protected] Abstract The world is currently experiencing multiple crises: We are becoming aware that limited resources and continuous growth cannot be a sustainable future for our planet. Many efforts have been made worldwide to reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy within value chains. The automotive industry, in particular, is driving significant reductions in energy consumption and carbon footprints across all its suppliers. The rubber industry, which has a strong relationship with OEMs, is therefore making efforts to follow these requirements. The paper begins by looking at the carbon footprint of rubber formulations, detailing the impact of specific compound ingredients (see figure 1). Also the systematics to evaluate Carbon Footprints will be commented shortly. This is followed by a rough estimate of the energy consumption of some key processing steps, such as compounding and extrusion (see figure 2). Practical examples will be used to show which effective measures can be taken to reduce the carbon footprint of rubber products. About 20% of the savings can be achieved by optimising formulations. The same applies to processing. The Paper will highlight especially strategies to optimise mixing processes. In particular, process optimisations offer substancial efficiency increases. In case of investments in new machinery, a diligent choice of the right concept assures also lowest demands of resources. 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Figure 1. Carbon Footprint of Figure 2. Specific Emissions different raw materials (Kg CO2/Kg of product) for a car sealing profile References [1] L.Stellner, R.Dahlmann,R.Meys, A.Limper ; Rubber,Fibres, Plastics 17(2022) [2] H.Keuter; Kautschuk,Gummi & Kunststoffe 24 (2022) 22 RETA-IC 2023

Plenary Studies on Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber by Using X- Ray Scattering Beamlines at Japanese Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Shinichi Sakurai Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. Natural rubber (NR) is soft and simultaneously robust to meet requirements for exclusive safety of tires of aircrafts. Namely, they should not be broken when momentary stress is applied. Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) is considered to play an important role for the toughening of NR. To check the significance of SIC behaviors experimentally, we have thoroughly conducted wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements on NR specimens under the biaxially elongated states using some beamlines at Japanese synchrotron radiation facilities such as SPring-8 and Photon Factory of KEK. For this purpose, we have developed the specially-designed apparatus, which enables biaxial elongation of the sheet specimen of vulcanized NR. The studies on SIC of NR by WAXS have an extremely long history since 100 years ago [1], and reliable crystalline lattice parameters have been reported by Nyburg as the orthorhombic lattice with a = 1.246, b = 0.889, and c = 0.81 nm [2]. Then, comparatively recently, have actively reported such studies by using the X-ray scattering technique [3- 7]. The elongation apparatus is compact and bears the thermally isolated chamber which enables temperature control of the specimen subjected for the biaxial elongation from room temperature up to about 130C. The chamber contains four crossheads to grip the sheet specimen with 90 crossed angles. The minimum length between two crossheads is 1 cm, and its maximum stroke is 10 cm, resulting in the 10-fold elongation ratio at most. Unfortunately for the vulcanized NR sheet specimens, we have encountered the problem of slippage at the gripping jaws. To avoid this unfavorable slippage during elongation, we utilized the shape of the sheet specimen, taking after the idea by Beurrot et al. [8]. The specimen is cross-shaped with a cylindrical protrusion at each end to avoid slippage of the specimen sheet out from the jaw during elongation, bearing a round-shaped dimple with thinner thickness in its central portion. This was designed to be more easily deformed under a given strain, as compared to the remained four arm portions (limbs) of the specimen. It was required to calibrate the real strain of the dimpled portion by video-recording the deformation process of the mesh lattice (with 1 mm spacing of the lattice pattern) during the deformation of the specimen. Note that the lattice pattern was stamped on the surface of the dimpled portion in prior to installing the specimen. Then, it was found that the dimpled portion can be elongated up to 4-flod of the elongation ratio for the condition of the apparatus operation with maximum stroke between the two crossheads. The incident X-ray beam was introduced at the center of the dimple of this sheet specimen for the WAXS measurements during the biaxial elongation. In this lecture, I will talk about the following topics: (1) Crystallization behaviors of NR which was biaxially elongated in several manners including the planar deformation (equibiaxial and non- equibiaxial, as well as the hysteresis of the crystallization behaviors depending upon the ways of deformation of the specimen). (2) Melting behaviors of the crystallites as formed by the SIC (the specimen was uniaxially elongated and the temperature was gradually increased with keeping the elongated specimen at the constant strain state). (3) The relationship of the prevention (suppression) of the crack propagation and SIC behaviors under planar or equibiaxial elongation state. References [1] J.R. Katz, Naturwissenschaften, 1925, 19, 410-416. [2] S.C. Nyburg, Acta Cryst., 1954, 7, 385. [3] S. Toki, T. Fujimaki, M. Okuyama, Polymer, 2000, 41, 5423-5429. [4] M. Tosaka, S. Murakami, S. Poompradub, S. Kohjiya, Y. Ikeda, S. Toki, I. Sics, B. S. Hsiao, Macromolecules, 2004, 37, 3299-3309. [5] B. Huneau, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 2011, 84, 425-452. [6] X. Chen et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 47535-47544. [7] R. Osumi et al., ACS Macro Lett, 2022, 747-752. [8] S. Beurrot, B. Huneau, E. Verron, In: S. Jerrams, N. Murphy (eds) Constitutive models for rubber VII: Proceedings of the 7th European conference on constitutive models for rubber, ECCMR, Dublin, Ireland, 20-23 Sept 2011. CRC/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 23-28 (2011). Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by JST CREST (Grant No. JPMJCR2091). RETA-IC 2023 23

Plenary Rubber Extrusion and Shaping Process for Automobile Tire Tread Min-Young Lyu1 and Sung Hyun Choi2 1Seoul National University of Science & Technology 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, S. Korea 2Hankook Tire Central R & D Center 112 Gajungbukro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, S. Korea An automobile tire is composed of rubber and a rubber composite layer. The tire manufacturing process consists of mixing rubber, fabrication of tread through extrusion, building several rubber layers including tread, and finally shaping process including curing. In this presentation, we would like to discuss the process of tread rubber extrusion and shaping process among these series of processes. A pin barrel extruder is used for the extrusion of tread rubber. The mixing and pumping phenomena in the pin barrel extruder was analyzed through computer simulation. The action of the pin and the interrupted screw flight was observed through the velocity distribution, pressure distribution, and temperature distribution. The outermost layer of a tire is made up of tread. Tread extrusion was analyzed numerically for the design of co-extrusion dies in which three rubber layers were extruded by co-extrusion. The sidewall of a tire is made up of a layer called the sidewall. Sidewall is extruded by co-extrusion of two rubbers, and bending and tearing often occur in the extruded product. We would like to introduce a case where these defects were solved by changing the die design through computer simulation. In the tire shaping process, the accurate formation of tread grooves has a great influence on the quality of tires. The detailed flow of rubber in the groove part of the tire tread was observed through experiments and computer simulation. 24 RETA-IC 2023

