Item 2.2 CITA Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A V1

Construction Industry Training Australia Pty Ltd LEARNER GUIDE UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Document history Version Approved by Date Notes

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Contents Required Texts / Reading............................................................................................. 4 The Learner guide....................................................................................................... 4 Purpose of the unit ..................................................................................................... 4 In-class work and Assessment...................................................................................... 4 Refrigeration & water grade copper tube........................................................................ 7 Maintaining cleanliness (always capped, do not blow out with mouth etc) .......................... 8 Soft and hard drawn tube ............................................................................................ 9 Tubing applications (soft, hard, pair coil, water grade etc) ............................................. 10 Tube qualities - diameter, wall thickness (gauge) and pressure ratings (R410A etc).......... 11 Pipe insulation (types - tube, slit tube, sheet etc and joining methods - glue, tape etc) ..... 13 Other tube materials (Bundy, steel, aluminum, brass) ................................................... 14 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 15 Cutting tools (Imps, normal & large pipe cutters, tube cutting rings etc).......................... 17 Precautions while cutting (sharp burrs, sharp blades etc)............................................... 18 Deburring tools (reamers, deburrers etc)..................................................................... 18 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 19 Bending tools (springs, levers, presses etc) ................................................................. 20 Precautions while bending (work hardening, collapsing etc) ........................................... 21 Bending hard drawn tube - the process of annealing ..................................................... 21 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 22 Flare nuts (plain, short barrel, frost proof, reducing) ..................................................... 23 Flaring tools (flare block, eccentric with clutch for high pressure tube) ............................ 24 Precautions while flaring (deburred, length past block face, cleanliness) .......................... 25 Swaging tools (punch, flare block, expander etc) .......................................................... 26 Precautions while swaging (length past block face, tube shortening effect, cleanliness etc)......................................................................................................................... 26 Other tube fittings (BSP to flare elbows, tees, unions, plugs, flare washers, Lokrings etc) .. 26 Thread sealants (tapes, pastes etc)............................................................................. 29 Access valves (Schrader, piercing, cut-away of service valve/s)...................................... 30 Precautions using access valves (refrigerant leakage, core removal, limitations on piercing valves etc)................................................................................................... 31 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 32 Gas types (oxy acetylene, air acetylene, propane, Mapp gas)......................................... 34 Hazards associated with their use (cylinder transport, remove regulator, oil & oxy = bang)...................................................................................................................... 35 Personal safety (MSDS - oxy, acetylene, propane, MAPP gas)......................................... 35 Flash back arrestors.................................................................................................. 36

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Setting up equipment (fitting regulator, adjusting pressures, tip selection) ...................... 36 Igniting and flame types (flint guns, oxidising, neutral, carburising)................................ 37 Care and maintenance of equipment (hoses, regulator, tips, cylinders, flash back arrestors) ................................................................................................................ 38 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 39 Types (yellow, brown, blue and their metal components)............................................... 41 Personal safety (SDS - silver brazing alloys) ................................................................ 41 Flux and its use (dissimilar metals) ............................................................................. 41 Personal safety (MSDS - flux)..................................................................................... 41 Preparing surfaces (removing oxides, oils, applying flux) ............................................... 41 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 42 Dry nitrogen ............................................................................................................ 43 Personal safety (MSDS - nitrogen) .............................................................................. 43 Applying dry nitrogen to a piping circuit....................................................................... 44 Silver soldering copper to copper................................................................................ 44 Silver soldering copper to dissimilar metals.................................................................. 44 Annealing copper tube............................................................................................... 44 Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 45

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Introduction: Unit/s Description REQUIRED TEXTS / READING The only required text for this course is the learner guide and any additional hand-outs / text resources your trainer provides during your classes. THE LEARNER GUIDE This learner guide provides the required information to engage in class activities and explains in detail the processes by which to use the applied knowledge as well. It is essential that you learn from both guide and trainer in order to complete the related assignments. The learner guide can be used by students as a supporting resource for both the class and workshop environment. PURPOSE OF THE UNIT The purpose of this learner guide and in-class training is to provide the necessary background to: • Cover the basic connection of refrigeration and air conditioning piping/tubing and fittings • It encompasses the safe use of hand, fixed and portable power tools for cutting, flaring, bending, swaging, silver brazing copper tube to copper tube, Bundy tube and brass and steel fittings • Measurement and reading drawings and diagrams. IN-CLASS WORK AND ASSESSMENT For each course you will engage in any number of written and practical assessments. In some cases an assessment workbook will be required for you to complete. For this cluster however, you will engage in class activities that will lead to the following practical assessment: Outstanding tasks/assignments and if required, re-assessments will completed as per specified dates set for your training program

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Unit Outline Information for Students UEENEEJ102A - Unit Code UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect Unit Title Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings refrigerant tubing Field Refrigeration and Air Conditioning and fittings Unit Summary: This unit covers the basic connection of refrigeration and air conditioning piping/tubing and fittings. It encompasses the safe use of hand, fixed and portable power tools for cutting, flaring, bending, swaging, silver brazing copper tube to copper tube, bundy tube and brass and steel fittings, measurement and reading drawings and diagrams. Prerequisites: UEENEEE101A Apply Occupational Health and Safety regulations, codes and practices in the workplace Assessment Method: Delivery: Delivery for the unit can be any or all of the following: • Classroom based • Self-directed learning • Workplace based • Vocational Placement Assessment Tasks: This unit will assess your degree of competence for this unit by: • Multi-Choice Exam: There will be one multi-choice checkpoint at the end of each lesson (for online delivery) or one multi-choice exam (for face-to-face delivery). • Written Questions: The written questions are made up of seven questions that will require completed. • Practical Demonstration: The practical demonstration is made up of ten tasks that will require completed. Re-Assessment: Re-assessment for completed assessment that is deemed Not Satisfactory will be scheduled on Week insert and Week insert in Semester insert Semester of the Insert program structure. Duration This unit is delivered over a total of 40 hours which includes the hours for skills and knowledge assessments. You will be notified of dates scheduled for the completion of outstanding tasks/assignments and if required, re-assessments. Prescribed Reading: • UEENEEJ102A - Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Learner Guide Further Recommended Readings: • ARAC (Graham Boyle) • Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology seventh edition (Bill Whitman) • A servicing and installation handbook Second edition (A. C. Bryant) • Principles of Refrigeration (Roy J Dossat) Essential Knowledge and Skills: T1 Piping • Refrigeration & water grade copper tube • Maintaining cleanliness (always capped, do not blow out with mouth etc) • Soft and hard drawn tube • Tubing applications (soft, hard, pair coil, water grade etc) • Tube qualities - diameter, wall thickness (gauge) and pressure ratings (R410A etc)

