ĐI TÌM LẼ SỐNG

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V\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\tHiroshima,\tch\u00fang\tta\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\t\u0111ang\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111e\tdo\u1ea1.","L\u1edcI\tCU\u1ed0I V\u00e0o\t ng\u00e0y\t 27\t th\u00e1ng\t 01\t n\u0103m\t 2006,\t k\u1ef7\t ni\u1ec7m\t 60\t n\u0103m\t gi\u1ea3i\t ph\u00f3ng\t tr\u1ea1i\t \u201ct\u1eed th\u1ea7n\u201d\tAuschwitz\t-\tn\u01a1i\t1,5\ttri\u1ec7u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebft\t-\tnhi\u1ec1u\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3\t ti\u1ebfn\t h\u00e0nh\t l\u1ec5\t T\u01b0\u1edfng\t ni\u1ec7m\t c\u00e1c\t n\u1ea1n\t nh\u00e2n\t trong\t th\u1eddi\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t qu\u1ed1c\t x\u00e3.\t M\u1ed9t\t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng\tsau,\th\u1ecd\tc\u0169ng\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tl\u1ec5\tk\u1ef7\tni\u1ec7m\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\ts\u1ed1\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\tb\u1ea5t h\u1ee7\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u00e1ng\t t\u00e1c\t trong\t giai\t \u0111o\u1ea1n\t kh\u1ee7ng\t khi\u1ebfp\t n\u00e0y.\t T\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t xu\u1ea5t\t b\u1ea3n\t b\u1eb1ng\t ti\u1ebfng\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 1946\t v\u1edbi\t nhan\t \u0111\u1ec1\t A\t Psychologist Experiences\t the\t Concentration\t Camp\t (Nh\u1eefng\t tr\u1ea3i\t nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t t\u00e2m l\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\ttrong\ttr\u1ea1i\tt\u1eadp\ttrung)\tv\u00e0\tsau\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tt\u00ean\tth\u00e0nh\tSay\tYes\tto\tLife\tin Spite\t of\t Everything\t (\u201cH\u00e3y\t n\u00f3i\t \u2018C\u00f3\u2019\t v\u1edbi\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\t trong\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ef3\t ho\u00e0n\t c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o\u201d),\tc\u00e1c\t\u1ea5n\tb\u1ea3n\tsau\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ed5\tsung\tl\u1eddi\tgi\u1edbi\tthi\u1ec7u\tv\u1ec1\tLi\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a, v\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ea3n\tt\u00e1i\tb\u00fat\tv\u1ec1\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\tl\u1ea1c\tquan\tkhi\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tm\u1eb7t\tv\u1edbi\tn\u1ed7i\t\u0111au,\tt\u1ed9i\tl\u1ed7i\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.\tB\u1ea3n\td\u1ecbch\tti\u1ebfng\tAnh,\tl\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tv\u00e0o\tn\u0103m\t1959\tv\u1edbi\tti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1\tMan\u2019s\tSearch\tfor\tMeaning\t(\u0110i\tt\u00ecm\tl\u1ebd\ts\u1ed1ng). T\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tc\u1ee7a\tViktor\tFrankl\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u00e1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u01a1n\t12\ttri\u1ec7u\tb\u1ea3n\tb\u1eb1ng\t24\tng\u00f4n ng\u1eef[59].\tTheo\tkh\u1ea3o\ts\u00e1t\tv\u00e0o\tn\u0103m\t1991\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u01b0\tvi\u1ec7n\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia\tHoa\tK\u1ef3\t(Library of\t Congress),\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t gi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t y\u00eau\t c\u1ea7u\t k\u1ec3\t t\u00ean\t \u201cm\u1ed9t\t cu\u1ed1n\t s\u00e1ch\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t thay \u0111\u1ed5i\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\u201d\tv\u00e0\t\u0110i\tt\u00ecm\tl\u1ebd\ts\u1ed1ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\ts\u1ed1\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng\t nh\u1ea5t\t t\u1ea1i\t M\u1ef9.\t N\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t truy\u1ec1n\t c\u1ea3m\t h\u1ee9ng\t cho\t nhi\u1ec1u\t nh\u00e0\t t\u01b0\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t v\u1ec1\t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\t v\u00e0\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc,\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u00ean\t gia\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ee9c\t kho\u1ebb\t t\u00e2m\t th\u1ea7n,\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u00e1o\t vi\u00ean,\t sinh vi\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ed9c\tgi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea1i\tch\u00fang.\t\u0110\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\tcu\u1ed1n\t s\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\tcho\t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tsinh,\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\tcao\t\u0111\u1eb3ng,\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc,\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecdc\tsinh\ttrung\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1ec1\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd h\u1ecdc,\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc,\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed,\tv\u0103n\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng,\tc\u00e1c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tqu\u1ed1c\tx\u00e3,\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o v\u00e0\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn\tn\u00f3\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\ts\u00e2u\tr\u1ed9ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tl\u00e2u\td\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1eady? Cu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tViktor\tFrankl\ttr\u1ea3i\td\u00e0i\tg\u1ea7n\th\u1ebft\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\t20,\tt\u1eeb\tl\u00fac\t\u00f4ng\tsinh\tra v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 1905\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t khi\t \u00f4ng\t m\u1ea5t\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 1997.\t T\u1eeb\t l\u00fac\t 3\t tu\u1ed5i,\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\ts\u1ebd\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\ty\ts\u0129.\tTrong\tti\u1ec3u\ts\u1eed\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed9c\tb\u1ea1ch\tr\u1eb1ng\tngay t\u1eeb\tl\u00fac\tc\u00f2n\ttr\u1ebb\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u201cth\u1ec9nh\ttho\u1ea3ng\tngh\u0129\tv\u1ec1\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng.\tNh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ec1\t\u00fd ngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\ts\u1eafp\tt\u1edbi\tv\u00e0\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tt\u00f4i\u201d. \u0110\u1ebfn\t tu\u1ed5i\t v\u1ecb\t th\u00e0nh\t ni\u00ean,\t Frankl\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111am\t m\u00ea\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc,\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ecdc\t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ecdc.\t\u0110\u1ec3\tb\u1ed5\tsung\tth\u00eam\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1edbp\tb\u1eadc\ttrung h\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ttham\tgia\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1edbp\tb\u1ed3i\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tki\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9c\tv\u00e0\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ttrao \u0111\u1ed5i\t qua\t l\u1ea1i\t b\u1eb1ng\t th\u01b0\t t\u1eeb\t v\u1edbi\t Sigmund\t Freud,\t \u0111\u01b0a\t t\u1edbi\t vi\u1ec7c\t Freud\t \u0111\u00e3\t n\u1ed9p\t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o\t c\u1ee7a\t Frank\t cho\t T\u1ea1p\t ch\u00ed\t ph\u00e2n\t t\u00e2m\t h\u1ecdc\t qu\u1ed1c\t t\u1ebf\t (International\t Journal\t of Psychoanalysis).\tB\u00e0i\tvi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tv\u00e0\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3.\tC\u0169ng\tc\u00f9ng","n\u0103m\t \u0111\u00f3,\t khi\t 16\t tu\u1ed5i,\t Frankl\t \u0111\u00e3\t tham\t d\u1ef1\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ed9i\t th\u1ea3o\t chuy\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ec1\t n\u1eb1m\t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t b\u1ed3i\t d\u01b0\u1ee1ng\t chuy\u00ean\t m\u00f4n\t v\u1ec1\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc.\t V\u1ecb\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t d\u1eabn\t \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn\tra\tt\u00e0i\tn\u0103ng\thi\u1ebfm\tc\u00f3\tc\u1ee7a\tFrankl\tn\u00ean\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u1eddi\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f9ng\tthuy\u1ebft\tgi\u1ea3ng\tv\u1ec1\t\u00fd ngh\u0129a\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng.\t Frankl\t \u0111\u00e3\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1edbi\t kh\u00e1n\t gi\u1ea3\t r\u1eb1ng:\t \u201cCh\u00ednh\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i\t t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\tm\u00e0\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\th\u1ecfi\tta,\tv\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\t\u0111\u00f3,\tch\u00fang\tta\tch\u1ec9 c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t tr\u1ea3\t l\u1eddi\t b\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1ch\t ch\u1ecbu\t tr\u00e1ch\t nhi\u1ec7m\t cho\t ch\u00ednh\t s\u1ef1\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\u201d. Ni\u1ec1m\t tin\t n\u00e0y\t tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh\t kim\t ch\u1ec9\t nam\t cho\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t h\u00ecnh\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec1\tnghi\u1ec7p\tc\u1ee7a\tFrankl. Ch\u1ecbu\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ee7a\tFreud,\tkhi\tc\u00f2n\tl\u00e0\th\u1ecdc\tsinh\ttrung h\u1ecdc,\t Frankl\t \u0111\u00e3\t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t sau\t n\u00e0y\t s\u1ebd\t tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh\t b\u00e1c\t s\u0129\t th\u1ea7n\t kinh.