Historical development of the chemical element

Historical development of the chemical element Cristina Del S. Encarnacion

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS -Chemical element, also called element, any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. Elements are the fundamental materials of which all matter is composed.

NON-METALS

1HYDROGEN (H) • From hydro and gen, or water-forming. The most abundant element in the universe. It is the lightest of all the elements and has the simplest structure. The thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei lights and heats the universe. • DISCOVERY: 1766 by Henry Cavendish of Britain • USES: Rocket fuel; Luminous paints; Trash converter into methane

ALKALI METALS

3LITHIUM (Li) - From lithus, or stone. The lightest in weight of all metals. When alloyed with aluminum, finds great use in aircraft construction DISCOVERY: 1817 by Johann A. Arfvedson of Sweden USES: Lubricants; Dry Cells; Storage batteries; Glass & Pharmaceuticals

19POTASSIUM (K) - From potash and kalium. A constituent of all plant and animal tissue as well as of fertile soil. Although slightly radioactive, potassium is a prime element in fertilizers - DISCOVERY: 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy of Britain - USES: Fertilizers; Heat transfer agent; \"Strike anywhere\" matches; Fireworks; Explosives

55CESIUM (Cs) from caesius, or skyblue. It is the softest metal since it is liquid at room temperature (28°C). Mercury and Gallium are the only metals having this property. The natural source producing the greatest quantity of Cesium is the rare mineral pollux (or pollucite). DISCOVERY: 1860 by Kirchhoff of Germany USES: Photoelectric cells; “Gatter” in electron tubes; Atomic clocks

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

12MAGNESIUM (Mg) -From Magnesia an ancient city in Asia. Except beryllium, magnesium is the lightest metal that remains stable under ordinary conditions. It offers the greatest strength for weight among metals but readily corrodes. DISCOVERY: 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy of Britain USES: Bicycle parts; Bricks for fumaces; Medicine; Propellants

38STRONTIUM (Sr) -From Strontian, Scottland. It has the reverse effect of calcium on the body since radioactive strontium 90 can cause cancer. DISCOVERY: 1790 by Sir Davy of Britain USES: Fireworks; Glass for color TV; Ferrite magnet

EARLY TRANSITION METALS • VANADIUM • MOLYBDENUM • ZIRCONIUM

23VANADIUM (V) - From Vanadis, a Scandinavian Goddess, the element is never found in the pure state. But occurs in combination with various minerals. Major producers of vanadium include the United states, Russian, and South Africa. - DISCOVERY: 1801by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico. - USE: High strength tools, Ceramics; Superconductors magnet; spring bonding Agent.

42MOLYBDENUM (Mo) - From molybdos, or lead. With chemical properties similar to those of chromium. An important trace element in soils that contribute to the growth of plants. - DISCOVERY: 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele of Sweden. - USE: Radar structural parts; Electrodes; Missile parts; Filament; Lubricant.

40ZIRCONIUM ( Zr) -From zircon, a gem. Zirconium in pure state exists in to two forms: the crystalline form ( soft, white, ductile metal) and the amorphous form ( bluish-black powder). It burns in air at 500 °C. DISCOVERY: 1789 by Martin Heinrich, Klaproth of Germany. USE: Flash bulbs; Alloying agent in steel; surgical appliances

LATE TRANSITION METAL

27COBALT ( Co) -From kobold, or evil spirit. At normal temperature, it has a relative strength and little ductility but at high temperature it is ductile. Its radioactive isotope is used to treat cancer. DISCOVERY: 1735 by George Brandt of Sweden USE: Razor blades; “Alnico” alloy; Jet Turbines: electroplating.