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings • Pipe insulation (types - tube, slit tube, sheet etc and joining methods - glue, tape etc) • Other tube materials (Bundy, steel, aluminum, brass) T2 Cutting • Cutting tools (Imps, normal & large pipe cutters, tube cutting rings etc) • Precautions while cutting (sharp burrs, sharp blades etc) • Deburring tools (reamers, deburrers etc) T3 Bending • Bending tools (springs, levers, presses etc) • Precautions while bending (work hardening, collapsing etc) • Bending hard drawn tube - the process of annealing T4 Joining • Flare nuts (plain, short barrel, frost proof, reducing) • Flaring tools (flare block, eccentric with clutch for high pressure tube) • Precautions while flaring (deburred, length past block face, cleanliness) • Swaging tools (punch, flare block, expander etc) • Precautions while swaging (length past block face, tube shortening effect, cleanliness etc) • Other tube fittings (BSP to flare elbows, tees, unions, plugs, flare washers, Lokrings etc) • Thread sealants (tapes, pastes etc) • Access valves (Schrader, piercing, cut-away of service valve/s) • Precautions using access valves (refrigerant leakage, core removal, limitations on piercing valves etc) T5 Soldering and brazing equipment • Gas types (oxy acetylene, air acetylene, propane, Mapp gas) • Hazards associated with their use (cylinder transport, remove regulator, oil & oxy = bang) • Personal safety (MSDS - oxy, acetylene, propane, MAPP gas) • Flash back arrestors • Setting up equipment (fitting regulator, adjusting pressures, tip selection) • Igniting and flame types (flint guns, oxidising, neutral, carburising) • Care and maintenance of equipment (hoses, regulator, tips, cylinders, flash back arrestors) T6 Silver solder • Types (yellow, brown, blue and their metal components) • Personal safety (MSDS - silver brazing alloys) • Flux and its use (dissimilar metals) • Personal safety (MSDS - flux) • Preparing surfaces (removing oxides, oils, applying flux) T7 Soldering techniques • Dry nitrogen • Personal safety (MSDS - nitrogen) • Applying dry nitrogen to a piping circuit • Silver soldering copper to copper • Silver soldering copper to dissimilar metals • Annealing copper tube Chapter One - Piping By the end of this chapter you will understand:

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings The different types of copper tube used in our industry How to store and maintain tubing and its applications The differences between ACR copper tubes and other types used in RAC Insulation types and applications REFRIGERATION & WATER GRADE COPPER TUBE There are significant differences between refrigeration grade tube (known as ACR) and water grade copper pipe. These are demonstrated clearly by comparing some of their properties Water Grade Pipe • Supplied open to atmosphere • May have a seam • Minimal wall thickness • Is measured by the internal diameter ACR Grade Tube • Supplied sealed with a cap • Is seamless • Has a greater wall thickness for higher pressure • Is measured by the external diameter Refrigeration grade copper tube is of a much higher quality due to its application and must be treated with respect to maintain those conditions. i. Refer to the Crane Copper PDF for more information. http://www.cranecopper.com.au/downloads/AS-NZS1571.pdf ii. Also the Refrigerant Handling Code of Practice - Part 2 Section 5.3 The installer must ensure that all piping used is selected in accordance with AS/NZS 1571:1995 - Copper - Seamless tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration and AS4041:2006 – Pressure piping

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings MAINTAINING CLEANLINESS (ALWAYS CAPPED, DO NOT BLOW OUT WITH MOUTH ETC) The Kembla PDF below shows the requirements manufacturers must meet to supply ACR tubing The Australia and New Zealand Refrigerant Handling Code of Practice 2007 clearly states the requirements when handling and installing ACR tubing Refrigerant Handling Code of Practice Part 2 Sections • 3.1.3 Refrigeration and air conditioning system components must be pressure tested, clean, dry, capped and labelled such that the appropriate refrigerants and lubricants can be identified • 5.4 All pipework and fittings should be thoroughly examined for cleanliness and suitability for the system and refrigerant prior to assembling. • 5.5 All unsealed tubing must be thoroughly inspected and, if necessary, cleaned before assembly to remove any copper residue and/or scale particles such as dirt or metal. • 5.6 Metal filings must not be left in pipework after cutting as they can cause damage to shaft seals, compressor bearings and windings in hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors. • 5.7 Pipes must be clean, burr free and not fallen in prior to assembly. http://www.kembla.com/assets/Uploads/Refrigeration-Tube/Aust-Domestic-Copper-Tube-to- AS1571.pdf

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings SOFT AND HARD DRAWN TUBE Hard drawn tubing typically is supplied in 6m lengths and is only designed to be used with fittings (not to be bent or flared). If hard drawn tubing is to be swaged it must first be “annealed” (see the final chapter in this guide for more information on annealing). Soft Drawn tubing has been annealed and is supplied as a roll. To use soft drawn tubing it must be carefully unrolled on a flat surface, prepared as described later in this guide and flared, swaged or joined. ACR tubing is supplied sealed and dehydrated and must be capped at all times to maintain that condition