Plenary Glove Manufacturing & Innovation Initiatives, vis -a-vis the Change in Consumer Behaviour Pattern. Dr. Supramaniam1 1Malaysian Rubber Glove Manufacturers Association Abstract The Covid-19, brought on a scenario of utter helplessness, despite the best medical care. Pending the arrival of the vaccines, the single most important saviour amongst the essential PPEs was gloves. In fact, in all situations of a virus breakout, from HIV/Aids, SARs, Ebola and Covid -19, gloves, has been the single commodity that stood out to mitigate and contain the spread of the virus. While consumer behaviour has evolved slowly over the past 40 years in relation to gloves manufacture and its usage, it has now , especially, post Covid, opened up a new dimension in terms of mandatory needs, voluntary wants and exciting functionalities brought about by individuals, corporates and Governments. This paper analyses, the historical evolution of gloves, right up to the post pandemic era. The mantra to keep gloves affordable, has resulted in a huge jump on the global per capita consumption of gloves. Such increase, seen consistently in the past 30 years, has been brought about by growing affluence, growing population, increased geriatric numbers, enhanced awareness on personal hygiene, improved technology, advances in elastomer chemistry , continuous innovation and R&D and increased mandatory and regulatory requirements by the various countries. Social compliance requirements of the workers within the glove manufacturing environment and sustainability in relation to the lattice material used has taken a pivotal role, with the buying nations. ESG is here to stay and it comes at a cost. A fresh breath of hope is now offered to greater use of Natural Rubber gloves, as opposed to synthetics, in the light of the requirements for sustainability. RETA-IC 2023 25

Plenary Challenges to waste plastics recycling technology development. Takeharu ISAKI Research Fellow, Polymers and Composite Materials Laboratory, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. [email protected] Plastics are very useful industrial materials which have characteristics of lightweight, excellent mechanical properties, good processability, excellent chemical stability and chemical resistance. In particular general purpose plastic such as polypropylene and polyethylene are huge quantities in reasonable costs, so they are used in a wide range of applications of automobile, home appliances, packaging containers, and logistics. Furthermore, it is also used for disposable applications such as food containers, cutlery and straws. On the other hand, plastic waste is a cause of ocean plastic and environmental problems of climate change caused by CO2 emissions from incineration. Strong demand for a movement to ban the one way use plastic to realize circular economy. Plastic waste has collected various complicated routes and is often a mixture in various states, which courses difficulty in material recycling. The collected waste plastic is hand sorted, mechanically sorted, shredded, washed, dried and in some cases advanced sorting like IR sorting and finally pelletized by means of extruder. However, the mechanical properties deteriorated due to contamination, and the viscosity of recycled polymer melt is not constant and the colored to gray or black by contamination of ink and fillers. Recycled plastic is usually mixed with virgin plastic before processing operation to control the mechanical properties. In the polymer processing, high-speed extrusion film casting or high-precision molded products in injection molding depend on the uniformity of the plastic pellets. Otherwise, stable high-speed production becomes impossible. In injection molding, the weight of each molded product fluctuates, and molding defects such as burrs and short shots are likely to occur. Therefore, even recycled waste plastic resins are required to have viscosity uniformity. In this presentation, a method to obtain recycle pellets these are mixture contains a certain amount of waste plastic and virgin plastic controlled uniform viscosity. A device and a control theories are joint development with the Nagaoka University of Technology. In addition, we will introduce an overview of new building a demonstration facility that has been scaled up to the semi-commercial produced line. 26 RETA-IC 2023

Plenary Navigate thru Green Development and Carbon Emission Panitan Junhasavasdikul e-mail [email protected] Climate change is one of the major concerns of our world. The topic was raised in the 1990s, from Kyoto Protocol to Paris Agreement, and has since gain much attention. Since then, there has been much effort in putting forward guideline, regulation, and restriction on activities that are harmful to our planet, mainly on the area of preserving our natural resources, putting a limit into our waste emission, and finding better alternative to fossil fuel in our energy generation. Regulators, Social development, and Businesses adopt the sustainability development goals as one of the platform to curve down the emission. This movement will play one of the major roles in the transformation of political ( regulators) , economy, consumers, businesses, as well as a key driving force in the demand of new technology and solution. In businesses, adaptation to curving of carbon emission can be a daunting task. Even with the available platform for Carbon Footprint of Organization (CFO) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), they are not perfect science, but they are competence tools that we can use to analyst the current carbon emission of our activities and the area that we can improve. The challenge is how far down the rabbit hole that we want to make our analysis, details analysis can be done but will consume resources and, especially, time. In other hand, we can do quick LCA analysis and gut feeling to judge on the pathway to proceed in order to reduce the carbon footprint of the product or service. The choice is up to each of the businesses. But we need to keep reminding ourselves that these available platforms measure the environmental impact, and don’t measure any financial and social impacts. Therefore, extended consideration has to be made together with these available analysis tools. Organization has to strategize their activities in sustainability development. Company need to able to deliver performance in products and services, while minimize the constraint in economic, as well as enhancing the system to heal our environment. Ideally, we have to find the pathway where businesses, consumers, social, economy, and ecology can benefit together. RETA-IC 2023 27

