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INTELLIGENCE &NEURAL ACTIVITY NEW \"METACONTROL ISSUE OF HUMAN CREATIVITY\" ARTICLE 4 \"LARGE AND FAST HUMAN PYRAMIDAL NEURONS ASSOCIATE WITH INTELLIGENCE ARTICLE 1 \" EXCLUSIVE brought to you by EMUARGEAKZAIN! E Volume 01 l S.Y 2021-2022

CONTENTS INTELLIGENCE & TAKE A LOOK: NEURAL ACTIVITY 12 METACONTROL OF HUMAN CREATIVITY: The neurocognitive mechanisms of convergent and divergent thinking 14 GENERAL INTELLIGENCE Is associated with working memory-related brain activity 15 INTEGRATIVE BENCHMARKING to Advance Neurally Mechanistic Models of Human intelligence 17 EXCLUSIVE! LARGE AND FAST DRIVING THE 18 AUTHORS' PROFILE 02 HUMAN BRAIN TOWARDS Get to know the faces who PYRAMIDAL CREATIVITY AND wrote this comprehensive MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 NEURONS INTELLIGENCE piece of science ASSOCIATE WITH INTELLIGENCE A network control theory 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY analysis The list of references FUNCTIONAL BRAIN GENERAL LUNA CORNER NETWORKS RELATED MURALLA ST. INTRAMUROS, TO INDIVIDUAL MANILA, PHILIPPINES 1002 DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN +63-993-777-0202 INTELLIGENCE AT REST [email protected] WWW.EURIKAMAG.COM

DID YOU KNOW T he brain is one of the largest organs in THAT YOUR the body that is known to be the most BRAIN’S NEURAL complex living structure in the universe, ACTIVITY MAY although the extent of its capabilities is still unknown. DETERMINE HOW INTELLIGENT YOU According to Goriounova et al. (2018), almost 100 billion brain cells make up our brains. ARE? Each of them works as a small chip: they take in information in the form of electrical by Dr. Khaycee M. Cruz & signals, process it, and send it on to parts of Dr. Jeanceelenz Pelagio the brain where different kinds of information are put together. This single organ regulates all bodily functions, from heart rate to emotion, learning, and memory. The brain shapes our thoughts, hopes, dreams, and imagination, and ultimately, this organ is what makes us humans (Carey & Society for Neuroscience, 1990). It is generally acknowledged that huge Through the activity and connections clusters of linked neurons provide the formed by the billions of neurons in our information processing underlying brain brain, humans are able to code, process, and activities, including sensory, motor, and store information, which ultimately allows cognitive processes. Neurons are the us to acquire knowledge and understanding brain's and nervous system's fundamental through the process known as cognition. units. The brain packs roughly 100 billion Large differences in cognitive ability result neurons (yes, that's a billion with a \"b\") from even the slightest change in the and 900 billion supporting neuroglia cells efficiency of neurons in processing (Ussery, 2022). The billions of cells and information, which has been the basis of trillions of connections all inside our 3- associating intelligence with mental pound brain are truly wonders of processing speed using reaction time in the enormous proportions. field of behavioral psychology. INTELLIGENCE is an organism's ability to solve challenges in its natural and social context by devising new, previously unavailable solutions (Dicke & Roth, 2016). Associative learning, memory formation, behavioral flexibility, and innovation rates are all part of this, as these are the abilities that necessitate abstract thinking, concept formulation, and insight. There have been numerous attempts in the past to associate intelligence with brain features. The absolute size of the brain is an often-discussed attribute, as many experts believe that larger brains correlate to greater intelligence. In line with this, another much-discussed trait is the relative brain size, expressed as a percentage of body size or the relative size of the cerebral cortex in animals, as these assess the extent of encephalization. Lastly, the characteristics that are relevant in the information processing of the brain, such as the number of neurons in the total number of neurons in the brain or in the pallium or cortex, as well as the degree of connection, axonal conduction velocity, and other variables. MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 03