\t M\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n\t h\u1ecdc\t t\u1eebng\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1edbi\t Frankl\t l\u00e0\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u00fa\t cho\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t gi\u00fap\t \u0111\u1ee1\t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c,\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ti\u1ebfp\t th\u00eam\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u1ef1c,\t Frankl\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t nh\u1eadn\t ra\t r\u1eb1ng\t \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tchu\u1ea9n\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f2n\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ef1c\tth\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t tham\t v\u1ea5n\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t Frankl\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t do\t \u00f4ng\t kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng\t-\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u1eadp\tra\tch\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\ttham\tv\u1ea5n\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\tri\u00eang\td\u00e0nh\tcho\tgi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t \u1edf\t th\u1ee7\t \u0111\u00f4\t Vienna,\t \u00c1o.\t T\u1eeb\t 1930-1937,\t \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t b\u00e1c\t s\u0129\t t\u00e2m\t th\u1ea7n\t t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh\t vi\u1ec7n\t \u0110\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t Y\t \u1edf\t th\u1ee7\t \u0111\u00f4\t Vienna,\t chuy\u00ean\t ch\u0103m\t s\u00f3c\t c\u00e1c\t b\u1ec7nh\t nh\u00e2n\t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng\t t\u1ef1\t t\u1eed.\t \u00d4ng\t t\u00ecm\t c\u00e1ch\t gi\u00fap\t c\u00e1c\t b\u1ec7nh\t nh\u00e2n\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t t\u00ecm\t ra\t con\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\th\u01a1n,\tcho\td\u00f9\th\u1ecd\tm\u1eafc\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u0103n\tb\u1ec7nh\ttr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m\tho\u1eb7c\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n.\tN\u0103m\t1939,\t\u00f4ng\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\tkhoa\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\tt\u1ea1i\tb\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n\tRothschild\t-\tb\u1ec7nh\tvi\u1ec7n\tDo\tTh\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\t\u1edf\tVienna. Trong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh,\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tc\u1ee7a\tFrankl\tt\u1ea1i\tRothschild\t\u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ea3o\tv\u1ec7\tkh\u1ecfi\tnguy\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ecb\ttr\u1ee5c\txu\u1ea5t.\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean,\tkhi b\u1ec7nh\tvi\u1ec7c\tb\u1ecb\tch\u00ednh\tquy\u1ec1n\tph\u00e1t\tx\u00edt\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tc\u1eeda,\tFrankl\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tr\u1eb1ng\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f3\tnguy c\u01a1\tl\u1edbn\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ttr\u1ea1i\tt\u1eadp\ttrung.\tN\u0103m\t1942,\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ts\u1ee9\tqu\u00e1n\tM\u1ef9\t\u1edf\tVienna\tth\u00f4ng b\u00e1o\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea5p\tth\u1ecb\tth\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u01b0\t\u1edf\tM\u1ef9.\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\ttho\u00e1t\tkh\u1ecfi\tVienna\ts\u1ebd gi\u00fap\t \u00f4ng\t ho\u00e0n\t th\u00e0nh\t cu\u1ed1n\t s\u00e1ch\t v\u1ec1\t li\u1ec7u\t ph\u00e1p\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a,\t nh\u01b0ng\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\t hu\u1ef7\t b\u1ecf\t th\u1ecb\t th\u1ef1c:\t \u00f4ng\t c\u1ea3m\t th\u1ea5y\t m\u00ecnh\t n\u00ean\t \u1edf\t l\u1ea1i\t Vienna\t v\u00ec\t cha\t m\u1eb9\t gi\u00e0. Th\u00e1ng\t 09\t n\u0103m\t 1942,\t Frankl\t v\u00e0\t gia\t \u0111\u00ecnh\t b\u1ecb\t b\u1eaft\t v\u00e0\t b\u1ecb\t tr\u1ee5c\t xu\u1ea5t.\t \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t tr\u1ea3i qua\t4\ttr\u1ea1i\tt\u1eadp\ttrung\ttrong\tsu\u1ed1t\t3\tn\u0103m\t-\tTheresienstadt,\tAuschwitz-Birkenau, Kaufering\tv\u00e0\tT\u00fcrkheim,\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ed9\tph\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u1ea1i\tDachau. \u0110i\u1ec1u\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ea7n\tl\u01b0u\t\u00fd\tr\u1eb1ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tt\u00f9\t\u0111\u00e0y\tc\u1ee7a\tFrankl\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tth\u00f4i\tth\u00fac\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\t\u0110i\tt\u00ecm\tl\u1ebd\ts\u1ed1ng.\tTr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tb\u1ecb\ttr\u1ee5c\txu\u1ea5t,\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t c\u00e1c\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ee9\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t r\u1eb1ng\t t\u00ecm\t ki\u1ebfm\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\t l\u00e0\t ch\u00eca\t kho\u00e1\t cho\t s\u1ee9c\t kho\u1ebb\t tinh\t th\u1ea7n\t v\u00e0\t gi\u00fap\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.\t Tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh\t m\u1ed9t\t t\u00f9\t nh\u00e2n\t trong\t tr\u1ea1i\t t\u1eadp\t trung,\t \u00f4ng\t b\u1ed7ng\t nhi\u00ean\t b\u1ecb\t bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i\t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t xem\t ch\u00ednh\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t c\u00f3\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t hay\t kh\u00f4ng.\t S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\t s\u00f3t\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t k\u1ebft\t h\u1ee3p\t t\u1eeb\t \u00fd\t ch\u00ed\t s\u1ed1ng\t v\u1edbi\t b\u1ea3n\t n\u0103ng\t sinh\t t\u1ed3n,","nh\u1eefng\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tkhoan\tdung\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tt\u00ednh\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u0103n\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00f4n\tkh\u00e9o;\td\u0129\tnhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00f4ng\tk\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tvai\ttr\u00f2\tc\u1ee7a\ty\u1ebfu\tt\u1ed1\tmay\tm\u1eafn\tch\u1eb3ng\th\u1ea1n\tnh\u01b0\tn\u01a1i\t\u00f4ng b\u1ecb\tgiam\tgi\u1eef,\tt\u00ednh\tkh\u00ed\tb\u1ecdn\tl\u00ednh\tcanh\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\ttu\u1ef3\th\u1ee9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tv\u1ec1 v\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tx\u1ebfp\th\u00e0ng,\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\t\u0111\u00e1ng\ttin\tc\u1eady.\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean,\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\ty\u1ebfu t\u1ed1\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tri\u00eang\t\u1edf\tm\u1ed7i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00fap\th\u1ecd\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00f3i\tkh\u1ed5\tv\u00e0\tsuy\t\u0111\u1ed3i\t\u1edf\ttr\u1ea1i. Frankl\t \u0111\u00e3\t r\u00fat\t ra\t nh\u1eefng\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t \u1edf\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ch\u1eb3ng\t h\u1ea1n\t nh\u01b0\t s\u1ef1\t l\u1ea1c quan\t b\u1ea9m\t sinh,\t s\u1ef1\t h\u00e0i\t h\u01b0\u1edbc,\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t t\u00e1ch\t r\u1eddi,\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u00e2y\t ph\u00fat\t tr\u1ea7m\t ng\u00e2m ng\u1eafn\t ng\u1ee7i,\t s\u1ef1\t t\u1ef1\t do\t b\u00ean\t trong,\t v\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t quy\u1ebft\t t\u00e2m\t kh\u00f4ng\t g\u1ee5c\t ng\u00e3\t ho\u1eb7c\t t\u1ef1\t t\u1eed. \u00d4ng\t nh\u1eadn\t ra\t r\u1eb1ng\t \u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t s\u1ed1ng\t v\u00ec\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t lai,\t v\u00e0\t r\u00fat\t ra\t s\u1ee9c\t m\u1ea1nh\t t\u1eeb\t nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea3m\ts\u00e2u\ts\u1eafc\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1ee3\tv\u00e0\tni\u1ec1m\tkhao\tkh\u00e1t\tho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch v\u1ec1\t li\u1ec7u\t ph\u00e1p\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a.\t \u00d4ng\t c\u0169ng\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\t trong\t c\u1ea3nh\t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0\tti\u00ean\tv\u00e0\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt,\td\u00f9\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tkho\u1ea3nh\tkh\u1eafc\ttho\u00e1ng\tqua.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tquan tr\u1ecdng\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tr\u1eb1ng\tcho\td\u00f9\tc\u00f3\tchuy\u1ec7n\tg\u00ec\tx\u1ea3y\tra\t\u0111i\tn\u1eefa,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tt\u1ef1\tdo\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u1ef1a\tch\u1ecdn\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111au\tkh\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u01a1n\t thu\u1ea7n\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t l\u1ef1a\t ch\u1ecdn\t m\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t tr\u00e1ch\t nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t v\u00e0\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed7i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u1ec3\t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t \u201cnh\u1eefng\t b\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111i\t cu\u1ed9c\t \u0111\u1eddi\t tr\u00ean\t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u1eadn\tm\u1ec7nh\u201d. \u0110\u00f4i\t khi\t c\u00e1c\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t Frankl\t c\u0169ng\t truy\u1ec1n\t c\u1ea3m\t h\u1ee9ng\t cho\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ec7nh\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111ang\th\u1ea5p\th\u1ed1i\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ecb\tli\u1ec7t\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i\t m\u1eb7t\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ed1\t ph\u1eadn\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd.\t Nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c\t c\u0169ng\t truy\u1ec1n\t c\u1ea3m\t h\u1ee9ng\t cho \u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0\tkhi\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u1eb3ng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tqua\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00edch\tx\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng,\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tch\u1ecdn\tnhi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ee5\tcho\tm\u00ecnh\u201d.\t\u00d4ng\tch\u1ec9 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V\u00e0o\tn\u0103m\t1945,\t sau\tkhi\t tho\u00e1t\tkh\u1ecfi\tc\u00e1i\t ch\u1ebft\tc\u1eadn\t k\u1ec1\tdo\tb\u1ec7nh\t s\u1ed1t\tph\u00e1t\t ban trong\ttr\u1ea1i\tT\u00fcrkheim\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttr\u1ea3\tt\u1ef1\tdo,\tFrankl\tph\u00e1t\thi\u1ec7n\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u00ecnh\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n c\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ed9c.\tV\u00e0o\tng\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tVienna\tv\u00e0o\tth\u00e1ng\t8\tn\u0103m\t1945,\tFrankl\tbi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng\tTilly\t-\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1ee3\t\u0111ang\tmang\ttrong\tm\u00ecnh\tgi\u1ecdt\tm\u00e1u\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebft\ttrong tr\u1ea1i\t t\u1eadp\t trung\t Bergen\t -\t Belsen.\t Cha\t m\u1eb9\t v\u00e0\t em\t trai\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t ch\u1ebft trong\ttr\u1ea1i.\tV\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\tn\u1ed7i\tm\u1ea5t\tm\u00e1t\tv\u00e0\tsuy\ts\u1ee5p\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\tl\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c\tt\u1ea1i\tVienna\tv\u1edbi\tt\u01b0\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tchuy\u00ean\tgia\tv\u1ec1\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc\t-\t\u0111\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t b\u1ea5t\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t b\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t nhi\u1ec1u\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\t nh\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t ph\u00e2n\t t\u00e2m\t h\u1ecdc\t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tDo\tTh\u00e1i,\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u01b0\t\u1edf\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia\tkh\u00e1c.\tNhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u00e2n\tt\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3\tg\u00f3p\tph\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tn\u00e0y\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng:\tFrankl\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed1i\tli\u00ean\th\u1ec7 m\u1eadt\tthi\u1ebft\tv\u1edbi\tVienna,\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ec7nh\tnh\u00e2n\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\tc\u1ea7n\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\ttrong\tgiai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\th\u1eadu\tchi\u1ebfn.\t\u00d4ng\tc\u0169ng\ttin\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tm\u1ea1nh\tm\u1ebd\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\tho\u00e0\tgi\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t\th\u01a1n\tvi\u1ec7c\ttr\u1ea3\tth\u00f9;\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh:\t\u201cT\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tqu\u00ean\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\tngh\u0129a c\u1eed\t t\u1ed1t\t \u0111\u1eb9p\t n\u00e0o\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u1eadn,\t nh\u01b0ng\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t nu\u00f4i\t l\u00f2ng\t o\u00e1n\t gi\u1eadn\t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng\t h\u00e0nh\t x\u1eed\t t\u1ed3i\t t\u1ec7\u201d.\t \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t\t ph\u1ea3n\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t quan\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t v\u1ec1\t t\u1ed9i\t l\u1ed7i\t t\u1eadp\t th\u1ec3. Frankl\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tnghi\u1ec7p\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\th\u00e0ng\tx\u00f3m\t\u1edf Vienna\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft\tho\u1eb7c\tth\u1eadm\tch\u00ed\t\u0111\u00e3\ttham\tgia\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7c\tb\u1ee9c\th\u1ea1i\t\u00f4ng,\tnh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ec9\t tr\u00edch\t h\u1ecd\t v\u00ec\t \u0111\u00e3\t kh\u00f4ng\t ki\u00ean\t quy\u1ebft\t gi\u1eef\t v\u1eefng\t l\u1eadp\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00f9ng\t ho\u1eb7c\t ch\u1ebft\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t anh\t d\u0169ng.\t Thay\t v\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3,\t \u00f4ng\t gi\u1eef\t v\u1eefng quan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tr\u1eb1ng\tth\u1eadm\tch\u00ed\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ed9i\tph\u1ea1m\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tqu\u1ed1c\tx\u00e3\tx\u1ea5u\txa\tho\u1eb7c\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\td\u01b0\u1eddng\tnh\u01b0\tv\u00f4\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tc\u1ee9u\tch\u1eefa\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\ts\u1ef1\tx\u1ea5u xa\tho\u1eb7c\t\u0111i\u00ean\tr\u1ed3i\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1a\tch\u1ecdn\tc\u00f3\ttr\u00e1ch\tnhi\u1ec7m.","\u00d4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t v\u00f9i\t m\u00ecnh\t v\u00e0o\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u.\t N\u0103m\t 1946,\t \u00f4ng\t t\u00e1i\t c\u1ea5u\t tr\u00fac\t v\u00e0\t ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ecb\tti\u00eau\thu\u1ef7\tkhi\tb\u1ecb\t\u0111\u01b0a\tv\u00e0o\ttr\u1ea1i\tt\u1eadp\ttrung\t-\tThe\tDoctor\tand the\tSoul\t(B\u00e1c\ts\u0129\tv\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ed3n),\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\ttrong\tn\u0103m\t\u0111\u00f3\t-\tch\u1ec9\ttrong\tv\u00f2ng\t9\tng\u00e0y\t- \u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\txong\t\u0110i\tt\u00ecm\tl\u1ebd\ts\u1ed1ng.\t\u00d4ng\thy\tv\u1ecdng\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\ts\u1ebd\tgi\u00fap\tch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb\t t\u00ecnh\t tr\u1ea1ng\t c\u00f4\t l\u1eadp\t b\u1ea3n\t th\u00e2n\t v\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t b\u1ea5t\t \u1ed5n,\t x\u00e1o\t tr\u1ed9n\t v\u1ec1\t v\u0103n\t ho\u00e1\t -\t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean\t nh\u00e2n\t khi\u1ebfn\t nhi\u1ec1u\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u1ea3m\t th\u1ea5y\t \u201ctr\u1ed1ng\t r\u1ed7ng\t n\u1ed9i\t t\u00e2m\u201d.\t C\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t\tt\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00fap\tFrankl\tkh\u00f4i\tph\u1ee5c\tl\u1ea1i\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng trong\t\u00f4ng. Hai\tn\u0103m\tsau,\t\u00f4ng\tk\u1ebft\th\u00f4n\tv\u1edbi\tEleanore\tSchwindt.\tGi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tTilly,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t -\t Eleanore\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t y\t t\u00e1.\t Tilly\t theo\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t Do\t Th\u00e1i,\t c\u00f2n Elly\t(t\u00ean\tg\u1ecdi\tth\u00e2n\tm\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\tEleanore)\ttheo\tThi\u00ean\tCh\u00faa\tgi\u00e1o.\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tvi\u1ec7c\thai ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t v\u1ee3\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t theo\t hai\t t\u00edn\t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u01a1n\t thu\u1ea7n\t l\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p\tnh\u01b0ng\tqua\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\tVictor\tFrankl\t-\t\u00f4ng\tlu\u00f4n t\u00f4n\t tr\u1ecdng\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t m\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ec3\t t\u00edn\t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng,\t t\u00f4n\t gi\u00e1o\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd.\t L\u00f2ng\t tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng\t s\u00e2u\t s\u1eafc\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t \u0111\u00e1o\t v\u00e0\t ph\u1ea9m\t gi\u00e1\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1\t nh\u00e2n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n\tr\u00f5\tqua\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u00f4ng\tng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tm\u1ed9\tFreud\tv\u00e0\tAdler,\tcho\td\u00f9\t\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\tv\u00e0\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd.\t\u00d4ng\tc\u0169ng\tt\u1ef1\th\u00e0o\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1ed1i\tquan h\u1ec7\t ri\u00eang\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t tri\u1ebft\t gia\t thu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1c\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t ph\u00e1i\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u1eadp nh\u01b0\tMartin\tHeidegger\t-\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00e2y\tt\u1eebng\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9\tch\u1ebf\t\u0111\u1ed9\tph\u00e1t\tx\u00edt,\tnh\u01b0ng sau\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea3i\tho\u00e1,\thay\tKarl\tJasper\t-\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00e1n\tth\u00e0nh\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tv\u1ec1\tt\u1ed9i\tl\u1ed7i t\u1eadp\tth\u1ec3,\t v\u00e0\t Gabriel\t Marcel\t -\t m\u1ed9t\t tri\u1ebft\t gia\t v\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t s\u0129\t theo\t Thi\u00ean\t Ch\u00faa\t gi\u00e1o. V\u1edbi\tt\u01b0\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tchuy\u00ean\tgia\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n,\tFrankl\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tchi\u1ebfu\tv\u1edbi\tni\u1ec1m tin\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n.\t\u00d4ng\th\u00e3nh\tdi\u1ec7n\tkhi\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m th\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc\tl\u00e0\tch\u1eefa\ttr\u1ecb\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ed3n,\tc\u00f2n\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u1ee9u\tr\u1ed7i\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ed3n. \u00d4ng\tph\u1ee5\ttr\u00e1ch\tgi\u1ea3ng\td\u1ea1y\tv\u00e0\tqu\u1ea3n\tl\u00fd\tkhoa\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\tth\u1ea1i\tB\u1ec7nh\tvi\u1ec7n\tNgo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa\tVienna\ttrong\tsu\u1ed1t\t25\tn\u0103m\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\th\u01a1n\t30\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tchuy\u00ean\ts\u00e2u\tv\u1ec1\tt\u00e2m l\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ts\u00e1ch\tph\u1ed5\tth\u00f4ng\tkh\u00e1c.\tViktor\tFrankl\tc\u0169ng\tdi\u1ec5n\tthuy\u1ebft \u1edf\tkh\u1eafp\tc\u00e1c\tch\u00e2u\tl\u1ee5c\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi,\tt\u1eeb\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u,\tch\u00e2u\tM\u1ef9,\t\u00dac,\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c1\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u00e2u Phi;\t \u00f4ng\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t m\u1eddi\t gi\u1ea3ng\t d\u1ea1y\t t\u1ea1i\t c\u00e1c\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t danh\t ti\u1ebfng\t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t nh\u01b0\t Harvard,\t Stanford,\t Pittsburgh.\t \u00d4ng\t l\u00e0\t Gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t (Distinguished\tProfessor)\tv\u1ec1\tLi\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tQu\u1ed1c\tt\u1ebf\tHoa\tK\u1ef3 (U.S\t International\t University),\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ed1\t San\t Diego.\t \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t g\u1eb7p\t c\u00e1c\t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\tgia,\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tl\u00e3nh\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tnh\u01b0\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tGi\u00e1o\tHo\u00e0ng\tJohn\tPaul\tVI,\tc\u00e1c tri\u1ebft\t gia,\t sinh\t vi\u00ean,\t gi\u00e1o\t vi\u00ean.\t V\u00f4\t s\u1ed1\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t gi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t truy\u1ec1n\t c\u1ea3m\t h\u1ee9ng\t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\tTh\u1eadm\tch\u00ed\t\u1edf\ttu\u1ed5i\t90,\tFrankl\tv\u1eabn\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u1ee5c\ttham\tgia \u0111\u1ed1i\ttho\u1ea1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tdu\tkh\u00e1ch\tt\u1eeb\tkh\u1eafp\tn\u01a1i\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u00e0\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tth\u01b0\tri\u00eang\tcho h\u00e0ng\ttr\u0103m\tb\u1ee9c\tth\u01b0\t\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed7i\ttu\u1ea7n.\t29\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u00e3\td\u00e0nh\tt\u1eb7ng \u00f4ng\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1ecb\tdanh\td\u1ef1,\tv\u00e0\thi\u1ec7p\th\u1ed9i\tb\u1ec7nh\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\tM\u1ef9\t\u0111\u00e3\tvinh\tdanh\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1edbi\tGi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng\tOskar\tPfister[61].","Frankl\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00f4n\tvinh\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u1eadp\tra\tli\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\td\u00f9ng\tc\u00e1c\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00edch\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u00fap\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ec7nh\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft c\u00e1c\txung\t\u0111\u1ed9t\tv\u1ec1\tc\u1ea3m\tx\u00fac.\t\u00d4ng\tkhuy\u1ebfn\tkh\u00edch\tnhi\u1ec1u\tchuy\u00ean\tgia\tnh\u00ecn\ts\u00e2u\th\u01a1n v\u1ec1\tqu\u00e1\tkh\u1ee9\tho\u1eb7c\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\t\u1edf\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u1ec7nh\tnh\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u00fap\th\u1ecd\tho\u1ea1ch\t\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ef1c\ttrong\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tb\u1eb1ng\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1a\tch\u1ecdn\tc\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ecbu\ttr\u00e1ch\tnhi\u1ec7m\tv\u1edbi\tch\u00fang.\tNhi\u1ec1u\tth\u1ebf\th\u1ec7\tchuy\u00ean\tgia\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ea3m\th\u1ee9ng\tb\u1edfi\tc\u00e1ch\tnh\u00ecn\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u0103n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u1ed9t\tph\u00e1 trong\t s\u1ef1\t nghi\u1ec7p\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh\t nh\u1edd\t v\u00e0o\t c\u00e1c\t b\u00e0i\t vi\u1ebft,\t b\u00e0i\t di\u1ec5n\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ea7y\t s\u1ee9c\t h\u00fat c\u1ee7a\tFrankl.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhuy\u1ebfn\tkh\u00edch\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00ean\td\u00f9ng\tc\u00e1ch\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00edch\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o\tthay\tv\u00ec\tl\u1eadp\tra\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ecdc\tthuy\u1ebft\tch\u00ednh\tth\u1ee9c.\t\u00d4ng\tcho r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t tr\u1ecb\t li\u1ec7u\t n\u00ean\t t\u1eadp\t trung\t v\u00e0o\t nhu\t c\u1ea7u\t c\u1ee5\t th\u1ec3\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u1eebng\t b\u1ec7nh\t nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tk\u1ebft\tlu\u1eadn\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u1eebu\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tl\u1ecbch\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\td\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1eb7c,\tFrankl\tc\u0169ng\td\u00e0nh\tth\u1eddi\tgian\t\u0111\u1ec3\th\u1ecdc\tl\u00e1i\tm\u00e1y bay\t v\u00e0\t theo\t \u0111u\u1ed5i\t ni\u1ec1m\t \u0111am\t m\u00ea\t c\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1eddi\t \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t chinh\t ph\u1ee5c\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ec9nh\t n\u00fai. \u00d4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u00f9a\t r\u1eb1ng,\t tr\u00e1i\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t v\u1edbi\t \u201c\u0111\u1ed9\t s\u00e2u\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\u201d\t c\u1ee7a\t Freud\t v\u00e0\t Adler\t -\t v\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0o\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u00e0o\ts\u00e2u\tqu\u00e1\tkh\u1ee9,\tb\u1ea3n\tn\u0103ng\tv\u00f4\tth\u1ee9c\tv\u00e0\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tmu\u1ed1n\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\t -\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t th\u1ef1c\t h\u00e0nh\t \u201c\u0111\u1ed9\t cao\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\u201d\t -\t t\u1eadp\t trung\t v\u00e0o\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t lai,\t nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u00e0\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\tC\u00e1ch\tti\u1ebfp\tc\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1edbi li\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0o\tt\u1ea7m\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\tvi\u1ec7c\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t\tt\u1edbi\tt\u1ea7m\tcao\tm\u1edbi\tv\u1ec1\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tqua\tvi\u1ec7c\tt\u1ef1\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh: \u00e1p\td\u1ee5ng\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ed7\tl\u1ef1c,\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tt\u00edch\tc\u1ef1c,\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u1edbi\th\u1ea1n\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0a ra\tc\u00e1c\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tkh\u00f4n\tngoan.\tM\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tmu\u1ed1n\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u1eadn\tra r\u1eb1ng\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tv\u00e0\tn\u00ean\tr\u00e8n\tluy\u1ec7n\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tch\u1ecdn\tl\u1ef1a\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\tVi\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tl\u1ea1c\tquan\ttrong\tbi\tk\u1ecbch,\t\u00f4ng\tl\u01b0u\t\u00fd\tch\u00fang\tta\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u201cth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\t\u1edf trong\t t\u00ecnh\t tr\u1ea1ng\t t\u1ed3i\t t\u1ec7,\t nh\u01b0ng\t m\u1ecdi\t th\u1ee9\t s\u1ebd\t v\u1eabn\t t\u1ed3i\t t\u1ec7\t tr\u1eeb\t khi\t m\u1ed7i\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng\th\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh\u201d. M\u1ed9t\t l\u1ea7n,\t m\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t y\u00eau\t c\u1ea7u\t Frankl\t t\u00f3m\t g\u1ecdn\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng trong\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e2u.