GIAO TRINH TRIET HOC MAC - LENIN - BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO - 2021

["m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0169. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. T\u1eeb khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh y h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh th\u1ec3 hay sinh h\u1ecdc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi kh\u00e1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, th\u00edch nghi, h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang. So v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i, chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eabn nhau. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u1ecdc, v.v.. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u1ecdc, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eadn t\u00e2m l\u00fd, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea1m vi, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh h\u1eb9p, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0111) B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 201","Trong sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u201cTrong t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d1. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a ch\u00fang; m\u1ed7i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i: quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, quan h\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n, quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, quan h\u1ec7 phi kinh t\u1ebf, v.v.. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec \u00edt ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u, s\u1edbm ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed9n, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. Trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng trong nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cb\u1ea9m sinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d2. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i. 2. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tha h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi a) Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tha h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a Theo C. M\u00e1c, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u0103n, ng\u1ee7, sinh con,...; c\u00f2n khi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tha h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng tha h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong ______________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.3. tr.11. 2. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.200. 3. Xem C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.42, tr.126-146. 202","ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf con v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con v\u1eadt. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con v\u1eadt. Khi h\u1ecd \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, sinh con th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u sinh ho\u1ea1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xa l\u1ea1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n. \u0110\u00fang ra \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a tha h\u00f3a. Khi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e8 qu\u1eb7t, phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, khuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n do d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cd\u00e3 man\u201d1. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c gi\u00e0u - ngh\u00e8o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng do\u00e3ng r\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a. Tha h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Trong n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: S\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00ec thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u00edch k\u1ef7, s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ______________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.42, tr.131. 203","ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. b) \u201cV\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c\u201d1 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n tri\u1ec3n khai trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, bi\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a then ch\u1ed1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i2. \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t\u201d3. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi giai c\u1ea5p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v.v.. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1m, kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean c\u00f5i ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ki\u1ebfp sau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, si\u00eau h\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 sa v\u00e0o l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy t\u00e2m, si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. \u201cB\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d4, \u201cl\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a\u201d5. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, kh\u00e1ch quan, khoa h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ______________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.21, tr.11-12. 2. Xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o kinh t\u1ebf - tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, H\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ee9c, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, Ch\u1ed1ng \u0110uyrinh. 3. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.20, tr.406. 4. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.1, tr.557. 5. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.42, tr.168. 204","v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. c) \u201cS\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1 Khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, khi \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch do ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, khi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u201ckim ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong g\u1ea7n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, khoa h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u201ckim ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. 3. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed a) Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1eeba mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lo\u00e0i l\u1eabn t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3; v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 thu nh\u1ecf, ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ri\u00eang trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ctrung t\u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 hoa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i chung c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, d\u00f9 \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh v\u1eadt. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh v\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 - lo\u00e0i, mang c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ______________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.628. 205","c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i; b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho lo\u00e0i, cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do v\u1eady, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i chung to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung, nhu c\u1ea7u chung, l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, v.v.. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft tinh trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ri\u00eang, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v.v. do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng, do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3. Khi m\u1edbi sinh ra, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. Ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c trong quan h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Quan h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia giai c\u1ea5p, do v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p do n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u1ea5y. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, trong nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c chung xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1eeba kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau. T\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0u da, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, giai c\u1ea5p, t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v.v.. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u1ea5t \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng, \u1edf m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh ho\u1ea1t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n cho m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng, trong c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i 206","l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u1ea5y. T\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p trong nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u sinh ra, l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu mang trong m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng. Do v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mang trong m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1eeba mang trong m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1eeba mang c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p l\u1eabn t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, kh\u00e1ch quan, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c, t\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. Trong khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p, t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi giai c\u1ea5p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. C\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa \u00fd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1 cao qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (m\u1eb7t\/c\u00e1i) c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c (m\u1eb7t\/c\u00e1i) x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111em c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 cao x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1eabn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi xem x\u00e9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1edfi trong t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. S\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t\/kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh\/ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. b) Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c. N\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0o l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, Ch\u00faa tr\u1eddi s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ed1i cao. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i cao quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c tr\u00e0o 207","l\u01b0u duy t\u00e2m cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c b\u1eadc vua ch\u00faa, c\u00e1c v\u0129 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00e0i cao, s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u00f2n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u00f4 h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc vua ch\u00faa, c\u00e1c v\u0129 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, \u201ccon r\u1ed1i\u201d trong tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc C. M\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, th\u1ea7n linh, \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng, do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o duy t\u00e2m khi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5\/v\u0129 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi trong quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5\/v\u0129 nh\u00e2n. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 chung l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t; to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111ang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m t\u00ednh chung, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 hay v\u0129 208","nh\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5\/v\u0129 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, nhanh nh\u1ea1y, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v.v.. H\u1ecd d\u00e1m qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung sau \u0111\u00e2y: - Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. - Trong m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. - To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec1u do qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tinh th\u1ea7n. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn cho m\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u00ec c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u1eeb trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ecdi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 209","x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. \u201cTrong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n phong c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o\u201d1. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u00e1c xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh co, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, do v\u1eady, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung sau \u0111\u00e2y: - M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i, li\u00ean k\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1eaft x\u00edch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00f3. - Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecd. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhanh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm, nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c \u00edt s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. - Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho phong tr\u00e0o, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1edbi ______________ 1. V.I. L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.473. 210","l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec7 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, coi nh\u1eb9 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, xem nh\u1eb9 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, xem th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, khoa h\u1ecdc vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 trong t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung. 4. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam L\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ti\u1ebfp thu v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tinh hoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: \u201cCh\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, anh em, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n. Ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. R\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a, bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, giai c\u1ea5p, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0: t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1edfi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh khi c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Do b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e0nh ______________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.6, tr.130. 211","\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do cho qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Th\u00e1ng 7\/1945, khi \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n d\u1eb7n: \u201cL\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi, d\u00f9 hy sinh t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ea3 d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft gi\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d1. \u201cTrong l\u00fac n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu m\u00e3i ki\u1ebfp ng\u1ef1a tr\u00e2u, m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n n\u0103m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d2. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ebft \u0111em h\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea5y\u201d3. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201cth\u00e0 hy sinh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d4. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: \u201cH\u1ee1i anh em \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba... ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin n\u00f3i v\u1edbi anh em r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng anh em ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n anh em\u201d5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy v\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n, ham mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed9t b\u1eadc, l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1m \u0103n \u00e1o m\u1eb7c, ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh\u201d4. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng sung s\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d5. \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ef1 do, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd g\u00ec\u201d3. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh ______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p: T\u1ed5ng t\u1eadp h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.130. 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.113. 3, 3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.3, 534. 4. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.1, tr.513. 5. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2. tr.137-138. 4, 3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.187, 64. 5. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.8, tr.254. 212","l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n. \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0m\u201d1. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: \u201cV\u00f4 lu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ec1u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn to, t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn xa, \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ebf c\u1ea3\u201d2. \u201cMu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d3. \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d4. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u201cC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng do d\u00e2n c\u1eed ra. \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 do d\u00e2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf n\u01a1i d\u00e2n\u201d5. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5y d\u00e2n l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cV\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u0103m n\u0103m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d5. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i (v\u1eeba h\u1ed3ng v\u1eeba chuy\u00ean), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00ec danh v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trung v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi d\u00e2n, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea7n, ki\u1ec7m, li\u00eam, ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u01b0, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. T\u00e0i hay chuy\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn6. \u0110\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi sa xu\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 do \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1\u201d3. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ngo\u00e0i ______________ 1, 5. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.6, tr.397, 232. 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.281. 3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.13, tr.542. 4. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.11, tr.93. 5, 3. Xem H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.11, tr.528, 612. 6. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.8, tr.295. 