PPT Chapter 8

CHAPTER 8: WRITING METHODOLOGY WEEK 13

METHOD, OR • WHAT ARE THEY? METHODOL • DO YOU DEFINE THEM? OGY

HOW CAN YOUQualitative Quantitative CONDUCT YOU Mix method Quasi-experimental Experimental RESEARCH? Survey ADDRESS ROS Research instruments WHAT CONTENT Data Analysis WILL YOU INCLUDE? Finding

Population Participants Setting Data selection Sampling Data Research instruments collecting method Data analysis Analytical statistics Analytical framework (approach) METHOD IS THE MOST SPECIFIC PART OF THE RESEARCH PAPER (SWALES, 2004).

RESEARCH DESIGN Accordingly, sub-headings are dealing with methodology e.g., instruments used, the definition applied, participants, research procedure, and a statistic used in your study.

The methodology is significant to describe the development of the research method: 1. How to select the population and sample group, 2. How to create and improve instruments, 3. How to collect data and analyze data, and 4. What statistic use in your research. IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

• Elicit what you have conducted for (research) expertise people • Convey your (new) procedure, method or approach to be accepted and understood. Subsequently, you indeed need to consider how to write what you did and what you used.

TABLE 1: PROMINENT CONTENT IN MASTER THESES

*Each sub-heading of your research methodology will be varied and associated with a type of research design. *Sometimes, the information might be presented in a table and/or graph.

• *The past tense will be used to describe a method in a completed research report; in proposals, it uses the future tense. *Therefore, the characteristic of language features used in this section should be represented specifically in terms of the research design.

Based on Pyrczak and Bruce’s (2000), • Consider using the term subjects or participants referred to the individuals studied freely chosen and taken part in a research study. • Other terms: respondents (those who respond to an online or e-mailed questionnaire) and examinees (those who participate in test development research).

Based on Pyrczak and Bruce’s (2000), • Describe the informed consent procedures in research studies. • A consent form should be prepared that the purpose of the study, the possible benefits, and harm that might result from participation, and identification of those who are conducting the research. • Individuals are asked to sign the form acknowledging that they freely agree to participate and understand that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty

Based on Pyrczak and Bruce’s (2000), • The population should be named, and if only a sample was studied, the method of sampling should be described as shown in the example below.

Based on Pyrczak and Bruce’s (2000), • Research instruments should be designed, measured, and described in detail. The significant information on reliability (consistency of results) and validity (whether the instrument measures what it is designed to measure) in both unpublished and published instruments (when available) should be reported as shown in the example below. •

Based on Pyrczak and Bruce’s (2000), • Experimental procedures, equipment, and other mechanical matters should be described in sufficient detail so that the study can be replicated. Some subjectivity enters into the decision as to how much detail to provide; in most cases, authors of journal articles do not provide every detail. Contrastly, they try to provide enough information to permit a reasonably close replication as shown in the example below.

As known the characterization and subsection of RAs and graduate research reports seems rather vary in general, the detailed description of research methodology in research articles is more likely to occur in theses. Some studies reveal three moves (move 4, 5, and 6) of RA method section in different disciplines (e.G., Medical [nwogu, 1997]) which are presented in table 3.

Move 4: Describing Data Collection Procedure • Move 4 presents all detailed processes of data collection from indicating the identification of the data, indicating the size of data collection, and determining the criteria for collecting data. Nwogu, K. N. (1997). The medical research paper: Structure and functions. English for specific purposes, 16(2), 119-138. http://ecourse.uoi.gr/pluginfile.php/93144/mod_resource/content/1/Medical%20research%20paper.pdf

Move 4: Describing Data Collection Procedure

Move 4: Describing Data Collection Procedure

Move 4: Describing Data Collection Procedure

Move 4: Describing Data Collection Procedure

Move 5: Describing Experimental Procedure • Move 5 demonstrates a sequential process of research methodology by identifying the research instruments, reporting the research process, and indicating criteria for experimental research instruments.

Move 5: Describing Experimental Procedure

Move 5: Describing Experimental Procedure

Move 5: Describing Experimental Procedure

Move 5: Describing Experimental Procedure

Move 6: Describing • Move 6 will be generated the Data Analysis statistical or numerical method to Procedure data analysis to identify the statistical tools modified in the study including the definition of the terms used, the process of data sorting, and identification of analytical instruments.

Move 6: Describing Data Analysis Procedure

Move 6: Describing Data Analysis Procedure

Move 6: Describing Data Analysis Procedure

Move 6: Describing Data Analysis Procedure • The language features and rhetorical structure found explicitly as a standardized pattern in one specific discipline will be determined in the particular discipline. Method section has been presented the sufficient detail of research methodology to inform audiences what have been done with the replicated instruments and research approach used and achieve similar finding outcomes. The language features used here, however, generally have been created an agentless passive with past simple tense as shown in the aforementioned examples.

Exercise I: Identifying RA Research Methodology Section Instructions: Look at a sample of the method section in RA I and identify language features used in this section. (pages 11-23)

According to GRP manual, the organization of the research methodology section should be presented as the following: 1. Population and sample subjects: this part should be described the population used in your research and specified the number of a whole group or a part of the population and then specified how the sampling strategy used. Also, it may include a research setting or context in this section. 2. Research instruments: a list of instruments used in your study should be presented here. You have to describe and discuss how your instruments develop with reliability and validity. 3. Data collection: it is a process of data collecting methods. You should specify a period of collecting data (when and how the data from instruments were distributed, collected, analyzed, and interpreted). 4. Data analysis: this part is important for your study findings, so thus far you need to describe statistical criteria used to analyze and interpret your collecting data to verify your research questions or hypotheses. Sometimes, the researcher can present a figure of research methodology and conceptual framework at the end of this section.

Exercise II: Identifying Research Methodology Section Instructions: Look at the lists of the content in 5-thesis research methodologies and answer the questions provided.



Answer the Questions 1. Based on the lists of thesis research methodologies from different universities and disciplines, can you see the different or similar contents from those lists? 2. How do the lists of the methodology imply? 3. Based on your research title, what sub-heading of research methodology will you include in your thesis? 4. What is the type of your research and how will you design to collect the data?

Exercise III: Drafting Your Research Methodology • Instructions: Based on your research objective(s) and question (s), write the research methodology for your concept paper. This section should be included research design, setting, population and sample subjects, data collection (research instruments and procedures), and data analysis.

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. GUSTAV FLAUBERT – FRENCH NOVELIST

WRITE WHAT SHOULD BENOT FORGOTTEN.ISABEL ALLENDE – CHILEAN AUTHOR

Surely something resides in this heart that is not perishable and life is MORE THAN A DREAM. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT – BRITISH PHILOSOPHER & FEMINIST

.DREAMSSOMETIMES wiserare than waking. BLACK ELK – OGLALA SIOUX MEDICINE MAN

WE CAN ONLY SEE A SHORT DISTANCE AHEAD, BUT WE CAN SEE PLENTY THERE THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE. ALAN TURING – BRITISH COMPUTER SCIENTIST

IF YOU ARE ALWAYS TRYING TO BE NORMAL, YOU WILL NEVER KNOW HOW AMAZING YOU CAN BE. MAYA ANGELOU – AMERICAN POET

IF YOU CAN'T FLY, THEN RUN. IF YOU CAN'T RUN, THEN WALK. IF YOU CAN'T WALK, THEN CRAWL. BUT WHATEVER YOU DO, YOU HAVE TO KEEP MOVING. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. – CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST AND PASTOR

<Please move on. Don’t be afraid of up-coming things.> Phirunkhana Phichiensathien

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