Health and Physical Education Book 7_2077 Editioin

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 7Grade Authors Ram Kumar Rai Matrika Pd. Lamsal

Published by TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal. Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright: Publisher 2075 BS First Edition : 2075 BS Reprint : 2076 BS Reprint : 2077 BS Readmore welcomes any suggestions regarding the textbook. Layout: Readmore Desktop Illustration: Dev Maharjan Printed in Nepal You can exchange out textbooks from your nearest book distributor if any technical errors are found. Read to help others read! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Readmore Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

PREFACE First Edition, 2075 BS This text book (Health and Physical Education) has been written according to the curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Center (CDC), The Government of Nepal and covers all the contents of the syllabus. Every possible efforts have been provided to make the subject matter easy, clear and systematic for the grade VII students. We hope that this book meets the objective set forth by the CDC and fulfills the requirement of the students of Grade 7. There are 15 units altogether in this text book as prescribed by the CDC. This book has been written as far as possible in simple language. We believe that illustration with pictures, figures and diagrams will make the text more readable and adds to its utility. Activities and community works in each lesson will help the students foster their inherent strength. Salient Features of this book: • Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations. • Evaluation exercises are presented in various ways such as class room activities, community based activities, project works and exercises including subjective and objective questions, report writing and presentation. • The meaning of difficult words are given at the end of every unit/chapter for the convenience of the students. We wish to express our sincere regards to the Readmore Publishers & Distributors for providing all possible help and support in every step to produce this book. Last but not least, we are highly indebted with the great contribution and support provided by the layout designers Sameer Shakya and Sunil Maharjan for their creative designing without their skillful hands this book would not have been produced in this standard. We also apologize for any error or discrepancy despite the sincere efforts to make this book credible as much as possible. We humbly request all the colleagues, students, subject teachers and well wishers to provide their valuable feedback and suggestions. Authors

Table of Contents HEALTH EDUCATION Page Unit 1 Human Body 5 - 25 Chapter I Skeleton System 5 - 11 Chapter II The Muscular System 12 - 13 Chapter III The Digestive System 14 - 17 Chapter IV The Respiratory System 18 - 21 Chapter V The Urinary System 21 - 25 Unit 2 Personal Health 26 - 33 Unit 3 Nutrition 34 - 43 Unit 4 Disease 44 - 59 Unit 5 Adolescence, Sexual and Reproductive Health 60 - 66 Unit 6 Drugs, Smoking and Alcoholism 67 - 74 Unit 7 Environmental Health 75 - 82 Unit 8 Safety and First Aid 83 - 90 Unit 9 Family and Community Health 91 - 96 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 97 - 102 103 - 106 Unit 1 Physical Exercise 107 - 115 Unit 2 Drill 116 - 124 Unit 3 Physical Training 125 - 137 Unit 4 Yoga 138 - 143 Unit 5 Games Unit 6 Athletics 144 A Set of Model Question

HEALTH EDUCATION 1Unit Human Body Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: [ Tell the structure and function of skeletal system. [ Tell the structure and function of muscular system. [ Explain the structure and function of digestive system. [ Describe the structure and function of respiratory system. [ Tell the structure and function of urinary system. Chapter - I Skeleton System A human body is made up of the framework of different shapes and sizes of bones. The combination of all of the bones in the human body is called human skeleton system. Human infants are born with around 260 bones, some of which fuse Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull Skull Mandible Clavicle Mandible Hyoid bone Scapula Humerus Ribs Sternum Vertebral Ribs URalndaius column Carpal bones Vertebral Metacarpal bones Sacrum column Sacrum Phalanges Coccyx Coxal bone Posterior view Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Anterior view 5

together as the body develops. However, the adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones. The skeletal system gives the body its basic framework and support to the body and its internal organs. The skeletons of human body are of different shapes and size. According to their shape and size, some bones are long, some are short, some are flat, some are cubical and some are irregular. For instance, the bones of hands and legs are long. The bones of wrist and ankle are cubical whereas the bones of vertebrates are irregular. All of these bones are attached to each other by ligaments. 1. Types of Bone A. Long Bones The bones which are comparatively much longer than the width are called long bones. They are found in our upper limbs and lower limbs. Some of the long bones are mentioned below: Name of bones Number of bones Femur (bone of thigh) 2 Tibia and fibula (bone of lower leg) 2 Humerus (bone of upper arm) 2 Radius (bone of lower arm) 2 Ulna (bone of lower arm) 2 Femur Tibia and Humerus Radius Ulna Fibula B. Short Bones The bones which are generally short in size are called short bones. They are situated in different parts of the body. Name of bones Number of bones Carpals (bone of wrists) 16 Meta carpals (bone of palms) 10 6

Phalanges (bone of fingers) 28 Tarsals (bone of ankles) 14 Metatarsals (bone of feet) 10 Scaphoid Metacarpals 1 Capitate (metacarpus) Trapezoid Trapezium Carpals (carpus) 2 3 5 4 Phalanges Carpals Meta carpals Phalanges Calcaneus Metatarsal bones Talus Tarsal bones Cuboid Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Tarsals Metatarsals C. Irregular Bones The bones which do not have definitive shape and size are called irregular bones. Some of the irregular bones are mentioned below: Name of bones Number of bones Vertebrae 26 Facial bones 14 7

Cervical First cervical vertebra (atlas) Frontal bone Supraorbital region (curved Second cervical vertebra (atlas) foramen Coronal suture anteriorly) Seventh cervical vertebra Optic foramen First thoracic vertebra Superior orbital fissure Thoracic Parietal bone region (curved Orbit Sphenoid bone posteriorly) Temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Body Nasal bone Middle nasal concha Intervertebral disk Lacrimal bone Inferior nasal concha Twelfth thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Zygomatic bone Nasal cavity Mental foramen Lumbar Intervertebral foramina Nasal Perpendicular region (curved Transverse process septum plate of ethmoid bone anteriorly) Spinous process Vomer Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacral promontory Maxilla Mandible Sacral and Sacrum coccygeal Coccyx regions (curved posteriorly) Vertebrae Facial bones D. Flat Bones The bones which are present with the purpose of protection of the internal organs of the body are called flat bones. Some of the flat bones are mentioned below: Skull Name of bones Number of bones Scapula 22 Sternum Acromion process 2 Ribs Coracoid process 1 Glenoid cavity 12 Lateral border Acromion process Scapula Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Spine Subscapular fossa Medial border Skull Inferior angle True ribs Sternum 1 Manubrium (1-7) Costal 2 Body Xiphoid process cartilage 3 Sternum False ribs Floating 4 Sternum (8-12) ribs 5 8 6 7 8 11 9 12 10 Ribs