ABSTRACTS ECEnd of Life and Circular Economy of Rubber and Polymeric Products

EC Enzymatic degradation on rubber Aziana Abu Hassan1, Cordula Hege2,3, Derek Irvine2, Anca Pordea1 1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK 2 Centre for Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, UK 3Computational Biology for Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Germany Email: [email protected] Abstract Rubber is one of the most important commodities produced across the world. Every year, more than 25 million metric tons of natural and synthetic rubber are produced and consumed [1]. As a result, a considerable amount of rubber waste accumulates, typically at landfills where the degradation process is time consuming and heavily influenced by environmental conditions. Conventional approaches dealing with rubber waste would be recycling and reclaiming [2], [3]. Enzymatic rubber degradation has been actively explored in recent years and is a sustainable approach for polymer degradation within a circular economy. Latex clearing protein K30 (LcpK30) is a heme-dependent dioxygenase isolated from Streptomyces sp. Strain K30 [4]. It can degrade natural rubber via C=C double bond cleavage to produced functionalised oligoisoprenoids carrying a carbonyl group (ketone and aldehyde) at each end [5]. The aim of this project is to widen the scope of the enzymatic degradation towards other types of diene rubbers and to identify optimized conditions that allow the enzyme to interact with the rubber. In this work we performed the enzymatic degradation of polymers with variable morphology (e.g elastic solid, high viscosity), using three types of rubber: epoxidised natural rubber (ENR25 and ENR50), synthetic cis-1,4- polyisoprene (IR-1, IR-2 and IR-3) of variable molecular weight, and liquid polybutadiene rubbers (LPBs). To prepare the polymers we adapted previously reported methods, by grinding into microparticles or using a co-solvent stabilised emulsion system [6], [7]. The LcpK30 enzymatic reaction was performed for 24 hours with three interval additions of LcpK30 to a final concentration of 750 µg mL -1. Liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate was performed and the dried products were analysed with 1H NMR, HPLC and GPC. Presence of aldehyde was confirmed by 1H NMR spectra in products derived from the ENR25, IR-1, IR-2 and IR-3. However, no evidence of degradation on LPBs were detected thus, it is suggested that the frequency of C=C bond influenced the effectiveness of the enzyme to cleave the polymer chain. This suggestion is supported by the finding on ENR in which the ENR25 with less epoxide content was able to be degraded by LcpK30, whilst no product was observed with ENR50. The HPLC chromatogram for products derived from IR-2 and IR-3 gave an indication that the presence of co-solvent or of other building blocks or additives used in polymerisation has impacted on the enzyme activity. Modification to the morphology of a polymer to facilitate biological treatment could broaden the application of a biological agent not only for rubber degradation but also as a biological tool for rubber microstructure modification that could lead to discovery of novel materials. Keywords: rubber degradation, sustainable, biotechnology, enzyme Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Malaysian Rubber Board under a studentship programme. References [1] R. Andler, Biotechnol. Adv., 2020, 44, 107606. [2] A. Sofi, Ain Shams Eng. J., 2018, 9:4, 2691–2700. [3] A. L. Altenhoff, S. Thierbach, and A. Steinbüchel, Biodegradation, 2021, 32:2, 113–125. [4] K. Rose, K. B. Tenberge, and A. Steinbüchel, Biomacromolecules, 2005, 6:1, 180-188. [5] J. Birke and D. Jendrossek, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2014, 80:16, 5012-5020. [6] R. Andler, S. Hiessl, O. Yücel, M. Tesch, and A. Steinbüchel, N. Biotechnol., 2018, 44, 6-12. [7] V. K. B. Adjedje, E. Schell, Y. L. Wolf, A. Laub, M. J. Weissenborn, and W. H. Binder, Green Chem., 2021, 23, 9433–9438. RETA-IC 2023 29

EC Bringing Circularity at Scale Through Sustainable Carbonaceous Materials Sungho Park1, Dr Joseph Hallett2 1 Birla Carbon Korea, Yeosu, Korea. email: [email protected] 2 Birla Carbon Europe GmbH, Podbielskistr. 160, Hannover, Germany. email: [email protected] Abstract Throughout the automotive value chain, there has been an increased focus on increasing renewable and recycled content within vehicles. This focus has been partly driven by governmental legislation, but the end consumer in many geographies is also increasingly pushing for more circularity. In addition to this pull from consumers, there is increasing awareness that burning, or even worse dumping, End of Life Tyrese (ELT) is both a waste of valuable resources and not a viable solution. While pyrolysis of ELT has been investigated for decades, many of the carbon’s produced by this process are only suitable to be used as a fuel. Recent advances in technology have improved the quality of these secondary raw materials, but there are still issues with available volumes, product consistency and the knowledge of the producers. These challenges have limited the acceptance of these circular materials in the market. In this paper the difficulties of meeting current sustainability requirements and future aspirations of the automotive sector will be covered. The regulatory challenges of bringing circularity at scale to the tyre and other related sectors through the creation of Sustainable Carbonaceous Material (SCM) will also be discussed. The paper will also describe the key descriptive and performance attributes of SCM: particle size; Inorganic Content (Ash), Transmission and Pellet Properties and their link to in- rubber performance. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the team in our Central Laboratories in Marietta GA for their work to generate this the test data for this paper 30 RETA-IC 2023

EC Circular Economy and End of Life Tire Management Phraephrewngarm, Attapon Sustainability Senior General Manager, Thai Bridgestone Co.,Ltd. email: [email protected] Abstract The research of World Business Council for Sustainable Development published end of life tire (ELT) research under Tyre Industry Project (TIP). The report showed more than thirty million ton of ELT has been generated in worldwide[1]. The highest generators are China, USA and EU respectively. It also showed the relation of ELT legislative, ELT Management and ELT recycling technology. The country, where ELT is legislated, has marvelous ELT management and advancing ELT recycling technology. This advancing ELT recycling technology is in harmonization of circular economy (CE), which are valuable and sustainable. For Thailand, it is one of main ELT generator in Asia, also, 2nd tyre exporter (No.1 is China) to the worldwide. Figure 1 ELT Generation and recovery by country/region (map) In several years, Thai government has promoted Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) industrial model. In 2020, The office of Industry Economics, Ministry of Industry, has proposed Prime Minister “Development of Thai Industries by Circular Economy”. Steel and Tyre have been mentioned as prototype product for CE. ELT has been brought back to the focus. However, without legislation, circular economy of ELT is hardly to inaugurate. References [1] Global ELT Management – A global state of knowledge on collection rates, recovery routes, and management methods; World Business Council for Sustainable Development RETA-IC 2023 31

