SPRINT 4_SB

Welcome to In every unit you will find: Vocabulary Presentation of the new vocabulary of the unit. LEARN TO LEARN Peculiarities in the use of the English language. Presentation 1 Articles, blogs and web pages to discover the English language and culture. Presentation 2 Dialogues (interviews, blogs, video conferences) to explore the unit topics.Grammar FunctionsTables, complete Videos to introduceexplanations, the communicativeexamples and functions: you willexercises. The learn by watching andGrammar reference listening to Englishsection at the end peers, then it will beof the Workbook your turn to speak!offers furtherexplanations.

Build your competences Practice of the four linguistic abilities with cultural topics and CLIL readings.Test your competencesand Extra practiceEvery two units, recapitulativeexercises with self-evaluation. In theExtra practice section, you will be ableto practise with activities aimed at thepreparation for certifications.Culture and FestivalsAt the end of your book, a sectiondedicated to the culture, historyand main celebrations of theEnglish-speaking world will enableyou to examine and comparemultiple cultures.

Contents Entry test pp. 8-9 Sum up! pp. 10-11 S Starter unit Sprint game pp. 12-13 p. 8 Culture quiz pp. 14-15Unit Vocabulary Grammar1 Hobbies and Free-time activities Present simple vs Present continuous (review) leisure Sports equipment and Present simple – active and passive forms p. 16 places (review) Verbs + infinitive or -ing form2 Travel and Means of transport Past simple – active and passive forms (review) transport Past simple vs Past continuous (review) Travel verbs used to p. 26 Defining / Non-defining relative clauses Common collocations about travellingTest your competences 1-2 p. 36 Stages of life Extra practice 1-2 p. 37 3 Life changes Adjectives to describe Present perfect with ever / never, just, already, p. 38 feelings and personality yet, for / since (review) Present perfect continuous Present perfect vs Past simple4 Language Language will (review) learning Education be going to (review) Present continuous and Present simple for p. 48 future (review) so / such … thatTest your competences 3-4 p. 58 so that / to / in order to Extra practice 3-4 p. 59

Pronunciation Functions Build your competences Resources3rd person -s (review) Expressing likes and Culture: Extreme sports WORKBOOK dislikes Reading: Understand a text about adventure sports in Grammar reference Queenstown Sections 1-3 Listening: Understand a person talking about rafting Speaking: Describe a photograph using prompt questions Writing: Write an email on extreme sports-ed ending in past Asking for and giving Culture: Getting around London WORKBOOKtenses (review) travel information Reading: Understand a text about transport in London Grammar reference Listening: Understand four short dialogues Sections 4-7 Speaking: Make a conversation about the history of the London Tube Writing: Write a text on the history of the London Tube-ough / -augh in Expressing opinions; Culture: Rites of passage WORKBOOKPast simple and Past Agreeing and disagreeing Reading: Understand a text about different types of Grammar referenceparticiple ceremonies around the world Sections 8-10 Listening: Understand an expert talking about the Zhuazhou ceremony in China Speaking: Describe two photographs using prompt questions Writing: Write a short text about a traditional ceremonyContracted will / won’t Expressing purpose, cause CLIL: Population and language WORKBOOK and result Reading: Understand a text about endangered languages Grammar reference Listening: Understand a geography lesson about India Sections 11-15 Speaking: Prepare an oral presentation about your country Writing: Write a text about a country of your choice

Contents Vocabulary GrammarUnit Jobs and professions First conditional (review) unless / as soon as 5 Work and jobs Common collocations Second conditional p. 60 about work wish I’d prefer / I’d rather Adjectives to describe jobs and personality6 Food and Healthy eating Modals for advice and suggestions health Injuries and medicine Modals for obligation, necessity p. 70 and prohibition Modals for lack of obligation and necessityTest your competences 5-6 p. 80 Vocabulary Extra practice 5-6 p. 81Unit Grammar The city and the country7 City life Past perfect versus Linking words have / get something done country life The natural world and pollution p. 828 Body Body language Reported speech language Gestures say and tell Reporting orders, requests and advice p. 92 Reporting questions must / can’t for speculationTest your competences 7-8 p. 102 Extra practice 7-8 p. 103Reading, Writing and Speaking practice pp. 104-113Culture pp. 114-137Festivals pp. 138-143