The study of the way that the cellular The response of neurons to stimulation is one technique to research the elements of the nervous system work to biological foundation for information produce sensations, behaviors, and processing in the brain. This can be higher-order mental processes has accomplished in animal experiments by become a most productive area of inserting electrodes in order to monitor science through the development of the rates of action potentials and their electrical recording and imaging timing. However, this intrusive method techniques. is typically inapplicable to humans. Techniques that enable the indirect In researching for a fundamental analysis of neural activity have been neurological basis of intelligence, the developed in order to further our quantity of neurons, particularly cortical understanding of human brain function. neurons, as well as the quality of their connection and processing speed, is a Functional magnetic 0 main area of study. Unsurprisingly, there resonance imaging has been a huge knowledge gap on the basis of intelligence at the cellular level (fMRI), which measures regional because of our limited access to neurons variations in metabolic rate and blood in the living human brain, and the flow related to changes in brain activity, majority of what we know about the is one example. This method of neurons comes from laboratory animal measuring regional differences in brain research (Goriounova & Mansvelder, activity is possible because, on a 2019). macroscopic scale, the cortex is organized into spatially distinct regions But time does wonder as humans that are known to play functionally continue to develop techniques and specialized roles. The use of this method technologies, opening up new avenues allows the measuring of differences in for studying the human brain on the brain activity in different parts of the cellular level. brain. The mapping of brain regions that are connected with a specific Welcome to activity or component of that activity is the first-ever possible thanks to techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging issue of (fMRI) (Deco et al., 2008) Eureka! 04 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 dedicated to exploring the association between the complexity of the brain's neural activities and human intelligence. This issue contains several contemporary studies and evidence obtained from different fields employed to study this association. Join us on a thrilling adventure as we get an even closer look at the true wonders of the neurons of our ever- mysterious brain.

Knowing others is intelligence; knowing yourself is true wisdom. Mastering others is strength; mastering yourself is true power. — Lao Tzu

In that sense, we may conclude that dendritic size and complexity may affect the cortical thickness and neuronal function, and that includes intelligence. In relation to that, Action Potential refers to the shift in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a nerve cell. To find out the relationship between intelligence and ARTICLE 1 complexity and size of human LARGE AND FAST pyramidal neurons, the HUMAN PYRAMIDAL NEURONS ASSOCIATE researchers conducted an WITH INTELLIGENCE experiment. I BY DR. GABRIELLE MAXINE RUIZ t is a vast topic to elaborate and root out intelligence of The researchers conducted an a person, for instance, genetics. Several researches lead us experiment on 24 females and to a fact that frontal and temporal cortices of the brain 22 male with a total of 46 facilitate human intelligence. In addition to that, human patients that needed surgery intelligence is associated with the grey matter thickness for either tumors or epilepsy at of the brain. Cortical grey matter consists of neuronal cell VU University Medical Centre. bodies, neuropil, glial cells, synapses, and capillaries. The The age ranges from 18-66 neuropil consists of dendrites and unmyelinated axons. years old. A week before their Dendrites are appendages that receive and incorporate surgery, the participants took synaptic information and it strongly affects functional an IQ (Intelligent Quotient) test properties of neurons. using the Dutch version of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and IV (WAIS-III and WAIS-IV). 06MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 T he subsets of the test include information, pynreaumriodnal similarities, vocabulary, block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, picture comprehension, figure weights, digit span, arithmetic, symbol search and coding. The samples were collected during their respective surgery. The sample was obtained from the undamaged part of the participants’ temporal lobe that implies that obtained sample was not a part of epileptic focus or tumor and have no structural and functional abnormalities as per their preoperative MRI investigation, electrophysiological whole cell recordings or microscopic investigation of histochemical stained tissue. After the sample was obtained, the researchers digitally reconstructed the structure of its dendrite and measured its Action Potential.

To measure their Action Potential waveforms from the human pyramidal neurons in superficial layers of temporal cortex, the researchers extracted from voltage traces recorded in response to intracellular current injections and sorted according to their instantaneous firing frequency. The recorded Action potential then undergoes statistical analysis namely Pearson correlation and linear regression. The results show that there is a positive Consequently, it also proves that larger correlation between IQ scores and the dendrites leads to a faster Action Potential cortical thickness of the temporal lobe. onset and enhances encoding skill. In However, the superior temporal gyrus comparison to smaller neurons, larger was excluded from the analysis because neurons were able to better encode rapidly it contains such areas for auditory, changing temporal information into Action gustatory and language processing that Potential firing time. Thus, it indicates that are spared to not harm the patients size differences have correlation to the during the collection of samples. The speed of Action Potential and wider cortical thickness measurement of each frequency bandwidths of encoding of the patients was averaged into one synaptic inputs into timing of Action value. Potential output. In relation to that, IQ scores positively Also, larger dendrites have an effect on correlate with dendritic structure of excitability of cells and to figure out the temporal cortical pyramidal neurons as shape and speed of Action Potential. With the dendritic length also corresponds to these, we can say that higher IQ scores the average mean of temporal lobe correspond with faster Action Potential. cortical thickness. This indicates that The study reveals that a faster Action the dendritic structure of an individual Potential goes along with intelligence. has something to do with the whole Thus, neurons from people with higher IQ cytoarchitecture of the temporal cortex. scores are better suited to handle synaptic This sums up that the complexity and impulses at high rates and on shorter time size of the pyramidal neurons in the scales, which is important for reliably and temporal lobe may contribute to higher effectively encoding vast volumes of data. intelligence. I N C O N C L U S I O N the structure of an individual’s temporal 07 lobe impacts its intelligence. This serves as the first evidence that MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 intelligence correlates with neuronal complexity. The researchers used different computer models in order to understand how intelligence is linked with the structure of dendrites on our temporal lobe. The new information gathered may help us in further analyzation of information transfer within human neurons.