EC Degradation behavior of natural rubber gloves under composting conditions and its effect on seed germination and bacterial community Chomnutcha Boonmee1, Thanawadee Leejarkpai1, Peeraphong Pokphat1, Banphot Jiangchareon1, Sirichai Pattanawanidchai1, Pongdhorn Sae-oui1, Surapich Loykulnant1, Nattawut Boonyuen2, Chanwit Suriyachadkun2, Papichaya Kwantong2, Suranan Yoolong2, Pattanop Kanokratana2 1 National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. 2 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract Degradation of natural rubber (NR) is a complex process that involve with physical, chemical, and biological actions. A long-term degradation of NR under composting conditions has never been reported so far. In this work, the degradation behavior of NR gloves was investigated under 4 cycles of the composting process (1 cycle = 84 days). In the first cycle, the breakdown of NR gloves was physically and biologically determined. NR gloves showed a 59.93% weight loss after the first cycle of composting. A qualitative analysis of the degraded gloves was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The SEM micrographs revealed irregular roughness and tears on the NR glove surface. The ATR-FTIR results demonstrated the presence of carbonyl groups after the disintegration of NR gloves. Bacterial communities residing on surfaces of the degraded gloves were also determined based on uncultured approach using amplicon sequencing technique. Phylum Actinobacteria was found as the major group on the glove surfaces followed by Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes. These predominant bacteria may play a key role in biodegradation of NR together with disintegration by thermo and physiochemical factors. The residual pieces of NR gloves from the first cycle were returned to 3 more composting cycles to evaluate the degree of disintegration until 4 cycles were completed. NR gloves were continuously disintegrated into smaller fragments during cycles 1 through 4 and displayed a 98% weight reduction at the end of the last cycle. The phytotoxicity and maturity of compost derived from each composting cycle were assessed using the germination index (GI). The GI values of Vigna radiata and Sorghum bicolor were higher than 80%, compared with the control (deionized water), indicating that compost had no effect on the germination of the seeds and had achieved complete maturity. 32 RETA-IC 2023

EC Solution to Carbon Reduction in Rubber Industry Andy Yuan ECO Infinic Co., Ltd.(Thailand) // Enrestec Inc, (Taiwan.) email: [email protected] Abstract If the goal of carbon neutrality cannot be achieved by 2050, the global temperature will exceed 1.5°C than before the industrial era, and accelerate the extinction and destruction of species. rCB was gradually gaining attention. Eco Thailand's first continuous end-of-life tires pyrolysis plant was commissioning in 2019. Eco’s product carbon blacks are characterized by low PAHs and low carbon footprint, and they are ranked as one of the best recovered carbon blacks in the world, widely used in tires, conveyor belts, mechanical rubber goods, plastic, ink, etc. Processing capacity: 17,000 tons/year of end-of-life tires. It is estimated that the expansion will be completed in the fourth quarter of 2023, and the processing capacity will double. Carbon reduction benefits: ISO14067 carbon footprint certification has been obtained. Compared with virgin carbon black and general oil products, carbon emissions will be much reduced; in addition, ISCC Plus certification applications are also underway. Figure 1. The circular Economy imagine of end-of-life tires, let the carbon black in the tires be reused forever. Table 1. The comparison of carbon footprint of carbon black and pyrolysis oil. Acknowledgements This presentation was supported by Enrestec Inc. References [1] https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/find_ef.php?ipcc_code=2.B.8.f&ipcc_level=3 [2] https://www.carbonindependent.org/15.html RETA-IC 2023 33

EC The effect of natural rubber on biodegradation of polylactic acid/natural rubber blown film Atthawich Prasongporn1, Peerapong Chanthot1, Chiravoot Pechyen2 Cattaleeya Pattamaprom1,* 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, 99 Phaholyothin Rd, Thailand. 2 Department of Materials and Textiles Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Phaholyothin Rd, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract PLA and Natural rubber (NR) are biodegradable materials from nature. Although biodegradation behavior of PLA has been widely investigated, the degradation characteristic of PLA/NR blends is still not well-established. In this research, we studied the effect of NR on biodegradation of PLA/NR blends at the NR contents of 0-25 wt% by using Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyzer or MODA following the ISO 14855-2. The result was also compared to the actual soil burial test at room temperature for 1 year and also at 60 oC for 6 months. The results from MODA test and soil burial test at 60 oC indicated that the addition of NR decreased the biodegradation rate of PLA/NR blends. FTIR result also proves that PLA/NR blend was degraded better at elevated temperature. Nevertheless, the soil burial test at Thailand room temperature indicated that the presence of NR led to faster soil burial degradation of PLA/NR blends. Percentage 0% 10 % 15 % 25 % Natural rubber PLA/NR degradation at room temperature PLA/NR degradation at elevated temperature of 58 °C Film Positions Figure 1. Comparison of PLA/NR degradation between burial at room temperature and elevated temperature of 58 oC at 3-month period. References [1] Tokiwa, Y., & Calabia, B. P. (2006). Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly(lactide). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72(2), 244–251 [2] Huang, Y., Zhang, C., Pan, Y., Zhou, Y., Jiang, L., & Dan, Y. (2013). Effect of NR on the hydrolytic degradation of PLA. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98(5), 943–950. [3] Rudnik, E., & Briassoulis, D. (2011). Degradation behaviour of poly(lactic acid) films and fibres in soil under Mediterranean field conditions and laboratory simulations testing. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(3), 648–658. 34 RETA-IC 2023

EC- Poster Photo-biodegradation and phytotoxicity assessment of natural rubber and natural rubber gloves Peeraphong Pokphat1, Thanawadee Leejarkpai1, Natthaphat Sangkanan1, Sirikorn Sastraruji1, Surapich Loykulnant1, Chomnutcha Boonmee1 1 National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract This work aimed to study the photo-biodegradation of natural rubber (NR) and NR gloves under ultraviolet radiation/condensation (UC) conditions and controlled composting conditions. NR and NR glove specimens were exposed under the QUV accelerated weathering test for 400 h of exposure following the standard ASTM G154-cycle 1. Scanning electron micrographs revealed cracks and holes on exposed surfaces due to the accelerated weathering test. The biodegradation rates of UC-exposed NR and NR gloves were compared to the results of the control group (unexposed NR and NR gloves) under controlled composting conditions at 58 ± 2 °C for 360 days. The interesting results showed that both unexposed NR and NR gloves had a higher degradation rate than that found in the UC-exposed NR and NR gloves. Unexposed NR gloves showed the highest degradation rate with 82.65%at the end of the test period. After the biodegradation test, the phytotoxicity of all test materials was evaluated based on seed emergence and plant biomass of Vigna radiata and Sorghum bicolor. The results showed that retrieved compost at a high concentration (50%by weight) had no effect on seed emergence and plant biomass of Vigna radiata, whereas an effect on plant biomass of Sorghum bicolor was observed when assayed with 50%of retrieved compost from unexposed NR and NR gloves. RETA-IC 2023 35