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tc\u00e2u\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\ttr\u00ean\tgi\u1ea5y\tv\u00e0\th\u1ecfi\tc\u00e1c\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec.\tSau\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ed3i\tim\tl\u1eb7ng,\tm\u1ed9t\tsinh\tvi\u00ean\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn\tFrankl ng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tkhi\tn\u00f3i:\t\u201c\u00dd\tngh\u0129a\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ea7y\tl\u00e0\tgi\u00fap\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c t\u00ecm\tra\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\u201d. \u201cCh\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c\u201d\t-\tFrankl\tn\u00f3i.\t\u201c\u0110\u00f3\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\u201d. -\tWilliam\tJ.\tWinslade[62]","Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch [1]\tFreidrich\tWihelm\tNietzsche\t(1844\t-\t1900):\tNh\u00e0\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\t\u0110\u1ee9c,\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u1edbn\ttrong\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i,\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\thi\u1ec7n\tsinh\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\th\u1eadu\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i. [2]\tSigmund\tFreud\t(1856\t-\t1939):\tB\u00e1c\ts\u0129\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00c1o,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tn\u1ec1n\tm\u00f3ng\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tng\u00e0nh\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ecdc. [3]\tAlfred\tAdler\t(1870\t-\t1937)\tNh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00c1o,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u1eadp ra\tT\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n. [4]\t Kinh\t Shema\t Yisrael\t l\u00e0\t kinh\t nguy\u1ec7n\t h\u1eb1ng\t ng\u00e0y\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00edn\t \u0111\u1ed3\t Do\t Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o,\t v\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t tr\u00edch\t \u0111o\u1ea1n\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u00e1ch\t \u0110\u1ec7\t Nh\u1ecb\t Lu\u1eadt,\t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t 6:4-9,\t t\u1ea1m\t d\u1ecbch\t \u201cN\u00e0y h\u1ee1i\t d\u00e2n\t Israel!\t Thi\u00ean\t Ch\u00faa\t l\u00e0\t Ch\u00faa\t ch\u00fang\t ta!\t L\u00e0\t Thi\u00ean\t Ch\u00faa\t duy\t nh\u1ea5t!\u201d. (Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [5]\t Harold\t S.\t Kushner\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u0129\t danh\t d\u1ef1\t t\u1ea1i\t Temple\t Israel\t \u1edf\t Natick, Massachusetts\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a\tnhi\u1ec1u\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tb\u00e1n\tch\u1ea1y\tnh\u1ea5t\t(best-seller), g\u1ed3m\t When\t Bad\t Things\t Happen\t to\t Good\t People\t (Khi\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t t\u1ed3i\t t\u1ec7\t x\u1ea3y\t ra\t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ed1t),\tLiving\ta\tLife\tThat\tMatters\t(S\u1ed1ng\tx\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng)\tv\u00e0\tWhen\tAll\tYou\u2019re Ever\tWanted\tIsn\u2019t\tEnough\t(Khi\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tv\u1eabn\tl\u00e0\tch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ee7). [6]\tR\u01b0\u1ee3u\ts\u01a1\tn\u00e1p\t(Ti\u1ebfng\tAnh:\tSchnapps):\tM\u1ed9t\tlo\u1ea1i\tr\u01b0\u1ee3u\tc\u00f3\txu\u1ea5t\tx\u1ee9\tt\u1eeb\t\u0110\u1ee9c. [7]\tFyodor\tMikhailovich\tDostoevski\t(1821\t-\t1881):\tV\u0103n\th\u00e0o\tNga,\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t ti\u1ec3u\t thuy\u1ebft\t n\u1ed5i\t ti\u1ebfng\t T\u1ed9i\t \u00e1c\t v\u00e0\t tr\u1eebng\t ph\u1ea1t,\t Anh\t em\t nh\u00e0 Karamazov,\u2026 [8]\tDoris\tLessing\t(sinh\tn\u0103m\t1919):\tNh\u00e0\tv\u0103n\tAnh,\t\u0111o\u1ea1t\tgi\u1ea3i\tNobel\tV\u0103n\th\u1ecdc n\u0103m\t 2007.\t B\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t t\u00e1c\t gi\u1ea3\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t ti\u1ec3u\t thuy\u1ebft\t The\t Grass\t is\t Singing\t v\u00e0\t The golden\tNotebook. [9]\tArthur\tSchopenhauer\t(1788\t-\t1860):\tNh\u00e0\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tduy\tt\u00e2m\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0110\u1ee9c, n\u1ed5i\t ti\u1ebfng\t v\u1edbi\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t \u201cThe\t world\t as\t Will\t and\t Representation\u201d\t (Th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0\tl\u00e0\t\u00fd\tch\u00ed\tv\u00e0\tbi\u1ec3u\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng). [10]\t Otto\t von\t Bismarck\t (1815\t -\t 1898):\t Th\u1ee7\t t\u01b0\u1edbng\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0110\u1ebf\t ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u1edbn\tt\u1edbi\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tc\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u. [11]\tBenedictus\tde\tSpinoza\t(1633\t-\t1677):\tNh\u00e0\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tH\u00e0\tLan\tg\u1ed1c Do\tTh\u00e1i,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tn\u1ec1n\tm\u00f3ng\tcho\tth\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\tKhai\ts\u00e1ng\t\u1edf\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7","18. [12]\tRainer\tMaria\tRilke\t(1875\t-\t1926):\tNh\u00e0\tth\u01a1\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00c1o\tvi\u1ebft\tb\u1eb1ng\tti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tth\u01a1\tl\u1edbn\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\t20. [13]\tT\u00ecnh\tc\u1edd\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ebft\tth\u00eam\tm\u1ed9t\tchuy\u1ec7n\tth\u00fa\tv\u1ecb\tli\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1ecb\tch\u1ec9\thuy thu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ed9i\tl\u00ednh\tSS\tn\u00e0y,\tqua\t\u0111\u00f3\tcho\tth\u1ea5y\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00f9\tnh\u00e2n\tDo\tTh\u00e1i\ttrong tr\u1ea1i\t t\u1eadp\t trung\t r\u1ea5t\t k\u00ednh\t tr\u1ecdng.\t Sau\t khi\t chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t k\u1ebft\t th\u00fac,\t qu\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ed9i\t M\u1ef9\t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i\tph\u00f3ng\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00f9\tnh\u00e2n\ttrong\ttr\u1ea1i\tt\u1eadp\ttrung\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tt\u00f4i.\tBa\tt\u00f9\tnh\u00e2n\tDo Th\u00e1i\tg\u1ed1c\tHung\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1ea5u\tv\u1ecb\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tn\u00e0y\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tkhu\tr\u1eebng\t\u1edf\tBavaria.\tSau\t\u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t b\u00e1o\t c\u00e1o\t v\u1edbi\t v\u1ecb\t s\u0129\t quan\t ch\u1ec9\t huy\t qu\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ed9i\t M\u1ef9\t ph\u1ee5\t tr\u00e1ch\t khu\t v\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\tt\u00f4i\t-\tv\u1ecb\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111ang\tt\u00ecm\tm\u1ecdi\tc\u00e1ch\ttruy\tl\u00f9ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tthu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ed9i\tl\u00ednh SS\tkia\t-\tr\u1eb1ng\th\u1ecd\ts\u1ebd\tgiao\tn\u1ed9p\tv\u1ecb\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tSS\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n:\tv\u1ecb\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tqu\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9\tph\u1ea3i\tcam\tk\u1ebft\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1ea3o\t\u0111\u1ea3m\tan\tto\u00e0n\tt\u00ednh\tm\u1ea1ng\tcho\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\ttr\u1ea1i\tkia.\tSau m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ed3i\t suy\t ngh\u0129,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ch\u1ec9\t huy\t ph\u00eda\t b\u00ean\t qu\u00e2n\t M\u1ef9\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t \u00fd v\u1edbi\t ba\t t\u00f9\t nh\u00e2n\t Do\t Th\u00e1i\t g\u1ed1c\t Hung\t kia.\t V\u00e0\t tr\u00ean\t th\u1ef1c\t t\u1ebf,\t v\u1ecb\t ch\u1ec9\t huy\t qu\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u00fang\tl\u1eddi\th\u1ee9a\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tm\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u1ef1u\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tSS\tc\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1i\t ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t c\u00f2n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u1ee5c\t ch\u1ee9c,\t b\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t \u00f4ng\t \u1ea5y\t \u0111\u00e3\t gi\u00e1m\t s\u00e1t\t vi\u1ec7c\t thu\t gom t\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tqu\u1ea7n\t\u00e1o,\ttrang\tph\u1ee5c\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tth\u00f4n\tl\u00e0ng\tt\u1ea1i\tBavaria,\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3\tph\u00e2n\tph\u00e1t\tcho t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t t\u00f9\t nh\u00e2n\t ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i.\t L\u00fac\t \u0111\u00f3\t ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t v\u1eabn\t kho\u00e1c\t tr\u00ean\t m\u00ecnh\t nh\u1eefng\t b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n\t \u00e1o\t ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t k\u1ebf\t th\u1eeba\t t\u1eeb\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u1ea1n\t t\u00f9\t \u0111\u00e3\t n\u1eb1m\t xu\u1ed1ng\t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea1i\t Auschwitz,\t h\u1ecd\t \u0111\u00e3\t kh\u00f4ng\t may\t m\u1eafn\t nh\u01b0\t ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i,\t h\u1ecd\t \u0111\u00e3\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee3i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t ng\u00e0y\t n\u00e0y,\t \u0111\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ecb\t \u0111\u01b0a\t th\u1eb3ng\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t l\u00f2\t h\u01a1i\t ng\u1ea1t khi\t v\u1eeba\t b\u01b0\u1edbc\t xu\u1ed1ng\t s\u00e2n\t ga\t xe\t l\u1eeda\t ngay\t bu\u1ed5i\t s\u00e1ng\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t tr\u1ea1i.