Pronunciation Functions Build your competences ResourcesThe w sound Expressing preferences Culture: Summer jobs WORKBOOK Reading: Understand a text about summer jobs Grammar reference Listening: Understand a conversation between two friends Sections 16-20 talking about their summer jobs Speaking: Make a conversation about different types of jobs Writing: Write an email about a summer jobshould, must and ought Giving advice and CLIL: GMO vs Organic food WORKBOOK warnings Reading: Understand a text on organic versus GMO food Grammar reference Listening: Understand an organic farmer talking about his Sections 21-23 work Speaking: Describe two photographs using prompt questions Writing: Write a short article on organic and GMO foodPronunciation Practice Build your competences ResourcesWord stress Reading and Speaking CLIL: A history of skyscrapers WORKBOOK practice Reading: Understand a text about the history of skyscrapers Grammar reference around the world Sections 24-25 Listening: Understand an expert talking about the history of the Petronas Towers Speaking: Describe a photograph using prompt questions Writing: Write a short email to a friendConnected speech Reading and Writing Culture: International gestures WORKBOOK practice Reading: Understand a text about different hand gestures and Grammar reference their meanings around the world Sections 26-29 Listening: Understand a woman talking about a body language course Speaking: Describe a photograph Writing: Write a short letter to a friend

Starter UnitEntry test 4 Complete the sentences with a word from the box.Vocabulary cotton sore popular culture revise privacy settings1 Complete the words. 1 ________ includes fashion, music and social media. 1 I can’t come out tonight. I’ve got a really bad s_______ ache. 2 Lucy always buys clothes made from 100% ________. 2 We always r_______ our plastic bottles and paper.3 Melanie never does the w_______-up! 3 The little boy has got a very ________ throat.4 I was born in July, so my star sign is C_______. 4 I always make sure my ________ are set on my5 Parts of Africa have suffered from d_______ for social media accounts. many years. 5 If he doesn’t ________ well for the test, he’ll6 The box is made from c_______. definitely fail it.7 Alice always u_______ photos on her Facebook page. ___ 58 I’m really interested in g_______ issues. Functions9 I’m t_______ of spiders! 5 Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to10 Anna is really s_______ because she works 12 complete the dialogues. hours a day. 1 What do you think the weather will be like when we go to the mountains? ___ 102 Choose the correct alternative. A I don’t think so. B Ithink it’ll be warm and sunny. 1 I think it’s really angry / useful to speak another C I hope so. language. D I don’t think you’ll like it. 2 Can you give me some advice about travelling 2 There is a lot of poverty in developing / developed countries. to Spain? A You couldn’t go there. 3 My mum’s watch is made of glass / gold. B You shouldn’t play computer games. C You should make sure you’ve booked a train 4 Melting ice caps / Exhaust fumes cause a great deal of urban pollution. before you leave. D You should find one. 5 An astronaut / astrologer is a person who studies the stars. ___ 53 Choose the correct answer (A, B or C). 3 What do you want to do in the future? A That’s great!1 Venus and Mars are two of the most beautiful B I think that’s awesome. C I’d really like to live in Australia. ____. D I’d love to do it. 4 ‘________’ ‘That’s right. It was brilliant!’ A planets B suns C Leos A You went to the tennis final, didn’t you? B You go to the tennis final, are you?2 We are trying to ____ on using plastic water bottles. C You didn’t go to the tennis final, didn’t you? D You went to the tennis final, I hope. A cut out B cut down C cut up 5 Have you ever been to an aquarium? A Yes, I do.3 My mum ____ the plants in the garden every B Yes, I like it. C Yes, I’ve been to two different ones. evening. D Yes, I’ve gone to two in America. A looks B tidies C waters ___ 54 My computer got a ____ last week and I lost all my files. A theft B hacker C virus5 There are still some ____ stations in the UK. A rubbish B nuclear C drought ___ 5 dump power8 eight

SGrammar 9 Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).6 Complete the sentences with the words in 1 We really think you ________ go to the business the box. meeting. by must at who aren’t A must B shouldn’t 1 Alex and David are really funny, ________ they? C should 2 These shoes were made ________ people in D to should 2 Francis would like ________ an organic farm. Pakistan. A having 3 That’s the girl ________ went to the concert on B to have C have Saturday. D have to 4 I really ________ go now. I’ve got a doctor’s 3 ________ have you known your best friend? A How much appointment. B How many 5 Martin has always been very good ________ C How long D How far Maths. 4 I’ve ________ had lunch. ___ 5 A still B yet7 Complete the sentences with the correct C already D never form of the verbs in brackets. 5 Don’t worry. I don’t think the exam ________ 1 I ___________ (not see) him yet. 2 Last Saturday Dorothy and Scott ___________ hard. A won’t be (go) to the seaside. B will 3 The teacher asked Michael which languages C will to be D will be he ___________ (speak). 4 The Coliseum was ___________ (build) during the ___ 5 Roman period. My final score is ___ 50 5 Laura really hates ___________ (do) the ironing. Self-evaluation ___ 5 Lexical competences8 Complete the second sentence so that it Communicative competences means the same as the first sentence. 1 London didn’t host the 2000 Olympic Games. Grammatical competences The 2000 Olympic Games _____________ by I must revise: London. 2 Anthony and Grace have lived in Singapore for 6 years. Anthony and Grace have lived in Singapore _____________ they were married. 3 The skyscraper was built by a very famous architect. A very famous architect _____________ the skyscraper. 4 ‘Can you ride a horse?’ Laura asked Sonia. Laura asked Sonia _____________ ride a horse. 5 I think Paul was born in South Africa. Paul was born in South Africa, _____________ he? ___ 5 nine 9

S 3 Look at the photograph and then answer the Sum up! questions. 1 Complete the table with the words in the box. constellation share aluminium protect hacker recharge silver telescope save copper spam planets Materials Stars and planets Internet language 1 Where do you think the photograph was taken? Sustainability 2 Describe what is happening.2 Map work Complete and create your mind 3 Describe what you can see in the foreground map. Add any other topic you can write and background of the photograph. about (e. g. jobs, entertainment, natural places, etc.). Draw the map in your exercise 4 Look at the photograph and choose the book, if necessary. words from the box that you can use to Environment describe it. _________________ _________________ integration virus refugee wonderful immigrants Scorpio floods Star signs Education_________________ __________________________________ _________________ Vocabulary Illnesses Feelings 5 Now describe the photograph in exercise 4._________________ __________________________________ _________________ Answer these questions to help you. Food and places 1 Who can you see in the photograph? to eat 2 Where do you think the people are? 3 What are they wearing? _________________ 4 Describe what is happening in the _________________ photograph.10 ten

S6 Dialogue building Complete the chart 8 Grammar quiz Find the examples in five adding five more useful questions to ask minutes! about recent personal experiences. 1 three examples of irregular Past participlesQuestions Answers 2 two examples of adverbs we use with theHave you been on No, I haven’t, but I went Present perfectholiday this year? to London last year. 3 three examples of prepositions 4 three examples of question tagsHave you seen your 5 two examples of relative pronounsfriends recently? 6 three examples of modal verbs 7 two examples of future tenses 8 three examples of adjectives followed by prepositions 9 Grammar quiz Complete the sequences.7 Follow the instructions and write the eat ate eaten 1 win ________ ________ dialogue between Harriet and William. 2 have ________ ________ 3 ride ________ ________ 4 speak ________ ________ 5 write ________ ________ 6 take ________ ________ 7 see ________ ________ 8 fall ________ ________Harriet William 10 Grammar quiz Write the examples using Asks William if he has Replies yes. the same verb – to make. Can you do this ever been abroad. exercise in less than 15 minutes? Replies to Australia and Asks where. New Zealand. 1 Write an example sentence with the Present perfect. Asks when he went Replies two years ago. there. 2 Write an example sentence with the First Replies with his conditional. Asks who he went with. parents. 3 Write an example sentence with the Past Says that she is going Replies with a positive simple passive. to New York in the statement. summer holidays. 4 Write an example sentence with reported speech. 5 Write an example sentence with the Present simple passive. 6 Write an example sentence with a question tag. 7 Write an example sentence with a modal verb. 8 Write an example sentence with a gerund. eleven 11

S You need Sprint game One dice CountersComplete the sentence Name three How to play with was or were: materials. Take turns to throw the dice.The streets _____ cleaned last week. Follow the instructions and move along the board. The first player to reach the ‘Finish!’ square is the winner. Which of these Complete the Miss a turn! expressions does sentence:Complete this NOT refer to the If I see expression: Andrew,cultural _____ environment? A rubbish dump I _____ tell him B anti-virus software about the party. C exhaust fumes Which of these Choose the correct Name five star signs. words refers to word: the Internet? A p rivacy Have you ever seen / saw a falling star? settingsName three B Gemini common C courageous illnesses.Go forward How long ago was Complete the sentence: Choose the correct word: to square the Big Bang? Computers are We haven’t been to the supermarket already / yet. 14! produced _____ many Japanese companies.12 twelve

S Choose the correct word: Name two things Amnesty International you should do to have adefends animals / prisoners. healthy life. Do you use the Name three Past simple or planets. Present perfect with ago?Complete the sentence: What is the Name three Complete the sentence: They _____ us that Past participle modal verbs. We’ve known each other the office was closed. of bring? _____ 2006.Name three feelings. Choose the correct word: Name two Go back That’s the doctor which NGOs. to square 15! / who works in the local surgery. Roll the dice Choose the correct again! word: Name two Do you need buying / Name four activities you to buy any milk? types ofcan do at home. sustainable living. thirteen 13

S Culture quiz 1 Canada is... A the fourth largest country in the world. B the third largest country in the world. C the second largest country in the world. D the fifth largest country in the world. 5 The most sacred Hindu river is... A The Ganges. C The Bengal. 2 The longest river in South Africa is... B The Himalayas. D The Everest. 6 In the 19th century Mumbai was a... A the Blue River. A French colony. B British colony. B the Yellow River. C Dutch colony. D Spanish colony. C the Green River. 7 The didgeridoo is... A a song. D the Orange River. B a vegetable. C a musical instrument. 3 Australia is... D a story. 8 The Mãoris are from... A the widest continent in the world. A North America. C New Zealand. B Australia. D South Africa. B the flattest continent in the world. 9 The Cherokee, Apache and Blackfoot are all... A names of Mãori groups. C the smallest continent in the world. B names of Aboriginal Australians. C names of Australian rivers. D the longest continent in the world. D names of American Indians. 4 The Olympic Games took place in Sydney in... A 2006. C 2000. B 2001. D 2004.14 fourteen

10 The Speaker sits... S A in The House of Lords. B in Buckingham Palace. 16 WWF stands for... C in The House of Commons. A World Wide Farm. D in the Scottish Parliament. B World Wide Fun. C World Wide Fund for Nature.11 The 40th US President was... D World Wide Fund for Families. A Barack Obama. B Ronald Reagan. 17 The Chinese New Year starts... C Abraham Lincoln. A between late January and mid-February. D George Washington. B between late December and mid-January. C in mid-December.12 One of the six founding EU members was... D in mid-March. A Greece. B Britain. 18 The May Day was originally a festival in C The Netherlands. honour of... D Spain. A the Greek goddess of spring.13 Martin Luther King was... B the Roman goddess of fertility. A the youngest person to receive the Nobel C the Greek goddess of children. Peace Prize. D the Roman goddess of flowers. B the oldest person to receive the Nobel 19 The first Prime Minister of Queen Elizabeth II’s Peace Prize. C the first person to receive the Nobel Peace reign was... Prize. A Tony Blair. D the last person to receive the Nobel Peace B Winston Churchill. Prize. C Teresa May. D Harold Wilson.14 The BBC was founded in... 20 Diwali is also the... A 1999. A Festival of Lights. B 1934. B Festival of Music. C 1922. C Festival of Flowers. D 1912. D Festival of Food.15 Turkey is famous for its... fifteen 15 A pizza. B hot dogs. C kebabs. D curry.

Hobbies 1 and leisureA CB Vocabulary D 1 Match the expressions to the pictures. 1 D jewellery-making 2 astronomy 3 kite-flying 4 photography 5 camping 6 hanging out with friends 2 1.2 Listen and repeat. 3 Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from exercise 1. I started doing jewellery-making when 3 _____________________ is amazing! I just love I was six because I loved wearing my mum’s watching the stars at night. necklaces and bracelets. 4 My friends and I usually go _____________________ 1 _____________________ is my passion! I take in the park on a windy day. photos of everything! 5 _____________________ on the top of a mountain 2 I always _____________________ with my friends on is fantastic! a Saturday evening.16 sixteen

1 FE GlossaryPresentation 1 telescope = __________4 1.3 Read and listen to the text. tent = __________ stall = __________ still lifes = __________ portrait = __________New HobbiesAre you a bit bored in your free time? What do you usually do? Listen to music, play football, collect stamps... ?! Do you fancydoing something a bit more interesting? Well, here are some newideas for you ... we talked to six friends in Liverpool, and some oftheir hobbies are really fun!I’m into astronomy.  I love looking at the stars and studying 5 P Read the text again and decide if thethe moon. I have a new telescope which I use every night. I’mstudying Mars at the moment ... did you know that Mars is known sentences are true (T) or false (F).as the Red Planet?! T F ChrisI love camping!  I’m a scout, so we often go camping at the 1 Chris uses his telescope to learn aboutweekends and during the holidays. We’re planning a trip to Walesduring the Easter holidays. I love the freedom of being outside, the stars and planets. sleeping under the stars and cooking outside my tent. Wesometimes go to a campsite, but we often just camp wherever we 2 Luke doesn’t always camp at a campsite. stop! 3 Melanie doesn’t have a jewellery shop.  Luke 4 David went to the Glastonbury Festival last weekend.  5 Sonya’s grandmother knows that Sonya’s painting her portrait. I make jewellery.  I started making necklaces and earrings for my Present simple vs Present continuousfriends’ birthdays, but I do jewellery-making all the time now. I’mmaking lots of new pieces at the moment because I’ve got a stall at We sometimes go to a campsite.the local market on Saturdays ... about 20 necklaces are sold every I’m studying Mars at the moment.Saturday! Maybe one day, I could have my own jewellery shop! I usually paintstill lifes, but I’m learning Melanie to do portrait painting too.I just love hanging out with my friends in my free time.  We do 6 Pairwork Ask and answer the questions.loads of things ... anything really. At the moment, we’re into kite-flying so we often go to the park to fly our kites or we go to music 1 What do you do in your free time?festivals in the summer. I’d really love to go to the Glastonbury 2 Do you have a new hobby?Festival, but Mum says I’m too young to go! 3 Are you learning anything new at the David moment?Painting, that’s my new hobby.  I started painting at school in Artclass, but now I do it at home too. I usually paint still lifes, but I’m 7 Over to you Now report your partner’slearning to do portrait painting too. I’m painting a portrait of mygrandmother at the moment – it’s a surprise for her 80th birthday! answers to the rest of the class. In his free time, Mark plays... Sonya seventeen 17

1 I love playing baseballPresentation 21 What do you usually do during the summer holidays? Are there any sports camps in your area?2 1.4 Read and listen to the conversation between Jake and Andrew.Jake Hey Andrew, look at this! Andrew Mmm, yes, there’s a football pitch atAndrew Jake What is it? Bradfield and tennis courts as well,Andrew Jake It’s the programme for the sports camp I think.Andrew this summer. Jake Yes, you’re right, and there’s aJake Andrew You mean the one in Bradfield? running track too. I enjoy running,Jake Yeah, it looks great! Look ... there are especially in the summer.Andrew loads of sports, like badminton, climbing, Andrew My mum runs every morning.Jake cricket, squash, baseball ... there’s even Jake Wow, your family is really sporty! My sailing and horse riding! family doesn’t like doing any sports. I love playing baseball ... and cricket. Andrew Yeah, I know! And my little sister Cricket? Ugh, I can’t stand watching goes horse riding twice a week. cricket on TV. It’s so boring. Jake So, do you want to go then? Really? I don’t mind watching it. You Andrew Yes definitely! Let’s fill in the online know, my dad plays cricket every Sunday application form now. How many morning and he’s teaching me too ... weeks should we do? the rules are a bit complicated so he Jake I’d like to do two weeks. practises a lot. Andrew Me too, but I need to ask Mum and Mmm, well, maybe ... I like playing squash Dad first. I hope they agree to pay! and I really want to learn something new ... 3 Read the conversation again and answer the I fancy doing climbing. It looks good. Yeah, it does. My uncle goes climbing at questions. the local sports centre. He’s promised to 1 What are Jake and Andrew talking about? take me one weekend. I hope I manage 2 Why does Andrew’s dad practise cricket a lot? to go soon. 3 What has Andrew’s uncle promised to do? It’s quite a dangerous 4 What does Jake think about climbing? 5 What does Andrew need to do before sport but I’d like to Glossary completing the application form? do something a bit rules = __________ more exciting than fill in = __________ football.18 eighteen

Vocabulary 14 1.5 Write the words in the box under the correct picture. Then listen and check. Sports placesA pool B ______________________ C ______________________ track pitch court pool rink stadiumD ______________________ E ______________________ F ______________________5 Write the words in the box in the correct vocabulary group. badminton racket goal practise climbing cricket climb squash net run baseball wetsuit sailing helmet throw snowboard horse riding boxing sail diving ride bat ice skating running catch Sports Verbs Objects badminton racket__________________________________ practise __________________________________ _______________________________ ____________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ _________________________ ___________________ _______________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ___________________ ___________________6 Pairwork Ask and answer questions using the Verbs + infinitive or -ing form prompts. I really want to learn something new. He’s promised to take me one weekend. which sports / you / like / play? I love playing baseball. A Which sports do you like playing? I can’t stand watching cricket. B I like playing basketball and squash. 1 you / like / go / swimming pool? 2 which sport / you / would like / learn? 3 you / go / run / in the morning?7 Over to you Now report your partner’s answers to the rest of the class. Francesca likes... nineteen 19

1 Grammar Present simple vs Present 3 Pairwork Use the prompts to write questions. continuous (review) Then ask and answer with your partner. We use the Present simple to talk about: • regular actions, habits and routines what / do / during the Easter holidays? Every Saturday I go out with my uncle. • permanent situations What do you do during the Easter holidays? I’m into astronomy. 1 what / do / free time? • facts and general truths 2 what / read / at the moment? The sun sets in the west. 3 what / eat / for lunch today? We often use adverbs of frequency with the 4 how often / see / your friends? Present simple: never, rarely, sometimes, often, always. 5 how / travel / to school? We often go camping at the weekend. We use the Present continuous to talk about: 4 Pairwork Interview your partner. Ask • activities in progress at the time of speaking I’m studying Maths at the moment. follow-up questions. • temporary situations I’m learning to do portrait paintings. A What do you do during the Easter holidays? B We go to our house in Wales. 1 Match the sentences to their function. A What activities do you do there? 1 I like football. Present simple – active and 2 He’s taking photos with his camera now. passive forms (review) 3 She’s cycling to work while the weather is good. 4 They live in Liverpool. They sell 20 necklaces every Saturday. 5 I wake up at 7 a.m. every morning. ➝ 20 necklaces are sold every Saturday. The passive form of the Present simple is formed by: a a temporary situation subject + Present simple of the verb be + Past b a regular habit participle of the main verb. c 1 a fact We use the passive voice: d a permanent situation • when we are more interested in the action than e a n activity in progress at the time of speaking the person doing it 2 1.6 Complete the dialogue with the Present Queenstown is built around Lake Wakatipu. • when we don’t know who does the action simple or Present continuous of the verbs in Prizes are given to the winners. brackets. Then listen and check. • when it is obvious who does the action The farmer is called Bill Hamilton. (by other Ruby Hey, Mark. 1______________ you ______________ (want) to meet up later? I’d people) like you to meet my cousin Joan from London. 5 Complete the sentences with the Present Mark Sure, that’ll be great. 2______________ she simple passive form of the verbs in brackets. ______________ (stay) with you now? Space is studied (study) on the astronomy Ruby Not quite yet. I 3______________ (wait) for course. her at King’s Cross Station. 1 Hundreds of photos ____________________ (take) Mark That’s amazing! I’m at King’s Cross Station, every weekend. too! I 4______________ (stand) in a queue at the ticket office. I 5______________ (need) a 2 The jewellery shop ____________________ (visit) by new travel card. Where 6______________ you many tourists on Saturdays. ______________ (stand)? We can meet up. 3 Many languages ____________________ (speak) at Ruby I’m on Platform 6. It’s really crowded today. the school. Mark OK! See you in a moment. 4 Kite-flying equipment ____________________ (sell)20 twenty at that shop. 5 A variety of music ____________________ (play) at the music festival. Grammar reference 1

