BOOK EL FILIBUSTERISMO

What inspired Jose Rizal to write El Filibusterismo? ABnaTbeofatevunecesgrheleehriwrneeiaStprhntreodianwtdihtet.es,tTshhhseeeaiqsmunhreoeaelvsd, euttohllatpeneUidcEni–lncttFoloseipltiiheTbrxeaouptmpsiotou’sesnberliCistScoamapbtaowiinn.orinistbheoyfhcNHoisoalolroinrwMiieanetl tWhehmateasroeftEhleFiimlibpuosrttearnitsmo? dgcTooohmvneevirtennhyametmeedtnehbteayinntdmhtehpefselrositaPaghoreisflicEpatlpnhiFanlietleiasbdutthhtsoetreotrhuipesgrmhdeooscweownrntrafuasplscltyhosoaftfneSfmgpiceaidianlots.of, WWFFiihhlliiyybbduduisisddtteeRRrriiiizszsamamllooddetetooddiGiGccoaoamtmteebbEEuullrrzzaa?? The theme and plot of El Filibusterismo was changed to convey the message that the present system of government in the Philippines through corrupt officials, dominated by the friars can lead to the downfall of Spain. What is the importance of Gomburza to Rizal? fclsPTiaoelhhticueibeulnyui1lptas9rptrtyfeisho’nrs.-uiecTsgesnmhhntaethtotiuiratorotoenynlxtaeFhelditeclhtiiuhproeteiimtrnohoionese,smsh;ucwoJoaeorodnssyuféa.lloidRcpftirzdooasfefelod,rcueilucalnlaitadgetrieroieztufahofsteiibscaoetnncndoooncmivnhmeeulartthnhcEheyel

CHARACTERS Simoun Basilio Isagani Padre Florentino Padre Fernández Capitán Tiago Gobernador General Padre Bernardo Salví PSaibdyrleaHernando de la Padre Millon Quiroga Don Custodio Ben-Zayb Padre Camorra Padre Írene Placido Penitente

CHARACTERS Paulita Gómez Kabesang Tales Tandang Selo Juli Tano Hermana Penchang Hermana Báli Macaraig Sandoval Pecson Tadeo Juanito Peláez

Chapters 1, 2, 3 THE BEGINNING OF THE END Chapter 1: Main Points: On the Upper Deck The manner the ship is divided into two SYNOPSIS: sections -- the upper and the lower deck -- is similar to how the government treats the The novel begins with the steamship Tabo sailing people: rich and poor, Spaniards and Indios -- on the Pasig River on its way to Laguna. While the without equality and fair treatment. passengers on the upper deck discuss subjects regarding the lake and the slow pace of ship The older people have undergone a lot of failures travel, readers are gradually introduced to some characters of the novel such as the jeweler in their lives -- shattered hopes, lost dreams -- and Simoun, Doña Victorina, Ben Zayb, Don Custodio, Padre Irene, Sibyla, Camorra, and Salvi. these have taught them not to hope too much. The youth, on the other hand, have not yet experienced such failures and are still filled with the burning hope that their plans will be fulfilled. This way, the nation still pushes forward towards progress. Main Points Chapter 2: On the Lower Deck SYNOPSIS: On the lower deck of the steamship Tabo, Basilio and Isagani converse with Don Basilio. The two students tell the Don the plan of the students to establish a Spanish academy. Although the two students are hopeful that the academy would be approved by the Governor-General, Don Basilio expresses his pessimism. Main Points: In this chapter we see that the people have already gotten rid of primitive beliefs revolving around spirits and monsters, but now replace them with even more annoying Chapter 3: superstitions about religion. Legends SYNOPSIS: The wealthy passengers of the steamship amuse themselves by telling stories and legends of interesting places and spots along the river. Padre Florentino recounts the legend of Doña Jeronima, while Padre Salvi narrates the story of a Chinese infidel who was saved from the caymans by asking St. Nicholas for help. Ben Zayb then asks the captain the exact spot where a man named Ibarra was killed. While pointing to the exact spot, Ben Zayb observes that Simoun is silent and thoughtful.

