SWIMMING HANDBOOK

Swimming HANDB K MARJ LOVELLE JESORO 11 - AMPERE

Table of Contents History Court Dimension 1 Part 1 Timeline 3 Olympic Swimming Pool 2 Part 2 Timeline 4 Table Rules of the Game Equipment and Gear 5 Freestyle, Individual 9 Swimming Equipment 6 Medley 7 Breaststroke 8 Backstroke, Relays Butterfly Technical amd Tactical Skills Officials of the Game 10 Technical Skills 12 Officials on 11 Tactical Skills 13 the pool deck 14 Additional 15 Officials

History of Swimming 2500 BC Egyptian hieroglyphics depicting swimming. 36 BC Japanese historic records describe swimming competitions. 78 AD Romans introduced swimming as a 1400s social event to Britain. 1800s 1830s The Catholic Church objects to 1844 naked bathing on moral grounds. Acrobatic diving is developed in Germany and Sweden. Swimming clubs are established in England. The Breaststroke loses popularity after Britain is introduced to the Native American “Crawl.” 1862 The First documented indoor swimming pool is built in England. 1885 The first diving competition is held in Germany. Briton Matthew Webb is the first documented person to swim the English Channel.

History of Swimming 1900 The Paris Olympics feature an obstacle 1907 swimming event in the Seine River. 1908 1912 The White star line installs a swimming 1924 pool on its ocean liner, The Adriatic. 1943 1972 The international governing body of swimming, 2008 FINA (Federation Internationale de Nataion de Amateur), is founded. Today Women’s swimming events are added to Olympic Games in Stockholm. Johnny Weissmuller sets 67 world swimming records before becoming a Hollywood movie star. Two-piece swimsuits are introduced after wartime shortages prompt a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric used to create swimsuits. Mark Spitz wins seven gold medals in the Summer Olympics. American Michael Phelps becomes the world’s most decorated Olympic swimming with a career total of 14 gold medals. The National Swimming Pool Foundation estimates there are more than 10 million swimming pools across the USA, including more than 360,000 public pools that are open year round.

OLYMPIC SIZE SWIMMING POOL

OLYMPIC SIZE SWIMMING POOL Physical property Specified value Length 50 m Width 25.0 m Depth Number of lanes 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) minimum, 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in) recommended. 10 Lane width 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) Water temperature 25–28 °C (77–82 °F) Light intensity minimum 1500 lux Volume (140 footcandles) 2,500,000 L (550,000 imp gal; 660,000 US gal), assuming a nominal depth of 2 m. 2,500 m3 (88,000 cu ft) in cubic units. About 2 acre-feet.

RULES AND REGULATIONS FREESTYLE Freestyle, often called the “crawl,” is the most flexible in its rules, and it is typically the fastest stroke. The only rules are that the swimmer may not push off the bottom of the pool or pull on the lane line, and must touch the far wall with some part of their body. Otherwise, swimmers may use any type of stroke. Freestyle is swum face-down with alternating arm strokes; side-breathing; and rapid, alternating up-and-down kicks. Freestyle races begin with swimmers doing forward-facing dives from either a starting block or the side of the pool. In multi-lap races, swimmers can do either an open turn or a flip turn. When doing a flip turn, the swimmer does not touch the wall with his/her hand. Instead, the swimmer’s feet touch the wall. At the finish, freestyle swimmers touch with one hand. Individual Medley Events The individual medley, or IM (pronounced “eye-em”), is a race in which the swimmers swim each stroke for one-fourth the total distance of the race. During each portion of the event, swimmers must swim the strokes legally. For example, swimmers must finish the butterfly and breaststroke laps with two-hand-touches and finish the backstroke lap on their backs. They must also swim the strokes in this order: butterfly, backstroke, breastroke, freestyle. IM events begin with a forward-facing dive.