RGABSTRACTS Environmentally Friendly Rubber and Green Materials

RG The Thriving of Natural Rubber as an Environmentally Friendly Rubber and Green Materials, Based on structural characterization studies. Jitladda Sakdapipanich Rubber Research Group, Polymer Science and Technology Program, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Natural rubber (NR) latex from Hevea brasiliensis is the most important bio-based-elastomers, exhibits high green strength and outstanding cured rubber properties, originating from its microstructure, compared with synthetic analogues. Therefore, a series of studies to decipher NR microstructure were carried out. These studies include the detailed structure of the �-initiating and �-terminating ends of fresh in vivo NR molecules in comparison with newly synthesized in vitro NR ones, using a high- resolution NMR and various analysis techniques. The relationship between its distinguishing microstructure, biosynthesis pathway of NR molecule in the rubber tree in connecting with the unique properties will be presented. Only NR contains non-rubber components (NRCs) such as phospholipids, protein, carbohydrates, inorganic salts, etc., while IR lacks. The NRCs in NR, especially proteins and phospholipids, and geometrical isomers, are responsible for the superior properties of NR over IR. Lastly, the NRCs can also produce color and odor, limiting some NR applications, especially for light- colored NR products in high demand. Eliminating NRCs from NR can reduce its yellow color and odor. Our research strengthens customer confidence in Thai natural rubber over synthetic rubber by establishing a quality standard, boosting NR consumption to compete in various rubber application industries, and offering struggles for NR as a sustainable industrial polymer. (a) (b) (c) Figure Scenarios of natural rubber latex from (a) Hevea rubber tree, (b) model of rubber particle and linear molecule and (c) branch structures RETA-IC 2023 37

RG A Valuable Rubber Seeds Oil and Its Cascade Utilization for Sustainable Energy and Chemicals Yasuaki Maeda1, Nguyen Huynh Phuong Uyen1, Shinji Kanehashi2, 1Graduate School of Sustainable System Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku,Sakai City, Osaka, Japan. Email: [email protected] 2 Departmentof Applied Chemistry, Department of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-machi, Koganei City, Tokyo, Japan Abstract: The production of fuels and chemicals from biomass has recently become popular as a climate change mitigation measure. However, using biomass as a feedstock does not necessarily mean the reduction of CO2 emissions; it is essential that the manufacturing process consumes less energy and produces less waste from the process. We aimed to develop a process whereby the plantation would not be used for only oil but for the production of other products, focusing on para-rubber, which at the moment has little oil content, and developing a cascade process to utilize not only the oil but also the whole seed. Photographs of the rubber seed, the oil extracted from it and the BDF made from the oil and fat are shown in Photo 1. As shown in Table 1 together with other fats and oils, rubber seed oil contains 21% and 42% of the ω3 and ω6, linoleic and linolenic triglycerides, respectively. BDF made from this oil has an extremely low melting point of below 0°C. BDF made from palm oil, which has a melting point of higher than 30°C, cannot be used in the Japanese winter because it becomes solid. The lipase enzyme in rubber seed oil has extremely high activity to , and if the oil is left for a week after collection, it breaks down into free fatty acids, making it difficult to produce good-quality BDF. The process for the cascade utilization of rubber seed oil is shown in Figure 1 and also utilization of by-products glycerine for renewable energy has been studied. Table 1. Oil Components in seeds Seeds Production FFA(% ) Saturated 3= ((% ) Freezing Vitamin E in TG (% ) Point(�) (% ) Palm Asia (1000t) Soybean 15.5 0.016 Canola 60,000 2.3(14.3) 46.6 ------- 2.0 0.010 Para Rubber -7.0 0.015 Vernicia montana 44,000 0.35 12.3 9.5 3.0 0.035 23.000 (EU) 0.25 5.1 10.6 -12.3 0.174 8000 (Asia) 38.1 5.1 10.6 1.4 2.8 83.1 200 Fig.1. Schematic diagram of Cascade utilization of Photo.1. Rubber seeds oil BDF Rubber seeds oil References [1] Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Transesterification Using a Co-solvent of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, H. N. T. Le, K. Imamura, N. Watanabe, M. Furuta, N. Takenaka, L. V. Boi and Y. Maeda, Chem. Eng. Technol., 41, 1–7(2018). 38 RETA-IC 2023

RG The feasibility study of using Wolffia powder in rubber compounding Pattamaporn Klongklaew1, Phimthong Khamjapo2, Surapich Loykulnant3, Pongdhorn Sae-oui 4, Weenusarin Intiya 5 1,2,3,4,5 Innovative Rubber Manufacturing Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract In rubber product manufacturing, various additives are inevitably added to the rubber for specific purposes. The release of by-products during the production process and the residues of these chemicals in the rubber products might be hazardous to human health. To alleviate these problems, the use of green chemicals from natural resources to replace potentially hazardous chemicals has recently gained much attention. This work aimed to investigate the effect of Wolffia powder on the properties of natural rubber (NR). Commercially dry Wolffia was purchased, ground, sieved, and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) , CHN elemental analyzer, density meter and particle size distribution analyzer (PSD) before being added to NR at various contents. The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the NR compounds were then investigated. Results reveal that Wolffia powder contained approximately 4.5%w/w of nitrogen (N). The N-containing compounds in Wolffia were protein and chlorophyll. Due to the presence of these N-containing compounds, the addition of Wolffia powder to NR resulted in a significant reduction in cure time, i.e., the optimum cure time (tc90) was reduced from 17.2 min to 8.9 min when 4 phr of Wolffia powder was added. The cure acceleration of the Wolffia powder led to the slight increases in hardness and modulus in association with the slight reduction of elongation at break. Tensile strength gradually decreased as the Wolffia powder content increased. Surprisingly, the addition of Wolffia powder had no effect on tear strength up to 4 phr. The results show the high potential of using Wolffia powder as a green secondary accelerator for rubber compounding. References [1] G. Moscoso-Mujica, A.I. Zavaleta, Á. Mujica, I. Arnao, C. Moscoso-Neira, M. Santos and J. Sánchez, Food Chem. 2021, 360, 129951. [2] K.-J. Appenroth, K.S. Sree, V. Böhm, S. Hammann, W. Vetter, M. Leiterer and G. Jahreis, Food Chem. 2017, 217, 266-273. [3] R. Yoksan, A. Boontanimitr, N. Klompong and T. Phothongsurakun, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 203, 369-378. RETA-IC 2023 39

RG Sustainability in the rubber world: green compounding Raffaele Bernardo1, Philip Hough1, David Hardy1, Harish AK2 1 ARLANXEO Performance Elastomers, B.V. Innovation department, P.O. Box 185, 6160AD Geleen, the Netherlands 2 ARLANXEO Singapore Pte Ltd, 3A International Business Park, Singapore 609935 [email protected] Abstract In line with its strong focus on Innovation, ARLANXEO continues pursuing research and development activities towards sustainable solutions for rubber compounding. Following the commercial introduction of bio-based rubbers (Keltan® ECO) and further endeavours in sustainable compounding, ARLANXEO demonstrated that it is possible to produce rubber compounds with more than 85% of sustainable ingredients for automotive sealing applications [1]. This paper constitutes a continuation of our efforts on green compounding, enlarging the sustainable fillers database as well as indicating and providing solutions to the challenges which arise in such an exciting topic. References [1]. Duin, M., Hough, P., KGK – 01-2-2018: Green EPDM compounds 40 RETA-IC 2023

