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VOLUME 32:01 JANUARY 2021 SCRIPTURE AND SCIENCE FOR KIDS IN THIS ISSUE: PLATE TECTONICS & PANGAEA CONTINENTAL EARTHQUAKES PANGAEA DRIFT

PLATE TECTONICSHAVE YOU EVER HEARD OF “CONTINENTAL DRIFT”? GERMAN SCIENTIST ALFRED WEGENER IS USUALLY GIVEN CREDIT FOR THE IDEA THAT THE EARTH’S CONTINENTS WERE ONCE PIECED TOGETHER LIKE A BIG PUZZLE AND HAVE ALFRED WEGENER SINCE DRIFTED APART. BUT ACTUALLY, THE IDEA HAD BEEN PROPOSED BY SEVERAL SCIENTISTS, INCLUDING BIBLICAL CREATION GEOGRAPHER ANTONIO SNIDER- PELLEGRINI, WHO PUBLISHED EVIDENCES FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT IN 1858, LONG BEFORE WEGENER WAS EVEN BORN AND DECADES BEFORE HE VOICED THE THEORY IN 1912. SNIDER-PELLEGRINI BELIEVED THAT THE BIBLICAL FLOOD CAUSED THE MOVEMENT OF THE CONTINENTS. HE WAS PROBABLY RIGHT—IN PART, AT LEAST. 2   Discovery • January 2021 DiscoveryMagazine.org © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Now, of course, after over 150 more years of research, scientists have a lot more information about the Earth and have revised the idea. The Earth, like an egg, has three main parts: the core (like the yolk of an egg), the mantle (like the “egg white”), and the crust (like the egg shell)—the surface of the Earth, upon which we live.* GEOLOGISTS NOW BELIEVE THE EARTH’S CRUST IS LIKE A CRACKED EGG THAT IS BROKEN UP INTO HUGE PIECES CALLED TECTONIC PLATES THAT MOVE AROUND ON THE MANTLE—A THEORY KNOWN AS PLATE TECTONICS. MANTLE CORE GEOLOGISTS BELIEVE THE CONTINENTS ARE ACTUALLY SITTING ON THOSE PLATES, AND THAT IS WHY THEY MOVE AROUND (“DRIFT”). CRUST DiscoveryMagazine.org *The core has an inner and outer section, and the mantle © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED has upper and lower sections. 3January 2021  •  Discovery  

HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHAT CAUSES AN EARTHQUAKE? EARTHQUAKES ARE CAUSED Wikipedia.org AT THE EDGES OF TECTONIC (domdomegg) PLATES AS THEY MOVE 2020 CC-by-sa-4.0 AROUND, GRINDING PAST ONE ANOTHER. AS THE PLATES MOVE, CONVERGENCE SOME RAM INTO EACH OTH- ER FORMING MOUNTAINS SUBDUCTION (“CONVERGENCE”) OR SLIDE BELOW THE OTHER PLATE, SINKING DOWN TOWARDS THE MANTLE OF THE EARTH (“SUBDUCTION”). VOLCANOES AND OCEAN TRENCHES CAN FORM AT SUBDUCTION BOUNDARIES. SOME PLATES “TRANSFORM,” DIVERGENCE (under ocean) WHERE ONE PLATE SLIDES PAST DIVERGENCE (on land) ANOTHER. OTHERS MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER— CALLED “DIVERGENCE”— AND NEW MATERIAL FROM THE MANTLE (MAGMA) COMES UP TO FILL THE TRANSFORM SPACE, MAKING NEW CRUST. DIVERGENCE ZONES Wikipedia.org (domdomegg) IN THE OCEANS FORM 2020 CC-by-sa-4.0 UNDERWATER MOUNTAINS CALLED MID-OCEAN RIDGES. 4   Discovery • January 2021 DiscoveryMagazine.org © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

IS THERE EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS? PANGAEA SEVERAL EVIDENCES SUPPORT PLATE TECTONIC THEORY. FOR EXAMPLE: 1. EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER LOCATIONS: Special equipment allows scientists who study earthquakes (seismologists) to find out where under the surface of the Earth an earthquake starts. The point on the Earth’s surface above that starting point is called the epicenter. When all of the Earth’s earthquake epicenters are marked on a global map, we find powerful evidence for the existence and movement of tectonic plates. 