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings TUBING APPLICATIONS (SOFT, HARD, PAIR COIL, WATER GRADE ETC) Hard drawn and Soft drawn copper tubing including pair coil is designed for refrigeration and A/C applications with the exception of Ammonia (when ammonia comes into contact with moisture it attacks copper and brass) Water grade piping is not compatible with ACR piping in any way *Note the difference between piping and tubing is how it is measured. Pipe is measured internally whereas tubing is measured externally. Soft drawn • Also known as “Annealed” is copper tube that has been heated then allowed to cool .The result is that it becomes flexible or “soft”. Overworking will result in hardening and likely split or crush. Soft drawn tubing is used in most applications. Hard drawn • Normally supplied in 6m lengths and commonly used in refrigeration installations. Hard drawn is not designed to be bent or flared Capillary tube • Used as a RMD it is very small diameter copper tube. Extreme care is required when cutting. Either a capillary cutter is to be used or else a file to score the outside then gentle flexing to harden the tube until it snaps. Common applications include Small commercial Refrigeration and A/C. Often the tube will be inside or wrapped around the suction line as a heat exchanger. Pair coil • Designed for the Split A/C industry it is pre insulated soft drawn copper or now also available in aluminium. Aluminium Pipe • Primarily used for automotive Air Conditioning it is lightweight, cheap and reliable. Water Grade • Only used for water supply and drains Flexible Thermoplastic Pipe • Typically used in automotive air conditioning for its flexibility it is now being widely used for control and oil return lines for its flexibility and simplicity to install. Heldon also have a product for split air conditioning.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings TUBE QUALITIES - DIAMETER, WALL THICKNESS (GAUGE) AND PRESSURE RATINGS (R410A ETC) ACR grade tubing must meet AS/NZ standard 1571. Wall thickness starts low for soft drawn and increases for hard drawn for the same size then increases again for R410A rating as the chart on the following page shows. Inner grooved tubes can be found in some residential and commercial air conditioning units. The purpose of these tubes is to enhance heat transfer between the medium inside and outside of the tube by increasing the inner contact surface. These seamless drawn tubes increase the efficiency of heat exchangers. http://www.kembla.com.au/assets/Uploads/Technical-Bulletins/Technical-Bulletin-Final-copy-no-cust- logo.pdf Australian made copper tube http://www.actrol.com.au/Products/Tube--Fittings/Copper-Tubing/Soft-Drawn/Crane-Soft-Drawn/

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings SPECIFICATIONS Actual tube size Safe Working Pressure (kPa) Form OD OD Wall Nominal Service Temperature (°C) Annealed T Code Straight coils T TCode (inches) Thickness tube mass Lengths (5.8Cm) (m) (mm) (mm) (kg/6m) 75 (6m) o d 50 55 60 65 70 e ( 3/16” 4.76 0.71 0.48 12715 12280 11845 11410 10980 10545 30 T32263 6 1/4” 6.35 0.71 0.68 9175 8860 8550 8235 7920 7610 15 T59423 0.76 10635 10270 9910 9545 9180 8820 30 T74634 m 6.35 0.81 0.83 12140 11730 11315 10900 10485 10070 30 T32336 ) 6.35 0.91 0.97 8290 8005 7725 7440 7160 6875 30 T32522 5/16” 7.94 0.81 1.08 9430 9110 8790 8465 8145 7820 30 T32522 ✓ T51435 7.94 0.91 15 T32780 3/8” 9.52 0.71 1.05 5900 5700 5495 5295 5095 4895 18 T55743 ✓ T92029 9.52 0.81 1.19 6800 6570 6335 6105 5870 5640 18 T32662 9.52 0.91 1.32 7720 7455 7190 6930 6665 6400 15 T33007 ✓ T77112 T77111 1/2” 12.70 0.71 1.44 4345 4195 4050 3900 3750 3605 18 T54133 ✓ T56847 12.70 0.81 1.62 4995 4825 4655 4480 4310 4140 18 T32930 12.70 0.91 1.81 5655 5460 5270 5075 4880 4685 15 T52078 ✓ ✓ T10287 T10286 5/8” 15.88 0.81 2.06 3945 3810 3675 3540 3405 3270 18 T33090 ✓ ✓ T22527 2.30 4460 4310 4155 4000 3850 3700 18 T16850 15.88 0.91 2.56 5030 4860 4690 4515 4345 4170 15 T33296 ✓✓ T24937 T24938 15.88 1.02 2.78 3600 3475 3355 3230 3110 2985 ✓✓ 3/4” 19.05 0.91 3.10 4150 4010 3870 3725 3585 3445 18 T16857 ✓✓ T16870 T16871 3.44 4670 4510 4350 4190 4030 3870 18 T76198 ✓✓ T88072 T88073 19.05 1.02 3.27 3140 3030 2925 2815 2710 2600 ✓ T24813 19.05 1.14 4.32 4265 4120 3970 3830 3680 3535 T16855 T16856 7/8” 22.22 0.91 4.91 4930 4760 4595 4425 4255 4090 ✓✓ T13862 T13864 22.22 1.22 5.66 5795 5600 5400 5205 5005 4805 ✓ T64173 3.76 2730 2640 2545 2450 2360 2265 ✓ T16860 22.22 1.40 4.97 3705 3580 3450 3325 3200 3070 ✓ T23515 22.22 1.63 6.53 5025 4855 4685 4510 4340 4170 ✓ T60658 T60659 1” 25.40 0.91 4.25 2420 2335 2255 2170 2090 2005 ✓ T91952 T91953 5.63 3275 3165 3050 2940 2830 2715 ✓ T79850 T798461 25.40 1.22 7.41 4435 4285 4135 3980 3830 3680 ✓ T73971 T73973 8.25 5015 4845 4670 4500 4330 4160 ✓ T91961 T91963 25.40 1.63 4.73 2170 2095 2025 1950 1875 1800 ✓ T14559 1/8” 28.58 0.91 6.28 2935 2835 2735 2635 2535 2435 ✓ T14569 T14570 10.17 5005 4835 4665 4495 4325 4150 ✓ T22039 T22040 28.58 1.22 5.22 1970 1900 1835 1770 1700 1635 ✓ T91979 28.58 1.63 6.93 2660 2570 2480 2390 2300 2210 ✓ T21820 28.58 1.83 11.26 4525 4370 4220 4065 3910 3755 ✓ T15237 T15239 1 1/4” 31.75 0.91 7.59 2435 2350 2265 2185 2100 2020 ✓ T91987 T91989 31.75 1.22 13.83 4690 4530 4370 4210 4050 3890 ✓ T75980 T75981 6.19 1660 1605 1545 1490 1435 1375 ✓ T91995 T91996 31.75 2.03 8.24 2240 2165 2090 2010 1935 1860 ✓ 1 3/8” 34.92 0.91 15.79 4550 4390 4235 4080 3925 3770 ✓ T32921 T32923 10.20 1810 1750 1690 1625 1565 1500 ✓ T91791 T91793 34.92 1.22 8.14 1265 1220 1175 1135 1090 1050 ✓ T16865 T16866 34.92 2.03 10.85 1705 1645 1585 1530 1470 1410 ✓ T94943 T78167 1 1/2” 38.10 1.22 14.39 2290 2215 2135 2055 1980 1900 ✓ T78166 T94961 13.46 1375 1325 1280 1230 1185 1140 ✓ T94960 T31978 38.10 2.29 17.88 1845 1780 1720 1655 1595 1530 ✓ T94951 1 5/8” 41.28 0.91 22.13 2310 2230 2150 2075 1995 1915 ✓ T31976 T20924 20.49 1610 1555 1500 1445 1390 1335 ✓ T75566 41.28 1.22 27.47 1200 1160 1120 1080 1035 995 ✓ T68980 41.28 2.41 47.98 2015 1945 1875 1805 1740 1670 ✓ T88013 2” 50.80 1.22 ✓ T20923 2 1/8” 53.98 0.91 ✓ 53.98 1.22 53.98 1.63 2 5/8” 66.68 1.22 66.68 1.63 66.68 2.03 3” 76.20 1.63 4” 101.60 1.63 4 1/8” 104.78 2.79 ✓ R410A High Pressure compatible ✓ Half hard Temper ✓ Hard Temper