RG - Poster Enhancing Impurities Removal Efficiency by Green Adsorbent Wasupon Wongvitvhot1, Nuttha Thongchul2, Sitanan Thitiprasert2, Thanyalak Chaisuwan2,3 1 The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 2 Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 3 The Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract Lactic acid is used in many applications, especially for producing poly(lactic acid). The bottleneck of lactic acid production for polymerization is purification and recovery step. Many criteria have to be considered, including high technologies, process cost, amount of chemical usage, and waste chemical management, which could result in increasing lactic acid production cost. Adsorption is a suitable method due to its low cost and ability to scale-up. Coconut shell activated carbon (AC) is interesting for using as a bio-adsorbent because it contains many functional groups. Is also has high surface area and is inexpensive. To enhance ability of AC, surface of activated carbons was modified with carboxymethyl cellulose and citric acid. The results showed that carboxymethyl cellulose grafted (CACMC-AC) presented the ability to adsorb the metal ions impurities around 12% and lactic acid remained around 90.03% (% recovery). To investigated properties of the adsorbent, the CACMC-AC was characterized by Brumaruer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer (XPS) techniques. Figure 1. CA-CMC Grafted on activated carbon for metal ions removal. Acknowledgements This research is partially financially supported by the Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Scholarship (Grant no. PHD/0013/2561), the Center of Excellence for Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, and the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand. References [1] Li, C., Gao, M., Zhu, W., Wang, N., Ma, X., Wu, C., Wang, Q. Process Biochem. 2021,104, 142-151. [2] Kumar, S., Yadav, N., Nain, L., Khare, S.K. Bioresour Technol. 2020, 318, 124-260. RETA-IC 2023 41

RG - Poster Improved cushion property of natural rubber latex foam using potassium oleate for fresh produce packaging Keavalin Jitkokkruad1,2, Theerapat Taweebraksa1, Tatiya Trongsatitkul1,2,3 1 School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Sub-District, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. 2 Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 3 Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Sub-District, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract An urgent need of a replacing petroleum-base cushioning packaging with a more environmentally friendly material led us to develop an eco-friendly cushion. Our previous work on natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) cushion fabrication using eco-friendly process of microwave assisted vulcanization resulted in NRLF cushion with analogous cushion performance as compared to a commercial cushion foam of expanded polyethylene (EPE). In the present work, we aimed to improve the NRLF cushion by lowering its density. Potassium oleate (K-oleate) was used as a foaming agent in the formulation of NRLF during Dunlop process. The effect of K-oleate content (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 phr). on density, structure, mechanical properties, and cushion coefficient has been investigated. Microwave power 600 watts and time of 6 minutes were optimal and used for the vulcanization process. The scanning electron micrographs of the cross sectioned NRLFs were analysed for foam structure (cell size and number of cells per unit volume) using ImageJ image analyser. The cell size was slightly increased with the increased K-oleate content. On the other hand, the cell number decreased. Bulk density, compressive strength, and cushion coefficient were decreased with an increasing K-oleate content. The lowest cushion coefficient indicated the highest energy absorption or best cushion performance. This work showed the possibility to fine-tune the NRLF’s properties to suit with a specific application. Keywords: natural rubber latex foam, potassium oleate, Dunlop process, microwave-assisted vulcanization, density, cushion property Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the Suranaree University of Technology for providing equipment and facilities. 42 RETA-IC 2023

RG - Poster Cellulose whiskers from banana peel reinforced Para rubber adhesive bonded Para rubber wooden joint Manisara Phiriyawirut, Roongrut Termwattanapat, Sojirat Petmaneenilsai, Preeyaporn Sathong, and Noppadol Kumanuwong Department of Tool and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Thungkru, Bangkok, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract The research concerned improving the bonding performance of the Para rubber adhesive by adding cellulose whiskers extracted from banana peel. The cellulose whiskers (1%) were added into Para rubber adhesive consisting of 60%DRC Para rubber latex blended with 70 phr tapioca flour. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-9), a non-ionic surfactant, was also added in order to improve disperse ability of cellulose whiskers. As-prepared Para rubber nanocomposite adhesives bonded between two pieces of Para rubber wood plate which placed cross grain wood. From the adhesive efficiency test, the rubber wood plates bonding with Para rubber nanocomposite adhesives reinforced with cellulose whiskers from banana peel were a difficultly separate and had higher force to split each rubber wood plate off than those of the rubber wood plates bonding with Para rubber adhesives. a bc Figure 1. (a) TEM micrograph of cellulose whisker, (b) Appearance of Para rubber nanocomposite adhesive reinforced with cellulose whisker and (c) Adhesive efficiency test of the rubber wood plates bonding with Para rubber nanocomposite adhesives. Acknowledgements The support of Department of Tool and Materials Engineering, King Mongkut’ s University of Technology Thonburi are gratefully appreciated and acknowledged for the financial support of this research. References [1] J.X. Sun, X.F. Sun, H. Zhao, and R.C. Sun, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2004, 4, 331. [2] M. Sonakshi, J. Jayaramudu, D. Kunal, R.S. Mohan, S. Rotimi, R.S. Sinha and L. Dagang, Carbohyd. Polym. 2013, 98, 562. RETA-IC 2023 43