ARTICLE 2 DRIVING THE BRAIN TOWARDS CREATIVITY AND INTELLIGENCE: ANETWORKCONTROLTHEORYANALYSIS BY DR. GABRIELLE MAXINE RUIZ T he study sought answers to questions on how to quantitatively examine the extent and ways in which cognitive control contributes to creativity and intelligence. High- level cognition entails complex and multiple processes, including cognitive control processes. However, the exact nature of the cognitive control required in such high- level cognitive processes are still mostly unknown and debated. In the past decade, there has been a large increase in neurocognitive research on creativity, attempting to identify the main brain regions that contribute to creativity. With continuous research and analysis, the generation process in creativity has been related to the Default Mode Network and the evaluation process in creativity to the Executive Control Network. The DMN is a set of midline and inferior parietal regions that activate in the absence of most external task demands. The ECN is a set of prefrontal and posterior parietal regions that are engaged during cognitive tasks that require externally directed attention, such as working memory, relational integration, response inhibition, and task-set switching. Researchers have found the relationship and connection between the two and found out that ECN is tasked in evaluating the ideas generated by the DMN. Several research also relate intelligence to similar brain networks and dynamics. The dominant theory on the neural processes involved in intelligence has implicated frontal and parietal activation in relation to individual differences in intelligence, a theory known as the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence. They have found out that the greater connection between the DMN and ECN leads to higher intelligence scores. The question was answered by applying a network control theory (NCT) approach to structural brain imaging data using different tensor images from a large sample of participants. The strength of this approach is its ability to characterize the potential role of each brain region in regulating whole-brain network function based on its anatomical fingerprint and a simplified model of node dynamics. MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 08

There are a total of 416 participants used in the study consisting of 225 females and 191 males with an average age of 20 years. All participants are from Southwest University that was screened through a set of exclusion procedures involving self-reported questionnaires as well as structured and semi-structured interviews. For the methodology, the researchers used the creativity assessment and intelligence assessment using the verbal form of Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) and Combined Raven’s Test (CRT). For the MRI data, the researchers have collected the images using a 12-head coil on a Siemens 3 T Trio scanner at the Brain Imaging Center, Southwest University. To study the ability of a certain brain region to influence other regions in different ways, the researchers adopted the control theoretic notion of controllability. Based on previous research of network controllability in brain networks, the researchers computed for each participant and each brain region their average controllability, modal controllability, and boundary controllability. The analysis process overall is as follows. The researchers conducted a Spearman The researchers first divided the brain into correlation analysis for boundary 234 anatomically distinct regions. They controllability and a Pearson’s then connected these brain regions by the correlation analysis for average and number of white streaming lines modal controllability, controlling for identified by a commonly used multiple comparisons by calculating the deterministic tractography algorithm. False Discovery Rate to distinguish the boundary scores of participants from the Next, a simplified model of brain dynamics others and for a more accurate was applied to simulate network control comparison. and quantify average, modal, and boundary controllability for each brain The researchers found out that in terms region for each participant. of intelligence, a brain region within the After that, the researchers had conducted right Inferior Parietal Lobe exhibited a a whole brain correlational analysis significant positive correlation with between the behavioral measures and network controllability. Along with this, each of the network controllability the left Retrosplenial Cortex (RSC) measures for all brain regions. exhibited a significant negative correlation with boundary controllability. In terms of creativity, the correlational analysis revealed that there are three major brain networks that resulted in a significant negative correlation, right dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, the right Inferior Frontal Junction, and the right posterior Medial Frontal Gyrus. Furthermore, this analysis revealed a significant positive correlation with several post-central brain regions and boundary controllability and a brain region in the left Superior Temporal Gyrus. 09 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01

MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 10 ARTICLE 3 B ehind the complexity of human FUNCTIONAL intelligence lies the extensive neural BRAIN networks across brain regions that govern NETWORKS our capacity to exercise intelligence over RELATED TO task performances. Yet, the relationship INDIVIDUAL between neural networks and intelligence DIFFERENCES is still a subject of discussion as it is still not IN HUMAN fully understood and in need of further INTELLIGENCE research. Simultaneously, an individual’s AT REST ability to accomplish intelligent performances during tasks that require the BY DR. KEANA JADE LAZARITO use of cognition is predominantly viewed as associated with the interactivity of the brain’s fronto-parietal networks. Upon conducting numerous studies involving brain imaging, the findings acquired are conceptualized in a theory known as the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence (P-FIT). It is a theory which describes the distinct neurobiology of human intelligence wherein individual differences in intelligence is linked to neural activity that occurs in frontal and parietal cortices when performing cognitive tasks. However, recent studies concerning the brain activity of individuals who are not engaging in any cognitive tasks, particularly when the brain is at its resting state, have implied that neural networks underpinning individual differences in intelligence are not limited to segregated interactions in the fronto-parietal areas but are also governed by the vast neural communication between other brain regions.

MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 11 In addition, recent findings have The data used was provided by F unctional connectivity and found an existing relationship between individual differences in the Human Connectome intelligence which suggests the intelligence and functional brain activity during task engagements Project (HCP) wherein an array contribution of neural connections and resting state. Hence, the researchers attempted to find of neuroimaging and between numerous brain regions, answers on whether the scope of P- FIT encompasses broad brain behavioral data, such as high especially the prefrontal and networks in addition to evaluating its capability of including task-free quality resting state fMRI data, contexts in association with intelligence. were obtained from a cohort of frontal cortices. Upon empirical In order to examine the associations, the researchers administered an 317 unrelated participants, ages analysis using HCP data, a positive exploratory mapping of information from four peer-reviewed fMRI studies 22-36 years old. In measuring relationship is also observed on the relationship of pairwise resting state functional connectivity general intelligence, recorded between intelligence scores and with the intelligence scores of healthy human adults. individual scores in two functional connectivity of specific The final sample obtained consists of behavioral tasks are utilized as brain regions in a resting state that data from 207 subjects. Furthermore, the explorative mapping featured a a measure. The Penn’s are not connected to a particular brain parcellation of cortical regions in which it contains 333 parts. A Progressive Matrices (PMAT) is network. There is also an absence production of 5 mm radius spheres from the recorded coordinates of MNI used to assess fluid of association between increased were conducted to map each cortical region into the adopted parcellation, intelligence. Meanwhile, the intelligence and functional and quantitatively determine the spatial overlap of cortical regions Picture Vocabulary test is connectivity during resting state. with the areas of the adopted parcellation. After conducting an applied as a measure of crystal Additionally, across-network exploratory mapping of data, the researchers performed network intelligence. Within the context associations of areas aside from analyses to empirically investigate the hypotheses that an existing of HCP data preprocessing and fronto-parietal regions (such as association between functional connectivity and human intelligence analysis, the data consisted of default-mode) and the interaction transpire across intrinsic neural networks of the brain when it is in its echo-planar images (EPIs) resting state. containing sub-second between the two systems are also temporal solution and high accounted for variability in spatial resolution. intelligence. Also, a higher global A Fisher Z transformation was network efficiency wherein done to the calculated Pearson cooperation is discerned between correlation of the functional brain regions exhibits similar connectivity of each results. To conclude, functional participant. Moreover, a connections that are responsible network based statistic (NBS) is for variability in intelligence is not also employed to evaluate limited to fronto-parietal brain-intelligence relationships. interactions. Instead, it is The findings acquired by the facilitated by extensive neural researchers implied that higher networks involving both fronto- intelligence scores are linked to parietal and default-mode significant functional networks. The researchers also connectivity during the resting suggested an expansion of the P- state. The mapping of studies FIT to incorporate further presented a positive compound and context-specific association between pairwise network dynamics into its conceptualisation of intelligence.