E. Cartilage Femur bone The soft and flexible bones are called cartilage. The Articular cartilage bones are formed by the white cells which cartilage are not tightly packed and developed, so it is soft. The external ears, septum of nose, trachea are some examples of the cartilage. Functions of Skeleton Tibia bone It gives definite shape to the body. Without skeleton, our body would collapse into a heap. It gives support to the soft parts of the body. It gives support to the body by protecting its internal organs. For example, our cranium (skull) protects our brain, eyes; the ribs protect our heart and lungs, and our vertebrae protect spinal cord. The muscles are attached to the skeleton. Hence, the presence of bones and joints in the body makes movement possible. The cavity of the long bone is filled up with the fatty tissues called bone marrow. The red blood cells (RBC) and the white blood cells (WBC) are formed inside the bone marrow. It reserves the minerals like calcium and phosphorous. Activity Prepare the model of different types of bones with locally available materials and show them in your class. 2. Joints Human beings exhibit locomotion. Locomotion is brought about by the combination of muscular and skeletal system. The bending and movement of the skeleton is brought about by special structures called joints. A joint is that part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement. Joints are held at position by strong cords called ligaments. Joints can be classified based on the type of movement they bring about. There are mainly three types of joints in the human body such as immovable joints, slightly movable joints and freely movable joints. A. Immovable Joint (Fibrous Joint) The joint which does not allow the structure 9

to move but they offer protection for the structure is called immovable joint. It is also known as fibrous joint. An immovable joint connects the ends of the bones by a tough fibrous tissue. The joint between the bones of the skull, joints in the pelvis and joints between the lower jaw and the upper jaw are the examples of immovable joints. B. Semi Movable Joint (Cartilaginous Joint) The joint that is slightly movable and cannot rotate freely is called semi movable joint. It is also known as cartilaginous joint. The joints of the lower jaw and joints between the vertebrae are the example of cartilaginous joints. C. Freely Movable Joint (Synovial Joint) Synovial Joint The joint which is highly moveable and having a synovial capsule and synovial membrane is called freely movable joint. It is also known as synovial joint. An example is the knee joint. Four freely movable joints available in our body are ball and socket joint, pivot joint, hinge joint and the gliding joint. i. Ball and Socket Joint Ball and Socket Joint This joint is formed by two bones in which a spherical head of a bone fits into a socket-like other bone. This joint provides movement in any direction. Examples of a ball and socket joint are shoulder joints and hip joints. ii. Hinge Joint Hinge Joint This is a joint which moves like a door on a hinge not more than 180°. It provides back and forth movement of the bone. This is a joint 10

which can be compared to that of a hinge at the door. Examples of a hinge joint are the elbow joint, finger joints and the knee joint. iii. Pivot Joint This is the joint in which one bone fits into a ring formed by the other bone. It rotates over the pivot-like end of the other bone. Example is the joint which joins the neck to the head. Head rotates over the neck. iv. Saddle Joint Saddle joints are joints where one bone moves or glides in two directions. An example of a saddle joint is the joint in the thumb’s base. Pivot Joint Saddle Joint v. Gliding Joint Gliding Joint This is a joint which allows bones to glide over each other. These types of joints provide little movement in all directions. These are the joints present at the ankles, wrist and between vertebrae. Activity Draw the different types of joints in a chart paper and cling it on your classroom wall. 11

Chapter - II The Muscular System Muscle is a tissue whose cells have masseter deltoids the ability to contract and produce pectorals movement or force. There are biceps trapezius around 650 muscles in our body. triceps These muscles occupy about 40 abdominals percent of our body weight. Most quadriceps biceps of them are attached to the bones calf muscles of the skeleton. These muscles are collectively known as muscular system. Movement of the limbs, heart, lungs and other parts of the body is possible by the muscle cells. Each muscle causes particular movement. For instance, we use muscles to bend our knees and arms, to swallow food, to blink eyes, to breathe, to walk, to run, to speak and so on. The function of the muscular system is well governed by the brain. For an example, when a person feels like stretching his hands, the brain immediately passes on the message to the nerves. Then the nerves carry this message to the muscles of the hands and eventually the muscles get relaxed. It allows the person to stretch his hands. All of our body movement is possible by the function of the muscles using the energy supplied by the food we eat. Types of Muscles Biceps According to the structure and functions, muscles are of three types. They are explained below: A. Voluntary Muscles Triceps The muscles, which can be moved according Voluntary Muscles to our will, are considered as voluntary muscles. These kinds of muscles are also known as skeletal muscles since they are attached to the skeletons. These muscles are 12

present in the arms, legs neck, face, belly, etc and play important role in different activities of the body like walking, talking, writing and running. These muscles are structurally thick in the middle and thin towards the ends. B. Involuntary or Smooth Muscles The muscles which can work without our Stomach Muscles conscious control are called involuntary muscles. They are also called smooth muscles or unstripped muscles. The functions of these muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system of our brain. Such muscles are found in digestive system, lungs, kidney, liver, heart, stomach and urinary bladder. C. Cardiac Muscles Involuntary Muscles The heart muscles are called cardiac muscles. These muscles are the involuntary muscles. These muscles contract automatically in a rhythmic manner. The functions of these muscles are controlled by our brain. Once the cardiac muscles die, they will not be Heart regenerated. Functions of Muscles Cardiac Muscle Cells i. Play role in movement, posture, joint stability and heat production in the body ii. Contribute giving shape to the organism iii. Cardiac muscles pump blood throughout the body iv. Smooth muscles help in digestion and absorption of food v. Provide motor power for digestion, respiration, circulation, secretion and excretion process vi. Create movements like walking, standing, running, playing, chewing, writing, talking Activity Write the functions and characteristics of voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscles along with their well labelled diagrams in a chart paper and put it in your classroom magazine board. 13

Chapter - III The Digestive System The foods that we eat are in complex forms like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, etc. We cannot obtain energy mouth salivary glands from this complex form of food directly. teeth pharynx The food needs to be broken down and tongue converted into simpler substances so epiglottis that body can absorb it. The process esophagus of converting the complex food into simple and absorbable form is called gallbladder liver digestion. The group of organs working pancreas stomach together for the digestion of our food is called digestive system. The human large rectum digestive system consists of alimentary intestine anus canal (gastrointestinal tract) and small accessory organs (digestive glands). intestine They are explained below: appendix A. Alimentary Canal A long muscular canal that extends from mouth to anus is called alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. They are explained below: i. Mouth (Oral Cavity) Soft palate Uvula Mouth is the hollow cavity that allows food Palatine tonsil and air to enter the body. The digestive Body of tongue process begins in the mouth. In fact, digestion starts here when taking the first Lips bite of food. Chewing breaks the food Gingiva into pieces. During chewing food, saliva is secreted by the salivary glands. Saliva that contains the enzymes called ptyalin helps to breakdown carbohydrate into the sugar called maltose. The mouth contains many other organs such as teeth, tongue and the ducts of the salivary glands. 14

