sosiology

LU 1 PART 1: CONCEPTUALISING SOCIETY Conceptualizing mean to form a concept or concepts of, and especially to interpret in a conceptual way. A society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations. The sociological imagination The sociological imagination is making the connection between personal challenges and larger social issues. For examples, Mills identifies ‘Troubles’ as a personal challenges and ‘Issues’ as a larger social challenges. Sociology as a way of seeing Sociology is a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. It does this by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. Society is a concept used to describe the structured relations and institutions among a large community of people which cannot be reduced to a simple collection or aggregation of individuals. 1. Capitalist society 2. Postmodern society  Capital refers to financial wealth –  The service sector is also referred to especially that used to start as the ‘tertiary’ or third sector businesses (rather than emergency economy, in contrast to the first and savings or the house you live in). second sectors – agriculture and industrial manufacturing.  Capitalism is a system which gives private individuals with capital the  A service sector economy is one in freedom to invest, make money and which most people work in this third retain profit. sector, in jobs such as retail, education and financial and  People's prestige and status are informational services rather than related to their productive ability; manufacturing. society values people by how much they earn or own.  Third sector organisations’ also used to describe the range of  Singapore is a great example of organisations that are neither public capitalism. It has low taxes and sector nor private sector. It includes freedom for businesses to operate voluntary and community and trade internationally organisations such as Citizens Advice and Victim Support.

Development of Sociology as a scientific discipline Sociology is the study of the lives of humans, groups and societies and how we interact. The development of sociology as a discipline emerged in the 19th century in response to modernity. Problems that arose from modernity include industrialisation, urbanisation, rationalisation and bureaucratisation (A, 2010). The Industrial Revolution brought about massive changes in areas such as culture, industry, politics, technology, science and communication (G M. , 1998). 1. Auguste Comte  Comte believed sociology could unify other sciences and improve society.  He identified three stages of human society: theological (various phenomena explained in religious terms), metaphysical (explanations were philosophical) and positivism (phenomena explained in terms of the scientific approach to the social world) (G R. , 2011). 2. Herbert Spencer  He believed that no one should guide social reform and that society should simply evolve from lower or barbarian forms to a higher and civilized form.  the most capable individuals rise to the top and the least capable die out as society evolves.  Spencer termed this idea ‘survival of the fittest’, and his theories on social order became known as social Darwinism (G G. , 2010). 3. Emile Durkheim  He also believed that through such studies it would be possible to determine if a society was “healthy” or “pathological.”  He saw healthy societies as stable, while pathological societies experienced a breakdown in social norms between individuals and society.  In 1897, Durkheim attempted to demonstrate the effectiveness of his rules of social research when he published a work titled Suicide.

LU2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: FUNTIONALISM & CONFLICT THEORY Sociologists study social events, interactions, and patterns, and they develop a theory in an attempt to explain why things work as they do. The meaning of theory In sociology, a theory is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions and to create a testable proposition, called a hypothesis, about society. Macro-level theories relate to large- scale issues and large groups of people, while micro-level theories look at very specific relationships between individuals or small groups. Sociological theory is constantly evolving and should never be considered complete. Major theoretical approach: functionalism Functionalism, also called structural-functional theory, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Hebert Spence who saw similarities between society and the human body. He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning (Spencer, 1898). The parts of society that Spence referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. 1. Emile Durkheim 12. 2. Talcott Parsons  He believed that to study society, a sociologist  Parsons argued that parts of society should must look beyond individuals to social facts be understood in terms of what they such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, contribute to the maintenance of the whole. customs, fashion, and rituals, which all serve to govern social life.  He believed that societies had certain ‘functional prerequisites which need to be  He also believed that individuals may make up met in order for society to survive. Just like society, but in order to study society, human beings need certain things to sociologists have to look beyond individuals to survive, so every society has to have social facts. Social facts are the laws, morals, certain things in order to function properly. values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern  For example, a society must produce and social life . distribute resources such as food and shelter; there has to be some kind of  For example, one function of a society’s laws organization that resolves conflicts, and may be to protect society from violence, while others that socialize the young. another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public health.  Parsons a social system has four needs which must be met for continued survival are adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latency.

