English Download [A2]: Grammar

ContentsUnit 1 4Grammar 1 Present simple and present continuous 5Grammar 2 Stative verbs 8Unit 2 10Grammar 1 Past simple and past continuous, used to 11Grammar 2 Relative pronouns and defining relative clauses 16Progress Review 1 19Unit 3 21Grammar 1 Present perfect simple 22Grammar 2 Have been vs have gone and present perfect simple vs past simple 25Unit 4 27Grammar 1 Future simple and be going to 28Grammar 2 Gerunds and full infinitives 31Progress Review 2 35Unit 5 37Grammar 1 Articles 38Grammar 2 Countable and uncountable nouns, quantifiers 41Unit 6 45Grammar 1 Past perfect simple 46Grammar 2 Comparative and superlative, (not) as ... as 49Progress Review 3 54Unit 7 56Grammar 1 Modals: ability, permission, requests, offers, suggestions 57Grammar 2 Modals: obligation, necessity, prohibition, advice 61Unit 8 65Grammar 1 Zero conditional and first conditional 66Grammar 2 Second conditional 69Progress Review 4 72Unit 9 74Grammar 1 Reported speech: statements 75Grammar 2 Reported speech: questions 80Unit 10 83Grammar 1 The passive: present simple and past simple 84Grammar 2 The passive: other tenses, modals and be going to 87Progress Review 5 90Verb forms 92Spelling rules 93Irregular verbs 94 3

1 Present simple and present continuous Stative verbs PERSONALITY QUI : How well do you know yourself? Araendyocuraearttiisvtei?c Are you logical and practical? OR Find out with our fun online qui ! 1 What do you like doing the most? A writing stories B solving equations 2 What do you usually draw or paint? A aliens and magical creatures B designs for houses and furniture 3 You’re having a party next week. What are you doing right now? A I’m making decorations and thinking of fun games. B I’m planning the menu and cleaning the house. 4 It’s your friend’s birthday, but you don’t have money for a card. A That’s OK. I can make one. B I’ll send an email instead. 5 You’re sitting in your bedroom. Imagine a different room. Is it like Picture A or Picture B? A B Mostly As? Mostly Bs? You’re definitely the artistic type. You’re good at finding practical solutions to You love making things and using everyday problems and you want things to your imagination to create beautiful be organised and tidy. You’re serious and objects and pictures. You are often logical and you believe that the real world lost in a creative world of your own. is more important than your imagination. But be careful – don’t lose touch But be careful – there’s more to life than with reality! just details and order!4

Grammar 1 Present simple and present continuousPresent simple Affirmative Negative QuestionPresent continuous They usually work They don’t usually Do they usually work together. work together. together? They’re working They aren’t working Are they working together today. together today. together today?Present simpleUseWe use the present simple to talk about:• habits and things that happen regularly. Helena often helps me with my maths and science homework.• things that are always or usually true. Logical people usually solve problems easily.• permanent situations. Colin works in the town library.• facts and general truths. The left brain controls the right side of the body.• timetables and future programmed events. The documentary series begins next Monday.Time expressions• We often use adverbs of frequency with the present simple, such as always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never. Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb. But when the main verb is the verb to be, the adverb of frequency goes after it. Susan usually does well on multiple-choice tests. We are never late for our dance class.• Here are some other time expressions that we use with the present simple: every day, in the morning/ afternoon/evening, at night, at the weekend, on Monday, on Fridays, in (the) winter, once/twice/three times a week, etc. These time expressions usually go at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. In the mornings I take my dog to the park to play. They go on holiday to Spain every summer.Present continuousUseWe use the present continuous to talk about:• something that is happening now, while we are speaking. At the moment our teacher is showing us how to solve the maths equation.• something that is happening for a short time or temporarily. We’re learning about the human brain in biology this week.• future plans and arrangements. What time are you coming round to my house this evening?Time expressionsWe often use the following time expressions with the present continuous: now, right now, at the moment,today/tonight, these days, this week, at present, nowadays.Please be quiet – I’m watching a programme about artistic children right now.She’s an actress, but at present she’s working as a waitress.Present simple and present continuousBe careful: we use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things that are always true. Weuse the present continuous for things that are happening now or things that are temporary. Compare thefollowing sentences:Andrew often uses colouring pencils for his pictures, but today he’s using paints.I go to dance class every Wednesday, but we aren’t having a lesson this week because our teacher is ill. UNIT 1 5

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple. 1 Zebras meat. (not eat) 2 We late at the weekend. (get up) 3  your bedroom with yourbrother? (you / share) 4 Mum’s train at eight o’clock tomorrow morning. (leave) 5 Mum and Dad coffee in the evenings. (not drink) 6 My sister to school. She’s only two years old. (not go)2 Rewrite the sentences. Put the adverb in the correct place. 1 Dad watches the news on TV. (rarely) 2 Kate isn’t so rude. (usually) 3 Mark stays up late. (never) 4 We have bacon and eggs for breakfast. (sometimes) 5 Mrs Green doesn’t work on Saturdays. (always) 6 Do you shop at that supermarket? (often) 7 He is late for class. (rarely) 8 Where do you spend Christmas? (usually) 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present continuous. 1 this programme? (you / watch) 2 We with Aunt Sarah for a few days. (stay) 3 Anna today. (not work) 4 My grandparents to stay with us next week. (come) 5 Why ? (they / leave) 6 Greg to you. He’s asleep! (not listen) 4 Circle the correct words. 1 Tim is working as a waiter every summer / this summer. 2 Greg and I are taking the train up to London often / tomorrow. 3 My sister goes to the hairdresser’s on Tuesday mornings / today. 4 Do you go out at weekends / tonight? 5 They’re staying with their grandparents every summer / this week. 6 Jenny is doing her homework in the evenings / right now. 7 My brother checks his emails every day / at the moment. 8 I wash my hair twice a week / right now.6

5 Circle the correct words. 1 What time do you usually get up / are you usually getting up on weekdays? 2 What do you do / are you doing at the moment? Are you busy? 3 Jim never watches / is never watching TV in the morning. 4 Where do you go / are you going to school? 5 Do you have / Are you having a party for your birthday this year? 6 It doesn’t rain / isn’t raining today, so we can have a barbecue later.6 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous. 1 The sun in the west. (set) 2 She her phone. Maybe she’s out. (not answer) 3 His secretary usually 4 Phoebe his letters. (type) 5 The bus wonderful pictures. She’s very talented. (draw) 6 Water at a quarter to eight in the morning. (come) 7 at 100oC. (boil) 8 Listen! Somebody lunch at the moment? (he / have) your favourite song! (sing)7 Read and complete with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous.Today is my sister’s birthday and the whole family is busy! Dad 1(tidy up) the house and Mum 2 (prepare) the food for the party –it’s all vegetarian because some of our guests 3 (not eat) meat.It’s a lot of work for Mum, but she really enjoys it. We always 4(have) a party on Jane’s birthday and on my birthday, of course! Jane’s birthday is inthe summer, so we usually 5 (go) to the park for a picnic in thesun, but this year she 6 (have) her party at home. It’s going to belots of fun because it’s a fancy-dress party! Let’s talk!8 Play a game with a partner. Student A: Choose a verb from A and a word or phrase from B. Ask Student B to make a sentence with them. Student B: L isten to Student A and make a sentence. Use the correct tense. Get one point for each correct sentence. Do this four times. Then swap roles and do the same.A B have, at the moment.have stay always now Sam is having amake visit at the moment once a week shower at the moment.play want every day this week Correct. One point for you. UNIT 1 7