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings PIPE INSULATION (TYPES - TUBE, SLIT TUBE, SHEET ETC AND JOINING METHODS - GLUE, TAPE ETC) We use insulation on our tubing to prevent heat loss or gain. For applications below dew point insulation also prevents condensation forming on the tubing. Some materials used for insulation include cork, polystyrene, fiberglass, polyolefin foam and commonly elastomeric cellular thermal insulation Cork tape is particularly useful to insulate T-Ex valve bulbs Insulation needs to be cut square with a very sharp blade to provide a good surface for joining which is made using contact glue and normally taped over for protection Insulation tubing is often supplied with an internal powder coating to assist with installation (making it very important to ensure tubing is sealed before sliding insulation over)

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings OTHER TUBE MATERIALS (BUNDY, STEEL, ALUMINUM, BRASS) Bundy tube is a small bore steel tube used mainly in domestic refrigeration condensers. Steel tube is used in ammonia applications due to its reaction with copper and brass in the presence of moisture. Aluminium tubing has always been used in the automotive industry but is also now available as pair coil for split A/C applications. When used for domestic refrigeration (evaporators) it is joined to a copper tail using epoxy compounds to allow welding a connection. Brass is commonly found in fittings for the added strength and the joining method needs special attention as described later in this guide. Stainless Steel is another material used in our industry in food processing applications where tubing must be kept sterile.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. List four differences between Water Grade and ACR Grade Copper Tube a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________ 2. Circle which of the following are Incorrect (there may be more than one) a) ACR tubing must always be capped b) Water Grade tube may replace ACR if flushed first c) The Code of Practice states that tube must be delivered clean and dry d) ACR grade tube is measured by the outside diameter e) Blowing into ACR tube will add moisture to the system 3. The colour of the caps on ACR tube do not mean anything True False 4. Circle which answers are correct (there may be more than one) Both hard and soft drawn ACR Tubing …. a) May be bent with mechanical benders b) Are seamless c) Are supplied in 6m lengths d) Are all rated for use with R410A e) Are supplied dehydrated 5. Circle which of the following is correct a) Pair coil is used for commercial refrigeration b) Hard drawn tubing may be flared c) R410A tubing may be used for an R22 application d) Aluminium tubing is mainly used for auto A/C

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings 6. Circle which of the following are Incorrect a) R410A tubing has a thicker wall b) 5/8” R22 and R410A tubing have the same outside diameter c) R410A tubing is available in two wall thicknesses d) R22 tubing may be used for R410A if you use a larger size 7. Name 2 reasons why ACR tubing must be insulated a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ 8. List four materials used for ACR tubing (other than copper) a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Chapter Two – Cutting By the end of this chapter you will understand: Various tools used for cutting tubing Hazards and Deburring CUTTING TOOLS (IMPS, NORMAL & LARGE PIPE CUTTERS, TUBE CUTTING RINGS ETC) Cutting ACR tubing is a deceptively simple task. Using the wrong method will result in excessive “burring” which will cause issues once in the system. Measure twice cut once It’s a very old saying. One that saves a lot of time and material. If welding the tubing its worth running over with steel wool or emery cloth first to prepare the surface while you don’t have an open tube to worry about. Next mark the length and place the tube cutter. Tension the blade and begin cutting. Apply more pressure every couple of turns making sure that the wheel stays in the original line. Capillary tube requires the use of special cutters or to be etched with a file then gently rocked back and forth to harden and snap the tube Tubing other than ACR such as steel and brass will need a hacksaw to cut as these harder materials tend to blunt cutting wheels rapidly. Use at least a 32 teeth blade however to give the cleanest edge possible. * DO NOT USE A HACKSAW TO CUT ACR TUBE

