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Human Body Systems Table of contents

Table of contentsTable of contentsMusculoskeletal system Main function: Key Terms: Vocabulary: Diseases/Disorders: occupations:Integumentary system Main function: Key terms: Vocabulary: diseases/disorders: Occupations:Special senses Main function: Key terms: diseases/disorders: Occupations:Nervous system Main function: Key terms: diseases/ disorders: Occupations:Cardiovascular System Main function: Key terms: vocabulary: diseases/ disorders: Occupations:Respiratory system Main function: Key terms: Table of contents

Vocabulary: diseases/ disorders: Occupations:Digestive system Main function: Vocabulary: Key terms: Diseases/disorders: Occupations:Urinary system Main function: Vocabulary: Key terms: diseases/disorders: Occupations:Reproductive system Main function: Vocabulary: Key terms: diseases/ disorders: Occupations: Table of contents

Musculoskeletal systemMain function​:It​ is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments,joints, and other connective tissue that binds tissues and organs together. Themusculoskeletal system's main functions include supporting the body, allowingmotion, and protecting vital organs.Key Terms​:my/o musclemyel/o spinal cord, bone marrowoste/o bonecost/o ribcrani/o skull-pexy fixationchondr/o cartilagearthr/o joint-plegia paralysiskinesio movementVocabulary:​Suture- jagged line where bones join and form a joint and do not move Table of contents

Foramen- is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, andligaments pass.Process- normal projection on the surface of a bone for attaching muscles andtendonsDistal epiphysis- is the end of the bone that is located farthest from the midlineYellow bone marrow- found in the medullary cavity is composed chiefly of fatcells functions as fat storageFascia- sheet or band of fibrous connective tissueTendon- a narrow band of non elastic attaches muscle to boneContraction- tightening of a muscleMuscle tone- normal state of balanced muscleSmooth muscles- located in internal organs moves fluid through these structuresDiseases/Disorders:​Fibromyalgia- widespread muscle pain and tenderness; joint stiffness, musclespasms, tingling hands and feetGout- severe pain, redness, and swelling in joints; too much uric acid crystallizesand deposits in jointsOsteoarthritis- wearing down of cartilage at the ends of bones, most commonlyoccurs in knees, neck, hips, and lower back; stiffness and swellingTendonitis- joint inflammation causing pain and stiffness lessened range ofmotion Table of contents

occupations​:Orthopedic surgeon- The healthcare provider who specializes in bone and jointinjuries and disorders is called an orthopedic surgeon, or an orthopedist.Podiatric medical assistant- makes castings of feet, takes x-rays, and assists thepodiatrist in surgery Table of contents

Integumentary systemMain function:Consists of hair, nails, skin, and glands; protection from the outside world, retainbody fluids, protects against disease, eliminate waste, and regulate bodytemperature.Key terms:derm/o skinmelan/o blackmyc/o fungalonych/o nailpedicul/o licerhytid/o wrinklekerat/o hardening horning skinichthy/o dry skinhidr/o sweatpil/o hair Table of contents

Vocabulary:​Collagen- which means glue, is tough, yet flexible, fibrous protein materialMast cells- found in connective tissue of dermis, respond to inquiry or infectionby releasing histamineSubcutaneous layer- located just below the skin connects the skin to the surfaceof muscleCellulite- deposits of fatSweat glands- are tiny coiled on almost all body surfaces, ducts from sweatglands open from poresTactile- pertaining to touchHeparin- released in response to injuryPerception- ability to recognize sensory stimulusHidrosis- production and excretion of sweathair follicles- sacs that hold the root of the hairdiseases/disorders​:Hematoma- a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissue usually caused by aninjuryKeloid- abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundariesof the incision Table of contents

Lipedema- painful fat syndrome, condition characterized by the accumulation offat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legsLipoma- benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and themuscle layerOccupations:​Dermatology nurse certified- an RN specially trained to provide care andinformation to dermatology patientsBurn care nurse- an RN specializing in treatment of burn patients Table of contents