(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [14]\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tphi\u00ean\tb\u1ea3n\tg\u1ed1c\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i,\tb\u1ea3n\td\u1ecbch\tti\u1ebfng\tAnh\t\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tAlfred\tA.\tKnopf,\tNew\tYork\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tn\u0103m\t1955\tv\u1edbi\tt\u1ef1a\t\u0111\u1ec1\tThe\tDoctor and\tthe\tSoul:\tAn\tIntroduction\tto\tLogotherapy\t(B\u00e1c\ts\u0129\tv\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ed3n:\tGi\u1edbi\tthi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1\tLi\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a).\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [15]\t Hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ph\u1ee5\t (Epiphenomenon):\t M\u1ed9t\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t xu\u1ea5t\t hi\u1ec7n\t nh\u01b0\t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t k\u00e9o\t theo\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u1ea3y\t ra\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111\u00f3.\t (Ch\u00fa\t th\u00edch\t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [16]\t \u201cLogotherapy\t and\t Existential\t Analysis\u201d,\t Acta\t Psychotherapeutica,\t 6 (1958),\ttrang\t193-204.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [17]\t Kinh\t c\u1ea7u\t nguy\u1ec7n\t cho\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ch\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Do\t Th\u00e1i.\t (Ch\u00fa\t th\u00edch\t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [18]\t\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ebfm\tth\u1ea5y\ts\u1ef1\ttr\u0103n\ttr\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\tcon;\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1eef\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eaft\tc\u1ee7a con\t trong\t c\u00e1i\t b\u00ecnh\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi!\t Ch\u00fang\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u1edf\t trong\t s\u00e1ch\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t sao?\u201d","(Th\u00e1nh\tV\u1ecbnh,\tb\u00e0i\t56,\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\t8).\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [19]\t\u0110\u1ec3\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ttr\u1ecb\tc\u00e1c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tb\u1ea5t\tl\u1ef1c\tt\u00ecnh\td\u1ee5c,\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u1ef9\tthu\u1eadt\tc\u1ee5\tth\u1ec3\ttheo li\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t\u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n,\t d\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\t l\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\t mong\tmu\u1ed1n\t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n\t \u1ee9ng\t th\u00e1i\t qu\u00e1\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u00e1c\t th\u1ea3o\t \u1edf\t tr\u00ean\t (Viktor\t E.\t Frankl,\t \u201cThe Pleasure\t Principle\t and\t Sexual\t Neurosis\u201d,\t The\t International\t Journal\t of Sexology,\tvol\t5,\ts\u1ed1\t3\t(1952),\ttrang\t128-30).D\u0129\tnhi\u00ean,\tk\u1ef9\tthu\u1eadt\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3 n\u00e0o\t tr\u00ecnh\t b\u00e0y\t trong\t b\u00e0i\t vi\u1ebft\t t\u00f3m\t l\u01b0\u1ee3c\t n\u00e0y\t v\u1ec1\t c\u00e1c\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a\t li\u1ec7u\t ph\u00e1p\t \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [20]\t Viktor\t E.\t Frankl,\t \u201cZur\t medikament\u00f6sen\t Unterstutzung\t der Psychotherapie\t bei\t Neurosen\u201d,\t Schweizer\t Archiv\t f\u00fcr\t Neurologie\t und Psychiatrie,\tVol.43,\ttrang\t26-31.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [21]\tGordon\tWillard\tAllport\t(1897\t-\t1967):\tNh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tM\u1ef9,\tm\u1ed9t trong\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tti\u00ean\tphong\ttrong\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\th\u00e0nh\tvi c\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n. [22]\tNew\tYork,\tThe\tMacmillan\tCo.,\t1956,\ttrang\t22.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [23]\t N\u1ed7i\t s\u1ee3\t m\u1ea5t\t ng\u1ee7,\t trong\t \u0111a\t s\u1ed1\t c\u00e1c\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p,\t l\u00e0\t do\t s\u1ef1\t thi\u1ebfu\t hi\u1ec3u\t bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a\t b\u1ec7nh\t nh\u00e2n\t v\u1ec1\t vi\u1ec7c\t c\u01a1\t th\u1ec3\t t\u1ef1\t cung\t c\u1ea5p\t cho\t ch\u00ednh\t n\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7\tt\u1ed1i\tthi\u1ec3u\tc\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [24]\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychotherapy,\t10\t(1956),\ttrang\t134.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch c\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [25]\t\u201cSome\tComments\ton\ta\tViennese\tSchool\tof\tPsychiatry\u201d,\tThe\tJournal of\t Abnormal\t and\t Social\t Psychology,\t 51\t (1955),\t trang\t 701-703.\t (Ch\u00fa\t th\u00edch c\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [26]\t Anticipatory\t anxiety:\t C\u01a1n\t lo\t \u00e2u,\t h\u1ed1t\t ho\u1ea3ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t b\u00f9ng\t ph\u00e1t\t khi\t \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tkhi\u1ebfn\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tkhi\u1ebfp\ts\u1ee3\ttrong\tqu\u00e1\tkh\u1ee9.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [27]\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tb\u1ecb\tth\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tt\u1eeb\tn\u1ed7i\ts\u1ee3\th\u00e3i\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ec7nh\tnh\u00e2n\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c \u00e1m\t\u1ea3nh\tn\u00e0y\tb\u00e1o\thi\u1ec7u\tm\u00ecnh\ts\u1eafp\tb\u1ecb\tb\u1ec7nh\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\tho\u1eb7c\tth\u1eadm\tch\u00ed\t\u0111\u00e3\tb\u1ec7nh\tr\u1ed3i; ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ec7nh\tkh\u00f4ng\t nh\u1eadn\tra\t r\u1eb1ng\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf,\t s\u1ef1\tr\u1ed1i\t lo\u1ea1n\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\t \u00e1m\t\u1ea3nh\t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111ang\tgi\u00fap\tcho\tanh\tta\ttho\u00e1t\tkh\u1ecfi\tb\u1ecb\tc\u0103n\tb\u1ec7nh\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\tth\u1eadt s\u1ef1,\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t g\u00e2y\t nguy\t hi\u1ec3m\t cho\t anh\t ta\t theo\t chi\u1ec1u\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t n\u00e0y.\t (Ch\u00fa\t th\u00edch\t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [28]\tL\u00fd\tl\u1ebd\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tAllport\t\u1ee7ng\th\u1ed9.\t\u00d4ng\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ea7n\tn\u00f3i:\t\u201cB\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\ttr\u1ecdng\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng\tchuy\u1ec3n\td\u1ecbch\tt\u1eeb\ts\u1ef1\txung\t\u0111\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1c\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tv\u1ecb\ttha,\tn\u00ean\tcu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\ts\u1ebd","tr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\t\u00e2m\tvang\th\u01a1n\tcho\td\u00f9\tch\u1ee9ng\tr\u1ed1i\tlo\u1ea1n\tth\u1ea7n\tkinh\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd bi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ea5t\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\u201d\t(tr\u00edch\td\u1eabn\ttrang\t95).\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [29]\tT\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00fd\tgi\u1ea3i\t\u1edf\tph\u1ea7n\ttr\u00ean,\tr\u1eb1ng\tngay\tt\u1eeb\tbu\u1ed5i\tb\u00ecnh\tminh\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed nh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i,\tlo\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u1ea5t\t\u0111i\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tb\u1ea3n\tn\u0103ng\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\tlo\u00e0i\tth\u00fa;\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1c giai\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tsau\tn\u00e0y,\tnh\u1eefng\ttruy\u1ec1n\tth\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1eb1m\tc\u1ee7ng\tc\u1ed1\th\u00e0nh\tvi\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng\t m\u1ea5t\t d\u1ea7n;\t r\u1ed3i\t qu\u00e1\t tr\u00ecnh\t t\u1ef1\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t ho\u00e1\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t ch\u1eebng\t s\u1ebd\t gi\u00fap\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f3 th\u00eam\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tngh\u1ec9\tng\u01a1i,\tb\u1edbt\tph\u1ea3i\tlao\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1ea5t\tv\u1ea3\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tti\u1ebfc\tl\u00e0\tnhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u00e0m\tg\u00ec\tv\u1edbi\tqu\u1ef9\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tnh\u00e0n\tr\u1ed7i\tn\u00e0y.\tTh\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\th\u1ecd\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c\ts\u1ed1ng\tth\u1eadt\ttr\u1ed1ng\ttr\u1ea3i,\tv\u00f4\tv\u1ecb.