213","x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u201ckim ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u01b0 duy, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v.v.. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng ta ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng, trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, suy tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i h\u01b0 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201c- C\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. - C\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. - C\u00f3 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n minh, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7m, trung th\u1ef1c, nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i. - Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. - Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 214","th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c\u201d1. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3a XI ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung: \u201cX\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n, thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ef9, th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc... ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; \u0111\u1ec1 cao tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d2. \u201cCh\u0103m lo x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. T\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, t\u00f4n vinh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n - thi\u1ec7n - m\u1ef9. G\u1eafn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c, b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tri th\u1ee9c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam... X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u201cM\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d\u201d3. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m, xem \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, t\u1eeb l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau: k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch tinh th\u1ea7n; coi tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, coi tr\u1ecdng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a con ______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.57, tr.306. 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3a XI, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2014, tr.46-47. 3. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3a XI, S\u0111d, tr.49-50. 215","ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1 cao s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng trong s\u1ea1ch, v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng. C. C\u00c2U H\u1eceI \u00d4N T\u1eacP 1. N\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 2. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p; \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 3. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 4. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 5. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; quan h\u1ec7 giai c\u1ea5p - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c - nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 6. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. 7. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00dd ngh\u0129a trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. 216","T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp (tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 50 t\u1eadp), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1995. 2. V.I. L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, 55 t\u1eadp, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005. 3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp (tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 15 t\u1eadp), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2011. 4. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, 69 t\u1eadp, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006. 5. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3a XI, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2014. 6. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XII, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2016. 7. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3a XII, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2016. 8. B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Nxb. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n X\u00f4vi\u1ebft, in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2, M\u00e1txc\u01a1va, 1989 (ti\u1ebfng Nga). 9. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc 3 quy\u1ec3n, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003. 10. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o: Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (D\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea1c s\u0129, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc), Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2014. 11. Davidovich V.E.: D\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002. 12. Eagleton, Terry: T\u1ea1i sao Marx \u0111\u00fang, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2012. 13. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p: T\u1ed5ng t\u1eadp h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006. 14. Hawking S.: L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed th\u1eddi gian, Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000. 15. H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea5p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, Nxb. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2018. 16. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia: Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin (T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, b\u1ed5 sung), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010. 17. Huxley, Sir Julian; Dr. J. Bronowski; Sir Gerald Barry; James Fisher: T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004. 18. Morin, Edgar: B\u1ea3y tri th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu cho n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, Nxb. Tri th\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008. 19. L\u00ea H\u1eefu Ngh\u0129a: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00f4g\u00edc, Nxb. S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1987. 20. Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Ph\u00f2ng (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (D\u00f9ng cho cao h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc), Nxb. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2015. 21. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin - Ph\u1ea7n I, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng (D\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i - b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc), Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008. 217","22. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin - Ph\u1ea7n II, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (D\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i - b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc), Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008. 23. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i), Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003. 24. H\u1ed3 S\u0129 Qu\u00fd (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003. 25. S\u00e9ptulin A.P.: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1989. 26. S\u00e9ptulin A.P.: B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e1cx\u00edt, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1961. 27. Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2011. 28. Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2014. 29. Vi\u1ec7n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996. 30. Vi\u1ec7n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean X\u00f4: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng (6 t\u1eadp), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998. 218","M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C Trang L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 KH\u00c1I LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0 TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC V\u00c0 TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC M\u00c1C \u2013 L\u00caNIN I- Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc II- Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A DUY V\u1eacT BI\u1ec6N CH\u1ee8NG I- V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c II- Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt III- L\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A DUY V\u1eacT L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec I- H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 2. Bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t II- Giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c III- Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i IV- \u00dd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i V- Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o 219","Ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n GI\u00c1M \u0110\u1ed0C - T\u1ed4NG BI\u00caN T\u1eacP PGS.TS. PH\u1ea0M MINH TU\u1ea4N Ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i dung PH\u00d3 GI\u00c1M \u0110\u1ed0C - PH\u00d3 T\u1ed4NG BI\u00caN T\u1eacP ThS. PH\u1ea0M TH\u1eca THINH Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp n\u1ed9i dung: ThS. HO\u00c0NG TH\u1eca THU H\u01af\u1edcNG \u0110\u1ed6 PH\u01af\u01a0NG MAI NGUY\u1ec4N MAI TH\u1ea2O NHUNG Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00eca: \u0110\u1eb6NG THU CH\u1ec8NH Ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n vi t\u00ednh: NGUY\u1ec4N QU\u1ef2NH LAN S\u1eeda b\u1ea3n in: PH\u00d2NG BI\u00caN T\u1eacP K\u1ef8 THU\u1eacT \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch m\u1eabu: PH\u01af\u01a0NG MAI - TH\u1ea2O NHUNG In 15.000 cu\u1ed1n, kh\u1ed5 14,5 x 20,5 cm, t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: S\u1ed1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: 673-2021\/CXBIPH\/28-02\/CTQG. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1ed1: -Q\u0110\/NXBCTQG, ng\u00e0y... 2021. M\u00e3 s\u1ed1 ISBN: 978-604-57-6594-4. In xong v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2021. 220"]