44RUTHENIUM (Ru) - From Ruthenia, or Russia. Ruthenium is a very hard metal, when alloyed with platinum it forms a first-rate hardener DISCOVERY: 1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus of Russia USES: Eye treatment; Hardener and alloy; Catalyst

BORON GROUP

5 BORON ( B) - From borax and carbon. It is most common on borax (sodium borate). A trace element needed to plant growth but can be toxic in excess. DISCOVERY: 1808 by J.G Lussac and L. Thènard of France and Sir Davy of Britain. USE: Tennis Racket; Glasses; Arthritis treatment, Pyrotechnic flares.

31GALLIUM ( Ga) -From Gallia, or France. It melts readily and expands as it freezes. Its high boiling point and low melting point are advantage in high temperature thermometer. DISCOVERY: 1875 by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran of France USE: Quartz thermometer; transistors; alloy component

CARBON GROUP

6CARBON (C) -Carbo or charcoal, Carbon is one of the vital element in all living things. It exists in many forms: graphite; diamond; carbon block; bone black; charcoal; and coal. Substances that contain carbon is called organic compound. DISCOVERY: Ancient USES : Pencils; Diamonds; Dry Ice; Petroleum; Welding; Filters

32GERMANIUM (Ge) - After Germany. A metal which resembles the non-metal silicon. When refined it becomes an important material for semiconductors. DISCOVERY: 1886 by Clemens Alexander Winkler of Germany USES: Special camera lens; Transistors; Phospors; Spectroscopes

NITROGEN GROUP

33ARSENIC (As) -From arsenikos, or male. A semi-metallic element noted for being poisonous although some of its compounds are medicinal DISCOVERY: 1250 by Albertus Magnus of Germany USES: Hardening shots; Laser materials; Poisons; Insecticides; Doping agents

5A1 NTIMONY (Sb) -From antimonos “opposed” to F, Sb from stibium or mark. It exists in different forms, the most common is metallic in appearance. It is mixed with lead in batteries. DISCOVERY 1450, probably by Basil Valentine of Germany USES: Bearings, Batteries, Tracer bullets, Ceramic Enamels.

CHALCOGENS • SULFUR

16SULFUR (S) from sulphur, or brimstone. All forms of sulfur are in insoluble in water. Its flammability is essential in combustion Used in all branches of modern industry. DISCOVERY: Ancient USES: Permanent wave lotion; Soaps; Fertilizers; Fireworks; Matches

HALOGEN GROUP

9FLOURINE (F) -From fluo, or flow. Chemically reactive and poisonous element. Nearly all compounds are decomposed by fluorine forming fluorides that are among the most stable of all chemical compounds. DISCOVERY: 1886 by Henri Moissan USES: Toothpaste additive; High temperature plastics; Refrigerant

INERT GAS

18ARGON (Ar) • - From argon, or inactive. The most abundant of noble gases, and the third most prevalent gas in the earth's atmosphere. Its industrial forte is in welding, the inert atmosphere it provides will not bum the welded metal • DISCOVERY: 1894 by Sir William Ramsay and John William Strutt Rayleigh of Britain • USES: Light bulbs; Arc welding; Fluorescent light

LANTHANIDE METALS

58 CERIUM (Ce) -After the asteroid Ceres. Most abundant of the rare earth elements. Metallic cerium is found chiefly in an alloy with iron that composes the flints used in cigarette lighters. DISCOVERY: 1803 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger of Sweden USES: Gloss manufacturing; Misch metal component; Volumetric and oxidizing agent

ACTINIDE METALS

92URANIUM (U) - After the planet Uranus. The heaviest atom among the natural elements. Soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids, and insoluble in alkalies. Main fuel used in nuclear Reactors. DISCOVERY 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth of Germany USES: Nuclear fuel, X-ray; \"Vaseline” glass production.

TRANSURANIUM

109 HASSIUM • - After Hassia, a state in Germany. Previously called Unniloctium. First created by nuclear fusion of the smaller elements lead and iron. Hassium-263, the most stable isotope has a lifespan if 2 seconds. • DISCOVERY: 1984 by Munzerberg & Co. of West Germany • USES: At present it is only used in research.

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