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [30]\t \u201cValue\t Diemensions\t in\t Teaching\u201d,\t phim\t do\t t\u1eadp\t \u0111o\u00e0n\t Hollywood Animators\ts\u1ea3n\txu\u1ea5t,\td\u00e0nh\tcho\tHi\u1ec7p\th\u1ed9i\tc\u00e1c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tCao\t\u0111\u1eb3ng\tCalifornia. [31]\t\u201cB\u1ee9c\tm\u00e0n\ts\u1eaft\u201d:\tThu\u1eadt\tng\u1eef\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tch\u1ec9\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e2n\tchia\tranh\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd\tv\u00e0\tt\u01b0\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u00e3\tchia\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tth\u00e0nh\thai\tph\u1ea7n\tri\u00eang\tbi\u1ec7t\t(kh\u1ed1i\tc\u00e1c\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ee7\t ngh\u0129a\t v\u00e0\t kh\u1ed1i\t c\u00e1c\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t ch\u1ee7\t ngh\u0129a)\t trong\t th\u1eddi\t k\u1ef3\t t\u1eeb\t sau\t Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn\tth\u01b0\thai\t1945\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tcu\u1ed1i\tcu\u1ed9c\tChi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tl\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0o\tn\u0103m\t1991.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch c\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [32]\tCh\u01b0\u01a1ng\tn\u00e0y\td\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\tdi\u1ec5n\tv\u0103n\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tt\u1ea1i\tH\u1ed9i\tngh\u1ecb\tth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\t l\u1ea7n\t th\u1ee9\t ba\t v\u1ec1\t Li\u1ec7u\t ph\u00e1p\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a,\t \u0110\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t Regensburg,\t T\u00e2y\t \u0110\u1ee9c,\t th\u00e1ng 6\/1983.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [33]\tBasic\tBook,\tNew\tYork,\t1980,\ttrang\t448.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [34]\t \u201cWirtschafskrise\t und\t Seelenleben\t vom\t Standpunkt\t des Jugendberaters\u201d,\tSozial\u00e4rztliche\tRundschau,\tvol\t4,\t(1933),\ttrang\t43-46.\t(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [35]\tCarolyn\tWood\tSherif\t(1922\t-\t1982):\tChuy\u00ean\tgia\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tn\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tM\u1ef9,\td\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\tc\u00e1c\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\t\u0111\u00e1m\t\u0111\u00f4ng,\tb\u00e0\tv\u00e0\t\u00f4ng Muzafer\tSherif\t(ch\u1ed3ng\tb\u00e0)\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111i\tti\u00ean\tphong\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tthi\u1ebft\tl\u1eadp nh\u1eefng\tbi\u1ec7n\tph\u00e1p\tk\u1ef7\tlu\u1eadt\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tnh\u1eb1m\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tt\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p\th\u01a1n. [36]\t \u0110\u1ec3\t bi\u1ebft\t th\u00eam\t c\u00e1c\t th\u00f4ng\t tin\t kh\u00e1c\t v\u1ec1\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t n\u00e0y,\t xem\t Viktor\t E. Frankl,\t The\t Unconsious\t God\t (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0111\u1ebf\t V\u00f4\t th\u1ee9c),\t New\t York\t v\u00e0\t Schuster, 1978,\ttrang\t140,\tv\u00e0\tViktor\tE.\tFrankl,\tThe\t Unheart\t Cry\t for\t Meaning\t (Kh\u00e1t khao\t\u00e2m\t\u1ec9\tv\u1ec1\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a),\tNew\tYork,\tSimon\tv\u00e0\tSchuster,\t1978,\ttrang\t36.\t(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [37]\t Xem\t Annemarie\t von\t Forstmeyer,\t The\t Will\t to\t Meaning\t as\t a","Prerequisite\tfor\tSelf\t-\tActualization,\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tCase\tWestern,\tn\u0103m\t1968. [38]\t Stanley\t Kripner\t (sinh\t n\u0103m\t 1932):\t Gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t chuy\u00ean\t ng\u00e0nh\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tSaybrook,\tSan\tFransisco. [39]\t \u0110\u1ec3\t bi\u1ebft\t th\u00eam\t c\u00e1c\t th\u00f4ng\t tin\t kh\u00e1c,\t xem\t Viktor\t E.\t Frankl,\t The Unconsious\tGod,\ttrang\t97-100;\tThe\tUnheart\tCry\tfor\tMeaning,\ttrang\t26-28. (Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [40]\tKarl\tB\u00fchler\t(1879\t-\t1963):\tNh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0110\u1ee9c,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean d\u00f9ng\t thu\u1eadt\t ng\u1eef\t \u201cAha\u201d\t \u0111\u1ec3\t ch\u1ec9\t tr\u1ea3i\t nghi\u1ec7m\t xu\u1ea5t\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ed9t\t ng\u1ed9t\t trong\t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh\tkh\u1eafc,\tkhi\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tch\u1ee3t\tnh\u1eadn\tra\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ts\u00e2u\ts\u1eafc\t\u1ea9n\tch\u1ee9a\tb\u00ean\ttrong\tv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\tm\u00e0\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111ang\ttr\u0103n\ttr\u1edf. [41]\t Max\t Wertheimer\t (1880\t -\t 1943):\t Nh\u00e0\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ecdc\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0110\u1ee9c.\t \u00d4ng\t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\ttrong\tba\tnh\u00e0\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u1eadp\t(c\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tKurt\tKoffka\tv\u00e0\tWolfgang\tK\u00f6hler)\tn\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t ph\u00e1i\t t\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ecdc\t Gestalt.\t T\u00e2m\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ecdc\t Gestalt\t ch\u1ee7\t tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\t r\u1eb1ng\t nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ea5u\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00e1c\ttr\u1ea3i\tnghi\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tkh\u1ea3o\ts\u00e1t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t ri\u00eang\t l\u1ebb,\t m\u00e0\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t xem\t x\u00e9t\t d\u01b0\u1edbi\t d\u1ea1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t \u201ct\u1ed5ng\t th\u1ec3\u201d. (Gestalt\tb\u1eaft\tngu\u1ed3n\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u1eeb\tti\u1ebfng\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tgestalten,\tc\u00f3\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\t\u201cvun\t\u0111\u1eafp,\tt\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng,\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\u201d). [42]\tCharlotte\tB\u00fchler\t(1893\t-\t1974):\tNh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0110\u1ee9c\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\ttr\u1ebb\tem.\tB\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ee3\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\tKarl\tB\u00fchler. [43]\t \u201cBasic\t Theoretical\t Concepts\t of\t Humanistic\t Psychology\u201d,\t American Psychologist\tXXVI.(04\/1971)\ttrang\t378.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [44]\tNg\u00e0nh\tsinh\th\u1ecdc\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ed1ng\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\ts\u1ed1ng,\tbao\tg\u1ed3m c\u1ea5u\t tr\u00fac,\t ch\u1ee9c\t n\u0103ng,\t s\u1ef1\t sinh\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng,\t ngu\u1ed3n\t g\u1ed1c,\t s\u1ef1\t ti\u1ebfn\t ho\u00e1,\t s\u1ef1\t ph\u00e2n\t b\u1ed5\t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i\u2026 [45]\tPriori:\tThu\u1eadt\tng\u1eef\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00e1i\tc\u00f3\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc,\tc\u00e1i\tti\u00ean\tthi\u00ean. [46]\tNh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\tti\u1ec1n\tsuy\tng\u1eabm\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean.\tV\u00ed\td\u1ee5,\tc\u1ea3m\tx\u00fac\t\u201cy\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\tti\u1ec1n\tsuy\tng\u1eabm,\tnh\u01b0ng\tkhi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tY\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u00e0\ttr\u1ea1ng\tth\u00e1i\tc\u1ea3m\tx\u00fac\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o,\tta\tph\u1ea3i\tnh\u1edb,\tsuy\tng\u1eabm\tv\u1ec1\tc\u1ea3m\tgi\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i\tm\u1edbi\tthu\u1eadt\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tgi\u1edd\tn\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1eeb\tsuy\tng\u1eabm.\t(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [47]\t \u201cThe\t Place\t of\t Logotherapy\t in\t the\t World\t Today\u201d\t The\t International Forum\tfor\tLogotherapy,\tvol\t1,\tN\u00ba3\t(1980)\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [48]\tThe\tDefiant\tPower\tof\tthe\tHuman\tSpirit\tth\u1ef1c\tra\tl\u00e0\tti\u00eau\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i","b\u00e1o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tt\u1ea1i\tH\u1ed9i\tngh\u1ecb\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tl\u1ea7n\tth\u1ee9\tba\tv\u1ec1\tLi\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tv\u00e0o th\u00e1ng\t6\tn\u0103m\t1983.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [49]\tT\u00f4i\tnh\u1edb\tm\u00e3i\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\tph\u1ecfng\tv\u1ea5n\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ea7n\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tnghe\ttr\u00ean\ttruy\u1ec1n\th\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c\t gia\t \u00c1o\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00e1c\t s\u0129\t chuy\u00ean\t khoa\t tim\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Ba\t Lan.\t Trong\t su\u1ed1t\t Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn\tth\u1ee9\tII,\tv\u1ecb\tb\u00e1c\ts\u0129\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u1eadp\tt\u1ed5\tch\u1ee9c\tm\u1edbi\tn\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tDo\tTh\u00e1i Warsaw.\t \u201cQu\u1ea3\t th\u1eadt\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u00e0nh\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t anh\t h\u00f9ng\u201d,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ph\u00f3ng\t vi\u00ean\t th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c.