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings PRECAUTIONS WHILE CUTTING (SHARP BURRS, SHARP BLADES ETC) Care must be taken due to the sharp edges left in the tube from cutting. Of course the blade itself needs to be treated with care. Always ensure that if the tube you are cutting is still on the system, there is no pressure present. By using a sharp blade you will reduce the risk of tracking or other damage to the tube such as flattening due to excessive pressure DEBURRING TOOLS (REAMERS, DEBURRERS ETC) Once tube has been cut a burr remains on the inside edge which must be removed. We have deburring tools for both internal and external applications. If a tube is flared without deburring it will squash the burr and leave only a thin lip for sealing. Excessive deburring will often result in scoring the inside of the tube and thinning of the wall that will again result in a flare that is likely to leak or a swage to split.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. It is acceptable to cut ACR tubing with a hacksaw True False 2. List four potential hazards when cutting copper tube a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________ 3. Which of the following is correct a) When deburring tubing the opening should be facing down b) Deburring should take approximately 30 turns to complete c) Deburring affects the quality of a flare d) Burrs are not sharp

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Chapter Three – Bending By the end of this chapter you will understand: Different types of tools used for bending Methods and Precautions Annealing BENDING TOOLS (SPRINGS, LEVERS, PRESSES ETC) Only annealed or “soft drawn” tube may be bent. See later in this guide for how to bend “hard drawn”. Once a tube has been work hardened it is no longer annealed and prone to crushing or splitting. Bending Springs • Result in a larger diameter bend than mechanical. As with all benders if used correctly they prevent any damage or squashing of the tubing. Simply slide the benders over the tube and bend by hand (around the knee is common practice). To remove unwind the spring to loosen and slide off. Mechanical Benders • These come as a triple block or single bender. They are usually marked with Left Hand and Right Hand measurements for accurate bending. Internal Benders • While this style of bender is simple (place the bender inside the tube and bend by hand then pull the bender out) there is a high risk of contaminating the system or scoring the inside of the tube if the bending material is not maintained to a very high standard

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings PRECAUTIONS WHILE BENDING (WORK HARDENING, COLLAPSING ETC) Copper tubing is unforgiving when it comes to bending – after it has been bent it is no longer annealed. It becomes “work Hardened”. To soften the tubing it would need to be annealed again. Once copper tube has become work-hardened, kinks, crushing and splitting become high risks. BENDING HARD DRAWN TUBE - THE PROCESS OF ANNEALING Annealing is the process used to soften copper tube for use with flare nuts, swaging and bending. Soft Drawn (annealed) copper tube is supplied in a roll. The process involves heating the tube to cherry red and allowing it to cool. An inert gas must be used during the process to prevent Oxidising inside the tube. Hard drawn tubing must be annealed before attempting to bend.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. List three common types of benders a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ 2. Circle which of the following are Incorrect (there may be more than one) a) ACR tubing May be bent with a spring b) Fittings are used with hard drawn tubing instead of bending c) Soft drawn tubing needs to be annealed to bend d) Internal benders do not need any special care e) If tubing is bent too tightly it will kink or ripple 3. Annealing is a process only completed during manufacture True False

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Chapter Four – Joining By the end of this chapter you will understand: Types of Flare Nuts used in RAC Tools used for flaring and swaging, methods and precautions Alternate tube fittings How to prevent threads from leaking Various ways of accessing the gas system How and when to use various types of access valves FLARE NUTS (PLAIN, SHORT BARREL, FROST PROOF, REDUCING) Different style flare nuts are available to suit various applications. Standard flare nuts have a long neck for support. For low temperatures a Frost Proof nut should be used. These look the same as standard nuts except that they have holes drilled around their neck. This is to reduce the risk of ice forming in the neck and crushing the tube. Reducing flare nuts will drop up to 2 tube sizes from the flare connection to the tube size. These are used to Maintain capacity as pipe sizing is determined by a number of factors – not by the fitting size.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings FLARING TOOLS (FLARE BLOCK, ECCENTRIC WITH CLUTCH FOR HIGH PRESSURE TUBE) Most current Flaring Blocks now are rated for R410A tubing. Which means they have an eccentric head (it is off centre) and use a clutch (you cannot over tighten and squash the tube wall). Setting up the height of tubing in the flare block is often described as half the height of the flare. What this means is if you look at how deep the angled (flared) part of the block is in the size you are using, you want to set the tubing half of that height above the block. Only practice is going to help you estimate this – it is not practical to measure. Another common reference is to oil the flare. Two important points • Try to use the same oil as is in the system • The oil is to be used on the BACK of the flare NOT the front. Oil is not to assist with the seal – the soft copper will squash against the hard brass to achieve a seal. The oil is to prevent the flare nut gripping the soft flare and twisting the whole pipe (or just feeling tight before there is sufficient pressure on the flare to seal)

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings PRECAUTIONS WHILE FLARING (DEBURRED, LENGTH PAST BLOCK FACE, CLEANLINESS) The large tube is cracked, has jagged edges and an inner ‘ring’ (a visible line around the flare surface). The smaller flare also has ragged edges and the tubing wall is thin. Not deburring the tube correctly causes most of these problems. Other issues are the diameter of the flare. Too small will allow movement which either wears or hardens the tube end and it will snap or slide out the back of the flare nut. Too wide will result in having to ‘thread’ the flare nut over the flare. This prevents you from being able to tighten the nut fully as the flare binds on the thread of the nut