The study shows two types of thinking ARTICLE 4 and their neurocognitive mechanism. It METACONTROL was mentioned in this study that OF HUMAN creativity is a complicated concept that CREATIVITY: would benefit from a more systematic approach. Divergent and convergent thinking have been identified as crucial to creative cognition. The THENEUROCOGNITIVE Alternate Uses Test (which mainly relies on MECHANISMSOF divergent thinking) and the Remote Associates Test are the most common tests CONVERGENTAND used to investigate these two processes DIVERGENTTHINKING (heavily relying on convergent thinking, at BY DR. AZIRAM MAY least with analytical solutions). Creativity is a GAMBOA strange and intricate phenomena that is supposed to be the brain's capital. It has been difficult to objectify and quantify, which has impeded mechanical creative efforts. The construct of creativity is regarded to be made up of two measurable cognitive ingredients: divergent and convergent thinking. Divergent thinking is a way of thinking that enables the production of new ideas in situations when the selection criteria are confusing and more than one solution is viable. As a result, divergent thinking requires mental flexibility. Convergent thinking, on the other hand, is a way of thinking that allows you to identify a single solution to a well-defined problem with more persistence and focus. It was discussed in this study, despite the fact that these and other data reveal significant distinctions between divergent and convergent thinking, there are some parallels. T he study focuses on creativity and its specific neural activity, along with what type of thinking it has to run with. Given that divergent and convergent thinking are likely to serve numerous purposes and meet different work demands, it's crucial to distinguish between the two thinking styles. The Dual Pathway to Creativity (DPC) Model was developed to account for these discrepancies (Nijstad et al., 2010). MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 12

The model distinguishes between a flexibility and a persistence route to creative performance, assuming that different creative products and even different metrics in the same creativity task may rely on these two paths to varying degrees. However, quantifying such measures was nearly impossible since there was no definite type of measurement that can measure creativity, not unless you limit it with factors that will somehow narrow down its scope to the point where you can say that it can be grouped. It was then mentioned that along with the neural activity for creativity, comes the path of insights whereas the brain understands a phenomena and is being mapped within the research. The findings on the study was that or benefiting from metacontrol biases towards persistence. given a purpose Metacontrol states modulate creative and was aiming to help the future researchers from a metacontrol cognition in divergent and convergent approach, giving guidance to study the similarities and differences of divergent thinking tasks, with divergent thinking and convergent thought. and insight solutions in convergent thinking tasks relying on, or benefiting from metacontrol biases towards flexibility, whereas convergent, analytical thinking relying on, The research could aid in the ORGANIZATION AND INTEGRATION of future research endeavors. First, neuroscientific research could try to better characterize states of convergent and divergent thought on the one hand, and states of persistence and flexibility on the other, in order to verify the concept that thinking styles and metacontrol are linked. Second, experiments might be conducted with manipulations that are thought to induce or encourage specific metacontrol styles, such as meditation or positive and negative affect, to examine whether and how these factors impact metacontrol and thinking styles. 13 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01

ARTICLE 5 14 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 GENERAL BY DR. JIA CABILLO INTELLIGENCE IS ASSOCIATED NEWEVIDENCEFROMALARGESAMPLESTUDY WITH WORKING MEMORY- RELATED BRAIN ACTIVITY: Task-positive network (TPN) his paper then sought to address the Results show that there is a positive correlation between the following: and task-negative network different correlational results, small brain activity and general intelligence task (both 0-back and 2-back); brain (TNN) are networks that either sample size, and answer questions activity and working memory task only on 0-back task, while there was no activates or deactivates when pertaining to the association of brain significant correlation between brain activity and working memory during an individual is presented with activity over working memory and the 2-back task. Despite the positive correlation, it was recorded that there a complete task such as general intelligence including is only a weak association between brain activation and cognitive ability or cognitive task and non-verbal identifying the brain regions that are general intelligence. This weak association could be because of the task that requires the attention connected to these processes. Three problems of the machine such as low readability of fMRI measures during N- of one’s working memory. hypothesis were presented: if back task, noise in the scanner, and image processing inaccuracies. Working memory temporarily performance and activity correlate Hence, the use of large sample size stores information while amongst the following, task-positive in this type of study increases reliability of results. Performance and maintaining other mental network (TPN), task-negative network activity correlate in border areas and not in TPN or TNN. The results are also operations required on that (TNN), or in border areas; intelligent incongruent with the neural efficiency theory since cognitive function and information. Furthermore, people show low prefrontal activity brain activity under low to moderate difficult tasks showed positive activity working memory is highly compared to less intelligent people in the prefrontal cortex and negative in the parietal lobe. Participants with when working on the same cognitive greater cognitive ability show less deactivation in task-negative networks correlated with general task or task that has low-to-moderate (TNN) under higher task demand which corresponds with the hypothesis intelligence, hence, people who level of difficulty – neural efficiency that task-induced deactivation (TID) is in accordance with cognitive demand. are deemed to be more theory; increase or decrease task- intelligent tend to be superior induced deactivation (TID) in task- in such processes. Yet, several negative network (TNN) appears to studies regarding the individuals with greater cognitive ability. association of general A total of 1235 participants – 710 males and 525 females – with ages that intelligence with brain activity ranged from 18-27 years old answered the Raven’s Advanced Progressive showed no correlation between Matrix to assess one's general intelligence. Consequently, for the scores using the N-back researchers to assess one’s working memory span, a series of computerized working memory task – a task forward and backward digit span test were used. This test is fairly similar to that requires participants to the N-back working memory task provided that participants were asked to decide whether a sequence of view a sequence of numbers to compare to the next sequence whether in letters or images are identical presented order or in reverse order. N- back working memory task with to a sequence that was prior conditions of 0-back (simple cognitive) and 2-back (working memory) was then shown. However, differing utilized to map out brain activity using the functional magnetic resonance results could be caused by imaging (fMRI) methodological differences. Previous neuroimaging studies have only a hundred (100) of participants at most, thereby resulting in a low measure of reliability, results likely to give false positives, and is noncomprehensive. Furthermore, no comprehensive studies were made regarding the association of brain activity over working Researchers used the statistical technique of multiple linear regression memory and general analysis and permutation-based-voxel- level correction for multiple intelligence. comparisons to acquire plausible results.

15 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 INTEGRATIVE BENCHMARKING TO ADVANCE NEURALLY MECHANISTIC MODELS OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE BY DR. KIM PALILLO The brain is made up of interconnected networks of neurons that allow us to sense the world around us, predict what will happen next, communicate with one another, manipulate objects, and much more. This study believes that the neurological mechanisms, along with the behavioral abilities corresponding to each problem area, provide a relevant scale at which to research the brain, because the ability to solve such to focus research on single brain regions or single challenges evolved to permit survival and psychophysical domains, and study each region or reproduction in the world. The cognitive sciences' behavioral domain with simple models, often prospective organizational objective is to describing a small set of carefully parameterized accurately describe domains of human intelligence experiments. Given the stated goal and scientific as executable, neurally mechanistic models. Years approach of hypothesis testing in the form of model of research have resulted in models that accurately testing, the primary goal of this perspective is to reflect experimental results in certain behavioral introduce a software platform called Brain-Score as a tasks and brain areas. Therefore, this study aimed proposed method of implementing this approach in to take the next step by integrating experimental the domain of visual intelligence. Brain-Score was results from a variety of laboratories into a set of created to support shared community standards that, when taken collectively, push benchmarking, specifically to aid the cyclic process mechanistic models closer to describing entire of applying brain and cognitive research results to domains of intelligence including vision, language, improve neural network models of certain domains and motor control. With the case study of an of natural intelligence. As of this writing, Brain-Score integrative benchmarking platform called Brain- 1.0 is focused on visual object intelligence in Score, this perspective analyzes the benefits and primates, which is mediated in part by the complex obstacles of this approach and provides specific and highly interconnected circuit known as the methods to attain this aim in the domain of visual ventral striatum. intelligence. Now that the ability to build end-to-end neurally Explaining even a single domain of human mechanistic models capable of rivaling primate intelligence in terms of underlying brain performance in visual object recognition tasks exists, mechanisms of interacting sub-networks has the primary goal of Brain-Score 1.0 is to provide a proven extremely difficult. According to this study, central repository where all brain data relevant to since each domain of intelligence is so complex, the problem of ventral stream processing and object much of neuroscience began with a \"divide and perception behaviors, as well as the currently leading models and their evaluation scores, can be conquer later\" stored in a format suitable for model benchmarking. strategy, ARTICLE 6 which is The hope is that by merging the building pieces into a realistic unified representation of the entire domain, we will eventually be able to scale them up. This study believes that major efforts in integrative benchmarking are required to enable these large-scale modeling initiatives: To guide and limit neurally mechanistic models capable of creating that collection of behaviors through specifying a set of behaviors that together represent a domain of intelligence, and assembling neurological and behavioral data from throughout its supported domain. This next era of scientific growth, according to this study, is driven by a constant cycle of model creation, model prediction, and model testing against all experimental outcomes. This will advance the discipline by stimulating the development of unified, neurally mechanistic models, weeding out those that are less accurate, and directing model engineering efforts toward refining and extending the most accurate models.

The mind is everything. what you think you BECOMEB u d d h a

CROSSWORD BRAIN TRY AND GIVE YOUR BRAIN A WORKOUT! BY JOANA CONTILLO FACTS THE BRAIN OF A HUMAN CONTAINS APPROXIMATELY EIGHTY SIX BILLION NEURONS ABOUT 73 PERCENT OF THE BRAIN IS MADE UP OF WATER. DEHYDRATION, EVEN IN SMALL AMOUNTS, CAN HAVE A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THE BRAIN FUNCTIONS ACROSS DOWN IT IS A MYTH THAT HUMANS ONLY USE 10 1. Resting membrane potential, ____ 2. Development of these as a result of the transmission of technologies paves its way for PERCENT OF OUR information within and between higher-order mental processes. BRAIN. WE ACTUALLY neurons. 6. The brain’s and nervous system’s USE ALL OF IT. WE’RE 3. One of the main functions of fundamental units. neurons in the brain. 12. This single organ regulates all EVEN USING MORE 4. Organism’s ability to solve bodily functions, from heart rate to THAN 10 PERCENT challenges in its natural and social emotion, learning, and memory. WHEN WE SLEEP. context by devising new, previously unavailable solutions. Answers: A JOINT STUDY BY HARVARD 5. Size of the brain that correlates to Largest, electrical recording, functional magnetic, cognition, UNIVERSITY, DARTMOUTH greater intelligence. cerebral cortex, brain activity, larger brain, encode impulses, 7. Measures regional variations in COLLEGE AND THE UNIVERSITY metabolic rate and blood flow imaging techniques, cortex, fluctuates, brain, intelligence, OF ABERDEEN IN SCOTLAND related to changes in brain activity neurons FOUND THE PARTS OF THE . BRAIN THAT CONTROL “TASK- 8. Brain is said to be the ___ organ in UNRELATED THOUGHT” (SUCH the body 9. This is organized into spatially AS DAYDREAMING) ARE ALMOST distinct regions that are known to ALWAYS ACTIVE WHEN THE play functionally specialized roles. BRAIN IS AT REST. 10. Another technological breakthrough that has become the 17 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 most productive area of science 11. Size of this specific part of the brain in animals that assess the extent of encephalization. 13. fMRI measures the regional variations in metabolic rate and blood flow related to changes of this one. 14. The process by which humans are able to code, process, and store information, which ultimately allows us to acquire knowledge.

18 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 AUTHORS &CO PHD ILLO RUZ MBOA RITO DR. K DR. A DR. DR. J DR. J IA CABILLO OANA CONT KHAYCEE C ZIRAM GA EANA LAZA With a Ph.D. degree Dr. Joana Marie C. University Assistant Dr. Aziram May D. Dr. Keana Jade in psychology from Contillo is a Professor in Gamboa is a Doctor Lazarito is a consultant the University of neurosurgeon, Psychology at the of Medicine in California, Los researcher in University of Psychiatry at the psychiatrist at residence in London Psychiatric Angeles, and her University of Cambridge, where San Jose St. Master’s degree at she teaches courses Bonaventure Clinic, where she California Hospital, where she specializes in the University of the Neurosurgery, a in Introductory diagnoses and treatment of adult Philippines Diliman University Assistant Psychology, treats children and and older adult where she also took Professor in Stanford Biological adolescent patients patients suffering University School of with mental from severe mental her bachelor’s Medicine, author and Psychology, and disorders. Dr. health disorders. Dr. degree. Her doctoral journalist, and Sensation and Gamboa received Lazarito received her research focuses on entrepreneur. Dr. Perception. Dr. Cruz her Medical Degree bachelor’s degree in Contillo finished her received her MSc in in Psychiatry at Clinical Psychology at children’s bachelor’s degree in Johns Hopkins psychological Pamantasan ng Applied University. Her University of outcome and Lungsod ng Maynila Neuroscience and professional Pennsylvania, and prenatal maternal and continued her Doctorate degree in background finished her medical infection, which medical degree in the includes receiving degree in Psychiatry received awards University of the Neuroimaging the Blanche F. at the University of from various Philippines Manila – Research from Ittleson Award for foundations and College of Medicine. King’s College Research in Child Oxford. She also institutions. Dr. She earned her MSc London, Institute of and Adolescent received her Cabillo is currently Psychiatry by the fellowship in an associate in Psychiatry, professor at the Cognition/Perception Psychology and American Addiction Medicine at Department of & Neuroscience and Neuroscience. Psychiatric Stanford, where she Psychology in New Association previously worked as York University Ph.D. in Social & Among her Foundation. Dr. a clinical assistant in where she teaches Personality professional Gamboa graduated Addiction Medicine experiences, she has cum laude from Dual Diagnosis clinic. affective Psychology both in been a clinical Ateneo de Manila She also previously neuroscience, child New York University. research training University, earning served as an development, and fellow for the her Bachelor of attending clinical psychology. She is the chief Manchester Center Science Degree in psychologist in the She also co-founded neurosurgeon at the Health Sciences. Department of for Health She has dedicated Psychiatry at the the Bawat Bata Philippine General Psychology and at her career to University of Organization in the Hospital and is the UCL Institute of studying how to California. improve and Subsequently, she Philippines that currently practicing Cognitive integrate mental has conducted aims to help every her profession both in Neuroscience, health among research and clinical child from isolated where she studied children and training in the areas and disadvantaged psychology and neuroanatomy adolescents. of depression, medicine in various using brain imaging addiction, and areas gain the local hospitals. Her techniques to psychosis. In addition, education and understand the she developed support that they books on neural systems that projects and rightfully deserve. In understanding enable us to direct intervention addition, Dr. Cabillo children with special programs to provide frequently writes for needs as well as the actions and help and assistance publications like the Handbook of thoughts in a goal- to people suffering Personality and Social oriented manner, from schizophrenia, American psychology is New with her research Psychologist York Times Best findings published borderline personality Sellers and have sold in leading journals. disorder, and bipolar Journal, millions of copies and Psychological are published in disorder across Bulletin, Eureka!, southeast asian thirty-seven and others. languages. countries.