2. SEAFLOOR AGE: Along some of the edges of tectonic plates in the ocean, we find ridges— underwater mountain ranges. The age of the seafloor is older the further away from the ridge the age is measured. That means magma from the mantle must be surfacing at the ridges and forming rock. Then it is moved away from the ridges as the seafloor separates (called “seafloor spreading”). 3. SUPERCONTINENTS: Let’s look at this one more closely next. HAVE YOU EVER HEARD ABOUT THE CONTINENT CALLED “PANGAEA” THAT GEOLOGISTS BELIEVE EXISTED IN THE PAST? DID IT EVER ACTUALLY EXIST? AS WE SAW ON THE PREVIOUS PAGES, ABOVE: Pangaea ONCE GEOGRAPHERS HAD THE RIGHT: Earth today TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE TO Images used DRAW ACCURATE MAPS OF THE ENTIRE with permission EARTH, SCIENTISTS NOTICED THAT MANY OF from Answers in EARTH’S CONTINENTS SEEMED TO FIT TOGETHER Genesis LIKE A BIG PUZZLE. THE NAME THEY GAVE TO THE SUPERCONTINENT IS “PANGAEA,” WHICH IN CLICK QR code to watch a GREEK MEANS “ALL EARTH.” video with other evidences DiscoveryMagazine.org 5January 2021  •  Discovery for PLATE TECTONICS.   © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Antonio Snider-Pellegrini’s 1858 Drawings IN 1858, ANTONIO SNIDER-PELLEGRINI DREW TWO MAPS SHOWING WHAT THE CONTINENTS MAY HAVE LOOKED LIKE BEFORE AND AFTER THEY SPLIT APART. SNIDER-PELLEGRINI ALSO NOTED THAT FOSSILS ARE FOUND ON DIFFERENT CONTINENTS, YET THE FOSSILS ARE EXACTLY ALIKE—AS THOUGH THE CREATURES ONCE LIVED TOGETHER. SURE ENOUGH, WHEN THE CONTINENTS ARE PIECED TOGETHER INTO PANGAEA, THE LOCATIONS OF MANY GROUPS OF FOSSILIZED PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES MATCH UP ACROSS THE CONTINENTS, EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE NOT FOUND ANYWHERE ELSE! HAVE YOU EVER BEEN RIDING IN THE CAR LOOKING OUT THE WINDOW AND NOTICED WALLS OF ROCK ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE CAR, AS THOUGH THE ROAD WAS CARVED OUT OF A MOUNTAIN? MANY TIMES WHEN YOU SEE “OUT- CROPS” OF ROCK LIKE THAT, YOU WILL ALSO NOTICE THAT THE OUTCROPS ARE NOT MADE OF ALL ONE LAYER OR EVEN ONE ROCK TYPE—THERE ARE SEVERAL LAYERS OF ROCK STACKED LIKE PANCAKES ON ONE ANOTHER. SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED THAT WHEN THE CONTINENTS ARE PIECED BACK TOGETHER INTO PANGAEA, ROCK LAYERS AND MOUNTAIN RANGES MATCH UP BETWEEN CONTINENTS. 6   Discovery • January 2021 DiscoveryMagazine.org CONTINUED on page 8 © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

ACTPIVAGITEY True or False WANT MORE? CLICK THE 1. ___ The Earth, like an egg, has five main QR CODE TO parts. COMPLETE THE PLATE 2. ___ Snider-Pellegrini TECTONICS believed that evolu- WORDSEARCH tion over billions of years caused the movement of the Crossword continents. Challenge 1 3. ___ As tectonic plates move, some ram into each other forming mountains. 4. ___ Several of Earth’s continents seem to fit together like a big puzzle. 5. ___ When the continents are pieced together into Pan- gaea, the locations of many groups of fossilized plant and animal species match up across the continents, even though they are not found anywhere else. 6. ___ Scientists have discovered that when the continents are pieced back together into Pangaea, rock layers and mountain ranges do not match up well between continents. 7. ___ There is powerful evidence that all of the continents used to be together only a few thousand years ago. 8. ___ Only evolutionists believe in Pangaea. 