LU 3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: FUNCTIONALISM AND CONFLICT THEORY Major theoretical approach: conflict theory Conflict theory is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx, who saw society as being made up of individuals in different social classes who must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment, education, and leisure time. Social institutions like government, education, and religion reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and help maintain the unequal social structure. There are several theories suggested based on their own theories about this conflict: 1. Max Weber  A german sociologist agreed with Marx. in addition to economic inequalities, inequalities of political power and social structure cause conflict.  Weber noted that different groups were affected differently based on education, race, and gender, and that people’s reactions to inequality were moderated by class differences and rates of social mobility, as well as by perceptions about the legitimacy of those in power. 2. Frankfurt School  He developed theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles.  Critical theory is an expansion of conflict theory and is broader than just sociology, including other social sciences and philosophy.  A critical theory attempts to address structural issues causing inequality. 3. George Simmel  He believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society.  He said that the intensity of the conflict depending on the emotional involvement of the parties, the degree of solidarity within the opposing groups, and the clarity and limited nature of the goals.  Simmel showed that groups work to create internal solidarity, centralize power, and reduce dissent.

LU 4 METHOD IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH Method in sociology refers to research procedures for measuring variables, generating and analyzing data of interest to the researcher. Key Terms Method In Sosiological Research CONCEPT METHODS RESEARCH IN SOCIOLOGICAL: 1. Positivism 2. Interpretivism Positivism is the name for the scientific Interpretivism is an approach to social study of the social world. This is the research which tries to understand formulate abstract and universal laws on human action though the eyes of those the operative dynamics of the social acting. Analytical individual had universe. Positivists prefer quantitative awareness and are not just puppets who methods such as social survey, react to external social forces as structured questionnaires and official positivists believe. General focus of social statistics because these have good research the point is to gain in-depth realibility and representativeness. The insight into the lives of respondents to point of research is to uncover the laws gain an empathetic understanding of why that govern human behavior, just as they act in the way that they do. scientists have discovered the laws that Sociologists need to use non-scientific govern the physical world. method to see the world through the eyes of the actors doing the acting. Prefer qualitative methods which allow for close interaction with respondents.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: 1. Amzat and Omololu (2002) Theory and research are important concepts in any sociological attempt. The due form the two most important foundations of sociology and that cerebral empirical explanation of phenomenon are structured within theoretical explanations. 2. Emile Durkheim Society is to be visualized as a system that is composed of interrelated and networked parts. Social institutions including economic, political, family, legal, educational and religious institutions are the societal parts that are functional to the survival of the society. 3. Marx and Engels (1893) The two facing classes are depicted as constantly involved in dialectical scuffle for survival which sometimes resolve in conversion or concession. The conflict perspective the society as being identify by several classes of people. Society is made up of two classes the ruling class and the ruled class did the haves and the have not.

LU5 PART 2 : IDENTITIES, MEANINGS & DIFFERENCES SOCIALIZATION & SOCIAL INTERACTION Social identity is the part of the self that is defined by one’s group membership. Social identity theory which was formulated by social psychologist Henri Tajfel and John Turner (1970) CONCEPTS RESEARCH METHOD IDENTITIES: 1. Survey 2. Field research A survey collects data from subjects who Field research refers to gathering primary respond to a series of question about data from a natural environment without behaviors and opinions often in the doing a lab experiment or a survey. A questionnaire. The survey is one of the most research method suited to an interpretive widely used scientific research method. The framework rather than to the scientific standard survey format allows individuals a method. To conduct field research, the level of anonymity in which they can express sociologist must be willing to step into new personal ideas. Interview is a one of the environment and observe, participate or conversation between the researcher and experience those world. Much of data the subject a way of conducting surveys on gathered in field research are based not on a topic. Interview are similar to the short cause and effect but on correlation. While answer question on surveys in the field research looks for correlation that small researcher asks subjects a series of sample size does not allow for establishing a questions. causal relationship between two variables PERFECTIVES OR THEORY IN IDENTITIES: 1. Stets and Serve (2016) The lack of abilities to confirm and verify an identity leads to a change in identity standards such as people’s identities change as a result of situational changes (marriage, divorce, jobless, change of place to live and illness). They disengage from the social expectations of given roles and think of themselves apart from the people they were in the previous roles. 2. Marcia (1993) Identity researchers a common reference point from which to anchor concepts and hypotheses in a cross- cultural and trans historical manner. It, suggest several things about the cultural context of the identity status paradigm. 3. Gecas and Burke (1995) The levels of analysis and social structural periods identified by the culture identity framework can help us to organize a number of the identity concepts that have been generated over the past several decades. The term identity has been used in many ways to emphasize different aspect of human definition.