Functions M Plays a major role in the production of speech M Helps in drinking water and liquid food M Helps in chewing and biting food M Helps in breathing ii. Pharynx The pharynx is a funnel-shaped muscular organ. It is situated in the throat. It is the common opening of both the digestive and respiratory system. It receives air from the nasal cavity; similarly it receives air, food and drink from the oral cavity. Inferiorly; the pharynx is connected to the respiratory system at the Larynx and to the digestive system at the esophagus. It helps to prevent food from entering the windpipe with the help of epiglottis. The passage connecting the oral and nasal pharynges called isthmus allows us to breathe both through the nose and mouth. The pharynx works with the other speech organs and muscles to produce initial sounds. Functions M Prevents food from entering the windpipe M Plays role in passing food from mouth to the esophagus M Allows us to breathe both through the nose and mouth iii. Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular digestive tube which extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is also known as gullet. It is about 25 cm long. It transports food from pharynx to stomach. Function M Passes air from the nose and mouth to the lungs via larynx M Carries food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach iv. Stomach Esophagus Fundus Pylorus Stomach is a sack like muscular organ that Body lies between esophagus and small intestine. Rugae It is also known as gastric. It is a J-shaped of hollow organ and is situated on the left side mucosa of the abdomen just below the diaphragm. The stomach has several gastric glands on its Pyloric sphincter Pyloric antrum interior wall, which secrete gastric juice and (valve) mucus. The gastric juice contains the enzymes called pepsin and rennin. The juice also Structure of Stomach 15

contains hydrochloric acid that helps to digest food and kill harmful bacteria in the stomach. Inside the stomach, the food is mixed up thoroughly with the gastric juice. The gastric juice present in the stomach makes the food soft, soluble, and digestive (chyme). The food generally remains for 4- 6 hours in the stomach. v. Small Intestine Stomach Small intestine is a long, narrow and coiled up muscular hollow Duodenum tube. It is about 5-6 meters long and of about 2.5 diameters. It lies in the abdominal cavity and surrounded by the large intestine. Jejunum It consists of three main parts such as duodenum (the first part), jejunum (the middle part), and ileum (the end part). Most of the nutrients are absorbed in Ileum the small intestine. It receives Appendix pancreatic juices (amylase, lipases, and proteases) from pancreas to Different Parts of Small Intestine act upon carbohydrate, protein, and fats. Similarly, bile juice received from the liver is responsible for the digestion of fats. The inner wall of small intestine consists of millions of finger like muscular folds called villi. They play important role for the absorption of the nutrients from the digested food called chyme. vi. Large Intestine Transverse Colon Large intestine is the posterior part of the alimentary canal. It is also known as colon. It extends from Ascending Descending the small intestine and ends at Colon Colon anus. It is much wider and shorter than the small intestine. It is about 1.5 meters long and divided into Cecum Sigmoid Colon different sections like caecum, Appendix ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid Rectum and rectum. The wall of the Anus large intestine is responsible for Different Parts of Large Intestine absorbing water from the chyme. Once the water is reabsorbed, the chyme turns into solid form. Then the waste products of digestion stored in the rectum pass through the anus as faeces. 16

B. Accessory Organs of Digestive System Accessory organs of the digestive system include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These accessory organs play vital role in the digestion and absorption process in the digestive system. Gallbladder Liver 1 Common bile duct 2 Spleen Accessory pancreatic duct 3 Pancreatic duct 5 Pancreas 4 Duodenal papilla Accessory Organs of Digestive System Digestive Process The digestive system is made up of gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The gastrointestinal tract includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine rectum and anus. The liver, pancreas and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system. The digestive system helps the body digest food. Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and ends in the small intestine. As food passes through the GI tract, it mixes with digestive juices, causing large molecules of food to break down into smaller molecules. The body then absorbs these smaller molecules through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream, which delivers them to the rest of the body. Waste products of digestion pass through the large intestine and out of the body as a solid matter called stool. Activity Prepare a model of digestive system with the help of locally available materials under the supervision of your subject teacher and discuss in your class. 17

Chapter - IV The Respiratory System The human respiratory system is a set of organs Lower Respiratory Tract responsible for taking in Nasal Cavity Paranasal Sinuses oxygen and expelling carbon Upper Nostrils Oral Cavity dioxide. The primary organs Respiratory Tract Pharynx of the respiratory system are Larynx Epiglottis lungs, which cause exchange of gases as we breathe. As we Trachea (windpipe) Right Left Primary breathe, oxygen enters the Right Primary Lung Bronchus nose or mouth and passes Bronchus Alveoli Left Bronchi Lung Bronchioles Inferior Lobe to the sinuses, which are Diaphragm hollow spaces in the skull. Sinuses help regulate the Different Parts Respiratory System temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. Then trachea, filters the air that we inhaled. It branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into each lung. The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and forth, carrying mucus up and out. Mucus, a sticky fluid, collects dust, germs, and other matter that invade the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze, cough or spit. The bronchial tubes lead to the lobes of the lungs. The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two lobes. These lobes are filled with small, spongy sacs called alveoli, and this is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. The alveolar walls are extremely thin (about 0.2 micrometers). These walls are composed of a single layer of tissues called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries. Blood passes through the capillaries. The pulmonary artery carries blood containing carbon dioxide to the air sacs, where the gas moves from the blood to the air. Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein, and the heart pumps it throughout the body. The respiratory system incorporates the following organs: A. Nose Inside the nose, the sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move them to the nose to be sneezed or blown out. B. Pharynx The pharynx is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems. It is approximately 13 cm long and is divided into three parts such as nasopharynx, oropharynx and 18

Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Palatine Tonsil Tooth Pharynx Root of Tongue Epiglottis Esophagus Trachea laryngopharynx. As part of the respiratory system, it allows for the movement of air from the nose and mouth to the larynx during the process of breathing. Both food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their appropriate destinations. C. Larynx The larynx is a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract connecting the pharynx to the trachea. It plays a vital role in the respiratory tract by allowing air to pass through it while keeping food and drink from blocking the airway. It is located in the neck region. The larynx is also called the body’s “voice box” as it contains the vocal folds that produce the sounds of speech. The most superior region of the larynx is epiglottis. During the process of swallowing, the epiglottis folds over to cover the glottis and prevents food from blocking the airway. Sound is produced in the larynx by the air which passes through the larynx and vibrates the vocal folds. D. Trachea or Wind Pipe Trachea is a wide hollow muscular tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is formed by a large number of C-shaped rings of cartilage. The trachea is the main airway to the lungs. It has the vital function of providing air flow to and from the lungs for respiration. E. Bronchi and Bronchioles The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and creates the network of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air. 19

F. Lungs Together the lungs form one of the body’s largest organs. They are responsible for providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling carbon dioxide. Branch of pulmonary artery Deep lymphatic vessel Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Superficial lymphatic vessel Alveoli Alveolar sacs Visceral pleura Pulmonary capillaries Parietal pleura Branch of pulmonary vein Pleural cavity G. Diaphragm Internal Structure of Lungs The diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow air into the lungs. Lungs Respiratory Process The function of the human respiratory system is to transport air into the lungs and to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the blood stream. It also receives Carbon Dioxide from the blood and exhales it. In pulmonary ventilation, air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and Diaphragm mouth). It moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Then air is exhaled, flowing back through the same pathway. Changes to the volume and air pressure in the lungs trigger pulmonary ventilation. During normal inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage elevates. As the volume of the lungs increases, air pressure drops and air rushes in. During normal exhalation, the 20

muscles relax. The lungs become Inspiration Expiration smaller, the air pressure rises, and air is expelled. Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity the process called external expands reduces respiration. This process takes External intercostal place through hundreds of External intercostal muscles relax muscles contract Diaphragm millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli. Oxygen from Diaphragm Diaphragm inhaled air diffuses from contracts relaxes the alveoli into pulmonary Respiration Process capillaries surrounding them. It binds to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, and is pumped through the bloodstream. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli, and is expelled through exhalation. The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs, controls breathing and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When a breath is taken, it flattens out and pulls forward, making more space for the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm expands and forces air out. Activity Draw a well labelled internal structure of lungs in a chart paper under the guidance of your subject teacher and show it in the class for discussion. Chapter - V The Urinary System The urinary system is responsible for Hepatic veins (cut) Renal artery filtering wastes from the blood as Esophagus (cut) Renal hilum well as forming and secreting urine. Inferior vena cava Renal vein The urinary tract includes a pair of Kidney bean-shaped kidneys, two ureters, Adrenal gland Ureter a bladder and the urethra. The Aorta urinary system produces stores and Iliac crest Urinary eliminates urine. The kidneys make bladder urine by filtering wastes and extra Part of female Urethra water from blood. Urine travels uctive system from the kidneys through two thin 21