Bapor Tabo

Chapters 4, 5 THE OPPRESSION CONTINUES Chapter 4: SYNOPSIS: Cabesang Tales Cabesang Tales cultivates a piece of land with his father and his family. Because of having to endure hard work and manual labor under the sun, Tales's wife and eldest daughter die. At the time of harvest, some men representing a certain religious order lay claim to the land and demand from Tales an annual payment of rent. Having no other choice, Tales accepts the agreement. However, year after year the rent keeps going up in incredible increments and Tales decides he has had enough. He brings the issue up in court, demanding that the religious order provide proof of their ownership of the land. Tales loses the case. Time passes and he is kidnapped by bandits demanding ransom for his neck. In the attempt to gather up enough money to pay for the release of her father, Juli (Tales's daughter) borrows money from Hermana Penchang and works for the woman as a servant in order to pay the debt. Chapter 5: a\"Tnodtthreuleyawrtehbwiwreterhse\"hnaalkl erdetuuprnon, A Cochero’s Christmas Eve wsephmboaovlulresndrttipneyo,oeaotirtnfhed-e-arwwrfeidotemhraowutuhsettfacnollorol ttwwhfeeeerasae.rll SYNOPSIS: On his way to San Diego, a coachman is maltreated by the civil guards. He endures this abuse in silence. They hit him with a rifle after he tells them he has forgotten to bring his cedula. They beat him up again. Basilio walks to San Diego and arrives at Captain Tiago's house. He hears the news about Cabesang Tales's kidnapping. Main Points: Kabesang Tales Bernardo Carpio is a fictional character derived from a popular tale in Mexico. The Spaniards trapped him under a huge mountain, and for years he has freed himself little by little. It is said that during the time of Sinong, only Carpio's right leg remained trapped. The moment Bernardo Carpio is finally free, the Filipinos believe that he will be the one to lead them in rebellion against the Spaniards. Because of this story that was engraved into the minds of the natives by the Spanish, the Filipinos lose their will to hope and fight for freedom because they believe that only until Bernardo Carpio is free can they stand a chance against the foreign rule.

Chapter 6-8 THE REUNION Chapter 6: Basilio Chapter 7: Simoun Basilio visits the forest at Christmas Eve. The Basilio is about to leave the wood wood, formerly owned by the Ibarras, was sold to when he notices the shadow of a Captain Tiago. man approaching. Basilio visits his mother's grave by the balete tree Basilio announces his presence and in the middle of the forest. is surprised to find out that the He recalls a memory of thirteen years before, stranger is indeed Simoun the when Ibarra had helped him cremate the two jeweler who, in reality, is Crisostomo bodies. Ibarra in disguise. With the help of Captain Tiago, Basilio is now Simoun tries to convince Basilio to studying to be a doctor and plans to marry Juli, join him in his plans to avenge the his sweetheart. cruel death of his mother (Sisa) and his younger brother (Crispin). About Basilio Basilio, however, is not completely in favor of this plan, and tells Ibarra Discriminated for his attire, but proved that vengeance would not bring his that he was capable of great things. family back. Friars & Filipino Slavery Anó kayó sa araw ng̃ búkas? Humihing̃î kayóng magíng The friars teach the locals about the importance parang kastilà at hindî kayó of accepting their fate, learning to endure life's namumutlâ sa kahihiyan kung hardships, and believing in the miracles of carved idols. ipagkaít sa inyó! Juli goes on to become Hermana Penchang's servant girl. Selo, Juli's grandfather, wallows in misery at the thought of Juli being so cruelly punished by fate. He becomes depressed and mute in the process. In relation to Rizal About Chapter 7 1. Symbolisms In this chapter Rizal describes the progressive education provided by Dark forest & Basilio the Jesuits in Ateneo compared to 2. Lessons that of the Dominicans, who dominated most of the schools in the a.Knowledge is better than politics/ nationalism. country. b. This can be attained only in an environment where there is neither oppressor nor oppressed.

TheEvents of Yesterday

Chapter 8-11 HOPELESS FATE Why is the chapter called \"Pilates\"? Pontius Pilate condemned Christ to the cross even though he knew Jesus was not guilty of the charges against him. In chapter 9, the alferez knows that the real reason why he had ordered Tales's weapons and firearms confiscated Chapter 9: Pilates Rumors about the misfortunes of Selo's family spread rapidly all over town. People say that if Cabesang Tales had only stayed home he would not have had himself abducted by bandits. Hermana Penchang says that the reason why God had allowed such turmoil to befall Selo's family is because they had not taught Juli the proper way of saying her prayers. Chapter 10: Wealth and Misery About Chapter 11 Simoun sells his jewelry at the Under the Spanish régime the government paid house of Cabesang Tales and no attention to education, the schools being shows off his revolver to the under the control of the religious orders and the cabeza. friar-curates of the towns. Cabesang Tales is convinced to sell Padre Sibyla is the rector of the University of his daughter’s locket but decides Santo Tomas, and the Dominicans are not in favor to get his daughter's permission of the plan to build a Spanish academy. But why first. did Padre Irene support the students' cause? The following day Simoun discovers that Tales has stolen his Chapter 11: Los Baños gun. News spreads about the murder of The governor general enjoys a brief respite in three people: the new tenant, his Los Baños together with his advisers and wife, and the friar administrator. some friars. In the crime scene a piece of paper The governor opens a discussion regarding is found with the word \"Tales\" the plan of the youth to put up a Spanish written in blood. academy and requests his advisers to express their opinions regarding the matter. About Chapter 10 Because of the men's opposing views, no Simoun picks Tales' house. According decision is made whether to approve it or not. to him, it is most prudent house in the The governor general orders the release of area Selo in exchange for his son, Tales. Capitan Basilio and his wife (Capitana Tika) was prepared to spend at least What is Rizal bringing into light? three thousand pesos for jewelries. The studies of secondary Simoun was gladdened by Tending instruction given in Santo Tomas, Selo's arrest. Letran, and in other private schools, This chapter is a reference to Rizal's had the defects inherent in the plan brother-in-law. of instruction that the friars developed in the Philippines.