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings SWAGING TOOLS (PUNCH, FLARE BLOCK, EXPANDER ETC) Swaging is a method for joining copper tube without any fittings. Soft drawn tubing will need to be cut to length and deburred before swaging. Hard drawn will also need to be annealed or it will split the tube. As any task, a good swage will require practice. Common faults when swaging are • Too much tube protruding from a flare block • Off centre flare tool in a block • Too much too fast with a mechanical expander (leaves flats around the pipe) • Hit too hard or soft with a punch PRECAUTIONS WHILE SWAGING (LENGTH PAST BLOCK FACE, TUBE SHORTENING EFFECT, CLEANLINESS ETC) The correct height to have past the flaring block for swaging is the width of the tube plus approx. 1/8” (3mm). This allows for the shortening of the tube as it is stretched out. The goal when soldering a swage joint is for the solder to just reach the end of the inner tube so the internal surface is continuous for good oil and gas flow. Preparation of a tube for swaging is the same as a flare. Both the internal and external surface must be deburred. The external surface must also be cleaned, as it will then be soldered. OTHER TUBE FITTINGS (BSP TO FLARE ELBOWS, TEES, UNIONS, PLUGS, FLARE WASHERS, LOKRINGS ETC)

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings There is a vast choice of fittings in our industry and the applications are endless. Solder, Flare, Compression, Crimp and O-Ring. Also combinations are available to join 2 different styles. Mainly we use copper and brass for our fittings (with the exception of ammonia of course which uses steel). The combination of cost, cleanliness and adaptability make these materials ideal. The Code of Practice has a bit to say when it comes to putting our systems together. In regard to fittings it states the following 2.5 Refrigerant pipelines & fittings 2.5.1 All pipelines must be designed so that the number of joints is kept to the practical minimum. 2.5.2 Welding, brazing or another permanent hermetic sealing method is recommended for joining refrigerant pipelines since they offer increased resistance to pressure, temperature and vibration stresses. 2.5.3 Flared, screwed or flanged connections should be avoided.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings The Automotive industry particularly widely use crimped aluminium fittings and O-rings (Note – to work on automotive equipment requires an extra endorsement on your ARCTICK licence) Lokring have a product that will join copper tube using a crimp method with glue. The cost is similar to normal fittings however for situations where a hot permit is required or soldering is an issue then it is a viable alternative to flares. Also useful for joining Copper to Aluminium. Copper to brass seals naturally due to the different densities of the metals. Copper is soft and squashes against the brass to seal. Brass to brass (caps for example) will not seal without using copper in between which is why we use flare washers. Small, fiddly and a pain to put in place but there for a very good reason. Brass to steel has a similar problem but copper is not practical so we turn to thread seals and tapes – the next chapter…

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings THREAD SEALANTS (TAPES, PASTES ETC) Care must be taken when using either a liquid or a tape. They are designed to be compatible with the refrigerant and oil in the system but are still a source of contamination if used in excess. Always follow the manufacturers recommendations for use and ensure they are rated for refrigeration equipment use. Typical applications are brass to steel connections such as on the service valves as shown in the next chapter.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings ACCESS VALVES (SCHRADER, PIERCING, CUT-AWAY OF SERVICE VALVE/S) Schrader valves are commonly used on domestic and light commercial equipment as an access to the system. They are prone to leak under extreme conditions and will not seal against negative pressure. They must always be capped. Bullet piercing valves are used to access a sealed system. Their use is very restricted. (see the next chapter) Service valves may have 1 or 2 access fittings. The one closest to the spindle is used for service gauges while a second fitting is sometimes available for pressure controls. Back-seated allows normal operation while isolating the service fitting Mid-seat allows full access (for charging, evacuating and servicing) ***Note when servicing “cracking off the backseat” is sufficient to read pressures – if the gauge needles are bouncing backseat further until they read steady*** Front-seated is only used to isolate the compressor from the system – not that the service fitting is only connected to the compressor and the system flow is blocked.

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings PRECAUTIONS USING ACCESS VALVES (REFRIGERANT LEAKAGE, CORE REMOVAL, LIMITATIONS ON PIERCING VALVES ETC) DO NOT try to remove or install a Schrader core under pressure. Gauges must be fitted and removed quickly to minimise refrigerant loss. Bullet piercing valves are covered by the code of practice. 2.6 Valves Due to the size of self-contained low charge systems, valves are not normally included in the design. 2.6.1 Tube piercing or line tap valves and other similar devices must be used only to gain service access to the system in order to remove refrigerant. They must be removed before the completion of service. The system design must not require these valves to be left on the system after the completion of service. Round caps with an O-ring are dust caps and not designed to seal against pressure Flare nut caps with a copper washer should always be used where there is a risk of gas leaking

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Name four types of flare nut a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________ 2. In the refrigeration trade our flares are 45 degrees True False 3. Circle which of the following is Incorrect a) The correct amount of tube to have protruding above the flare block is roughly half the flare height b) R410A compatible flare blocks use an eccentric head c) A good flare will result in an even shine around the inside of the flare d) A burr makes for a good seal on a flare 4. Circle which of the following are Incorrect (there may be more than one) a) Hard drawn tubing must be heated to anneal before expanding b) Soft drawn tubing must be heated to anneal before expanding c) Tubing must be deburred before expanding d) Faring blocks, tube expanders and a punch are all tools used for swaging 5. List four preparations for swaging copper tube a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings 6. Which of the following joining methods is not used for ACR tubing a) Flaring b) Silver soldering c) Compression fittings d) Brass unions 7. Circle the correct answers (there may be more than one) a) The only difference between standard and refrigeration grade thread tape is the colour b) ‘Leak Lock’ should be used on every thread, every time c) Loctite of the correct number is acceptable to use on refrigeration equipment d) Thread tape should be used on all flare connections e) Thread tape should be used on all BSP thread connections 8. Circle the correct answers (there may be more than one) a) Do not adjust the glands when opening or closing service valves b) You should fully backseat a service valve to access the system charge c) You should fully frontseat a service valve to isolate the compressor from the rest of the system d) It is good practice to leave a bullet valve on a system for easy access in the future e) A system with pressure controls connected to the service valves must be left “cracked off the backseat” 9. The code of practice states that tube piercing valves must be removed after use True False