tubes called ureters and fills the bladder. When the bladder is full, a person urinates through the urethra to eliminate the waste. Adults eliminate about 2 liters of urine per day. The urinary system consists of the following organs: i. Kidneys -2 Nephron ii. Ureters -2 iii. Urinary bladder -1 Cortex iv. Urethra -1 A. Kidneys The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The human body has two kidneys, one on either Collecting Duct Renal side of the middle back, just under the pyramid of ribs. Each kidney contains thousands the medulla of small filters called Nephrons. The Internal Structure of Kidney kidneys filter wastes, excess ions and chemicals from the blood to form urine. Each Nephron has thousands of capillaries connecting to the body’s blood supply. Around 180 liters of blood is filtered through the kidneys every day. Facts of Kidney e Each kidney has over a million of Nephrons e Kidneys filter out waste products from the blood through Nephrons e Kidneys maintain balance between water and salts in the blood e Even if 75% of the Nephrons are lost, the kidney will still function. It is possible to live a healthy life even with only one kidney. B. Ureters Kidney Ureter Each kidney has a tube called a ureter. The ureters are a pair of tubes that carry urine Urinary Bladder from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are about 10 to 12 inches long. The filtered waste products popularly known as urine leave the kidneys via the ureters and enter the urinary bladder. C. Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a sac-like hollow organ used for the storage of urine. The urinary bladder is located along the body’s 22

midline at the inferior end of the pelvis. Urine entering the urinary bladder from the ureters slowly fills the hollow space of the bladder. The walls of the bladder allow it to stretch to hold anywhere from 600 to 800 milliliters of urine. D. Urethra The urethra is the muscular duct through which urine passes from the bladder to the exterior of the body. The female urethra is around 2 inches long and ends inferior to the clitoris and superior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is around 8 to 10 inches long and ends at the tip of the penis. The flow of urine through the urethra is controlled by the internal and external urethral sphincter muscles. Mechanism of Micturition The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary system. Micturition or urination is the process of discharging urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. The process of urination begins when the muscles of the urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to pass through the urethra. Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the body, the urinary system also maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium in the body. Activity Prepare a model of urinary system by making kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra with the help of clay, rubber tube and other locally available materials then decorate them with appropriate colour and show your friends in the class. Word Meaning Alveoli : small air sacs or cavities in the lung that give the tissue for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Chyme : a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum Hinge : an anatomical joint at which motion occurs around a transverse axis, as that of the knee Homeostasis : the body’s internal balance, produced by a regulatory system that maintains stable temperature, electrolyte levels, etc Locomotion : the power or ability to move Pelvis : a bony basin formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx; also the core of a kidney, containing the broad upper end of a ureter Ptyalin : an enzyme in the saliva that converts starch into dextrin and maltose Sphincter : a circular muscle that constricts a passage or closes natural orifice 23

RECAP e The skeletal system gives the body its basic framework and support to the body and its internal organs. e The soft and flexible bones are called cartilage which are formed by the white cells and not tightly packed so it is soft. The external ears, septum of nose, trachea are some examples of the cartilage. e The joint which does not allow the structure to move but they offer protection for the structure is called immovable joint. e Ball and socket joint is formed by two bones in which a spherical head of a bone fits into a socket-like other bone. Examples of a ball and socket joint are shoulder joints and hip joints. e Gliding joint is a joint which allows bones to glide over each other. This kind of joint provides little movement in all directions. These are the joints present at the ankles, wrist and between vertebrae. e Muscle is a tissue whose cells have the ability to contract and produce movement or force. These muscles occupy about 40 percent of our body weight. e The muscles which can be moved according to our will are considered as voluntary muscles. The muscles are present in the arms, legs, neck, face, belly, etc. e The muscles which can work without our conscious control are called involuntary muscles. They are also called smooth muscles or unstripped muscles. Such muscles are found in digestive system, lungs, kidney, liver, heart, stomach and urinary bladder. e The heart muscles contract automatically in a rhythmic manner. Once the cardiac muscles die they will not be regenerated. e The process of converting the complex food into simple and absorbable form is called digestion. The group of organs working together for the digestion of our food is called digestive system. e The pharynx is a funnel-shaped muscular organ. It is situated in the throat and plays role in passing food from the mouth to the esophagus. e The larynx is a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract connecting the pharynx to the trachea. It plays a vital role in the respiratory tract by allowing air to pass through it while eating food and drink. It also plays an important role by producing the sounds of speech. e The kidneys filter wastes, excess ions and chemicals from the blood to form urine. Around 180 liters of blood is filtered through the kidneys every day. 24

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is skeletal system? Mention its two functions. 2. What is irregular bone? Give any two examples. 3. What is cardiac muscle? Write any two functions of cardiac muscle. 4. Write a difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle. 5. What is Pharynx? 6. Write the difference between large intestine and small intestine. 7. Briefly explain about respiratory system. 8. Explain the role of diaphragm in respiration process. 9. Mention any two functions of muscles. 10. Explain the function of Trachea 11. Draw a well labelled diagram of Lungs. 12. Draw the diagram of Kidney and label it. 13. What is urinary bladder? B. Choose correct option from the bracket. 1. The red blood cells are formed inside..................................(lymph gland/red bone marrow/groin). 2. The process of discharging urine throughout the urethra is called................... (respiration/circulation/Micturition). 3. Kidneys filter waste products through.................................(diaphragm/GI tract/nephrons). 4. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at...................(epiglottis/ larynx/alveoli). 5. The wall of the............................intestine is responsible for absorbing water from the chyme. (small/large/caecum). C. Write short notes on: a. Alimentary canal b. Digestive process c. Urinary System d. Micturition e. Larynx 25

2Unit Personal Health Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: [ Tell the reasons and measures of keeping body healthy. [ Tell the different methods of care of the eyes, ear and nose. [ Tell the role of nutrition status, physical status and mental status for healthy life. Personal Health Personal health involves physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and social dimension of health of an individual including healing from illness, sense of well being and prevention from spread of illness to others. Some practices which are associated with personal health or hygiene are bathing regularly, washing hands regularly and especially before handling food, keeping hair short, wearing clean clothing, brushing teeth regularly and cutting finger nails. Personal hygiene is very important because no-one likes to be close to a person who stinks and is dirty. So, whoever you are and wherever you go remember: Wash hands before you eat and feet before you sleep. Personal health and hygiene should be in proper order to stay healthy and happy life. A. Care of Body We need to care our body for good health. A healthy body is important to boost up self- esteem. Underclothes are right next to your skin and collect dead skin cells, sweat and possibly other unmentionable stains. Bacteria start to work overnight on these stains so your clothes do not smell as nice on the second day of wearing. Stay 26

away from cigarette smoke as the smell will get into your clothes and hair. If you have to wear a school uniform then take it off as soon as you get home and hang it up to air before you wear it the next day. Get your shoes off as soon as you get home so that they can get aeration and dry out overnight. Keep your shoes clean by brushing, polishing or washing. Wash your feet well at least once a day. Dry them carefully, especially between the toes. To keep your hair clean, wash it regularly with shampoo. Brush your teeth twice a day after breakfast and before you go to bed. During the day, rinse your mouth with water and swish it around to get rid of anything sticking to your teeth. With a clean body, clean hair, clean clothes and shoes, you will feel good and your friends will be happy to be near you. Reasons of Keeping Healthy Body a. to live a long healthy life b. to become energetic c. to live a happy life d. to prevent diseases e. to live a quality of life Measures of Keeping Healthy Body e Attention should be given on personal health e Balanced diet should be taken on regular basis e Regular physical exercise including games and sports e Keeping away from smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse e Developing positive attitude and responsible behaviour e Vaccination with complete doses according to the immunization schedule B. Care of Eyes, Ear and Nose and their Hygiene a. Eyes Eyes are organs of the visual system. They are also the important sense organs situated in the orbital cavities of our body. Eye color of a person is determined 27

by Iris genes inherited from his/her parents. Care of Eyes M Never put salt in your eyes M Do not wipe eyes with dirty clothes M Avoid reading by lying down on the bed M Avoid wearing contact lenses while sleeping and swimming M Avoid constant looking at the computer screen for a long time M Drink more water and eat lots of fruits and green vegetables M Protect your eyes from harmful UV light wearing sunglasses M Use clean water, soft and clean piece of cloth to clean the eyes M If you suffer from any chronic disease visit an ophthalmologist M Provide children below 5 years with vitamin A on the day routinely M Do not use eye drops unless you are sure that they are right for you M Keep appropriate distance between your eyes and computer/television screen M Do not rub your eyes when dust particles or other foreign objects enter your eyes M Do not read in dim light and do not keep the books very close to the eyes while reading Method of Keeping Eyes Clean We should not rub our eyes. We need to rinse our eyes with clean water in the morning and evening daily. When the foreign objects like dust, dirt or insect enter our eye, we can take them out with the help of a clean hanky or cotton cloth. If the dirt has not come out with a hanky the object can be flushed by blinking the affected eye over the cup of clean water. b. Ear Temporal bone The ear is a sense organ of hearing in Helix Malleus Semicircular canals our body. There are two ears on the Incus either side of our head. It enables us Cochlea to hear sound and helps to balance Stapes our body. To learn more ways on how to take good care of our ears, Vestibular nerve consider the following points: Ear canal Care of Ear Concha M Avoid noisy places Earlobe Eustachian tube Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Structure of Ear 28

M Consult an ear physician if necessary M We should protect our ears from hard blows M We should avoid loud noise as far as possible M We should always clean our ears with ear bud M Use ear protection plugs if you cannot avoid noisy public places M If we suffer from pain or itching inside our ear, we should visit doctor immediately M We should not shout near the ears of the other people because this can make people deaf M We should not use sharp instruments like hairpins, toothpick, compass, needle, etc to remove wax from the ears Ear Cleaning Method Never use pointed objects to remove ear wax. However, after taking bath clean the outside of your ear with cotton buds but do not insert them into your ear canal. In addition, a stream of water or saline water can be used to rinse the ear. Sometimes wax (cerumen) can accumulate excessively which can decrease your hearing ability. In that case, place a few drops of saline water or ear drops into the inner ear which will allow the wax come out easily. Then take out the soften earwax with the help of ear buds or soft cotton cloth. c. Nose Frontal sinus Nose is an important organ of respiratory system. It is also an important sense organ for smelling. It is necessary for Nasal cavity breathing and smelling smells. It is Nasopharynx Oropharynx believed that our nose can detect more Laryngopharynx than 10,000 types of odors. It is located between two eyes and just above the mouth. You can clean your nose with a Larynx cotton swab and saline water without risk of scratching. It will not damage the sensitive membranes. Care of Nose M Never sneeze forcefully M Avoid smoking and second-hand smoke M Use a soft and clean handkerchief to wipe your nose 29

M Do not take smell of different flowers from a close distance M Do not insert finger, matchstick, and sharp things into the nose M You can take steam or lukewarm salt solution to clean the nose M While waking in the road, cover your nose with a handkerchief or mask M Maintain a daily nasal cleansing routine especially for young children M To clear a blocked nose you can use nasal drops with the advice of the doctor M Clearing nasal passages by the use of saline water relieves nasal congestion Nose Cleaning Method Do not allow accumulation of mucus in nose. Always use a clean hanky or tissue paper to clean your nose. Blow your nose gently into a tissue paper or hanky to remove dirt and nasal mucus by keeping one nostril closed. Repeat this process if necessary. C. Nutrition Status There should be management of weight according to height to live a healthy life. It is necessary to have weight and height according to age whereas weight according to height is mandatory in the adulthood. Measurement of Fats, Oils and Sweets body weight provides Use Occasionally information about the nutrition status of Meat, Fish Milk Products individuals. To get more and Eggs weight or low weight both of the conditions are considered as Fruits Vegetables malnutrition. It is necessary to have balanced diet and regular Grains physical exercise for a healthy life. Food Pyramid for Kids 30

D. Physical Status We need to take care of physical condition of our body. We should keep our body in correct posture during sitting, walking and standing. Our body will look ugly and the body parts will not be in proper shape if we don’t take care of our body. Walking Standing Sitting Correct Posture E. Mental Status We can observe mental changes and physical changes in different stages of human life. The physical changes, mental changes and social changes are rapid during the adolescence period. Some adolescents may feel uneasy in this period. However, they should be informed and explained about changes occurring during this period is a normal process of human life. Activity Divide your class into different groups. Choose the group leader from each group. Then draw the structure of the eye, nose and ear in a chart paper; show them in class and discuss about their cleaning methods. Word Meaning Accumulate : get or gather together Immunization : the act of making immune especially by inoculation Inherited : occurring among members of a family usually by heredity Nasal congestion : the blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen 31

RECAP e Personal health involves physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and social dimension of health of an individual including healing from illness, sense of well being and prevention from spread of illness to others. e Some practices which are associated with personal health are bathing regularly; washing hands regularly especially before handling food, keeping hair short, wearing clean clothes, brushing teeth regularly and cutting finger nails. e We need to care our body for good health. A healthy body is important to boost up self- esteem. e We have to keep our body healthy to live a long healthy life, become energetic, prevent diseases and enjoy quality of life. e We can make healthy body by paying attention on diet, regular physical exercise, keeping away from smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse along with proper immunization. e Eyes are also the important sense organs of our body. We have to take care of them properly. e To clean our eyes properly, we should not rub our eyes; rinse our eyes with clean water we can flush dirt by blinking our eye over the cup of clean water. e The ear is a hearing sense organ of our body. It enables us to hear sound and helps to balance our body. So we need to take proper care of our ears. e Never use pointed objects to remove ear wax. A stream of water or saline water can be used to rinse the ear. Sometimes wax (cerumen) can accumulate excessively which can decrease your hearing ability. e In that case, place a few drops of saline water or ear drops into the inner ear which will allow the wax to come out easily. Then take out the soften earwax with the help of ear buds or soft cotton cloth. e Nose is an important organ of respiration and smelling. It is believed that our nose can detect more than 10,000 types of odors. It is located between two eyes and just above the mouth. e We can clean our nose with a cotton swab and saline water. e Do not allow accumulation of mucus in nose. Always use a clean hanky or tissue paper to clean your nose. e To get more weight or low weight both of the conditions are considered as poor nutrition. e There should be management of weight according to height to live a healthy life. e We should keep our body in correct posture during sitting, walking and standing for good health. e We can observe rapid mental changes and physical changes in adolescence period so these changes should be addressed effectively to the adolescents through education. 32

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is personal health? Mention any two reasons of keeping body healthy. 2. Mention the measures of keeping healthy body. 3. How do you provide care to your eyes? Mention in two points. 4. Write briefly about method of keeping your eyes clean and safe. 5. How do you provide care to your ear? Mention in two points. 6. Mention any two measures to provide care to your nose. B. Write True or False to the following statements: 1. Personal health involves physical, mental, emotional and social dimension of health of community including healing from illness and sense of well being. 2. Wash your feet well at least once a week. 3. The conditions of gaining more weight or low weight is considered as nutrition. 4. To clear a blocked nose you can use nasal drops without consulting a physician. 5. A stream of water or saline water can be used to rinse the ear. Community Work Write down the correct and effective way of washing hands in chart papers and paste them at different public places in your community. 33

3Unit Nutrition Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: [ Give introduction to nutrition. [ Explain the sources and functions of nutrients. [ Give introduction to junk food and its disadvantages. Nutrition is the total process of breaking down of food or food substances taken in by the mouth to use for energy in the body. Adequate nutrition is important for proper growth and development of body. Good nutrition combined with regular physical activity is essential for good health. Nutrition education is essential whereby people get knowledge about the need of proper nutrition for the growth and development of the body and healthy living. A. Nutrients The various kinds of chemical components in food that are essential for an organism to grow and survive are called nutrients. Carbohydrate, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water etc are the examples of nutrients. They supply energy to our body and protect from diseases. Rice, maize, millet barley, buckwheat, etc come under the sources of cereal food. Similarly, pea, gram, chickpea, etc come under the lentils. At the same time, papaya, apple, orange, mango guava, etc come under the fruits. Pork meat, buff meat, goat meat, chicken meat, varieties of fish comes under meat and fish. These foods can be classified as energy giving food, body building food and body protecting food. They are illustrated in the following table: Energy giving food Body building food Body protecting food Rice Fish Mango Maize Meat Carrot 34

Wheat Eggs Lemon Barley Milk Onion Millet Beans Green vegetables Buckwheat Groundnut Apple Potato Peanuts Orange Honey Pulses Banana Sugarcane Soybean Papaya Oil Gram Strawberry Ghee Pea Pomegranate Importance of Nutrients e to supply energy to the body e to acquire immunity power e to regulate physical growth and development e to protect from physical impairment and malnutrition e to build up new cells and tissues and repair worn-out tissues e to live a healthy life B. Sources and Functions of Nutrients a. Carbohydrate Carbohydrate is a molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It supplies fuel for energy to our body. Rice, wheat, maize, barley, turnip, potato, sweet potato, yam, sugarcane, fruits, etc are major sources of carbohydrate. Extra carbohydrate is converted into fat and stored in the liver and muscle. One gram of carbohydrate supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. Importance M It supplies energy for all the cells in the body. M It keeps the body warm. M It is essential to remove poisonous substances from the liver. M It prevents protein from being used as energy. 35

b. Protein Protein is a large complex molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. It is needed for the growth of our body as well as for repairing and building up of the worn out tissues. Fish, meat, egg, milk, beans, pulses and green leafy vegetables are the sources of proteins. One gram of protein supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. Importance M It supplies energy to the body. M It helps in the maintenance and repair of body tissue. M It helps in the synthesis of antibodies, enzymes and hormones. c. Fat Fat is a complex molecule that constitutes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It supplies fuel for energy to our body. One gram of fat produces 9.3 calorie of energy. Fish oil, butter, cheese, ghee, adipose tissue, peanut, soya-bean, coconut oil, olive oil, sunflower and mustard oil are some sources of fats. Importance M It provides energy to the body. M It helps in absorption of vitamins. M Fat under the skin provides insulation against cold. M Fat provides support to vital organs like heart, kidney, intestine, etc. d. Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds required by an organism in limited amounts. They are the enzymes that regulate the chemical reactions in the body. They also protect our body 36

from diseases. Thirteen types of vitamins are essential for human beings. Fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, etc are the sources of vitamins. They are classified into two groups on the basis of their solubility. They are: Ü Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin ‘A’, ‘D’, ‘E’, and ‘K’. Ü Water soluble vitamins: Vitamin ‘B’ complex (B1, B2, B6, B12) and ‘C’. Importance of vitamins M Vitamins regulate chemical change in the body. M They help for metabolic process in the body. M They help for maintenance of vision and normal body growth. M They help for the growth of bone and teeth. M They help to protect our body from diseases. 1. Fat Soluble Vitamins The vitamins which dissolve in fat are called fat soluble vitamins. They are illustrated in the following table: Name Sources Importance For new cell growth, healthy Vitamin Dark green and yellow vegetables and skin, and tissues, and vision in A yellow fruits, such as broccoli, spinach, turnip carrots, pumpkin, and apricots, dim light and in animal sources such as liver, milk, butter, cheese, and whole eggs. Vitamin Milk (fortified), cheese, whole eggs, Promotes absorption and use D liver, and salmon. The skin can of calcium and phosphate for synthesize vitamin D if exposed to healthy bones and teeth. enough sunlight on a regular basis. Vitamin Vegetable oil (soybean, corn, safflower, Protects red blood cells and E and cottonseed), wheat germ, green helps prevent destruction of leafy vegetables. vitamin A and C. Vitamin Spinach, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, For normal blood clotting, K wheat bran, organ meats, cereals, some synthesis of proteins found in fruits, meats, dairy products, eggs. plasma, bone, and kidneys. 2. Water Soluble Vitamins The vitamins which dissolve in water are called water soluble vitamins. They are illustrated in the following table: 37

Name Sources Importance Needed for energy metabolism and Vitamin Whole grains, soybeans, peas, B1 liver, kidney, legumes, seeds and the proper function of the nervous nuts. system. Vitamin Dairy products, poultry, fish, Needed for energy metabolism, B2 grains, broccoli, turnip greens, building tissue, and helps maintain spinach, and enriched food good vision. products. Vitamin Chicken, fish, pork, liver, kidney, Needed for building proteins in the B6 whole grains, nuts and legumes. body. Vitamin Liver, kidney, yogurt, dairy Needed for building proteins in the B12 products, fish, etc. body. Vitamin Fresh vegetables and fruits, Needed for the formation of collagen C such as broccoli, green and to hold the cells together and for red peppers, cauliflower, healthy teeth, gums and blood lemon, cabbage, pineapples, vessels; improves iron absorption strawberries, citrus fruits etc. and resistance to infection. e. Minerals Minerals are inorganic micronutrients. There are 16 types of minerals that must be supplied by the diet to our body. They are essential for the growth and development of our body and protection from various diseases. They are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, grains, etc. Calcium, magnesium iron, copper, fluoride, iodine, zinc, sulphur, chloride, sodium and potassium are some examples of minerals that are required for our body. Importance M Minerals play vital role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. M Minerals control and balance water in the body. M Minerals plays important role for the function of vital organs like heart, kidney, nervous tissue, etc. 38