Maria Clara's Locket

Chapter 12-14 SALVA TA IPSUM University of Santo Tomas Chapter 12: Placido Penitente The University of Santo Tomas during the Spanish regime Placido Penitente walks glumly to school. was situated in Intramuros (Walled City) near the Colegio He meets Juanito Pelaez along the way, and de San Juan de Letran today. talks with him for a while. It was only during the American regime that UST was Juanito is the favorite of practically all the relocated to Espanya, Manila. Almost all of the schools teachers, and his father is a Spanish back then were located in Intramuros -- Letran and mestizo. Ateneo. Placido talks to the Juanito about his brief vacation to Tiani with Padre Camorra, and Chapter 13: The Physics Class was asked by Juanito to help him catch up with the lessons he missed the days before. Placide Penitente enters Physics class, in which Padre Millon is his professor. Who is Padre Millon? The discussion drags on without the use of any laboratory equipment and other Primarily interested in metaphysics; he teaches chemistry and physics. learning aids. Only glances at his textbooks during classes in physics and chemistry. The university had bought a number of Barely believes in what the experts are saying, and eventually instruments, but these remain kept in approaches the subjects in a philosophical manner glass shelves and are never used. He frequently throws insults at his students. Placido had already been marked as Does not want to be questioned himself. absent, and when Padre Millon calls on Lets his students memorize the book word-for-word, without him to answer a question, the priest gives explaining the lesson. him a very low mark. Profane language and curses at his students. Placido argues with Padre Millon over this Uses broken Spanish as his way of disrespecting his students whom he injustice. The unyielding friar continues considers ignorant. throwing insults at the youth, and Placido Penitente walks out of the class. Chapter 14: In the House of the Students Macaraeg tells his friends at the dormitory that the decision to issue the building permit for the Spanish academy has been given to a commission of which Don Custodio is the leader. The students then come up with plans and schemes to get the Don on their side and influence him to decide on their favor. They also plan to seek the help of Señor Pasta, a lawyer, and Isagani volunteers to take charge of this task. Chapter 14 Interpretation Spanish academy: Purpose is for students learn correct Spanish as early as the first year, so that it will be easier to understand subsequent lessons. Isagani represents an honorable and idealistic youth Juanito Pelaez is an opportunistic lad who believes in the saying, \"the end justifies the means.\" Macaraig is differen; he puts the welfare of others before himself. Pecson is an intellectual, but a pessimistic one. He always anticipates failure, and this time, his predictions prove correct. Sandoval is the image of a Spaniard who has not yet turned evil upon his residence in the Philippines, partly because of his youth and partly because he surrounds himself with good Filipino friends who have great love for their country. Lnetra Ateneo Santo Tomas Rizal’s principles of Teaching Class sizes should be small. Teachers should not humiliate students. A teacher should be technically competent about the subject matter being taught, and he/she should teach with love. Too many vacation breaks can ruin the momentum of a student, and can make them seek non-academic forms of recreation.

Chapter 15-17 THE FAVOR & ARGUMENTS Chapter 15: Señor Pasta Chapter 15 Interpretation Isagani went to Señor Pasta's house and Señor Pasta is a lawyer who works as a consultant for entered to the bufete then asked Pasta to the friars support them for the petition Debate bet. Pasta and Isagani (Idealism vs Practical) Señor Pasta already knew about the petition Philippines is a land of dreams and doesn’t want to be involved. He heard what Señor Pasta would lose his clients, wealth and good happened in Los Baños. name to the Spaniards if he supports the Spanish Señor Pasta wants to confuse Isagani by using Academy complex words. Señor Pasta suffered oppressive treatment just to Isagani argues to Señor Pasta that the finish his studies government’s reputation don’t matter instead only justice or reason should matter. Señor Pasta argues that Isagani lacks life experience like the boys in Madrid and lectured Isagani to give up. Isagani continued arguing with his stand on the petition for an Academy for Spanish. Chapter 16: Tribulations of a Chinese Chinaman Quiroga hosts a dinner at his bazaar on Escolta Street and many people went including friars and bureaucrats. Chapter 16 Interpretation Simoun also went to the dinner and some merchants consulted Main theme: Used and be used him about their businesses Compare Quiroga and Capitan Tiago on how they prepare social failing gatherings Simoun asked favor from Chinaman Quiroga to bring in Quiroga- gracious and cavalier crates of guns to his warehouse Tiago- devoted; distinctive Filipino trait but if he refused, Simoun Quiroga feels intimidated by Simoun blackmailed him to pay his debt Simoun let out a smile when the Chinaman complains and laments which is 9,000 pesos about their businesses that means business is doing great Everyone gathered including Simoun, Don Custodio, Ben Chapter 17: The Quiapo Fair Chapter 17 Interpretation Zayb, Padre Salvi, Padre Camorra, Padre Irene and The friars, together with Ben Zayb and Don The lewd behavior of Padre Juanito Pelaez and took Custodio, go to the Quiapo fair. Camorra, who ogles the young carriages to Quiapo Square Camorra admires the pretty girls and regrets not lasses being a parish priest of Quiapo. Padre Camorra and Ben Zayb In Relation to Rizal Many people stop to stare at Paulita Gomez. refer the Philippine Press as The group sees a booth selling all sorts of statues of the flat iron Rizal focuses on the Philippine culture different races and professions. La Prenza Filipina (The in Chapter 17 which is the art of carving Everyone starts arguing about the aesthetics and Philippine Press) represents images out of wood. proportions of the art. the state of journalism in the Rizal gives wood carving a considerable Ben Zayb explains that it is all just an illusion Philippines share of spotlight , and gives the craft caused by mirrors. Abaca Country: The Filipinos much praise. in the Philippines