LU6 SOCIALIZATION & SOCIAL INTERACTION Socialization is a proses of making somebody social and fully human. It is process where by individual persons learn and are trained in the basic norm, values, beliefs, skills, attitudes, way of doing and acting as appropriate to a specific social group or society. In sociology, social interaction is a dynamic sequence of social actions between individuals or group who modify their actions and reactions due to actions by their interaction partners. Social interaction can be differentiated into accidental, repeated, regular and regulated. KEY TERMS: 1. Nature 2. Sociobiology The “nature” in the nature versus Sociobiology is a field of scientific study nurture debate generally refers to which is based on the assumption that innate qualities. In modern scientific social behavior has resulted from terms, its refer to genetic makeup and evolution. The branch of biology and biological traits. For example, sociology draws from ethology, researchers have long studied wins to anthropology, evolution, zoology, determine the influence of biology on archaeology, population genetic and personality traits. other disciplines. Perfectives in socialization and social interaction: 1. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead The theory of both about how the self develops though socialization. Mead’s concept of “taking the role of the other” stress that children play at various roles and so learn what others expect of them. Concept of the “looking-glass self” recognized that we see ourselves when we interact with other people and though this process develop our self-image (Cooley). 2. Sigmud Freud’s Sigmud Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality development stressed the role of unconscious forces. Every individual is born with a selfish id and will achieve a normal personality if individual ego and superego develop properly. Id. Ego and superego are in the wrong balance the individual may engage in antisocial or mentally disordered behavior. 3. Erving Goffmano Erving Goffman used a theatrical metaphor called dramaturgy to understand social interaction which he likened to behavior on a stage in a play. Generally, many sociologists stress the concepts of roles in social interaction Even though, their usually play our roles automatically social order occasionally break down when people don’t play their roles. The breakdown illustrates the fragility of social order.

LU7 HEALTH, ILLNESS AND DISABILITY - CONTEMPORARY BELIEFS ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS - SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE HEALTH IN SOCIOLOGY According to World Health Organization (WHO), health “is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO 2014). While Huber et al. (2011) proposed that the new definition of health as the ‘the ability to adapt and to self-manage’ which include the ability of people to adapt to their situation as the key to health. Health requires a global approach of anaylsis because of the influence of society factors and varies throughout the world. Disease are examined and compared based on traditional medicine, economic, religion and culture that is specific in a country. Health is really important in our life as expert in medical always do research to improve health community. ILLNESS IN SOCIOLOGY Ilness is a subjective term reffering to an individuals experience in mental and physical state and may not indicate the presence of disease. The difference between illness and disease was summarized by Cassell (1976) : “Illness is what the patient feels when he goes to doctor, disease is what he has on the way home” (p.53).The stigmatizations of illness often has the greatest effect on the patient itself and the kind of care that he or she receives. But many contend that our society and even or health care institutions discriminate against certain disease- like mental disorder, AIDS, veneral disease and skin disorder. This stigma is has a negative effect because it may keep people from seeking for help for their illness, making it worse than it need to because the society will judge them for their illness. PERSEPCTIVE IN HEALTH IN FUNCTIONALISM ILLNESS Parsons (1951) described the ‘sick role’ as Interactionism- Health and illness are both the expectation of right and responsibilities of people who are sick. The right socially constructed because it focus on the appropriate behavior include the exemption from normal responsibilities such as work, specific meanings and causes that people household, or caring duties, include not being blamed for their illness or get sick and attributes to illness. The term of medization as well the duty for recovery and and seek medical assistance and those who take care of deviance refers to the process that for them. changes “bad” behavior to into “sick” behavior. Medicalizations and demidicalization affect at who respond to the patient and how people respond to the patient, and how people view the patient personal responsibilities. (Conrad and Scheinder, 1992).