RG - Poster Mechanical properties of pyrolysis carbon black in engine mount application Teerapat Anupabphan 1, Chonlakarn Wongkhorsub 2, Napan Narischat 3 1 Automotive and Energy Engineering Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bang sue, Bangkok 10800., Thailand email: [email protected] Abstract Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition process that converts waste tires into liquid oil, gas, pyrolysis carbon black (CBp) and steel. In today’s world energy market, pyrolysis carbon black is sold as a low price material. This study utilized CBp as a substitute for commercial carbon black N330 in styrene- butadiene rubber (SBR). In addition, the researcher investigated the effect of the size and ratio of CBp and commercial carbon black N330 on the mechanical properties of rubber. Decreasing particle size (increasing surface area) enhances reinforcement, tensile strength modulus (stiffness), tear resistance, and abrasion resistance while decreasing elongation and resilience. At a ratio of 20% CBp and N330 did not affect the basic physical and mechanical or processing properties of the blended rubber. While increasing CBp ratio caused elongation at failure, stretch stress, and tear strength to decrease, other physical parameters such as hardness and tensile strength did not change substantially relative to CBp ratio. The pyrolysis carbon black can result in a significant reduction in manufacturing costs without having an impact on the fundamental physical and mechanical properties of rubber blends or their processing properties. Keywords pyrolysis carbon black, waste tires, styrene–butadiene rubber, mechanical properties, N330 Acknowledgments This paper and the research behind it would not have been possible without the financial support of the Research and Researchers for Industries (RRI) or Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), Pyro Energie.co,ltd and King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok. I would like to express my gratitude to Asst. Prof. Chonlakarn Wongkhorsub and Dr. Napan Narischat. References [1] He, S., Zhang, F., Liu, S., Cui, H., Chen, S., Peng, W., Chen, G., Liao, X., & Liao, L. (2022, November). Influence of sizes of rubber particles in latex on mechanical properties of natural rubber filled with carbon black. Polymer, 261, 125393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125393 [2] Lai, S. M., Chu, Y. L., Chiu, Y. T., Chang, M. C., Hsieh, T. Y., & Hsieh, M. H. (2020, February 4). Effect of pyrolysis carbon black from waste tires on the properties of styrene–butadiene rubber compounds. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 29(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391120902882 [3] LIU, Q., Li, H., & Li, J. (2020, June 24). Basic Properties of Pyrolysis carbon black of Waste Tyres and Application of Pyrolysis carbon black in Transition Layer Rubber of All Steel Radial Tire. Research and Application of Materials Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33142/msra.v2i1.1977 [4] Martínez, J. D., Cardona-Uribe, N., Murillo, R., García, T., & López, J. M. (2019, February). Carbon black recovery from waste tire pyrolysis by demineralization: Production and application in rubber compounding. Waste Management, 85, 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.016 [5] Spahr, M. E., & Rothon, R. (2017). Carbon Black as a Polymer Filler. Fillers for Polymer Applications, 261–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28117-9_36 44 RETA-IC 2023

RG - Poster From Thermoplastic Starch to Vitrimer: A Solution to retard Retrogradation via Dynamic Crosslink Network Patakorn Pilasen a, Suwabun Chirachanchai a,b,* a Center of Excellence in Bioresources to Advanced Materials (B2A-CE), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. b Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok. * corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is noted as a promising biodegradable plastic with natural abundance and compatibility with commodity ones. Therefore, a wide range of applications. e. g. , compost bags, packaging materials, coatings, mulch films, and disposable diapers are proposed. In fact, TPS products have their own limitations related to glycerol leakage (retrogradation) and phase separation. Currently, polymers with dynamic covalent bonds, so-called vitrimer[1], are recognized as a new type of materials under thermoset networks with thermoplast performances. To our idea, based on the concept of vitrimers, the dynamic crosslinks between glycerol and starch enable the stability of glycerol and retard retrogradation. Herein, thermoreversible Diels- Alder ( DA) reaction [ 2,3] to construct the dynamic covalent bond is proposed. By simply modifying TPS with furan and maleimide (Fig. 1(a)), thermoplastic starch vitrimer (TPSV) can be obtained. TPSV shows the melting in retro Diel-Alder regime (above 120 oC) and this allows the crosslink networks generated during TPSV film fabrication via Diel- Alder cycloaddition. The recovery of dynamic crosslinks allows TPSV to be reprocessable (Fig. 1(b)) as film through compression process of heating and cooling for several cycles. The presentation will cover the preparation of TPSV including the structural analysis and the properties and performances. Figure 1. (a) Preparation of TPSV via Diel-Alders and (b) TPSV film and its reprocessability Acknowledgements The author ( P. P. ) gratefully acknowledges the Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) for the scholarship. This project is funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (Grant No. N42A640322). References [1] M. Damien, M. Capelot, F. Tournilhac and L. Leibler, Science. 2011, 334, 965. [2] G. Alessandro, C. Dora, J.D.S. Armando, European Polymer Journal, 2008, 44, 4029. [3] C. Xiangxu, A.D. Matheus, O. Kanji, M. Ajit, S. Hongbin, R.N. Steven, S. Kevin, W. Fred, 2002, 295, 1698. RETA-IC 2023 45

RG - Poster Molecular Design and Synthesis of Amino Acid-based Poly(ester amide) Elastomer: A New Concept to obtain Bio-derived Elastomer Ratthapit Wuttisarn1, Autchara Pangon3, Sorapat Niyomsin1, Chatchai Veranitisagul4, Apirat Laobuthee5 and Suwabun Chirachancahi1,2,* 1 Center of Excellence in Bioresources to Advanced Materials (B2A-CE), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand 3 National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand 4 Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110 Thailand 5 Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand *email: [email protected] Abstract Elastomers are one of the most important daily use products, as seen in electronic appliances, textiles, coatings, and sealings, etc.1-3, due to their flexibility, elasticity, and recoverability. The replacement of fossil-based elastomers with biomass-based ones assures the environmentally friendly materials. On this viewpoint, the present work proposes a new molecular design and synthesis to obtain bio-derived elastomer, namely amino-acid-based poly(ester amide) elastomers (PEAEs) to be an alternative material. The incorporation of amino acid in biopolyester chains, i.e., PLA, PBS, etc., leads to a polymer chain with pendant group. This pendant group plays its own role on chemical and physical/ mechanical properties. In addition, the combination with diglycidyl molecules allows more pendant group for further functionalization including crosslinking. Fig 1 ( a) shows phenylalanine- based PEAE under urethane crosslink networks. The film obtained from solution casting shows the significant extensivity (Fig. 1 (b)). The presentation will cover the molecular design and synthesis of of amino acid based PEAEs including the structural characterization and elastomeric performances. Figure 1. (a) Chemical structure of phenylalanine-based poly(ester amide) elastomer (PEAE), and (b) photographs of PEAEs before (above), after stretching (medium), and after removing the stretching force (below). Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from “Chulalongkorn University – NSTDA for Doctoral Scholarship” through Chulalongkorn University, and National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand. This project is funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (Grant No. N42A640322). References [1] Wen, Y.; Chen, B., Materials Today Sustainability 2023, 21, 100328. [2] Song, W.; Wang, Z.; Xing, Y.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Tan, T.; Zhang, L., ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2023. [3] Mou, L.; Qi, J.; Tang, L.; Dong, R.; Xia, Y.; Gao, Y.; Jiang, X., Small 2020, 16 (51), 2005336. 46 RETA-IC 2023