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Chapter Five – Soldering and Brazing Equipment By the end of this chapter you will understand: Safety and Hazards associated with using the different types of welding gasses in our industry Flash back arrestors Setting up and using soldering / brazing equipment Types of equipment including their care and maintenance GAS TYPES (OXY ACETYLENE, AIR ACETYLENE, PROPANE, MAPP GAS) MAPP Gas • Probably the most common used now mainly for split system installations. Methyl Acetylene Propyne Propane is very convenient and portable being a small hand held cylinder. Maximum flame temperature is just over 2900°C Oxy Acetylene • The best quality option for Silver Soldering and Brazing. It is a lot more cumbersome being 2 cylinders typically on a trolley with regulators and hoses with a handpiece. Approximate flame temperature is 3500°C

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Air Acetylene • The same as Oxy Acetylene except rather than a cylinder of Oxygen it uses the Oxygen in the air. The result is a cooler flame at around 1600° Propane • A less common option for soldering is Propane. With a flame temperature below 2000°C it uses are very limited HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR USE (CYLINDER TRANSPORT, REMOVE REGULATOR, OIL & OXY = BANG) There are a number of hazards associated with the storage, transport and use of the welding gasses mentioned in the previous chapter. The restrictions you will find in the Australian standards. The safety in relation to storage, handling and first aid you will find in the SDS (mentioned in the next chapter). • For all of the gasses / cylinders we use there are some basic safety rules − Always secure the cylinders, preferably upright (especially Acetylene) − Remove the regulators when not in use − Keep away from heat sources − Never lubricate a thread for a pressure cylinder with oil or grease Also refer to the PDF (12. BOC_Guidelines_for_Gas_Cylinder_Safety) PERSONAL SAFETY (MSDS - OXY, ACETYLENE, PROPANE, MAPP GAS) Always consult the SDS before using any hazardous substance and make sure you are familiar with the first aid requirements in case something does go wrong Safety glasses, long sleeves and long pants when soldering should be standard. Other examples of precautions would include having a fire extinguisher nearby, well ventilated, no flammables in the work area, only use an approved flint gun to ignite and ensure that all of the equipment is in place and in good working order including Flash Back Arrestors….

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings FLASH BACK ARRESTORS The definition of a Flashback is a flame moving back through a combustible vapour. It happens if the tip is too close to the job or the pressures are too low. The risk is the flame making its way back to the cylinder. The solution is to use Flashback Arrestors. They are a one way valve with a filter to quench the flame. The Australian Standards require that they be tested annually SETTING UP EQUIPMENT (FITTING REGULATOR, ADJUSTING PRESSURES, TIP SELECTION) MAPP and Propane Gas set up • Check cylinder and head • Screw Head on • Set Pressure on Valve • Pull Trigger / ignite Oxy Acetylene kit and Air Acetylene • Check condition and safety of all equipment to be used • Check test date of Flashback Arrestor, hose condition, Etc • Assemble equipment according to manufacturers instructions • DO NOT use any type of oil or grease • Ensure all valves are closed • Fit tip to suit task • Open Cylinder(s) • Set regulator Pressure(s) to suit task (approx. 50Kpa is typical for both Oxy and Acetylene for soldering using Oxy Acetylene)

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings IGNITING AND FLAME TYPES (FLINT GUNS, OXIDISING, NEUTRAL, CARBURISING) Oxy Acetylene kit and Air Acetylene • Crack open the Acetylene at the handpiece • Ignite with an approved flint • Open the acetylene until the flame roars and is jagged at the tip – then reduce pressure until the tip becomes smooth (the roar will also be gone) • Gradually open the Oxygen until the desired flame is achieved as shown below • The Neutral Flame is suitable for most Silver Soldering • Oxidising is the name for excessive Oxygen and • Carburising is the name for excess Acetylene

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT (HOSES, REGULATOR, TIPS, CYLINDERS, FLASH BACK ARRESTORS) Hoses • Should not be dry or cracked • Fittings should be replaceable to allow for hose ends to be cut as they wear due to flexing at the connection Regulators • Remove when not in use • Place in the open condition start and end of use Tips • Use appropriate size for application (size 8 covers most applications) • Maintain with tip cleaners and a file Cylinders • Store secured in a dry cool location • Keep upright Flashback Arrestors • Check test date before use • Remove for inspection / replacement after flashback occurs

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Oxy Acetylene, Air Acetylene Propane and MAPP gas are all safe to use for soldering ACR equipment True False 2. List four safety precautions when transporting gasses used for solder soldering copper tube a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________ 3. Circle all of the information found on a SDS for silver soldering gasses a) Safe Handling b) First Aid information c) Emergency contacts d) Hazards associated with gasses e) Chemical name and formula f) Advice for fire fighters g) Storage requirements h) Environmental hazards 4. As a minimum Flashback Arrestors should be fitted … a) On the cylinder b) On the handpiece c) On both d) On neither – they are optional

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings 5. Place the following in the correct order – 1 to 11 ____ Set correct welding Pressures on Regulators ____ Open both Cylinders One Full Turn ____ Open the Torch Oxy valve and Adjust both to achieve Correct Flame ____ Open the Torch Acetylene valve one turn and Ignite ____ Inspect and Fit Handpiece ____ Attach Gas Mixer ____ Fit Flashback Arrestors (match to gas type) ____ Select and Fit appropriate Nozzle ____ Inspect and Fit Regulators (Acetylene is LH thread) ____ Ensure all valves are closed ____ Inspect and Fit Hoses 6. Name 3 flame types used for Silver Soldering a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ 7. Oil on any threads for gasses may cause an explosion True False