LU8 MARRIAGE, FAMILY & INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS - MARRIAGE IN SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE - FORMS OF FAMILY - RELATIONSHIPS MARRIAGE Marriage is considered a cultural globally, that is exist in some form in the societies. Different people defined marriage in different ways and doesn’t has a single meaning. Marriage is define as legally acknowleged as a social contract between two people, traditionally based on intimate relationship and suggested a permanence of marital and require a religious or sivil sanction, on religious side but some couples, simply considered they are marriage by living with their partner after a long periods. There are variations, such as legal aggrement is needed such of a marriage whether could more than two people can be involved in a marriage or consider as polygamy. Marital serves important social functions, social norms often decide each role of spouse takes in marital. FAMILY Desai (1994), as cited in Sonawat defined the family as a unit of two or more persons united by marriage, blood, adoption, or consensual union, in general consulting a single household, intercting and communicating with each other. Marriage is related to family because marriages, are what created a family and it is the most basic social unit upon to society. Families provide one another for physical, emotional, and social well being toward family member. Parents as well play a big part in a family as they care and socialize with their children and functions to prepare their children as a member of society for their future. Family relationship has increasingly important all around the world and diverse in structure and functions. PERSPECTIVE ON MARRIAGE AND FAMILY FUNCTIONALISM Although there are various type of family, they performs these four functions. According to Murdock, the family (which for him includes the state of a marriage) regulates sexual relations between individuals. He does not deny the existence or impact of premarital or extramarital sex, but states that the family that offers a socially legitimate sexual outlet for adults (Lee 1985). This outlet gives a new way to reproduction, which is a necessary part of ensuring the survival of society. INTERACTIONISM Interactionists view the world in terms of symbols and the meanings assigned to them (LaRossa and Reitzes 1993). The family itself is a symbol. To some, it is a father, mother, and children; to others, it is any union that involves respect and compassion. The meaning elements of a family: “parent” was a symbol of a biological and emotional connection to a child. But nowday, the term of parent today lessly associated with biological connection because relationships developing through adoption, remarriage, or change in guardianship.

LU9 PART 3: MODERNITY & SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONSOCIAL CHANGE - FORCES OF CHANGE IN MODERN SOCIETY: CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL - GLOBALISATION: DEFINITION AND FORMS CHANGES IN MODERN SOCIETY: CULTURAL Culture defined as the symbols, languanges, belief, values and artifacts that is part of any society. There is two basic components of culture which called nonmaterial culture, includes values, beliefs, symbols and language that define a society. The second type is called, material culture, includes all of the society physical objects, such as its tools and technology, clothing, eating how utensils, and means of transportation. There are different culture in each country. As example, they greet people with a handshake, or even saying “Hello” or “Hi”. The changes in culture can be seen in how people dress. In Asia, some people wearing their traditional custome such as “baju kurung” or even sari. Changes over time, traditional customes only being wear on special occasion and special celebration. And nowdays, mostly people wear casual attire based on western influence on their daily such as jeans, T-shirt, blouse, short sleeve. The other things that we can look up is the evolution of technology. In the past, people communicate using letter or public phone communicate to each other. As the technology developed, communication improve as internet help us to communicate with people across the globe with the use of gadget such as handphone, tablets or even laptop. GLOBALISATION: DEFINITIONS AND FORMS The term of globalizations comes from English, as base of the word “globalizations” which refer to an emerging of an international network, belonging to an economical and social system. Vladislav Inosemtev defines globalisation as one of the most popular study of today, but is at the same time an empty term. Globalisations become a popular idea because of the rise of global communications, especially the internet, which made people feel they connected across the world with their loved one such as family or friend and get global news around the world. People became more conscious about global problems such as climate change, global pandemic and overpopulation. Globalisation has a benefit and challenges on international expansion. Benefit of globalizations such as access to new cultures, the spread of technology and innovation. While globalizations offer a lot of benefit there might be some challenges such as loss of cultural identity and foreign worker exploitation.

PERSPECTIVE ON CULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. According to C. Wright Mills (1959), the sociological imagination requires individuals to “think themselves away” in examining personal and social influences on people’s life choices and outcomes. This shows that if people allowed personal and influences in their life, there will be changes in many aspects in culture such as the way they dress and communicate and it help ys to understand the effect of social structure and history and on peoples lives. MARXIST Marx’s thoughts on economic globalisation mainly reveal the nature and trends of economic globaliation; he emphasizes that economic globalisation is a result of the global expansion of capitalism. This is because economic are being ruled by elite people and powerful country around the world. However, globalizations itself doesn’t only have disadvantages but it also has it own benefit that helps country to develop in many aspects across the changes the time. And also help in a benefit way such as development of technology that we used today.

LU 10 CONSUMPTION, CAPITALISM, CULTURE –CAPITALISM & CULTURAL IDEOLOGY The defintion of ideology through the context of culture prospectives. Kloeber and Kluckhohnon offered the syncretic definition of culture from their investigation about how social scientists actually had been using it. The contents in their research was carried out of the post-structural and post-modern paradigms that causing the allusion to a cultural entity was being betrayed. It claimed that that would later emphasize the non-essential, ‘constructed’ nature of both culture and all academic interpretations of it. Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implied, of and for actions arequired and tra nsmitted by symbols, which constitute the distinctive achievements of human groups. CAPITALISM Capitalism can be defined as the economic order of Western societies in which production is organised around the search for profit (Savage & Warde, 1993). The economic relation of exploitation causing its existence of bias in social class which is an inheret feature of capitalist societies. The source for their profit leads also to a dynamic, competitive, conflictual, economic system prone to crisis. In this era of globalization, the tide is turning again and urban sociology is once more being focused on issues of of modernity, sometimes in the current guise of debate about post-modernity. VALUES & NORMS Values are abstract ideal. Some cultures value individualism, whereas others highlight the shared needs. First, it reflects a particular range of values that common by many eventhough it is not for all. Second, these values are connected to precise norms. The third, mostly through modern industrial technology such as cars, productiveness of food, clothing, and so forth is associate with the uses of material artifacts created. Some people might go for a lavish material comfort, meanwhile the others might fancy the plainness. Norms are principles or rules of social life that expected to observed by everyone. Like the values they reflect, norms differ across cultures. Norms often change over time, like the beliefs they represent. A strong social norm promoting smoking has now given way to an equally strong social norm portraying smoking as unhealthy, unattractive, and selfish, once synonymous with freedom, sex appeal, and glamour. CONSUMERS Consumers have gained even less recognition than they deserve from the historians. In the scholarship of the last thirty years the relative inattention consumption in our economy and society, the central role of the consumer in the writings of recent social thinkers from David Riesman to Herbert Mascuse, and the growing influence of the consumer in American politics. In examining \"the political ideology of consumption,\" Ewen set out to show that industry was attempting to accustom people to the world of marketplace reality\" instead of helping them to consider the essence of control in America and the ills of factory work.

LU 11 CONSUMPTION, CAPITALISM, CULTURE – FORMS OF CONTEMPORATY CULTURE : CONSUMPTION, TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA ROLES A number of other writers, including sociologist Erving Goffman, described roles as the expected behaviors of individuals in specific social positions. Initially, the definition of social role comes from the theater, referring to the roles performed by actors in a stage production. Individuals play a variety of social roles in every community. Goffman (1973) assume social life as played out by actors on a stage because how we act it depends on the roles we play at given time. People are deeply attuned to what others think of them and how they are perceived by everyone else. There is a norm of collaboration by which human beings try to move through life without humaliting others. When this collaboration does not accur, the interactions stands out. The post that we adopt based on a great deal on our social role. Someone demeanor can be different depending on the social contex. CONFLICT A glance at popular video games and movie titles targeted at children and teenagers reveals the board scope of violence exhibited, condoned, and acted out. The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ERSB) developed a game rating system in 1994 that tackled crime, nudity, drug use and similar issues. California took it a step further by making it illegal to sell video games to underage purchasers. The controversy surrounding the suggested connection between violent video games and violent behaviour is documented in serveral media. Psychologists Anderson and Bushman (2001) analyzed more than forty years of studies on the subject and determined in 2003 that there are causal connections between the use and violence of violent video games. Children who had just played a violent video game were found to display an immediate increase in hostile or offensive feelings, an increase in aggressive emotions, and physiological excitement that increased the probability of aggressive actions (Anderson 2003). In short, it is easier to envision and access violent options than peaceful ones for people who play a lot of these games, and they are less socialized to see violence as a negative. Although these facts do not mean that video games do not play a part, players should pause.

DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER In several different ways, the meanings and principles of technology transfer were explored depending on the disciplines of study and according to the aims of research (Bozeman, 2000). Gibson and Smilor (1991) agree that technology transfer is always an unpredictable, disorderly process involving groups and people who have conflicting opinions on the importance of technology and its future application. Technology, according to them, also has no definitive definition or meaning. It is possible that researchers, developers, and consumers would have different views of the technology. The hardware itself is not valuable from a sociological point of view. As Sonia Livingstone (1999), a British social psychologist, says, we must always question ourselves 'what is new to society?’ on Digital Media. When launched, new innovations may have been the portable CD or mp3 player, but the first cassette tape Walkman, released in 1979, made it possible to walk around listening to music freely. News distribution on the internet is another situation. Traditional newspapers' early websites permitted users to read some of the news at home on a computer screen instead of on paper. This progress really did not reflect something 'new for society'. Of course, this progress, along with the rise of so-called citizen journalism and cooperative production of online news, marks something completely new for society.

LU12 INFORMATION AND DIGITAL SOCIETY -THE INFORMATION AND NETWORK SOCIETY One of the most ambitious macro theories of our time developed by the Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells, attempts to describe and interpret power, economy and social life in a world transformed by globalisation and information. Castells was already renowned in the 1970s as a progressive urban sociologist, but his international popularity is largely due to the three volumes of The Information Age trilogy released in the latter half of the 1990s. In the light of the Marxist influence, it is understandable that Castells' works of the 1970s did not noticeably include the notion of network. An auxiliary definition subject to the institutional structure remained in the study provided in The Informational City 'Network' and had only a modest role in the account of knowledge capitalism, at least if calculated by explicit references to the concept. Digital Society The terms “digital citizenship” expected to provide critical approach to citizen engagement. Critical voices indicate that participation, frequently linked to one-sided, positive viewpoints, has long become a buzz word: applauding the possibilities of user interaction and ignoring problems such as knowledge policy and a digital divide, not just focused on technical access but also on a lack of digital literacy (e. g. Jordan 2015; van Dijck et al. 2017). Conflict in Digital Society Developed nation are usually mostly because of a lack of growth, they tend to be occupied with protectionist thoughts and thus develop nations’ growth is hampered. This causing them could not be able to archive structural reform of their domestic economies. The new thecnology in this globalization era could help rescue the world from the economic vicious cycle. On the other hand the new technology also brings concern which are losing jobs, privacy proctetion issues, and so on. The impacts of new technology are widely and not only focusing on economy sector but affects the whole society. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY As functionalism focuses on how media and technology contribute to the smooth functioning of society, writing a list of roles you consider media and technology to serve is a good place to start understanding this viewpoint. Commercial functionalism can carry significant cultural currency, such as tv advertisements. Tv advertisement is a highly functional means of reaching the demographic of the market in which it lives. Sponsors may use the sophisticated data about their audiences obtained by network and cable television providers and tailor their ads accordingly. Commercial advertisement not only precedes films in theatres and occurs on and within public transport, as well as on the sides of buildings and roadways.

LU13 INFORMATION AND DIGITAL SOCIETY ‘Information society’ is familiar in the modern sociological literature. The study of information is science in itself which leads to the understanding not only about the physical nature of information and its properties but also about the transformative effects of information in human, social, action and relations. The concept of ’information’is often theorised as useful, for both the natural and social sciences. A Digital Society, on the other hand is an interdisciplinary research area and a type of progressive society that has been formed as a result of adaptation as well as integration of advanced technologies into the society and culture. Digital revolution and digital technology  Digital revolution  Digital technology The \"digital revolution\" . Also The word “digital” comes from called the third industrial Latin, digitus, which means finger revolution, it is the era of digital and refers to one of the oldest electronic equipment that started tools for counting. Technology is around the 1980s and is still are science and knowledge that continuing until this day. This are put into practical use to solve revolution of digital era impacts problems or invent useful tools, everything, from economy, which society uses at this modern innovation, science and education, era. Therefore, Digital technologies to health, sustainability, are electronic tools, systems, governance, and lifestyles. Digital devices and resources that Revolution involves 4 phases: generate, store or process data. A Super Computer, personal few examples of digital computer, Networked Computer technologies are social media, and Cloud Computing. online games, multimedia and mobile phones What is Digital Sociology? Digital sociology appeared as a response to a particular hype such as in industry, news, media, government, and the university. However, digital sociology also offers an alternative to narrow definitions of digital social research. Some define the new ‘computational social science’ as essentially a form of data analytics. In contrast, digital sociologists are committed to investigating a far wider set of interactions between data, people, technologies which overflow, exceed and do not fit inside the simple story about the new forms of data analysis taking the place of old social research methods, like surveys or fieldwork.