Special sensesMain function​:For the optimal and auditory functions are received and processedKey terms​:opt/i eyelacrim/o lacrimal ductir/o irisphac/o lensretin/o retinaaudit/o earpinna outer eartympan/o middle earlabyrinth/o inner earblephar/o eyeliddiseases/disorders:​Diplopia- double visionAmblyopia- partial blindness Table of contents

Labyrinthitis- inflammation of labrynth; vertigo and deafnessDeafness- complete or partial loss of hearingOccupations:Ocularist- fits people for artificial eyesAudiologist- provides care to those with hearing problems Table of contents

Nervous systemMain function:​coordinates all activities of the body and receives and transmits messagesthroughout the bodyKey terms:encephal/o brainmyel/o spinal cordneuro nervesambul/oconcuss/oecho reflected soundmening/o membranes covering the spinal cord and brainnarc/o numbness, sleepsomn/o sleeppsych/o minddiseases/ disorders: Table of contents

Migraine headache- severe pain in one side of headCerebral contusion- bruising of the brainAphasia- loss of the ability to speak or write suddenlyInsomnia- lack of the ability to sleep for a long period of timeOccupations:Social worker- helps people make improvements in their lives or refer them tocommunity resourcesPsychiatric assistant- watches patient's behavior and works under a psychiatristto help improve patients mental health Table of contents

Cardiovascular SystemMain function:To transport nutrients, oxygen and hormones throughout the body, removal ofwaste. Consists of: heart, blood vessels, and blood.Key terms:broncho bronchial tubecyan/o bluelaryng/o larynx voice box-oxia oxygenOxy- swift sharppleur/o plearapneum/o lungs, airpulmon/o lungthorac/o chesttrache/o trachea windpipevocabulary:Pericardium double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart Table of contents

Tricuspid valve- controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricleS-a node- establishes the basic rhythm of the heartbeat natural pacemakerMitral valve- controls flow between left atrium and left ventricularAtria- the two upper chambers of the heart receiving chambersEpicardium- the external layer of the heartArteries- carry blood away from the heartVeins- carry blood to the heartsPericardial fluid- fluid between layers of the pericardium that prevents frictionbetween heart beatsRight ventricle- carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs to be oxygenatedLeft ventricle- receives oxygen rich blood flows to all parts of the body exceptlungsdiseases/ disorders:Carditis- inflammation of the heartCongestive heart failure- blood is no longer able to reach the rest of the body;fluid is built up in the legs and anklesHeart murmur- a valve in the heart is not functioning properlyMitral stenosis- narrowing of the mitral valve Table of contents

Occupations:Phlebotomist- takes blood from patients for testingPerfusionist- operates heart-lung machine during bypass surgery Table of contents

Respiratory systemMain function:Bring oxygen rich air into the body for the blood; expel carbon dioxideKey terms:atel/o incompletebronch/o bronchial tubecyan/o blue-ectasis dilation; wideninglaryng/o larynxpharyng/o pharynxphon/o voice soundpleur/o pleurathorac/o thoraxTachy- fast Table of contents

Vocabulary:Lower respiratory tract- consists of the bronchial trees and lungsTrachea- windpipeBronchioles- smallest branches of brochisAlveoli- air sacs at the end of each bronchiolePleura- multilayered membrane that surrounds each lungDiaphragm- muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomenPhrenic nerve- stimulates the diaphragm to contractRight lung- 3 lobes superior, middle, inferiorLeft lung- 2 lobe superior and inferiorPleural cavity- airtight space between the the folds of the pleural membranesdiseases/ disorders:Bronchiectasis- chronic dilation of the bronchiolesEmphysema- progressive loss of lung function due to decrease in alveolarAsthma- chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathingdifficultyCroup- acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by abarking type cough Table of contents

Occupations:Respiratory therapist- helps patients with heart or lung problems byadministering breathing treatmentsOtolaryngologist- specializes in treating conditions of the ears, nose and throat Table of contents

Digestive systemMain function:intake and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of solid wasteproductsVocabulary​:Gastrointestinal- stomach and intestinesPylorus- narrow connection between the stomach and small intestinesDuodenum- first portion of the small intestinesJejunum- middle portion of the SIIlium- last portion the SI extends to the large intestinesColon- large intestines, absorbs water and left over nutrientsLiver- removes excess glucose from bloodEnzymes- responsible for the chemical changes in the digestive systemGallbladder- under liver stores bile for later useMetabolism- how the body processes nutrients Table of contents

Key terms:an/o anuscec/o cecumchol/o bile gallbladdercol/o colonenter/o intestines SIesophag/o esophagusgastr/o stomachhepat/o liverLithiasis- stonepancreat/o pancreasPepsia- digestionDiseases/disorders:Achlorhydria- absence of hydrochloric acid in stomachPeptic ulcer- legion of ulcers in the digestive tractColorectal cancer- cancer in the polyps of colonanorexia - lack or loss for appetite of food Table of contents

Occupations:Dietetic technician- plans meals, provides basic dietary instruction Table of contents

Urinary systemMain function:helps the body maintain proper amount of salts, and acid, filters blood of urea,converts into urineVocabulary:Nephrons- filter the blood in the kidneys, convertersRenal pelvis- pertaining to the kidneysRenal cortex- outermost layer of the kidneysMedulla- innermost layerUreters- carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladderUrethra- tube that extends from the bladder to outside of the bodyUrethral meatus- outer part of the urethraUrination- excretion of urineFemale urethra- 1.5 inches longMale urethra- 8 inches longKey terms:nephr/o kidneys Table of contents

pyel/o renal pelvisUria- urineureter/o ureterscyst/o urinary bladderurethr/o urethraTripsy- to crushPexy- fixationlith/o stoneLysis- breakdowndiseases/disorders:Edema- excessive fluid in body tissueHyperproteinuria- excessive amounts of protein in urineKidney failure- nephrons have been destroyed in the kidneys and they can nolonger process blood on their ownNephrolithiasis- stones in kidneysOccupations:Nephologist- specializes in diagnosing disorders of the kidney and treatmentsUrologist- specializes in and treats pathologies of the urinary system Table of contents

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Reproductive systemMain function:male- produce millions of sperm and deliver them to a unite with a single ovum tocreate a new lifeFemale- ovaries produce eggs to be fertilized by sperm, uterus provides theenvironment for a developing child, after birth the breast produce milk for theinfantVocabulary:Genitalia- reproductive organsScrotum- encloses and protects the testiclesTesticles- two small egg shaped glands that produce spermPenis- male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vaginaEpididymis- tube at the upper part of each testicle runs down the length of thetesticle then up towards the bodyMammary glands- develop during puberty to provide milk to a childUterus- pear shaped organ that is filled with thick tissue and made suitable forthe baby to developOvaries- pair of small almond shaped organs that holds the eggs inside bodyabove uterusFallopian tubes- carry ovum to uterus to be fertilized or expelledVagina- is the muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the outside of body Table of contents

Key terms:cervic/o cervixcolp/o vaginaepsi/o vulva-gravida pregnant womangynec/o womanmamm/o breastmen/o menstruationprostat/o prostate glandsalping/o fallopian tubeorchid/o testisdiseases/ disorders:Chlamydia- highly contagious STD caused by bacteriaAnovulation- not being able to ovulateGenital herpes- STD virus that is highly contagious burning, itching, soresProlapse- falling or sinking of the uterus Table of contents

Occupations:Gynecologist- specializes in treating and diagnosing symptoms of the femalereproductive systemObstetrician- provides specialized care to women during pregnancy Table of contents