M Minerals maintain good health. M It helps in the maintenance of bones and teeth, etc. 1. Iron Iron is an important mineral; required by our body. Iron is found in meats, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, legumes, whole grains, etc. Importance: Iron is needed for the formation of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. 2. Iodine Dried Seaweed Cod Fish Tuna Iodine is a mineral that is essential for the production of thyroxin hormone. It plays important role for the growth and development of the body and to control miscarriage. Iodine deficiency can lead to miscarriage, retardation, goiter and cretinism. Daily intake of 150 micrograms Iodine per day for adults and about twice for pregnant and lactating women is essential. Iodized salt and sea foods are the sources of Iodine. Importance of Iodine Sea Foods Keeps our skin, hair and nails healthy Prevents from cretinism and goiter Important for fetal brain development It is important to keep a healthy body weight Controls the risk of miscarriage and birth defects It is important for the development and normal brain function f. Water Goiter, Iodine Deficiency Disease Water is an essential element for our life. It is needed to maintain body temperature, to digest food, blood circulation and excrete human excreta as well. About (70%) of our total body weight is occupied by water. A person needs to drink 39

about 3 liters of water in a day. The need of water in the human body depends upon the age, climate, physical structure and physical activity. Importance of Water M Water controls body temperature M It controls the electrolyte balance M It helps in the elimination of waste products M It protects from dehydration M It helps to transport nutrients and waste materials M It helps to make skin and hair soft and moist C. Importance of Balanced Diet A diet which contains all the nutrients in right quantity and proportion keeping our body healthy is called balanced diet. In other words, a diet which contains right proportion of energy giving food, body building food and body protecting food is known as balanced diet. A balanced diet contains around 60 percent carbohydrates, 15-20 percent fats and 20-25 percent proteins with sufficient quantity of vitamins, minerals and water. We should have knowledge of how many calories we need to consume every day. Balanced diet is essential for growth and all round development of our body. D. Introduction to Junk Food We can see the increasing tendency of eating junk food in our surroundings and school areas. The ready-made foods available in the market in the attractive packaging like potato chips, cheese balls, kurkure, bhujia, chauchau, dalmoth, biscuits, chocolates, etc are the examples of junk foods. Junk foods contain Trans- fat, unnecessarily more salt and sugar and there is lacking of essential nutrients 40

like protein, minerals, vitamins etc. Eating of junk foods regularly ruins our health causing nutrient deficiency diseases, obesity, etc. Disadvantages of Junk Foods e There is mixing of food additives such as colours, yeast, tasting powder and preservatives which may impair our health. e Long-term consumption of junk food may cause peptic ulcer. e Consumption of date expired packet/junk food becomes poisonous. e It may increase the risk of heart disease and gastro-intestinal diseases. e It does not fulfill nutritional needs of our body. e Continue use of junk food may cause loss of appetite. e It impairs in the physical and mental development of the children. Activity Make charts of different groups of foods (such as energy giving foods, body building foods and body protecting foods) and paste them at different places in your school. Word Meaning Adipose tissue : a type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat Impairment : the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness; Peptic ulcer : an ulcer of the mucous membrane lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused in part by the corrosive action of the gastric juice Thyroxin hormone : a hormone secreted by thyroid gland that is important for growth and mental development 41

RECAP e Nutrition is the total process of breaking down of food or food substances taken in by the mouth to use for energy in the body. e Nutrition education is essential whereby people get knowledge about the need of proper nutrition for the growth and development of the body and healthy living. e The various kinds of chemical components in food that are essential for an organism to grow and survive are called nutrients. e Carbohydrate, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, etc are the examples of nutrients. They supply energy to our body and protect from diseases. e Foods can be classified as energy giving food, body building food and body protecting food. e Carbohydrate is a molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It supplies fuel for energy to our body. e Extra carbohydrate is converted into fat and stored in the liver and muscle. One gram of carbohydrate supplies 4.1 calorie of energy. e Protein is a large complex molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. It is needed for the growth of our body as well as for repairing and building up of the worn out tissues. e Fat is a complex molecule that constitutes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It supplies fuel for energy to our body. One gram of fat produces 9.3 calorie of energy. e Vitamins are organic compounds required by an organism in limited amounts. They are the enzymes that regulate the chemical reactions in the body. They are classified into two groups on the basis of their solubility such as water soluble and fat soluble vitamins. e Minerals are inorganic micronutrients. They are essential for the growth and development of our body and protection from various diseases. Calcium, magnesium iron, copper, fluoride, iodine, zinc, sulphur, chloride, sodium and potassium are some examples of minerals that are required for our body. e Water is an essential element and needed to maintain body temperature, to digest food regulate blood circulation and excrete human excreta. A person needs to drink about 3 liters of water in a day. e A diet which contains right proportion of energy giving food, body building food and body protecting food is known as balanced diet. A balanced diet contains around 60 percent carbohydrates, 15 percent fats and 20 percent proteins with sufficient quantity of vitamins, minerals and water. e The ready-made foods available in the market in the attractive packaging like potato chips, cheese balls, kurkure, bhujia, chauchau, dalmoth, biscuits, chocolates, etc are known as junk foods. Junk foods contain Trans- fat, unnecessarily more salt and sugar and there is lacking of essential nutrients like protein, minerals, vitamins, etc. 42

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is nutrition? 2. Give an introduction to nutrients. 3. Mention any two importance of nutrients. 4. What is carbohydrate? 5. Mention the sources of proteins. 6. Mention the functions of fat. 7. Write a difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. 8. Mention the functions of vitamin A. 9. Mention the sources of vitamin D. 10. Mention the functions of vitamin E. 11. Mention the sources of vitamin C. 12. Mention the functions of vitamin B complex. 13. What are minerals? 14. Mention any two functions of Iodine. 15. Mention any two functions of Iron. 16. Mention the functions of water. B. Match the following: B A Protection to the body Trans fat Iodine Absorption of calcium Eliminates waste Nutrition Water Vitamins Junk food Cretinism Lactose C. Write short notes on: a. Water soluble vitamins b. Water c. Minerals d. Iron 43