LU14 SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF RELIGION Sociology of Religion is refered to the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion by using the discipline of sociology as the methods and the tools. The sociological study involves finding an objective and investigations that may include the use of both quantitative methods such as surveys, census analysis, demographic and polls and qualitative approaches such as participant observation, interviewing, and historical and documentary materials. The study of religion was central to the discipline of sociology with early seminal figures such as Emile Durkheim and Max Weber writing extensively on the role and function of religion in human society.. The discipline of sociology of religion has much to teach about how religion functions for the individual and in society. Sociological approach to religion The term religion describes various systems of belief and practice which define as what people consider to be sacred or spiritual. There are many form of religion found in every known culture. The practice of religion can include feasts and festivals, intercession with God or gods, marriage and funeral services, music and art, meditation and many more. In studying religion, sociologists differentiate between what they term the experience, beliefs, and rituals of a religion. Religious experience refers to the conviction or sensation that we are connected to “the divine.” This type of communion might be experienced when people are pray or meditate. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RELIGION  Functionalism Functionalists contend that religion  Conflict Theory serves several functions in society. Religion, in fact, depends on society for Conflict theorists view religion as an its existence, value, and significance, institution in order to help maintain and vice versa. One of the most patterns of social inequality. Conflict important functions of religion, from a theorists are critical of the way many functionalist perspective, is the religions promote the idea that opportunities it creates for social believers should be satisfied with interaction and the formation of groups. existing circumstances because they This function provides social support are divinely ordained. Conflict theorists and social networking and offers a have also pointed out that those in meeting place for others who hold power in a religion are often able to similar values and required help dictate practices, rituals, and beliefs (spiritual and material) in times of need. through their interpretation of religious texts or via proclaimed direct communication from the divine.

Religious beliefs and social facts: Social Facts however, are one of Emile Durkheim’s most major contributions towards sociology. Social facts are things such as institutions, norms and values which exist external to the individual and constrain the individual. As Laid Down in ‘The Rules of Sociological Method’, which is the work of Durkhiem himself is basically the Positivist approach to studying society, he believed that to study a society, a sociologist must look beyond individuals to social facts such as economy, education, and laws.  Economy As viewed and ascribed by Max Weber, The question that implicitly assume a casual relation from religion and religious values to economic performance is How can religion in the sense of a set of ideas or a worldview contribute to economical growth and poverty alleviation? Others along with Karl Marx argue in favor of the reverse relationship between economic circumstances to values. Religious beliefs matter for economic outcomes. They reinforce character traits such as hard work, honesty, thrift, and the value of time. Otherworldly compensators such as belief in heaven, hell, the afterlife can raise productivity by motivating people to work harder in this life.  Education We find that religious beliefs are compatible with increased education and knowledge. Religion attracts people with higher levels of educational attainment because religious beliefs can be neither proved nor disproved. Educated people engage in speculative reasoning and are better able to think abstractly. Hence, religion can offer something beneficial to them.  Laws The analysis of Laws is the analysis of the social situation to which the law applies, as implied by Sosio-legal approach and should be put into the perspective of that situation by seeing the part the law plays in the creation, maintenance and or change of the situation. It has been argued that the legal structure, because of its nature and the social functions it serves, requires a different form of analysis from other social institutions. However, it is not thereby removed from the analysis, despite the often abused distinction of laws as normative, and of social science method being therefore inapplicable.

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