RULES AND REGULATIONS BREASTROKE Breastroke is often thought of as the “frog stroke,” as the kick is reminiscent of a frog’s kick. A breaststroke swimmers arms and legs must move simultaneously, on the same horizontal plane, and identically to each other. The arms and legs stay mostly underwater, but a swimmer’s head must break the surface every stroke. So-called scissor kicks are not allowed. The arm stroke begins and ends in streamline position. The hands scoop water out to the sides, before sweeping in toward the middle of the body and then shooting forward. Swimmers are not allowed to pull their hands down past their hips, and must keep their elbows in the water when their hands are shooting forward. On the breastroke kick, swimmers must point their toes out to the side as the feet sweep out, around, and back together. For every arm stroke there must be one, and only one, kick. Breaststroke races begin with a forward-facing dive from either the edge of the pool or the starting block. At the beginning of each lap, swimmers may do one pull-down: one huge pull, in which the hands sweep down to the thighs, and one giant kick to the surface. On the first stroke after the pull-down, a swimmer’s head must break the surface of the water. Today’s swimmers are also allowed to do one dolphin/butterfly kick in the first part of the pull-down, before the first breastroke kick. At the end of each lap of a breaststroke race, swimmers must touch with two hands, simultaneously and on the same horizontal plane. In multi-lap races, swimmers will use open turns, not flip turns.

RULES AND REGULATIONS BACKSTROKE Backstroke is often thought of as “upside-down freestyle.” As in freestyle, backstroke is swum with alternating arm strokes and rapid, alternating, up-and-down kicks. Unlike freestyle, the swimmer must be on his/her back, facing the sky. When swimmers turn their shoulders more than 90 degrees, they are disqualified from the race for not remaining on their backs. The only exception to this rule applies to the flip turn in multi-lap backstroke races: Swimmers may turn onto their stomachs for one arm pull, provided their arm movement is continuous. When their feet leave the wall, swimmers must be on their backs. Backstroke races start with swimmers already in the water. Swimmers place their feet against the wall, and hold onto either the gutter or the grip built into the starting block. At the finish of the race, backstroke swimmers must stay on their backs until they touch the wall, ideally with one hand. Relays In a relay, four swimmers compete as a team. A swimmer may swim only once in a relay, and must swim one-fourth the total distance of the race. In a freestyle relay, all swimmers swim freestyle. In a medley relay, each swimmer swims a different stroke. In a medley relay the strokes must be swum in this order: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle. Freestyle relays begin with a forward-facing dive, while medley relays begin with a backstroke start. All the other swimmers in a relay can begin with a “rolling” start, provided they do not leave the blocks before their teammate touches the wall. (In a rolling start, swimmers stand at the back of the starting block, and generate momentum by swinging their arms, and taking a step to the front of the block.)

RULES AND REGULATIONS BUTTERFLY Butterfly emerged as a new stroke in the 1950s, as swimmers were trying to find ways to swim breastroke faster. The two primary innovations were the double over-the-water arm recovery, and the dolphin kick. Butterfly is swum with an undulating, dolphin-like movement at the surface of the water. The arms pull underwater simultaneously, and recover over the water, also simultaneously. Both hands must come out of the water at the same time on every stroke. During each arm pull, swimmers do two dolphin kicks, one when the hands enter the water, and one when the hands exit the water. A swimmer’s feet must kick up and down together, ideally with the feet kept close together. While the vast majority of swimmers lift the head and shoulders to breathe, some swimmers breathe to the side, as in freestyle. Butterfly races begin with a forward-facing dive, and swimmers must finish each lap by touching the wall with two hands simultaneously, on the same horizontal plane. At the beginning of each lap, swimmers will do underwater dolphin kicks, but must break the surface of the water with their head at or before 15 meters. In multi-lap races, swimmers will do open turns, as opposed to flip turns.