2 Across: 4 4. Huge pieces of the Earth’s crust that move around on 56 the mantle 7 3 5. A scientist who studies earthquakes 8 9 7. The surface of the Earth 8. The new material from the mantle 9. The most inner part of the Earth Down: 1. Last name (two-parter) of the biblical Creation geog- rapher who published evidences for continental drift in 1858 2. Book of the Bible in which it is stated that God “gath- ered together into one place” the waters of the Earth 3. Comes from a Greek word meaning “all Earth.” 6. Are caused at the edges of tectonic plates as they move around, grinding past one another DiscoveryMagazine.org 7January 2021  •  Discovery   © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC. Periodicals Postage 230 Landmark Drive PAID Montgomery, AL 36117 (800) 234-8558 (Orders) (334) 272-8558 DiscoveryMagazine.com © 20201 Apologetics Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved TLLAAhaassyiysssooooiuusccsttiEiEuaaaaddettnneieittdwdooEErrDrDddi::tiieeKKtttsoseoyyiinrlrlggee::nnbEEBB::rryuuiRiRccJttooettLLbb,,fyyfMMooBBMn.n.aaDDikskslii,,leevveMMrr..r,,,..MMMMPh..iiEEnn.dDd..... Discovery is published monthly by Apologetics Press, Inc., 230 Landmark Drive, Montgomery, AL 36117. Application to Mail at Periodicals Postage Prices is Pending at Montgomery, AL. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Discovery, 230 Landmark Drive, Montgomery, AL 36117; USPS# 23370 ALSO KEEP IN MIND THE EVIDENCES FOR SEAFLOOR SPREADING THAT WE JUST STUD- IED. WHEN WE SWITCH THE DIRECTION THAT THE SEAFLOOR IS SPREADING TO CALCULATE THE POSITION OF CONTINENTS IN THE PAST, WE FIND THAT AS THE CONTINENTS MOVE TOWARDS EACH OTHER, THEY ARE MOVING TOWARDS THEIR PANGAEA POSITIONS. WITH ENOUGH TIME, IF THE SEAFLOOR HAS ALWAYS SPREAD IN THE SAME DIRECTION, THE CONTI- NENTS WOULD FIT TOGETHER. THE BIBLE ALSO GIVES A HINT THAT MIGHT SUPPORT THE SCAN QR code to watch a video titled PANGAEA THEORY. IN GENESIS 1:9-10, WHERE MOSES DE- PANGAEA: WHEN DID IT EXIST? SCRIBES WHAT GOD DID ON DAY THREE OF CREATION WEEK, HE EXPLAINS THAT GOD “GATHERED TOGETHER INTO ONE PLACE” THE WATERS OF THE EARTH. IF “THE WATERS UNDER THE HEAVENS” WERE TOGETHER IN “ONE PLACE,” THEN DOES THAT MEAN THE LAND WOULD HAVE TO BE GATHERED INTO ONE PLACE AS WELL? BOTTOM LINE: THERE IS POWERFUL EVIDENCE THAT ALL OF THE CONTINENTS USED TO BE TOGETHER ONLY A FEW THOUSAND YEARS AGO—THAT PANGAEA WAS A REAL PLACE. Z S E I S MOL OG I S T K Z ANSWERS F V E B N T F J Y K WH T O Z VGC ONVE RGE NC E C T CROSSWORD CHALLENGE: Across: 4. tectonic plates; 5. seismologist; 7. crust; 8. magma; 9. core, Down: 1. Snider-Pellegrini; 2. Genesis; T A E D N D WO C T G K G E S 3. Pangaea; 6. earthquakes. TRUE OR FALSE: 1. F; 2. F; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7. T; 8. F. F K G N N WG R J P P L C U A I Z E O E P U WR A P T P F E Yearly Subscription Fees in U.S. Funds Only • United States of America: Individual rate: $14 each • Bulk rate (at least 5 to same address): $12 each. RT OH AS E GNXOE Y AT Club rate (at least 10 to different addresses paid together): $12.50 each DDL YTKI GL NRXRRD L U OT QOA S I C L T A I M AB GY K E VC OB H NVAH T I I C A U P N G QS E G ME N B S WB L T H U F R M A A E E L T A A I QA OGA N R P N NE E T NUK RE ZT T F OE I I E E A E MN B L H Z T V U T S N I S K C Z E V WQ E R C N T N WWE V N B G F L R O H O S F Y V L B P WD B E O D P C I S UB DUC T I ONC C L 8   Discovery • January 2021 DiscoveryMagazine.org © COPYRIGHT, APOLOGETICS PRESS, INC., 2021, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED