220007791_TSOLO L_2022TCGIIES NUTRITION ASSIGNMENT

NUTRITION ASSIGNMENT STUDENT NAMES:TSOLO LESEDI STUDENT NUMBER: 220007791

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 5 major nutrients 3 (a )Food rich in that nutrient 4 Food rich in proteins…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………4 Food rich in Vitamins…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………5 Food rich in Minerals…………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… .6 Food rich in Proteins…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… 7 Food rich in Fats……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………8 (b) Functions of the nutrient…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……9 Functions of Carbohydrates…………………………………………………………………………………… …………….9 Functions of Vitamins…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………….10

Functions of Minerals…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………11 functions of Proteins…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………….12 Functions of Fats……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………14 (c) Deficiency diseases associated with the lack of that nutrient 16 Deficiency diseases associated with lack of Carbohydrates 16 Deficiency diseases associated with lack of Vitamins………………………………………………………………18 Deficiency diseases associated with lack of Minerals………………………………………………………………20 Deficiency diseases associated with lack of Proteins……………………………………………………………….22 Deficiency diseases associated with lack of Fats…………………………………………………………………….25 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………27 RUBRICS………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………….

1. 5 major nutrients • Carbohydrates • Vitamins • Minerals • Proteins • Fats

a) FOOD RICH IN THAT NUTRIENT MILK CORN Foods rich in Carbohydrates ▪ BREAD • BEANS POTATOES •

Foods rich in Vitamins CABBAGE GREENS BEANS ▪ BROCOLLI ▪ ▪ CAULIFLOWER CARROTS AND PUMPKIN ▪ CAULIFLOWER

Foods rich in Minerals FISH CEREALS ▪ EGGS ▪ NUTS AND SEEDS ▪ ADVOCADOS

Foods rich in Proteins PEANUT BUTTER YOGHURT ▪ POULTRY(CHICKEN) CHICKPEAS ▪ ▪ LEAN BEEF ▪

Foods rich in Fats CREAM GHEE AND LARD ▪ MEAT PRODUCTS(SAUSAGES) ▪ COCOLATE CONFECTIONERY CAKES

b) FUNCTIONS OF THE NUTRIENTS Functions of Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are also components of cell organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, etc. They provide structural integrity, mechanical strength in combination with proteins and lipids, and help make up the total mass of a living thing. • Form other biomolecules: They are the building blocks of the human body and if there is excess in a person, they are stored in the form of fats and undergo fatty acid synthesis reaction in the cell for storage in the body and use in times of starvation or exposure to stress. • Transportation of oxygen: Glucose is taken by the red blood cells. ATP is produced by non- oxidative pathway with the product as Lactose and ATP. This energy thus produced is necessary for Hemoglobin to bind to oxygen molecules. • Aid in gut motility: Our diet has carbohydrates in greater propositions because it aids in bowel movement. When they are ingested, their material absorbs water in the guts, swells and increases the load. This load is useful to increase the intestinal motility and explosion of waste(feces). • Provide instant energy to the body: Carbohydrates which we consume as food in the form of starch (e.g., potato) and sucrose get digested in the body to release glucose. This glucose after being absorbed into blood reaches all the body tissues and cells. There it is metabolized to release energy in ATP in the presence of oxygen.

. Functions of vitamins Water-soluble vitamins • Thiamine( vitamin B1) -Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important to nerve function • Ascorbic acid( vitamin C)-Antioxidant; part of enzyme needed for protein metabolism; important for immune system health, aids an iron absorption Fat-soluble vitamins • Vitamin D- Needed for proper absorption of calcium stored in bones • Vitamin A( and its precursor* beta-carotene) -Needed for vision, health skin and mucous membranes, bone and tooth growth, immune system health • Vitamins in all helps to Reduce Anxiety and Stress, they significantly can reduce levels of anxiety and stress and are also beneficial to keep your nervous system functioning properly.

Functions of minerals Microminerals( major minerals) • Sodium-It is essential for the proper balance of body fluids, neutral transmission and muscle contraction). • Calcium- Important for healthy bones and teeth, it helps muscles relax and contract. Important for nerve function, blood clotting, and blood pressure control. Microminerals( Trace minerals) • Iron- Part of the molecule found in red blood cells( hemoglobin) that carriers oxygen in the body. Necessary for energy metabolism. • Zinc- Part of the enzyme; necessary to produce proteins and genetic material. It is involved in taste perception, wound healing, normal fetal development, sperm production, normal growth, and puberty. • Chromium- It works closely with insulin to regulate blood sugar(glucose) levels.

Functions of Proteins • Antibodies: Proteins forms antibodies that help to prevent infection, illness, and disease. These proteins identify and assist in destroying antigens like bacteria and viruses. They often add conjunction with other system cells. As an example, these antibodies identify so surround antigens to stay them contained until they will be destroyed by white blood cells. • Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that hep the body increase the rate of chemical reaction. In fact, without enzymes the body’s necessary chemical reactions would not proceed effectively. One type of enzyme, for example, assists in the digestion of large proteins, carbs, and fat molecules into smaller molecules, while other assists in the creation of DNA. • Hormones: Some hormones are created with the aid of protein. These substances are in control of body functions involving the interaction of many organs. A hormone that regulates blood sugar is “Insulin”, a small protein. Secretin, another example of a protein hormone, reduces the interaction of organs such as pancreas and the liver. This substance assists in the digestive process by stimulating the pancreas and the intestine to create essential digestive juices. • Transportation and storage of molecules: Proteins plays an important role in the transportation of certain elements. Hemoglobin, for example is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body. Protein is also used to store certain molecules in a while. Ferritin is an example of a protein that works with iron to be stored in the liver.