Swimming Equioment 1 Swimsuit Swim Cap 2 3 Goggles 5 Drag Suit Swim Fins 4 7 Kickboard 9 Ankle Bands Hand Paddles 6 Pull Buoy 8 Snorkel 10

TECHNICAL SKILLS IN SWIMMING 01 BREATHING 02 FLOATING YOUR BODY MOVEMENT 03 SHOULD BE WELL CO-ORDINATED 04 KICKING 05 STROKES

TACTICAL SKILLS Fly and Die The “fly and die” strategy is usually found in shorter events. It is the preferred strategy of sprint-oriented racers. Sprinters tend to use this strategy for all events, regardless of the distance, to varying success. This strategy is not recommended for events over a 200 since it is difficult to maintain maximum speed for longer distances. Let’s be real, we have seen someone sprint the 200 butterfly and regret their decision in the last 50 yards. Sammy Save-Up Every team has a swimmer that uses the Sally or Sammy save up strategy. Whether they negative split the 1000 freestyle or come home guns blazing in the last 50 of a 200, these swimmers have endurance for days. The save up strategy is useful for swimmers who can pace with ease, but may need a couple of laps to get into a rhythm. They don’t take a race out fast, but sure know how to race to the finish. This is not always the most efficient way to race, but it is necessary for a select few. The Even Splitter If you’ve ever watched a distance event there is always one swimmer that will consistently hold the same pace per 50, evenly splitting every 50. There are also those swimmers that will exactly even split the 1000 freestyle, not missing a beat on any 100. These swimmers are hard to come by.

OFFICIAL OF THE GAME Chief Timekeeper Timekeepers The Chief Timekeeper is in charge of The Timers are located behind the the timekeepers and provides starting blocks of their respective lanes assistance to them. In a fully staffed at the start end of the pool and are meet the Chief Timekeeper may be responsible for the timing of swimmers assisted by an Assistant Chief using the semi-automatic timing Timekeeper, with each taking equipment (plungers) and / or watches. responsibility for half the lanes. Two timers per lane are generally required for a session. Judges Stroke and Turn judges are charged with observing the swimmers and reporting infractions of the rules of each stroke. Inspector They will be positioned at the start and turn end of the pool and observe the starts, turns and finishes.

OFFICIAL OF THE GAME Judges of Strokes They are positioned along the side of the pool and will observe the swimmers during the stroke portion of each race. Referee The Referee is the official with the most authority on deck (also the one with the whistle). The other officials on deck are accountable to the Referee. Starter The Starter, working with the Referee, is responsible for starting the race and judging the fairness of the start. Clerk of Course The Clerk of Course is responsible for organizing the swimmers on the deck, and may also combine heats where there are empty lanes if so instructed by the Referee.

OFFICIAL OF THE GAME Chief Finish Judge This Judge determines the official times, results and placing of the swimmers. Recorder/Scorer The recorder is responsible for compiling the times and generating result printouts using swimming specific software Meet Manager The Meet Manager is the general manager of the entire competition. He/she has duties before, during and after the meet Other Volunteers A fully staffed meet may also require an announcer, runners to collect paperwork and post results, and volunteers for food, awards, and fundraising activities.

REFERENCES 2022 CIRRUS POOLS https://www.cirruspools.com/swimming-pool- history/#:~:text=Swimming%20Pool%20Evolution%20%E2%80%93%20 A%20Timeline,naked%20bathing%20on%20moral%20grounds. 2022 SWIMOUTLET.COM https://www.swimoutlet.com/blogs/guides/swimming-rules- regulations WIKIPEDIA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport) 2022 BENNETT, COLEMAN & CO. LTD. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/5- basic-swimming-skills-everyone-needs-to- learn/articleshow/70619726.cms COPYRIGHT © 2022. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, SPORTS PUBLICATIONS, INC. https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/the-3-most-popular- race-strategies-in-swimming/ SWIMMING. CA, NATATION.CA https://swimming.ca/content/uploads/2018/10/Introduction-to- Swimming-Officiating-Clinic-August-24-2018-Q.pdf

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