Chapter 18-20 FIERY EVENTS Chapter 19: The Fuse Chapter 18: The Deception Placido Penitente is enraged with his The friars, Ben Zayb, and Don Custodio met the experience at the university and his sphinx mother, Cabesang Andang reminds Mr. Leeds shows them a box which he found him to be patient and humble. during a visit to the pyramid and shouts a magic He meets with Simoun and tells word which reveals the image of a sphinx, named Placido of his plans to revolt against Imuthis. the Spanish government. Imuthis narrated the sad story of his life that They went to the house of a paralleled to the story of Crisostomo Ibarra. pyrotechnist. Imuthis accused Padre Salve of being a murderer Placido hears the two converse about and a hypocrite, then he fainted. bombs and an event to transpire involving Cabesang Tales. Chapter 18 FAQs: Eventually the youth finds out Simoun's ulterior motive for the Name some similarities between the story of rebellion which is to rescue Maria Imuthis that of Ibarra Clara from the convent. Where does Mr. Leeds go after the show? Chapter 19 Interpretation Chapter 20: The Arbiter Placido say that he no longer has the Don Custodio has been mulling opportunity to continue his education in over the question of the Spanish UST for people don't want him and no academy for many days without a longer accept him solution, wanting to please both Teacher of San Diego got terminated those who are for and against it. because he teaches well in a proper In his desperation, Don Custodio manner consults a number of trusted Rebellion has to go earlier than planned people including Señor Pasta and \"Fuse\" to Simoun's rebellion Pepay the dancer. After a considerably long period of The uprising is like a bomb that has contemplation, Don Custodio long been ready but is lacking a fuse finally arrives at a decision. so that it can light up and detonate. Simoun's rebellion has one goal: to Chapter 20 Interpretation rescue Maria Clara Don Custodio wants to please both friars and students, which made him difficult to arrive a decision The manner of Don Custodio relates to the natives and Indios Don Custodio's character is a man whose actions do not coincide with his thoughts \"\"If one wishes to please everybody, he will be able to please no one\" - Rizal

Chapter 21-22 TTHHEE SSHHOOWW Chapter 21 FAQs Chapter 21: Manila Types How is the society of Manila People all over Manila gather at divided into two? the theater to watch Les Cloches Who were the men that de Corneville, a French Camarroncido spotted in the performance. dark? Only one person, of Spanish How did Tadeo get admission to blood, seems to have no interest the theater? in going inside the theatre, named Camarroncocido who is In Relation to Rizal dressed like a peasant. As he approaches the Teatro de Rizal gives light to the common Variadades, he spots suspicious- social illness of people who refuse looking men and finds out that to care about events that have no Simoun is ordering them to go direct consequence to them through measures to put a stop to personally, even though these a civil unrest. events might cause civil unrest or might be detrimental to a number of other citizens. Chapter 22: The Performance Chapter 22 Interpretation People in the theatre are getting impatient The term “Filipino Time” isn’t really Filipino time per se. This because Captain General has not yet arrived. attitude of being late was taken from the Spaniards who The students watched the show. Sandoval ruled the country during that time. asked around and revealed that the Superior Don Custodio is not seated with Pepay Commission approved their petition and Tadeo is excited that the girls will dance cancan, he is only Isagani is not happy about the news. there because he wants to see the obscenities that everybody Isagani was distracted after seeing Paulita warned about. Gomez and Juanito Palaez sharing a box. Juanito Pelaez as well is the kind not to be tolerated. He is The show entitled, “Les Cloches de one of those people who use the little knowledge that they Corneville” started. have in order to make themselves look good, but instead end Juanito Pelaez tries to impress Paulita by up embarrassing themselves even more. pretending to understand French. Dona Victorina and Paulita on the other hand, were even Padre Irene attends the show in disguise. He dumber than the two boys, because they let themselves be applauds one of the actresses, whom he fooled by their acts. particularly likes. Pepay is in such a good mood when it is not a good news that Don Custodio is also at the theater, claiming she brings to Macaraeg and others as an excuse that he was there to judge Students saddened by the news about Don Custodio's whether or not the performance was to be decision regarding school considered indecent. While the show is going on, the students then find out about Don Custodio’s decision regarding the school of Spanish.

Chapters 23-25 TRUTH & LOVE Chapter 23: A Corpse Chapter 23: Interpretation Since his return from San Diego to rescue Juli, Basilio has Philippines is also about to die any moment because been devoting his time to studying, visiting the hospital of the widespread corruption in the country. and attending to a sick and severely opium-addicted Padre Irene is the one who is giving Kapitan Tiyago a Capitan Tiago. lot of opium. Simoun also wanted the Philippines to “die” so that On the night of the French operetta, Basilio is at his studies, he can mount a revolution. but is interrupted by the arrival of Simoun who asks after Simoun’s revolution is not really for the good of the Capitan Tiago. Basilio apprises him of the dire condition of Philippines, rather, it is for the benefit of himself. Tiago’s health, but Simoun cuts him off and reveals that a revolution, which came about under his influence, will break Chapter 24: Dreams out in an hour. He asks Basilio to choose sides. Isagani overhears Ben Zayb talk about Simoun falling ill and refusing Basilio reluctantly asks what is expected of him and to see even the Captain-General’s men. Isagani thinks bitterly about Simoun asks him to head a group to rescue Maria the care given to the rich, and the contrasting lack of attention to Clara from the convent. Basilio tells him he is too late, sick soldiers returning from fighting abroad. and informs him of Maria Clara’s death as confirmed Paulita arrives and acts resentful at Isagani for his having paid too by a letter from Padre Salvi. Simoun runs out in much attention to the operetta performers. She forgives him and anguish. explains she was only at the performance hoping to see him. They laugh that it is actually Doña Victorina, Paulita’s aunt, who is in love Chapter 24: Interpretation with Juanito. Isagani reveals that Don Tiburcio, Doña Victorina’s husband, is still in hiding in his uncle’s home. This chapter contrasts the two kinds of youths: those This turns their conversation to Isagani’s town, for which he expresses who care about their country, and those who think a deep love, as he describes its beauty and his happy diversions there in only of themselves. former years. But Paulita refuses to travel to it without a coach. Isagani is optimistic, and eventually expects progress and a much better future Rizal uses Isagani as a symbol of the for the Philippines owing to the youth in Madrid working for its Filipino youth who has dreams of welfare. Paulita is doubtful and declares progress and greatness for their these sentiments dreams. beloved country. Rizal’s vision of the improvement and development of the cities of Quezon and Mandaluyong. Chapter 25: Chapter 23: Interpretation Smiles and Tears The students hold a feast as it is a satirical mockery of their being in favor of Don Custodio’s decision. Makaraig and the other students celebrate their loss at Rizal thinks pancit was invented by the Chinese a pansiteria and put on an air of forced gaiety. They living in the Philippines. launch into mocking jests, dedicating the soup bones to Pecson said that the life of a Filipino begins and ends Don Custodio to make a project out of. with the fraile. They then dedicate the lumpia to Padre Irene, the crab omelette to the friars for the crabs that they are, and the stewed noodles to the disorganized government. Pecson then jestingly takes the aspect of an Augustinian preacher. The students later notice they are being watched. They spot Padre Sibyla’s man leaving the pansiteria and entering Simoun’s carriage with an unknown man.