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Chapter Six – Silver Solder By the end of this chapter you will understand: 3 Types of Silver Solder used in our industry Flux and surface preparation SDS and personal safety TYPES (YELLOW, BROWN, BLUE AND THEIR METAL COMPONENTS) Yellow Tip • Typically only used for Plumbing – Contains 2% Silver Brown Tip • Copper to Copper – Contains 15% Silver Blue Tip • Ideal for copper to Brass or any other dissimilar metals – contains 45% Silver PERSONAL SAFETY (SDS - SILVER BRAZING ALLOYS) Silver brazing Alloys are considered safe in the condition supplied If heated excessively they are prone to give off toxic fumes (especially if ventilation is insufficient) Short-term exposure to fumes may irritate the nose, throat and eyes Long-term or extreme exposure may affect the respiratory system, central nervous system and lungs FLUX AND ITS USE (DISSIMILAR METALS) Flux is a paste used to prepare dissimilar metals for silver soldering. It prevents oxidisation and assists in the flow of solder. It is corrosive and contact should be avoided. After soldering the residue must be removed as it can hide pinhole leaks and cause corrosion PERSONAL SAFETY (MSDS - FLUX) The SDS for flux informs us to avoid contact, as it will cause irritation to the skin and eyes and is toxic if inhaled or swallowed. Ensure the area is well ventilated when using PREPARING SURFACES (REMOVING OXIDES, OILS, APPLYING FLUX) The inside of refrigeration grade copper tubing should always be clean, dry and sealed so requires only deburring. The outside will also need deburring but must also be cleaned with emery cloth or steel wool to ensure a good bond with the silver solder

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Match the silver solder to the percentage of Silver content Yellow tip 30% Brown Tip 2% Blue Tip 15% 2. According to the silver solder brazing alloys SDS Which of the following are true (may be more than one a) Use in well ventilated areas b) If burned immerse affected area in cold water for 10 - 15 minutes c) It is regulated for transport of dangerous goods 3. Circle the following when using Flux is Optional a) Copper to Copper b) Copper to Brass c) Copper to Steel d) All of the Above 4. Circle the correct answers (there may be more than one). According to the SDS… a) Flux causes serious eye irritation b) Flux may damage fertility of the unborn child c) Flux is white odourless paste, mixes with water d) Flux is combustible 5. List four steps to prepare a copper to brass silver solder join a) _____________________________________________ b) _____________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________ d) _____________________________________________ Chapter Seven – Soldering Techniques

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings By the end of this chapter you will understand: Safe use and Handling of Dry Nitrogen Relevant SDS How to solder and Anneal copper tube DRY NITROGEN Dry Nitrogen is a high-pressure inert gas This makes it ideal for pressure testing, as the pressure does not change with temperature to any significant degree. Being non-flammable as well makes it perfect for purging through a system to prevent oxidisation. Care must be taken however to ensure that where the dry nitrogen is connected to the system is fully sealed as any gap will result in oxygen being drawn in through the venturi effect PERSONAL SAFETY (MSDS - NITROGEN) Dry Nitrogen is stored in the cylinder at around 15 000Kpa Two types of regulators are available – one for pressure testing and one for purging Extreme care must be taken due to the high pressures Always use in a well ventilated area to avoid any risk of asphyxiation * Never use any high pressure gas to blow against your skin * As low as it is there is always a risk of gas entering your bloodstream causing serious health problems

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings APPLYING DRY NITROGEN TO A PIPING CIRCUIT Using the tool shown above is a simple method for an open pipe. Through a service valve is ideal. Always ensure flow before soldering tubing. SILVER SOLDERING COPPER TO COPPER Copper to Copper Silver Soldering requires the preparation described in earlier chapters (cutting, deburring and swaging). Always clean any surfaces to be soldered with either emery cloth or steel wool to ensure full penetration of the solder Brown tip is all that is required although blue tip is still appropriate for this type of join (keep in mind that is actually silver!) SILVER SOLDERING COPPER TO DISSIMILAR METALS Copper to other metals requires even more careful preparation with the application of flux needed to ensure a proper seal using Blue tip solder. Otherwise preparation is the same as Copper to Copper. Less heat is needed to melt silver solder so hold the heat source slightly further away to avoid the solder simply pouring off. ANNEALING COPPER TUBE The reasons for annealing have been covered in earlier chapters. The method is to heat the copper to cherry red (using dry nitrogen) then allowing to cool. That easy!

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Dry Nitrogen is used when Silver Soldering to… a) Stop Oxidisation b) Prevent air from entering the system c) Prevent moisture from entering the system d) All of the above 2. SDS Nitrogen a) Stop Oxidisation b) Prevent air from entering the system c) Prevent moisture from entering the system d) All of the above 3. Circle which of the following are correct (there may be more than one) a) The dry nitrogen connection must be sealed to prevent air from entering the system via the venturi effect b) Dry nitrogen increases in pressure directly proportional to the rise in temperature c) Dry nitrogen is flowing at the correct rate when you can hear it rushing out of the tube d) According to the Code of Practice the use of dry nitrogen for silver soldering is optional

Learner Guide UEENEEJ102A Prepare and connect refrigerant tubing and fittings Conclusion You will have by now covered: • Prepare refrigerant tubing and fittings including: − Applying tubing and fitting appropriately to equipment layout − Using established methods to cut, flare, bend, swage and silver brazing copper tube − Attaching fittings correctly − Conducting component routine quality checks − Dealing with unplanned events by drawing on essential knowledge and skills to provide appropriate solutions incorporated in the holistic assessment with the above listed items The required knowledge to undertake the theory assessment for UEENEEJ102A Please understand that you will need to review the information from the guide as required to reinforce your learning. If there are any objectives you are still unclear about, please discuss them with your trainer. Or if you would like to know more about the next step in your academic please talk to your trainer (or one of our consultants) and ask about further pathways to more qualifications. Once you fulfil the theory and practical assessments related to this section of the course you will have completed and hopefully gained competency. We wish you the very best and thank you for your participation.