Science integrated

SCIENCE INTEGRATED PROJECT ( Food Production and Materials )

Guided by :- PK THAKUR SIR RENUKA MAM RAMESH SIR

Made by :- Aditya Shah / 10th B Abhishek Dwivedi / 10th A Abhay Kushwaha / 10th A Prakhar Agrawal / 10th A Saurabh Singh 2 / 10th B

Nagaland and Manipur Agriculture in Nagaland and Manipur In Nagaland Nagaland is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Myanmar to the east and Manipur to the south. It has an area of 1.65 million hectare with a population of 1.98 million as per the 2011 census, making it one of the smallest states of India. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland, with more than 90% of the population employed in agriculture. Crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato and jute. Table 1 illustrates the current area, productivity and production statistics of major crops in Nagaland.

Land, Soil and Climate Soil •The soils of state are characterized as sandy loam and sandy clay loam with the pH ranging from 4.5-6.0. •The organic carbon content is low-medium. •Available potassium is also low-medium whereas magnesium is high. •Likewise, calcium is low, nitrate nitrogen is medium-high, Sulphur is low-medium and ammonium nitrogen is low. Agro Climate Zone: •Sub Alpine temperate zone (1500-3500m MSL) •Sub tropical Hill Zone (1000-1500m MSL) •Sub tropical Plain zone (400-1000m MSL) •Mild tropical Hill zone (200-800m MSL) Receives south west monsoon rain during summer and northeast monsoon during winter The average rainfall is between 175cm and 250 cm. Most of the heavy rainfall is during the 4 months from June to September. The rains during April to May are low. Strong winds blow from the North West in February and March. Annual maximum temperature is 26 0 C and minimum temperature is 210C.

Agriculture and Crops Grown Nagaland is basically a land of agriculture. About 70 percent of the population depends on agriculture. The contribution of agricultural sector in the state is very significant. Rice is the staple food. It occupies about 70 percent of the total area under cultivation and constitutes about 75 percent of the total food production in the state. The major land use pattern is slash and burn cultivation locally known as Jhum. Area under Jhum cultivation is about 1,01,400 hectare and under terraced cultivation. Crop Rotations Crop Sequences: Paddy- Mustard Paddy followed by Mustard Paddy followed by maize Paddy- maize Paddy followed by linseed Maize followed by Black gram Paddy- linseed Soybean followed by fallow Maize – Black gram Paddy followed by cabbage Soybean –fallow Maize followed by winter vegetables Cucurbits followed by winter Paddy-cabbage vegetables Paddy mono crop Maize- winter vegetables Maize mono crop Cucurbits – winter vegetables Ginger mono crops Paddy –fallow Maize –fallow Ginger –fallow Inter Cropping: Jhum paddy maize, colocasia, soybean, cucurbits Mixed Cropping Jhum paddy maize, colocasia, soybean, cucurbits Cash Crops : Cotton Sugarcane, Jute, Tea, Coriander

Agricultural Trade and Economy Nagaland Economy is mainly based on agriculture as more than 60% of the population is engaged in this sector. The Economy of Nagaland is also dependent on forestry, cottage industry, and tourism. The gross domestic product of the state Nagaland amounted to 7252 crores in 2006 – 2007, in 2007 – 2008 this figure amounted to 8075 crores, and in 2008 – 2009 this figure stood at 9288 crores. Agriculture contribution to the state GDP is 1676.95 crores in 2006-2007, in 2007 -2008 the figure amounted to 1680.60 crores and in 2008 – 2009 it is 1929.34 crores. The Economy in the state of Nagaland is dependent mainly on agriculture. The economy’s remarkable feature is that there are no landless peasants in the state. The various kinds of crops cultivated in Nagaland are corn, pulses, oilseeds, fibers, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, millets, and rice. In spite of agriculture being the main occupation of the people, the state still has to import food items from other states. This has happened due to the fact that people followed unsustainable agricultural practices such as the Jhumming method which has led to the loss of fertility due to soil erosion. This has hampered the growth of the Economy in Nagaland. The Economy of the state of Nagaland also depends on the forests as the state has a huge forest cover. The state has 33% forest area and they are divided into 3 group such as private forests, reserved forests, and protected forests. The various products from the forests are sold all over the country and this brings in revenue for the Economy of Nagaland. Nagaland Economy also gets its revenue from the state’s cottage industries. The cottage industry in Nagaland manufactures pottery, weaving materials, and woodwork. All the products that are manufactured by the cottage industry are sold all over India and even exported to foreign countries. This has given a major boost to Nagaland Economy.

Manipur Manipur literally means 'land of jewelery'. It was a princely state before the independence of India. After independence it became a Union Territory of India. The capital of this place is Imphal . This entire part is mountainous. The climate is hot and wet and the average annual rainfall is 65 inches. About 60 tribes of Naga and Kuki castes reside here. People here are very proficient in music and art. Although many dialects are spoken here. Tea on hill slopes and paddy crops are prominent in valleys . A road through here leads to Burma . The state has an abundance of natural resources. The natural shade here is worth seeing. There are refreshing waterfalls here; There are colorful flowering plants, rare flora and fauna, sacred forests, ever-flowing rivers, lush green splits on the mountains and hills, and crooked waterfalls. Loktak Lake is an important lake here. On a physical basis, the state can be divided into two parts, hills and valleys. There are hills all around and there is a valley in between. Thus is the ancient glory of nature. The state has rich art and culture which shows its prosperity on the world map.

Major Horticulture Crops grown in the State The Department of Horticulture & Soil Conservation, Manipur have identified 2,77,064 Ha.as potential area for growing different horticulture crops like Fruit, Vegetable, Spices Root & Tuber crops, Aromatic & Medicinal plants etc.At ptresent, the area under horticulture in the state is 44.335.ha. It is the only 16% identified horticulture area till 2002-03. Tropical and Sub-tropical fruits: Among fruits, Banana, Pineapple and Citrus take a major share in area and production. The other fruits which are grown in sizeable area are Guava, Papaya etc. Banana is native to this region (Tamenglong). Pineapple is mostly grown on hill slopes as rainfed crop. Giant Kew and queen are the two leading varieties being grown. Kew is suitable for processing whereas Queen is grown for table purposes. In citrus, Khasi Mandarin and Orange is most popular. Lemons like Assam, Eureka and Kachai lemon are grown under foot-hill condition of Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Tamenglong and Senapati. Remarkable area of Hatkora(Citrus) used as spice is recorded in warm humid areas of Chandel and Jiribam.

Temperate fruits Peach, pear and plum are being grown successfully on higher altitudes mostly low chilling varities are performing well. Pear : Leconte, Smith, Keifer, Coslin etc. Peach :Flordasum, Shane-Punjab, Sharbati. Plum : Santa Rosa, Doris, Mariposa. Vegetables The Scenario in vegetable fron is much more promising. Low productivity in most of the vegetable crops grown is directly connected to the use of genetically inferior varieties coupled with low input farming and incidence of insect pests and diseases. Several improved and high yielding varieties and F1hybrids are now available for large scale adoption. In Manipur the valley land , after the harvest of paddy, is being successfully utilized for large scale cultivation of vegetables. Now the farmers have started using F1 hybrids and high yielding OP varieties. The state abounds in cucurbitaceous vegetables like Pumpkin, Bottle gourd, Ridge gourd, Cucumber and Dolichos, Vigna, Phosphocarpus and Phaseolous and Phaseolous vulgaris(French bean), Among solanaceous vegetables, brinjal, tomato, chillies and capsicum hold great promise. In cole crops, Cabbage and and cauliflower are grown in limited area. Among exotic vegetables, brussels sprout and broccoli also hold good promise due to favourable climatic conditions but these are not popular among the farmers.

Off Season Vegetables In the high altitude hills it is possible to grow crops like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, radish etc. as summer rainy season crops. Promising off season crops were found growing in temperate areas of Mao under Senapati District. Off -season cultivation of vegetables (tomato, cucumber, melons) under protected condition were also started in valley areas. Mushroom: Mushroom, a nutritionary food item is common among the people of manipur since ages. Cultivation of Mushroom is getting momentum mainly on Agaricus, Volvariella and Pleurotus. Introduction of Mushroom cultivation as an industry will be the pivotal role for employment and income generation. Root and Tuber crops: Indegeneous food – crops like Colocassia, Sweet potato, Tapioca etc. played main role in remote hill areas. Development of agro – technique in this regard will suffix the need.

Spices: Three commercial crops need mention in this respect, viz, ginger, turmeric and large cardamom. In ginger, varieties viz. Nadia, Poona, Suprabha were found promising. In case of turmeric G.L. Puram. RTC! and Lakadong were found promising. Large cardamom is a potential crop for the state. Aromatic and Medicinal plants The vast plant resource (medicinal) recorded uptil now are limited to about 1200 to 1300 species. Out of this partly a few hundred(400/500) are used by the local people for the treatment of ailments so far recorded and local uses of the rest could not be available. The villagers living in direct national plant- environment rather than the modern allopathy treatment should be emphasized as priority. In the context, it is an apt to say that the state herburium, plantation policy, development of medicinal plants and pollution control, proposed during the year, 1994 under the Chairmanship of the then Advisor (P), Shri P.P. Shrivastav, Advisor to the Governor of Manipur initiated the importance of medicinal plants. Moreover, aromatic plants also will play a main role in social, economic upliftment and environmental friendship.

Thanks