Chapter 26-28 Consequences CHAPTER 26:Pasquinades CHAPTER 26 INTERPRETATION Basilio wakes up early in the morning to visit his patients in the hospital. He was During those days, Filipinos who finish are confused when he sees other students acting as if there were no classes that day. Along not given the title of Doctor. Instead, they are the way he learns from acquaintances that subversive posters had been found at the only given a degree. university gates and that the students’ union of which he is a member, is being blamed Basilio is a doctor in training, having his for it. practicum at the hospital. He meets Sandoval who seems unable to hear his call, and then Tadeo, who, though His actions shows that he strived to not be ecstatic over the cancellation of classes, thinks every union member will be arrested. He involved in the politics but it seems like he also encounters Juanito Pelaez who denounces his involvement with the union. cannot escape it At the university, he hears Isagani berating students for fleeing at the threat of “Pasquinades” is a term used for a person imprisonment. Basilio turns away from him and proceeds to Makaraig’s house where he who does a criminal act. In this chapter, it and Makaraig are both arrested. refers to the students who put up subversive posters. Chapter 27: The Friar and the Filipino CHAPTER 27 INTERPRETATION Padre Fernandez hears Isagani’s impassioned speech to his fellow students and asks to speak with him. He asks Isagani Isagani is still in his first year at the University of Santo Tomas. He came what the students want of the friars. Isagani tells him to do from Ateneo de Manila. The Dominican order is one of the groups that hold the authority to their duty to improve the development of the youth, and not educate the youth during that time. Somehow teaching during this time to stifle the pursuit of education. is auctioned to the highest bidder by the government. Its because the The priest declares education should only be given to the government continues to benefit from this arrangement. morally worthy. In response, Isagani blames the failings of the “Vox populi vox Dei” means “The voice of the nation is the voice of God.” subjugated Filipino to the conquerors who have had centuries, If the nation itself is crying out and begging for something, it is as if God and yet supposedly failed, to mold the moral character of an himself is asking for it. oppressed people The students want to be treated with respect and to be given the proper education that they deserve from the friars. This is reflected in the Padre Fernandez deflects blame by reasoning that the friars are limited negative experience that Jose Rizal experienced as he was studying. by the government’s laws. He asks Isagani for a simpler request that the friars can grant, and Isagani asks that students be treated better, to which the priest responds that the students should change first. Isagani reminds him of what happens to students who stand up to their CHAPTER 28: Tatakut professors. The priest commits to speaking with his brethren about Isagani’s The incident about the subversive posters results in a great thoughts. He envies the Jesuits who were responsible for Isagani’s early deal of unease among many people. Quiroga sets off to see education. The Jesuits however, openly denounce Isagani. Simoun about the rifles the jeweller had stored in his warehouse. Simoun, still refusing to see anyone, leaves a CHAPTER 26 INTERPRETATION message for Quiroga to keep the rifles where they are. This chapter shows a clear description on how fearful the citizens are, and how this fear In the afternoon, there is talk of the students having allied causes more damage to the civilians than an themselves with outlaws to take the city by surprise. Padre actual battle. Here we see how news grows Irene tells Capitan Tiago that some have advised the Captain- bigger and bigger through word of mouth and General to implement a reign of terror. The more moderate how it affects the state of mind of the people. suggest only a show of force. Capitan Tiago passes away of The aggressiveness of the authority and the fright from the priest’s stories. spread of news affects the economy and the business of the people. People choose safety over the chance of getting their needs met. In other places, the prevailing feeling of anxiety leads to a Ben Zayb expressed that teaching can destroy number of unfortunate consequences, such as an officer the Philippines, this is because as Filipinos gain mistaking the commotion at a baptism for a riot, and two wisdom and knowledge, they then seek the individuals getting shot by mistake. truth and justice so they become rebels. At the silversmithA’dsulawtiohn eforr ethoPselian cpoiwdeor. TPheepnlaintteo nte lodges, he and Simoun’s pyrotechihnatnvoeeiafsfmetcatnjjuodsritenssos utthpheagseoavdesremneroigisetanhlmeroawlstcopouurltdkers just as they finish swapping thHsheaovoointrgoinaeebsdaonawdnbd.uoriungtthtehheuntpisoasntotehrers. The pyrotechnist cautions everyoneprotoof opf sruechpmaorroen,icaflsatttehrye. re may be a massacre in the evening.

Chapter 29-31 ABUSIVE POWER Chapter 29 Interpretation Chapter 29: Exit Capitan Tiago Everything that is stipulated in Capitan Tiago dies, and Padre Irene becomes Capitan Tiago’s last will and the executor of his will. Capitan Tiago has testament is fabricated by Padre willed his properties to Sta. Clara, to the pope, Irene. This way, the church gets the to the archbishop, and to religious corporations. most out of the riches of the deceased, and his loved ones and It is said Capitan Tiago appeared to the nuns, relatives are greatly bereaved, and radiant and dressed in a frock coat. People deprived even of their rightful believe he has been saved due to his numerous inheritance. It can be observed that masses and pious legacies. His funeral rites are even in his garments Padre Irene first class, filled with many prayers, rites, has gone overly frugal. incense, holy water and tolling of the bells. Chapter 30: Juli Tiago News of Basilio’s arrest reaches San Chapter 30 Interpretation Diego and Juli is devastated. Juli thinks Padre Camorra may be Padre Camorra wanted Juli to lay with him so he able to help free Basilio, but shrinks could have her as he had wanted for a long time, in from approaching him return for helping and releasing Tandang Selo A traveler from Manila soon relates It’s not true that Hermana Penchang drove Juli out that all the prisoners have been of the house. She didn’t like it when Basilio saved released except for Basilio who has no the young lady. She does not want to have any influential protector. trouble with the friars. During those days it is quite Juli visits the priest, a girl is said to easy to be implicated in a political or religious have thrown herself from a parish uprising and since Basilio is captured and Juli is window and died. The following day, Basilio’s lover, Hermana Penchang might be Tandang Selo, grieved and stricken, implicated since Juli is in her service. takes his hunting spear and leaves the village forever. Chapter 31 Interpretation Chapter 31: The High Official The high official seemed to be pro-filipino. He is a man of honor. He The girl’s death and even her identity are largely left believes that giving justice to the Filipino people would be an honorable unremarked by both the newspapers and the locals, act of Spain. even as Padre Camorra leaves town for another. The detained students are released, except for Lnetra Basilio who is further accused of possessing prohibited books. The Captain-General keeps him detained to maintain the appearance of authority. One high official advocates for Basilio, believing he is innocent, and argues with the Captain-General. The official tells the Captain-General to treat the Filipinos better to give them no cause to reproach Spain. The official ends up resigning Ateneo Question to ponder: Is Rizal totally opposed to the justice brought about by a revolution? No, he is not. Rizal agrees that a revolution is in order if the nation already suffers from too much abuse and maltreatment from the government.

CCHHAAPPTTEERR 3322--3344 Chapter 33: La Ultima Razon Chapter 32: Effect of the Pasquinades Basilio, having been released from prison through Simoun’s intercession, visits the As a result of the events involving the students, jeweler. Pecson, Tadeo and Pelaez are suspended from their Basilio castigates himself for forgetting his courses, and Makaraig leaves for Europe. mother and brother’s misfortunes[4]and Isagani passes only Padre Fernandez’s course but pledges to support Simoun’s plans for a is suspended from the others. violent revolution. Only Sandoval is able to sway the examiners in his favor. Basilio remains in jail, where someone brings Simoun welcomes his support. He reveals that him the news of Juli’s passing. he plans to ignite dynamite hidden in a decorative lamp at nine in the evening during Simoun recovers from his illness and is rumored to Juanito and Paulita’s wedding party, at the be leaving soon with the Captain-General at the venue of which, sacks of gunpowder are end of his term. hidden. In the interval, he is purported to have become the Simoun intends to take the city after the business partner of Don Timoteo, Juanito’s father. explosion with the help of Cabesang Tales and his group of malcontents. He instructs Basilio Paulita ditches Isagani and decides to marry to take charge at the appointed hour of Juanito Pelaez. arming anyone willing to fight from the store of rifles in Quiroga’s warehouse, and to put to It is rumored that Simoun is responsible for death those unwilling to join. arranging all the particulars of the couple’s celebratory party, where the Captain-General will be present as the couple’s wedding patron. CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER 33 ANALYSIS: ANALYSIS: To get a passport, Capitan General Basilio’s mind has been weakened by months of imprisonment, he made a rule that only those who can does not think to counter Simoun’s arguments. But the chapter ‘spend and live with ease’ in European states that Basilio should have said the following: cities can leave the country. It is implied in the chapter that That the worst man is better than a plant because he has a soul Simoun does not currently have his and intelligence, which means he can be redeemed instead of own house. It is possible he sold his destroying weeds to plant better things. house or was renting it from someone Man has no right to kill one life to save another because the entire time. everyone has the right to live. Governments are abusive if they blame criminals for crimes they weren’t aware of, just like how man should not blame others for the faults of their governments or ancestors. Only God can do such things because He can create and is all- powerful, unlike man. Chapter 34: The Wedding CHPTER 34 While waiting for the agreed time for the uprising, ANALYSIS: Basilio whiles away the time. His thoughts swing It becomes clearer that Simoun was the between feeling sorry for the jilted Isagani and anger reason why Basilio had been detained for so over Juli’s death and his own broken dreams. long. Sinong was the one frequently visiting the students in prison and had become the He heads off to Capitan Tiago’s old house, now owned messenger, especially of the news about the by Don Timoteo, where he witnesses the lavish death of Juli. preparations for the evening wedding party. It is revealed that the Captain-General will be bearing a lamp, confidentially procured by Simoun, as a wedding gift at the dinner party.