Grammar 2 Stative verbsStative verbsStative verbs describe states, not actions. We do not usually use them in continuous tenses, even whenwe want to talk about something that is happening now, at exactly this moment. Here are some commonstative verbs:• sense verbs: feel, hear, see, smell, taste• thinking verbs: know, notice, realise, remember, think, understand• verbs that express emotions: dislike, hate, like, love, not mind, prefer• o ther verbs: appear (= seem), be, believe, belong, cost, forget, have (= own), hope, look (= seem), mean, need, own, remind, seem, sound, want She seems to be an honest person. Do you understand the biology homework?Some verbs have two meanings: one that describes an action and one that describes a state. When theseverbs describe actions, we can use them in continuous tenses. Compare:This silk shirt feels very soft. She’s feeling the cloth to see how soft it is.(feel = It seems soft when you touch it.) (feel = She’s touching it.)Open your eyes. What do you see? I’m seeing the doctor at three o’clock.(see = Use your eyes.) (see = I’m meeting him.)Your perfume smells lovely. She’s smelling the wine in her glass.(smell = It has a particular smell.) (smell = Using her nose to smell the wine.)This coffee tastes horrible! The chef is tasting the soup.(taste = It has a particular taste.) (taste = She’s trying it to see what it tastes like.)I don’t think that’s a good idea. I’m thinking about getting a new car.(think = (Not) believe something) (think = I’m considering it.)They have a house in the country. We’re having lunch at the moment.(have = They own a house.) (have = We’re eating lunch.)You don’t look very happy. What are you looking at?(look = You don’t appear to be happy.) (look = Using your eyes to see.)Tony is a biologist. Why are you being so difficult?(be = This is his permanent job.) (be = Behaving in a certain way right now.) 1 Circle the correct words. 1 I’m sorry but I don’t know / am not knowing the answer. 2 We try / are trying to find the car keys. 3 Your brother seems / is seeming a bit upset today. 4 Can you get the phone, please? I wash / am washing my hair. 5 You can keep this. I don’t need / am not needing it now. 6 I want / am wanting to go home. 7 Why do they laugh / are they laughing? This isn’t funny! 8 You sound / are sounding a bit worried. Are you OK? 9 I use / am using your iPad, but I’ve nearly finished. 10 Jenny doesn’t understand / isn’t understanding what the teacher is saying. 11 Mark sends / is sending flowers to his wife on her birthday every year. 12 Why don’t you like / aren’t you liking this music?8

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous. 1 Look! The baby the flowers! (smell) 2 She any brothers or sisters. (not have) 3 The girls are in Kim’s room. They at her paintings. (look) 4 They about moving house. (think) 5 Yuck! These sweets of soap! (taste) 6 Mum Toby’s head to see if he has a temperature. (feel) 7 that black car over there? (you / see) 8 Your perfume lovely. (smell)3 Read and circle the correct words. Hi Tom, How are you? I’m really tired! I 1 work / am working on my geography project today and it’s really difficult. Luckily, my dad 2 helps / is helping me with it. At the moment he 3 looks / is looking for some information about China on the Internet and I 4 take / am taking a break. I 5 really need / am really needing it! Are you busy this afternoon? 6 Do you want / Are you wanting to come round to my house? You can try some of my mum’s Sunday cake. We call it Sunday cake because she 7 always makes / is always making it for us on Sundays! It’s delicious! Then we can play Big Money. I know you 8 love / are loving that game. What do you say? Email me and let me know. Chris Let’s write!4 Imagine that today is a very special day (for example, your birthday). Write a short paragraph about what you and your friends or family usually do and what you are doing on this special day.  UNIT 1 9

10 The passive: present simple and past simple The passive: other tenses, modals and be going toBollywood I’m sure you’ve heard of Hollywood, but have you heard of ‘Bollywood’? Bollywood is the name that is given to India’s Hindi-language film industry. The name is a mix of the words ‘Hollywood’ and ‘Bombay’ (the old name for Mumbai, the Indian capital) where the industry is based. It is one of the largest movie industries in the world. Around 800 films are produced there every year – that’s twice as many films as in Hollywood! 14 million Indians go to the movies every single day and 2.7 billion movie tickets are sold every year. Each movie is three to four hours long and usually includes a mix of songs, dance, comedy, action and romance. Most Bollywood actors are excellent dancers, but not such good singers. Songs are usually pre-recorded by a ‘playback singer’ who doesn’t actually appear in the movie. And of course India’s most popular and wealthy celebrities are Bollywood actors and performers. Costumes are important in any film and in Bollywood movies, actors and actresses usually wear beautiful, brightly-coloured clothes. In one film, more than 130 different dresses were worn by the female star! UNIT 10 83

Grammar 1 The passive: present simple and past simple Present simple Active Passive Past simple He writes lyrics. Lyrics are written. He wrote lyrics. Lyrics were written. Use We use the passive voice when we want to focus on the action itself and not the person who does it (the agent). We usually do not know or are not interested in who does the action. The main focus is the action itself. The concert was filmed for television. The best singer is chosen by the judges. Form • We form the passive voice with the appropriate tense of the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb. In negative sentences, we add not after the verb to be. Present simple am (not) included. I are (not) included. you / we / they is he / she / it was Past simple were I / he / she / it you / we / they • In questions, we put the verb to be at the beginning of the sentence. Present simple I included? Am you / we / they included? Are he / she / it Is I / he / she / it Past simple you / we / they Was Were 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple passive. 1 Lyme Hall by hundreds of tourists every year. (visit) 2 The gardens by a team of fifteen gardeners. (look after) 3 The lawn once a week. (cut) 4 It by an automatic watering system. (water) 5 Some of the flowers by the housekeeper to decorate the house. (pick) 6 S ometimes the visitors leave litter, which every evening. (collect) 7 Special events in the gardens in the summer. (often / hold) 8 Lunch outdoors in the summer. (also / serve)84

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple passive. 1 The little girls in fairycostumes. (dress) 2 H is new book in just three months. (write) 3 The show by thousands of people. (watch) 4 I to Jon’s birthday party last Saturday. (invite) 5 The dishes using fresh ingredients. (cook) 6 The athletes by a top coach. (train) 7 T he music for the film by Adrian Williams. (compose) 8 These tomatoes in our garden. (grow)3 Write negative sentences and questions. 1 These toys are made in China. 2 This picture was painted in 1755. 3 The bedrooms were redecorated. 4 Drama club is held every Saturday. 5 I am invited to the party. 6 These songs are stored on your MP3 player. Agent• In a passive sentence, we sometimes mention the agent (the person who does the action). To do this, we use by + a name/a noun/a pronoun. The album was produced by Kanye West.• We only mention the agent when we know who does the action we are talking about, and only when it adds new or important information. Compare: A decision was made. (We don’t know who made the decision. We don’t mention the agent.) The exam results were announced. (The important information here is the fact that the results were announced. We are not interested in who announced them.) My wallet was stolen. (We know that a thief stole the wallet. We don’t need to mention the agent.) The film was directed by Steven Spielberg. (The agent gives us important information, so we mention it.) UNIT 10 85

Active and passive sentences When we change an active sentence into a passive sentence: • the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. Taylor Swift wrote the song.  The song was written by Taylor Swift. • we use the appropriate tense of the verb to be and the past participle of the verb in the active sentence. Taylor Swift wrote the song.  The song was written by Taylor Swift. • if we want to mention the agent, we use by + the subject of the active sentence. Taylor Swift wrote the song.  The song was written by Taylor Swift. 4 R ewrite the sentences in the passive. Include the agent only where necessary. 1 They grow coffee in Brazil. Remember: We only mention the agent when it adds important information. 2 Somebody stole his bicycle last week. 3 Andy Graham directed the play. 6 They found the missing boy. 4 Mrs Johnson marks our tests. 7 Music affects our moods. 5 Rudyard Kipling wrote The Jungle Book. 8 They printed the lyrics on the CD case. 5 Read and complete. Use one word in each space.  Sugar 1 first added to chewing gum in the late 1870s ... a chemist! 2  More vitamin C 3 found in green peppers than in oranges.  Cheese 4 not usually packed in plastic because it spoils the flavour.  K etchup 5 sold as medicine in the 1830s.  Ice cream 6 brought to Europe from China in 1295 7 Marco Polo.  In China millions of trees 8 cut down every year to make chopsticks. Let’s talk! 6 Play a game with a partner. Student A: Think of a noun. It can be any noun and it can be singular or plural. Tell Student B. Student B: Make a passive sentence using Student A’s noun. Get one point for each correct sentence. Do this four times. Then swap roles and do the same. House. Our house was built Bottles. Bottles are in 2004. made of glass.86

Grammar 2 The passive: other tenses, modals and be going toDon’t forget that we form the passive voice with the appropriate tense of the verb to be and the pastparticiple of the main verb. That means that the passive can be formed in any tense. We use by + a name,a noun or a pronoun to talk about who does the action.Present continuous Active PassivePast continuous He is writing lyrics. Lyrics are being written.Present perfect simple He was writing lyrics. Lyrics were being written.Past perfect simple He has written lyrics. Lyrics have been written.Future simple He had written lyrics. Lyrics had been written.be going to He will write lyrics. Lyrics will be written.Modal verbs He is going to write lyrics. Lyrics are going to be written. He can write lyrics. Lyrics can be written.Present continuous am (not) being included.I are (not) beingyou / we / they is (not) being included.he / she / it included. was (not) being included.Past continuous were (not) being included.I / he / she / it included.you / we / they have (not) been included. has (not) beenPresent perfect simpleI / you / we / they had (not) beenhe / she / it will (not) bePast perfect simpleI / you / he / she / it / we / they am (not) going to be are (not) going to beFuture simple is (not) going to beI / you / he / she / it / we / they must (not) bebe going toIyou / we / theyhe / she / itModal verbsI / you / he / she / it / we / they1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present continuous passive. 1 New houses in our village. (build) 2 The two men by Detective Edwards. (question) 3 The house at the moment. (redecorate) 4 Please wait here. Your rooms 5 Our car . (clean) 6 The project at the moment. (fix) by Elaine Barnes. (manage) UNIT 10 87

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the past continuous passive. 1 The stars by paparazzi photographers. (follow) 2 W hen I called, she by Doctor Stephens. (examine) 3 He didn’t know he . He hadn’t seen the camera. (film) 4 We had to wait outside while our rooms . (prepare) 5 T he office , so we couldn’t use it. (clean) 6 We were having lunch while our car . (repair) 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect passive. 1 T he problem . (solve) 2 The letters . (already post) 3 The meeting 4 All the tickets for the concert . (cancel) 5 H is new book . (sell) 6 All the necessary arrangements 7 M r Davis’ office . (just publish) 8 T he two robbers . (make) . (just clean) . (arrest) 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the past perfect passive. 1 Some of the files on his computer . (delete) 2 I didn’t know that the match . (cancel) 3 The living room and one of the bedrooms . (already paint) 4 The door from the inside. (lock) 5 The vegetables for forty-five minutes. (boil) 6 By the time the police arrived, two more paintings . (steal) 7 that anything was wrong? (you / notice) 8 Our teacher us of the change to the lesson time. (not inform) 5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the passive. 1 He . (should / punish) 2 The problem in many different ways. (can / solve) 3 All their things in boxes. (will / pack) 4 The meeting next week. (must / hold) 5 A hotel 6 She over there. (be going to / build) 7 The match . (should / warn) 8 They . (must / cancel) to the wedding. (will /invite)88

6 Read and complete with the verbs in brackets. Use the passive.Interesting Facts  In ancient Egypt, people slept on pillows that 1 (make) of stone. The call of the blue whale 2 (can / hear) 800 kilometres away. Almost half the newspapers in the world 3 (publish) in the United States and Canada. In the great fire of London in 1666, half of London 4 (burn down) but only six people 5 (injure). If you recycle just one glass bottle, the energy that 6 (save) is enough to light a light bulb for four hours. No piece of square paper 7 (can / fold) more than seven times. The smallest bone in the human body 8 (find) in the ear.7 Read and circle the correct answer.Rosoff’s Jewellery Store 1last night and diamonds worth onemillion pounds 2 from the 1 A burgled B was burgled C were burgledshop. Two suspects 3 already 2 A have stolen B was stolen C were stolenbeen arrested, although the diamonds 3 A have B are C were 4 A found B be found C been foundhave not 4 yet.Jackson Construction 5 to builda new shopping mall in Hightown.The building 6 at the moment 5 A is planning B is planned C is being plannedby architect Jason Foster. ‘The 6 A is designing B has been designing C is being designedbuilding materials 7 already 7 A are B have C willbeen delivered to the construction 8 A will build B will be building C will be builtsite,’ Mr Foster told us. ‘The shoppingmall 8 out of steel and glass.’ Let’s write!8 L ook at Exercise 6 and write your own strange or interesting facts. They can be about anything. Use the passive.More Interesting Facts  UNIT 10 89