19 MAY 2022 | ISSUE 01 &ONTRIBUTORS ATTY DR. DR. DR. TARA N M, MD LO GIO UIZ CHEZ ICOLAS RP KIM PALIL JEAN PELA MAXINE R . XIAN SAN Dr. Tara Mikhail Dr. Kim Cyrille Palillo Jeanceelenz Pelagio, Dra. Gabrielle Atty. Xian Zeus S. Nicolas is a Licensed is the Director of RPm, MD, MBA is a Maxine SJ. Ruiz is Sanchez, RPm, Rpsy Pediatric a neurosurgeon, obtained his degree at Medical Doctor neurosurgeon at entrepreneur, and the Pamantasan ng specializing in Neurosurgery at the Philippine General a researcher. She Lungsod ng Maynila, General Surgery at Philippine General and is currently taking the UP-Philippine Hospital and St. finishes her General Hospital. Hospital. She Luke’s Medical bachelor’s degree his 3rd course, BS She got her medical received her Center. She obtained at Pamantasan ng Economics in Harvard doctorate from bachelor's degree in her MD, MBA degree University despite of University of Santo psychology in at Harvard Medical Lungsod ng Tomas Faculty of Pamantasan ng Maynila with flying being a graduate of Medicine and Lungsod ng Maynila School and Juridicial Science and Surgery. For her and finished medical performed her colors. She undergrad, she school in University obtained her Law at the same graduated Magna of Santo Tomas residency in medical degree at university. As a Cum Laude with a where she is Cambridge, where the University of graduate of Bachelor Bachelor of Science currently a professor she received special the Philippine - in Psychology at of neurosurgery, in Public Pamantasan ng human biology, and training in College of Administration at the Lungsod ng Maynila pediatrics. Dr. Palillo Stereotactic and Medicine. She is and passed the is the author of the currently the head University of the Licensure Boards for best-selling book, Functional of neurosurgery Philippines, he Psychometricians Grain Brain and has Neurosurgery. Her department at respectively. Aside contributed surgical expertise exercises his from being a extensively to the Saint Luke’s knowledge in the world medical encompasses Medical Hospital legislation as the medical literature with minimally invasive where she got her congressman of the professional, she publications surgical options for residency. She is 5th district of Manila manages to be the appearing in The the spine and brain. the author of the and as a professor at Editor-in-Chief of the UP college of Law. Eureka! Magazine Journal of Dr. Pelagio famous book Despite of being a and CEO of her own Neurosurgery, The specializes in the “ThinKING” where skincare brand Southern Medical treatment of tumors well-known \"Luminosa Beauté\". and deep brain she elaborated congressman, he still You can catch her Journal, and stimulation for the how cognitive on various media Archives of processes took accepts pro bono platforms as she is Neurology. She also treatment of place inside our cases in lieu of being also a model for founded the Palillo Parkinson’s disease, Scholars Fund which movement disorders, minds. an attorney. His both local and is established to and tremor. Along current legacy was his international brands. counteract the with this, she is the Philippine’s crisis in founder of Museigen psychological clinic education by Group. The company and law firm, identifying and aims to accelerate rewarding academic the development of established for nearly role models from the global financial a decade. Despite of senior high school to system by building college, regardless of being part of the race, creed, religion and supporting judiciary and and socio-economic bitcoin and blockchain legislative branch of status. the government, he companies. In still has the time to addition, the continue serving God company provides as a member of the help for the students ministry of the word. with dreams and provides support for His first love, different mental psychology, is still health institutions in evident on his works the Philippines. as he is the number 1 proponent of mental health advocacy in the lower house of the legislative arm of the Philippines.

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