Chapter 35-37 Chapter 35: The Fiesta Ch. 35 Analysis Important people arrive at the party, and In this conversation, the mayor provides a reason Basilio hesitates when he observes the for why the church has more power than the local number of innocent individuals. government: it is “rich and united.” Once again, He experiences a momentary strengthening readers see that financial concerns factor into the of his resolve when he sees Padre Irene and church’s influence over the town, a fact that is Padre Salvi, but his good heart gets the unsurprising considering how obsessed the friars better of him. are with collecting indulgences and accusing Basilio sees Simoun leave the house and people like Crispín of stealing, which amasses knows the lamp has been lit. tremendous wealth for the friarocracy. He flees and meets Isagani, who is in the Additionally, since anybody who disagrees with street hoping to get a glimpse of Paulita. the friars is isolated from the community (like Inside, a note with the words: Mane Thecel Tasio), the church is a powerful unified Phares Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, is institution. circulating among the guests. Padre Salvi recognizes Ibarra’s handwriting Chapter 36: Ben-Zayb's Afflictions and is struck with terror, along with those who knew of Ibarra’s story. Ben-Zayb writes an embellished account of what transpired at the wedding party. Ch. 36 Analysis His editor returns his work unpublished following the Captain-General’s orders This chapter presents how Ben Zayb embodies an not to discuss the incident. inflated sense of intellectualism and self-importance, Ben-Zayb turns his journalistic energies and how he personifies the corrupted media. towards investigating an assault and theft It is said that Ben Zayb is always found in the at an inn where priests had been injured. company and presence of the rich, powerful, and When the signal did not materialize, they influential in society. broke off from their gang to do some During arguments or discussions among his peers, he mischief on their own. would side with the popular or controversial opinion Meanwhile, Simoun is nowhere to be but would not offer any genuine, independent found, and the sacks of gunpowder are opinion of his own in order to preserve the people’s found hidden at the wedding party venue. good opinion of him. People become suspicious of Simoun. Chapter 37: The Mystery Ch. 37 Analysis While on a visit to the wealthy Orenda family’s It is clear that Isagani was the one who took the lamp and threw it house, Isagani listens to Chichoy relate how he into the river, because he was the one who had last corresponded had been to Don Timoteo’s house in time to with Basilio, and the only other person who had known the witness the discovery of the sacks of purpose of the lamp. gunpowder there. Moreover, Isagani’s friends put him into hiding because there He also reveals hearing the rumor that were rumors going around that Isagani was responsible for government staff believe Simoun is the culprit. putting the gunpowder in Capitan Tiago’s house to get back at The civil guards are now looking for the Juanito for taking Paulita away. missing jeweler. This also shows how gossip or “tsismis” has long been the Momoy, the fiance of the eldest Orenda girl, Filipinos’ favorite pastime, that even if it is not anchored on a who had been at the party then relates how an solid foundation of facts, it can still be incredibly powerful and unknown thief had stolen the lamp at the perceived as real and firm Captain-General’s dining room. Isagani tells Momoy that if the thief had known what it was about and had time to reflect, he would not have stolen the lamp.

Chapter 38-39 AA TTrriicckk ooff FFaattee Chapter 38: A Trick of Fate ANALYSIS Along a mountainside, soldiers escort a At that time, people were already aware group of individuals suspected of being of the prison in cold Siberia, Russia (the members of the feared Matanglawin’s gang Soviet Union). Rizal wanted to paint a of bandits. The soldiers cruelly whip their harsher scene, where Filipino prisoners already exhausted detainees, and one soldier are subjected to intense heat and cruelty. called Carolino speaks up in protest against Rizal also uses this chapter to point out the cruelty to no avail. the stupidity and cruelty of the Filipino As they move along, unseen individuals guardia civil.Moreover, this tends to shoot at the soldiers from an elevated happen when people are placed in position screened by trees. The corporal at situations where you have prisoners and the head of the soldiers immediately orders guards. No matter what your nationality the shooting of all prisoners and then orders is, if you play the role of a “prison guard” his men to fire at their invisible enemies there's a pretty high possibility that you One of the attackers reveals himself. will turn sadistic. Carolino shoots him, and the attacker Tano is called Carolino because he served disappears. Another man with a spear in the Carolinas or Caroline Islands. This appears and the soldiers shoot him too. poignant chapter can be compared with Carolino approaches the fallen man and the Noli Me Tangere's “Noche Buena.” It recognizes his grandfather, Tandang Selo. talks about families separating in times of Carolino, back from the Carolines, is Tano, adversity, and reuniting in tragedy. The son of Cabesang Tales. The old man, already twist of fate or irony (parikala) is shown dead, has his eyes fixed on Tano and his when Tano ends up killing his own father, finger pointed at something behind the Kabesang Tales. rocks. Chapter 39: The Final Chapter ANALYSIS Padre Florentino receives a note from a lieutenant warning of the Simoun felt that the priest was the arrival of the civil guards to arrest the Spaniard hidden at the padre’s one who could understand him house. Don Tiburcio, thinking the note refers to him and that his wife more than anyone. He could have Dona Victorina had finally discovered his location decides to leave. gotten it from the tulisanes who Padre Florentino however is certain that the note pertains to Simoun thought they were being played who had arrived at his house injured. again by Simoun in the jeweler’s Simoun confesses his real identity and his story to Padre Florentino, plan to revolt. Simoun has made including how he had befriended and used the current Captain- up his mind to end his own life. General’s greed to commit more injustices and stir up discontent among the people. Padre Florentino believes God will forgive Simoun and will not abandon an oppressed people. When Simoun laments how God has denied freedom to an oppressed people and saved others more criminal than he, Padre Florentino points out how the just must suffer for their ideals. He further stresses how suffering improves and makes worthy those among the people who are complicit in vice. Simoun passes away and Padre Florentino takes the jeweler’s fortune in its steel case and hurls it into the ocean, exhorting nature to keep it, only to emerge when men need it for a holy reason.

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El Filibusterismo ANG PAGHAHARI NG KASAKIMAN Jose P. Rizal