• Repair and maintenance: Protein is referred as the body’s building block. It’s termed such since it is important form bodily tissue upkeep, including development and repair. Protein is found in hair, skin, muscle, and organs. Therefore, children grow and develop new protein tissue at a faster rate per pound of body weight than adults.

Functions of fats • Satiety: Fats play a critical part in making nourishments fulfilling or making us feel full. Since fats take longer to process than carbs or proteins, high-fat nourishments remain within the stomach longer and delay the feeling of starvation. • Solubility: While fats and oils are not solvent in water, other chemical compounds are as it were dissolved in fats. Numerous of these fat-soluble compounds are capable of flood flavor and indeed vitamin substance. Counting fat in food permits for most extreme flavor and a more extensive run of dietary substance. • Vitamin absorption: Fats are foremost calorie-dense compound in nourishments, weighing in at over twice the calories per gram of proteins or carbs. Whereas this may not be seen as an advantage in today’s modern society, the capacity to supply energy-dense nourishments things is stills vital in numerous parts of the world. Fats are moreover vital for converting fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin A, E, D, and K.

• Insulation and temperature regulation: Fat cells, put away in fat tissue, protected your body and help maintaining a typical center body temperature. Fat tissue isn’t continuously visible, but in an event that you are overweight, you’ll be able to see it beneath your skin. You might take not a wealth of fat tissue in certain ranges, causing uneven patches around your thighs and stomach, Other put away fat encompass crucial organs and keep them ensured from sudden developments or exterior impacts. • A source of energy: While carbs are the most source of fuel in your body, your framework turns to fat as a reinforcement vitality source when carbs are not available. Fat could be a concentrated source of vitality.

c) DEFICIENCY DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE LACK OF THE NUTRIENT Deficiency diseases associated with lack of Carbohydrates • When you don't eat enough carbohydrates, your blood sugar levels drop below the typical range (70-99 mg/dL), resulting in hypoglycemia. • The body subsequently begins to burn fat for energy, resulting in ketosis.

Hypoglycemia symptoms What to know about Hypoglycemia.

Deficiency diseases associated with lack of vitamins. • Beriberi is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B1 that results in weakened muscles and rapid weight loss. Acute deficit might result in heart failure and paralysis. • Scurvy is a condition marked by bleeding It also influences the immune system and, in severe cases, can be lethal. gums, skin patches, and swollen joints caused by a lack of vitamin C. It also influences the immune system and, in severe cases, can be lethal. • Most children under the age of five suffer from Xerophthalmia, a devastating eye illness that puts the child at risk of going blind. Most children under the age of five suffer from Xerophthalmia, a devastating eye illness that puts the child at risk of going blind. • Vitamin K deficiency is common in infants and causes excessive bleeding due to a lack of blood clotting ability. • Vitamin B6 causes Anemia and certain skin orders such as crack around mouth. It also can lead to depression and nervous breakdown.

Beriberi Xerophthalmia Scurvy

Deficiency diseases associated with lack of minerals • Iodine is the most important factor required for fetal brain development. It is responsible for many other functions such as hormone production. Salt is an important source of iodine in many countries. Iodine deficiency leads to goiter. Iron, in the form of hemoglobin, carries oxygen from the lungs to various body tissues. • Iron deficiency causes anemia. Anemia is a fatal condition in which the blood cannot carry the oxygen it needs to the tissues. About 4060% of infants in developing countries suffer from mental illness due to iron deficiency. • Phosphorus – Its deficiencies are bad teeth and bones. • Calcium- Its deficiencies are brittle bones and excessive bleeding. • Copper- Its deficiencies are low appetite and retarded growth.

Bad teeth Growth retardation

Deficiency diseases associated lack of Proteins • Kwashiorkor- is a disease characterized by a severe protein shortage in diets high in carbohydrates such as bananas and other fruits. It mainly affects children in their twenties and thirties. According to UMMC, persons with kwashiorkor have a bloated abdomen due to fluid retention. According to UMMC, persons with kwashiorkor have a bloated abdomen due to fluid retention. • Marasmus-It affects newborns and extremely young children, causing weight loss and dehydration. It can progress to hunger and fatigability as a result of a lack of vital nutrients. According to Food4Africa, people with this deficit seem bony and have minimal muscle structure. • Cachexia-According to D.P Kotler's studies, cachexia is a syndrome characterized by protein deficiency, skeletal muscle depletion, and an increased rate of protein degradation \"Internal Medicine Annals (2000). According to JE. Morley in the \"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,\" it promotes weight loss and mortality According to medicine plus, a deficiency of protein c and s are inheritable disorders that induce irregular blood clotting. and is linked to cancer, AIDS, and other diseases.

• Protein C and S- According to medicine plus, a deficiency of protein c and s are inheritable disorders that induce irregular blood clotting. Protein C deficiency affects roughly 1/300 people, while protein S deficiency affects about 1/20,000 people. Tenderness, redness, soreness, and swelling in the affected area are symptoms of these deficits. People with these impairments should avoid behaviors that increase the risk of blood clots, such as extended sitting, bed rest, and other similar activities. Ischemic stroke is caused by a protein S and C shortage, according to study published in the \"annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology\" in 2009.

Kwashiorkor Cachexia Marasmus

Deficiency diseases associated with lack of fats • Flaky skin • Development of itchy sores on scalp • Phrynoderma or toad skin • Body feels cold quickly(not enough insulation) • Leads to cessation of growth

Flaky skin Itchy sores on scalp Phrynoderma or toad skin

REFERENCES ▪ Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020.(2015) https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015- 2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf ▪ Nutrients. (n.d). https://www.who.int/elena/nutrient/en/

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