\t\u201cQu\u00fd\tv\u1ecb\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ea5y\u201d,\tb\u00e1c\ts\u0129\tb\u00ecnh\tt\u0129nh\t\u0111\u00e1p,\t\u201c\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u1ea7m\tm\u1ed9t\tkh\u1ea9u\ts\u00fang\tv\u00e0\tb\u1eafn th\u00ec\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t g\u00ec\t gh\u00ea\t g\u1edbm\t c\u1ea3;\t nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t b\u1ecdn\t SS\t d\u1eabn\t anh\t t\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng\th\u01a1i\tng\u1ea1t\thay\tt\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00f4i\tm\u1ed9\tt\u1eadp\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ec3\th\u00e0nh\th\u00ecnh,\tv\u00e0\tanh\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3 l\u00e0m\tg\u00ec\tkh\u00e1c\tngo\u00e0i\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111i\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u1edbi\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tho\u00e0ng\t-\tth\u00ec anh\ts\u1ebd\thi\u1ec3u,\t\u0111\u00e2y\tm\u1edbi\tl\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u00f4i\tcho\tl\u00e0\tanh\th\u00f9ng\u201d.\tCh\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tanh\th\u00f9ng\tl\u00e0\tnh\u01b0 v\u1eady\t\u0111\u1ea5y.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [50]\t Mysterium\t iniquitati\t (Mystery\t of\t Iniquyti):\t Ngu\u1ed3n\t g\u1ed1c\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ed9i\t l\u1ed7i. (Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [51]\t Xem\t th\u00eam\t Joseph\t B.\t Fabry,\t The\t Pursuit\t of\t Meaning,\t New\t York, Harper\tv\u00e0\tRow,\t1980.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [52]\tTr\u00edch\tt\u1eeb\tViktor\tE.\tFrankl,\tThe\tUnheard\tCry\tfor\tMeaning,\tNew\tYork, Simon\tv\u00e0\tSchuster,\t1978,\ttrang\t42-43.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [53]\t Xem\t th\u00eam\t Viktor\t E.\t Frankl,\t Psychotherapy\t and\t Existentialism,\t New York,\tSimon\tv\u00e0\tSchuster,\t1967.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [54]\t \u201cTransference\t and\t Countertransference\t in\t Logotherapy\u201d\t The International\tForum\tof\tLogotherapy,\tvol\t5\tN\u00ba2\t(Thu\t\u0110\u00f4ng\t1982),\ttrang\t115- 118.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [55]\tThuy\u1ebft\tkhuy\u1ec3n\tnho\t(Cynicism)\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tph\u00e1i\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\tc\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\tch\u1ee7\ttr\u01b0\u01a1ng\tkh\u1eafc\tkh\u1ed5,\tdi\u1ec7t\td\u1ee5c,\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u00e1i\tqu\u00e1. [56]\tLi\u1ec7u\tph\u00e1p\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u00e1p\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tl\u00ean\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tth\u00edch\tt\u00e2m\tl\u00fd\ttr\u1ecb\tli\u1ec7u. N\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t so\t s\u00e1nh\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t ch\u1ee3\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0110\u00f4ng\t m\u00e0\t ph\u1ea3i\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i si\u00eau\t th\u1ecb.\t \u1ede\t ch\u1ee3,\t kh\u00e1ch\t h\u00e0ng\t khi\t \u0111\u00e3\t h\u1ecfi\t chuy\u1ec7n\t th\u00ec\t ph\u1ea3i\t mua\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t g\u00ec\t \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng\t\u1edf\tsi\u00eau\tth\u1ecb,\tanh\tta\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ee3i\t\u00fd\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ee9\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tm\u00e0\tt\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3\tanh\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tl\u1ea5y\tc\u00e1i\tm\u00e0\tanh\tta\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00f3\tgi\u00e1\ttr\u1ecb\tv\u00e0\th\u1eefu\td\u1ee5ng.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch c\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3) [57]\tNguy\u00ean\tv\u0103n:\t\u201cThe\tDegurufication\tof\tlogotherapy\u201d.\tDegurufication\tl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\tc\u1ee5m\tt\u1eeb\tgh\u00e9p\tdo\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra.\tV\u1ec1\tt\u1eeb\tnguy\u00ean,\tde\t-\t(ti\u1ebfp\t \u0111\u1ea7u\tng\u1eef\t ti\u1ebfng Anh)\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tlo\u1ea1i\tb\u1ecf,\tkh\u1eed;\tguru\t(ti\u1ebfng\tHindi)\t ngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\t b\u1eadc\t th\u1ea7y,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f3","\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u1edbn\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3;\t-\tfication\t(ti\u1ebfng\tAnh)\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tt\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh,\ts\u1ea3n\tsinh\tra.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [58]\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean,\ttheo\tc\u00e1c\tngu\u1ed3n\tth\u00f4ng\ttin\tph\u1ed5\tbi\u1ebfn\tkh\u00e1c,\tCha\tKolbe\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong\t Th\u00e1nh\t n\u0103m\t 1982,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e2u\t chuy\u1ec7n\t v\u1ec1\t Cha\t nh\u01b0\t sau:\t N\u0103m\t 1941,\t Cha Kolbe\t l\u1ea1i\t b\u1ecb\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t qu\u1ed1c\t x\u00e3\t b\u1eaft\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ee5c\t \u0111\u00edch\t thanh\t l\u1ecdc\t nh\u1eefng\t ph\u1ea7n\t t\u1eed\t c\u00f3\t uy t\u00edn.\tNg\u00e0y\t31\/7\/1941,\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00f9\tnh\u00e2n\ttr\u1ed1n\ttr\u1ea1i,\ts\u0129\tquan\tch\u1ec9\thuy\ttr\u1ea1i\tb\u1eaft\t10\tng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea3i\t ch\u1ebft\t thay.\t H\u1eafn\t kho\u00e1i\t tr\u00e1\t b\u01b0\u1edbc\t d\u1ecdc\t theo\t d\u00e3y\t t\u00f9\t nh\u00e2n\t \u0111ang\t run\t s\u1ee3 ch\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ee3i\ts\u1ef1\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1eafn.\tTrong\tkhi\t10\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tx\u1ea5u\ts\u1ed1\tl\u00ea\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tv\u1ec1\th\u1ea7m\tb\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i,\tb\u1ed1ng\td\u01b0ng\tt\u00f9\tnh\u00e2n\ts\u1ed1\t16670\t(Cha\tKolbe)\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\th\u00e0ng\tv\u00e0\tn\u00f3i\t\u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n\tth\u1ebf\tch\u1ed7\t\u00f4ng\tkia.\t\u00d4ng\t\u1ea5y\tc\u00f3\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh,\tv\u1ee3\tcon\u201d.\tTrong\t\u201ch\u1ea7m\tt\u1eed\tth\u1ea7n\u201d\tt\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\tb\u1ecb\tl\u1ed9t\ttr\u1ea7n\ttru\u1ed3ng\tv\u00e0\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ecb\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u1ebft\td\u1ea7n\tm\u00f2n\ttrong\tt\u0103m\tt\u1ed1i.\tNh\u01b0ng thay\t v\u00ec\t ti\u1ebfng\t r\u00ean\t xi\u1ebft,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t nghe\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00f9\t nh\u00e2n\t h\u00e1t\t th\u00e1nh\t ca.\t Ng\u00e0y\t 15\/08, ch\u1ec9\tc\u00f2n\tb\u1ed1n\tt\u00f9\tnh\u00e2n\ts\u1ed1ng\ts\u00f3t,\tt\u00ean\tcai\tt\u00f9\tch\u1ea5m\td\u1ee9t\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tCha\tKolbe\tb\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t\tm\u0169i\tthu\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tch\u00edch\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00e1nh\ttay.\tSau\t\u0111\u00f3\tth\u00e2n\tx\u00e1c\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u00e0i\tb\u1ecb\tthi\u00eau\t\u0111\u1ed1t c\u0169ng\t nh\u01b0\t bao\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c.\t Cha\t Kolbe\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0110\u1ee9c\t Gi\u00e1o\t ho\u00e0ng\t John\t Paul\t II phong\tTh\u00e1nh\tng\u00e0y\t10\tth\u00e1ng\t10\tn\u0103m\t1982. [59]\t Theo\t s\u1ed1\t li\u1ec7u\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t n\u0103m\t 2011,\t 39\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t c\u1ee7a\t Viktor\t Frankl\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch\tra\t38\tng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\ttr\u00ean\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi. [60]\tT\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tv\u00ed\td\u1ee5\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u00e0\tngo\u1ea1i\tgiao\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tM\u1ef9\t\u1edf\tm\u1ee5c\tR\u1ed1i\tlo\u1ea1n tinh\tth\u1ea7n.\t(Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch) [61]\tOskar\tPfister\tAward:\tGi\u1ea3i\tth\u01b0\u1edfng\tdo\tHi\u1ec7p\th\u1ed9i\tB\u1ec7nh\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tM\u1ef9 (American\t Psychiatric\t Association\t -\t APA)\t s\u00e1ng\t l\u1eadp\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 1983\t l\u1ea5y\t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a\t nh\u00e0\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t Oskar\t Pfister,\t gi\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t trao\t cho\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1\t nh\u00e2n\t c\u00f3\t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p\txu\u1ea5t\ts\u1eafc\ttrong\tl\u0129nh\tv\u1ef1c\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o\tv\u00e0\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc. [62]\t William\t J.\t Winsdale\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t tri\u1ebft\t gia,\t lu\u1eadt\t s\u01b0\t v\u00e0\t b\u00e1c\t s\u0129\t ph\u00e2n\t t\u00e2m\t h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng\tgi\u1ea3ng\td\u1ea1y\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1ea7n\th\u1ecdc,\ty\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e1p\ty\tt\u1ea1i\tchi\tnh\u00e1nh\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tY\tTexas \u1edf\tGalveston\tv\u00e0\tTrung\tt\u00e2m\tLu\u1eadt,\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tHouston."]