4Unit Disease Learning Achievement After completing this unit, students will be able to: [ Define communicable diseases. [ Explain causes, symptoms and preventive measures of respiratory diseases. [ Explain causes, symptoms and preventive measures of blood borne diseases. [ Explain causes, symptoms and preventive measures of sexually transmitted diseases. Disease The term disease is derived from two words ‘dis’ and ‘ease’. Disease is a condition that causes pain, dysfunction, disabilities and infection in the body. It is a negative condition of the body. According to the Oxford English Dictionary; ‘disease is a condition of the body or some organs of the body in which its functions are disturbed.’ A. Communicable Disease The disease, which transmits from an infected person to another person directly or indirectly through various mediums, is called communicable disease. Air, water, food, soil, dust particles, insects and animals, are the different mediums through which germs are transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person. Cholera, typhoid, common cold, tuberculosis, hepatitis, syphilis, etc are the examples of communicable diseases. Virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, tick, lice, etc. are causative agents of communicable diseases. Mode of Transmission of Communicable Diseases e Direct and indirect contact, with infected persons e Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products e Infected utensils, contaminated food and drinks e Sexual contact with infected persons 44

e Infected needles or syringes e Insect bite or animal bite Causes of Communicable Diseases i. Infection in the body by pathogens like bacteria, fungi, protozoa and virus ii. Unhealthy behaviour and lifestyle of the people iii. Lack of sanitation iv. Polluted environment v. Stale food and food contaminated by houseflies vi. Unhealthy food habits vii. Lack of food hygiene and kitchen hygiene viii. Lack of health knowledge Sandfly Housefly Flea Zika Mosquito Tickavector Cockroach Rat Head Louse Vectors of some Communicable Diseases Process and Cycle of Communicable Disease Diseases Organism (Agent) SusHcoestptible EsMcoadpee of Six factors are involved in the transmission Reservoir of communicable diseases: the infectious MofoEdnetry agent, the reservoir, route of exit, mode Cycle of of transmission, route of entry, and the Communicable Disease susceptible host. A susceptible host is a person or animal who can develop infection Mode of Transfer if exposed to the infectious agent. 45

B. Symptoms, Mode of Transmission and Preventive Measures of the Following Diseases: a. Tetanus Tetanus is a communicable diseases caused by the bacterium called Clostridium Tetani. This bacteria is found in soil, saliva, dust and manure. The bacteria generally enter through a break in the skin such as a cut or puncture wound made by a contaminated object, contaminated soil and umbilica of the child. The disease damages the nerves of the infected person. The incubation period of this disease is about 8 days. Mode of Transmission M Contaminated soil M Dirty and rusted nails and metal pieces M Rusted and contaminated knives and tools M Contaminated dung (of cow, horse, goat, etc) Signs and Symptoms M Fever and sweating M Baby cannot take breast feeding M Muscle tightening at mouth and around the Jaw M Painful muscle stiffness all over the body M Trouble in swallowing food and water M Body bends backside like a bow M Difficulty in breathing due to contraction of throat muscle Preventive Measures M Complete dose of DPT vaccination should be provided to the children M Complete dose of TT vaccine should be provided to the women M Do not come in contact with dust, dirt, dung and soil when you are wounded M Put sterile or non-contaminated clean cloth on the wound M Take TT vaccine within 24 hours if you are wounded with rusted weapons M Clean the wound with antiseptic solution like savlon, dettol, tincture iodine, etc M The umbilical cord of the newly born baby should be cut with sterilized blade or razor 46

b. Tape Worm Tapeworms are parasites having long thin ribbon like body and lives in intestine of man. Tapeworms have three-stage life cycle such as egg, larva and an adult stage. Once a larva move inside the digestive tract, it can grow into a large adult tapeworm. Eating undercooked meat from an infected animal causes tapeworm infestation. Adult tapeworms are up to 55 feet long and can survive as long as 25 years. Mode of Transmission M Contaminated soil, food and drink M Under cooked meat M Contaminated uncooked vegetables Signs and Symptoms M Nausea and abdominal pain M Weakness and weight loss M Hunger or loss of appetite M Anaemia and fatigue M Fainting in the case of infection in the brain Preventive Measures M Avoid under cooked meat M Avoid raw fish and meat products M Cook vegetables well before eating M Drink properly boiled water M Wash hands with soap and clean water before preparing or eating foods and after toilet use M Get immediate treatment after infection c. Hook Worm Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. These worms live in the small intestine. Hookworm infection in pregnancy can cause poor growth, premature birth and a low birth weight of the baby. Hookworms in children can cause intellectual and growth problem. Hookworm infection is transmitted primarily by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. It can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae. 47

Mode of Transmission M Contaminated soil, food and drink M Under cooked meat M Contaminated uncooked vegetables Signs and Symptoms M Loss of appetite M Indigestion and diarrhea M Itching in the feet M Dry cough and abdominal pain M Fever with progressive anemia Preventive Measures Hookworm Coiled Up under M Drinking safe water the foot skin M Cooking food properly M Proper hand washing M No open defecation M Not walking barefoot M Defecation and urination only in toilet M Not using untreated human excreta as fertilizer d. Diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This disease causes sore throat, fever, swollen glands and weakness. It forms a sheet of thick gray material covering the back of the throat which can block the airway. If left untreated, it may cause difficulty in breathing, kidney failure, heart failure, paralysis and even death. Diphtheria can be prevented through vaccination Incubation period usually lasts for 2 to 5 days. Mode of Transmission M Direct contact M Droplets of infected person M Contaminated personal items M Contaminated household items Signs and Symptoms M Sore throat and hoarseness M Enlarged lymph nodes in neck M Difficulty in breathing 48

M Mucus discharged from nose M Fever and chills M Loud barking cough M Difficulty in swallowing M A thick, gray membrane covers throat and tonsils M General feeling of uneasiness M In severe case, pale and cold skin, sweating and rapid heartbeat occur Preventive Measures M Complete dose of DPT vaccine should be given to the children M Infected person should be kept in isolation Throat an Tonsil Affected by Diphtheria M S/he should be kept in well ventilated and sun lit room M His/her nasal discharge and phlegm should be disposed properly M His/her clothes, dolls and utensils should be washed with hot water and soap M S/he should be taken to the hospital or health center as soon as possible e. Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by Polio virus. This disease attacks the nervous system. In some cases, the disease may cause permanent paralysis also. There is no cure of this disease. It can only be prevented by immunization. Children below 5 years old are more likely to be infected by this virus than any other group. Mode of Transmission M Contaminated faeces, toys M Nasal discharge from sneeze or a cough M Direct contact with infected person Signs and Symptoms M Muscle pain M Headache and fatigue M Sore throat, vomiting and fever M Loose and floppy limbs (finally lower limbs paralysis) M Continuing muscle and joint weakness M Sudden paralysis 49

Preventive Measures M Children should be given 3 doses polio vaccine according to the vaccination schedule. M The toys and clothes of the infected person should be reused only after cleaning with boiling water. M The excreta of the infected person should be disposed safely. f. Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection in the bronchus, bronchioles and lungs. It is caused by Pneumococcal bacteria. Pneumonia causes difficulty in respiration process. It develops signs and symptoms like dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Mode of Transmission M Polluted and cold air M Droplets during sneeze and cough M Dust, contaminated toys, clothes, etc Symptoms Pneumonia Affected Site M Cough with rusty or blood mixed mucus M Fast breathing and heartbeat M Fever, nausea and vomiting M Low energy, fatigue and tiredness M Chest pain during cough M Bronchitis occurs M Wheezy breathing Preventive Measures M Do regular physical exercise M Keep healthy environment M Maintain a healthy lifestyle M Get proper rest and healthy diet M Keep children away from dust and dirt M Take vaccination against Pneumonia g. Kalazar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) Kalazar is a parasitic disease. This disease is caused by a protozoa called Leishmania donovani. This parasite is carried by the female sand fly. This disease is transmitted to a host by the bites from Leishmania donovani carrying sand flies. It causes 50