RG - Poster Effects of silane coupling agent contents on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of eco-friendly parawood sawdust/natural rubber composites Sukanya Khammak1, Nanticha Srirawang1, Sirirat Banchong1, Pranee Nuinu1,2, Sansanee Srichan1,2, Chaiwute Vudjung1,2, Sarawut Prasertsri1,2,* 1 Rubber and Polymer Technology Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand. 2 Laboratory of Advanced Polymer and Rubber Materials (APRM), Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand. email: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to identify the optimal contents of bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (Si-69) for the preparation of eco-friendly parawood sawdust/natural rubber (NR) composites. The study is beneficial for enhancing the value of excessive sawdust which is a waste material from parawood processing plants. For preparing rubber compound, the amount of Si-69 was varied from 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% based on 100 phr of parawood sawdust powder (WSP). After that, the cure characteristics, morphology and mechanical properties of NR composites were investigated. The results showed that the cure time of the composites slightly decreased when the amount of Si-69 increased. This is because the silane coupling agent reacted with the hydroxyl group (-OH), resulted in a decrease in the active hydroxyl groups on the cellulose surface. In addition, adding Si-69 up to 10 and 15 phr reduced the compound viscosity due to a poor WSP dispersion in the NR matrix. Therefore, it led to a reduction of 25% modulus and hardness of the composites, but their elongation at break increased. The presence of the Si-69 with 5 wt% could improve the adhesion between the WSP and the NR matrix and consequently enhanced the mechanical properties and water absorption resistance of the composites. As a result, the use of 5 wt% Si-69 coupled with 100 phr WSP could be considered as a suitable recipe to prepare the WSP/NR composites for further applications of artificial wood materials. Figure 1. Stress-strain curves and SEM images of the WSP/NR composites at various Si-69 contents Acknowledgements This research was supported by the National Science, Research, and Innovation (Fundamental Funds (FF) of the fiscal year 2022). References [1] W. Hidayat, N. Aprilliana, S. Asmara, S. Bakri, S. Hidayati, I.S. Banuwa, M.A. Lubis, A. H. Iswanto, Polym. Compos. 2022, 43(4), 2222. [2] C. Homkhiew, S. Rawangwong, W. Boonchouytan, W. Thongruang, T. Ratanawilai, Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2018, 7179527 RETA-IC 2023 47

RG - Poster Branching Structured PLA-based Shape Memory Polymer Watunyu Thanongsak1, Suwabun Chirachanchai1,2* 1Center of Excellence in Bioresources to Advanced Materials (B2A-CE), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand *email: [email protected] Abstract Materials for medical devices have been developed for decades from metal to polymer. Although both metal and polymer provide good mechanical properties and a certain compatibility, the lack of biodegradability leads to the second surgery to remove those devices from the organs. On this viewpoint, biodegradable polymer seems to be alternative. Moreover, shape memory polymers (SMP) have the potential to be highly beneficial in various medical applications. The function of SMP is to actuate the desired shape after being installed into the human body in order to minimize the invasiveness of surgery. In this work, we propose branching structure of polylactic acid (PLA)-based shape memory polymer for medical applications. Firstly, PLA-co-PBS can be obtained from ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide initiated with OH-terminated polybutylene succinate (PBS). This copolymer is satisfied with the condition to be SMP due to the presence of net point and switching segment. PLA functions as a net point because it has a higher Tg compared to PBS which plays the role as a switching segment. As the brittleness of PLA limits most biomedical products, the PLA-co-PBS is further coupling with multi- branched polyethylene imine (mPEI) to provide amorphous phase and achieve the toughness as shown in Figure 1. The presentation covers molecular design and synthesis of branching structured PLA and its SMP phenomenon. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University for Doctoral scholarship. Figure 1. SMP film of PLA-co-PBS coupled with mPEI and its schematic structure. References [1] Khamsarn, T.; Supthanyakul, R.; Matsumoto, M.; Chirachanchai, S. Polymer 2017, 112, 87-91. [2] Song, G.; Zhao, H. Q.; Liu, Q.; Fan, Z. Bioactive Materials 2022, 17, 488-495 [3] Supthanyakul, R.; Kaabbuathong, N.; Chirachanchai, S. Polymer 2016, 105, 1-9. [4] Michalski, A.; Brzezinski, M.; Lapienis, G.; Biela, T. Progress in Polymer Science 2019, 89, 159- 212.

RG - Poster Heat Resistant Biocatalyst Microcapsules with Moisture-Induced Swelling and Thermally-Induced Controlled Release Functions Supattra Khemlek1, Rath Pichyangkura2, Nonsee Nimitsiriwat3, Suwabun chirachanchai1,* 1 Center of Excellence in Bioresources to Advanced Materials (B2A-CE), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 2 Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 3 Chemical Engineering Practice School (ChEPS), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand *Corresponding author email: [email protected]. Abstract At present, the substitution of petroleum-based with renewable resource-based materials is considered to be one of the sustainable material solutions. Although PLA is commercially available at a reasonable price, its biodegradability as quoted by the standard which requires the specific conditions seems not to be practical in the real condition. This limits the goal of bioplastic degradation. Therefore, accelerating its biodegradability in general composting areas, water, and marine becomes a challenging theme.[1] Enzymatic degradation, in our viewpoint, is an effective pathway. However, the incorporation of enzyme in PLA products need thermal resistance and high sensitivity to moisture as the production of PLA plastic products has to be done through the processing machines and the plastic waste treatment in composting condition. In this regard, we propose a novel strategy to encapsulate a PLA-degrading enzyme in thermoresponsive microparticles coated with thermal resistant and water-soluble polymers. The polymer, such as PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), coated on microcapsules enhances enzyme survival during processing steps, whereas the UCST (upper critical solution temperature) polymer, such as polyacrylamide-co-acrylonitrile, allows enzyme release during composting. The presentation will cover enzyme culture, microencapsulation of enzyme with UCST polymer and the coating with PVA (Figure 1 (a)), as well as heat resistance, moisture-induced swelling and thermally- induced controlled release of enzymes. (Figure 1 (b)). Figure 1. (a) Constituents of the enzyme microcapsules, and (b) schematic of the performances of enzyme microcapsules. Acknowledgments: The work is under the Senior Research Scholar project, National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) (Grant No. N42A640322). References [1] Teixeira, S., Eblagon, K. M., Miranda, F., R. Pereira, M. F., & Figueiredo, J. L.C-Journal of Carbon Research, 2021, 7, 42. RETA-IC 2023 49

ABSTRACTS SN Sustainability of Natural Rubber and Social Impacts