Grammar 16 Turn the sentences into the passive form. Verbs + infinitive or -ing form Thousands of people visit the Eiffel Tower verb + verb + both – both – every year. infinitive -ing no change of meaning change of The Eiffel Tower is visited by thousands decide, hope, form of people every year. need, offer, like, love, hate, meaning plan, promise, enjoy, fancy, prefer, start1 Dad takes the car to the car wash once a week. want don’t mind, forget, can’t stand remember,2 They speak German in Switzerland. stop, try3 They use robots in that factory.4 The teacher marks homework at the weekend. 5 Thieves steal purses from tourists in this area. I really want to learn something new. 6 The park keeper closes the tennis courts at 9. Do you enjoy playing squash? She doesn’t like playing / to play tennis.7 Use the prompts to write passive sentences. They stopped to talk when they arrived. (interrupt this street / close / every Wednesday one action in order to do something else) This street is closed every Wednesday. They stop talking when they argue. (finish doing 1 tickets / tonight’s festival / sell / website something) 2 bus tickets / issue / on board 3 only fresh vegetables / serve / in this restaurant I try to windsurf every time I go to the beach. 4 English / speak / in this school (make an effort) 5 all types of phones / repair / in the store Why don’t you try having some tea instead of 6 change / give / from the machine coffee? (do an experiment)8 Turn the sentences from exercise 7 into the I forgot to call Aunt Sue yesterday. (not remember to do something) negative form. I forgot meeting Aunt Sue. (not remember you have done something in the past) This street isn’t closed every Wednesday. 10 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.9 Pairwork Ask and answer questions using the He promised to take (take) me there. 1 I don’t want ________ (watch) TV all evening. words in brackets. Is your sports teacher called Mrs Peters? (Mrs 2 My best friend loves ________ (run). Roberts) 3 My friends don’t mind ________ (play) cricket. 4 I need ________ (ask) my mum and dad first. No, she isn’t. She’s called Mrs Roberts. 5 When I leave school I’m planning ________1 Are races held at the running track? (football pitch)2 Is the new swimming pool completed? (yes) (take) a gap year and travel.3 Is the match televised by the BBC? (by Sky) 11 Complete the sentences with the correct4 Are awards given to the best students? (yes)5 How many people are believed to have done form of the verbs in brackets. bungee jumping here? (200) 1 a I stopped buying (buy) a newspaper every day to save money. b The bus stopped ________ (pick) them up. 2 a I tried ________ (learn) Japanese last year. b I tried ________ (use) butter instead of oil. 3 a I forgot ________ (post) a letter yesterday. b I forgot ________ (meet) that famous actor. 4 a Did you remember ________ (send) the email this morning? b I always remember ________ (meet) that famous actor.Grammar reference 2-3 twenty-one 21

1 Grammar12 Circle the correct alternative. 14 Pairwork Use the prompts to ask and answerEllie Hi Max! How’s it going? questions.Max Yeah, pretty good. I can’t wait to finish /Ellie finishing my exams. what / want / do / when / finish / school? What do you want to do when youMax I know what you mean.Ellie I can’t stand to study / studying when the finish school? 1 do / like / listen to music / when / study?Max weather is nice. 2 do / ever / forget / tell / parents anything? 3 do / enjoy / play / badminton?Ellie I know! I prefer to go to the beach. 4 do / prefer / relax / on a beach / or / walk /Max Ellie Anyway, I’m ringing because Lisa and in the mountains? I hoped to go / going for a pizza on FridayMax 15 Round up! Complete the sentences so that night. What do you think? they are true for you. Oh, I’m really sorry I can’t. I promised 1 In my country, English is... to take / taking my younger brother to 2 In my free time, I... 3 At the moment, I’m... the cinema. 4 In the future, I hope to... What are you planning to do / doing 5 I enjoy... afterwards? 16 Translation Translate these sentences into I don’t know yet. your native language. 1 It’s fun to learn a new language. Well, we probably won’t go for a pizza 2 My sister loves horse riding. 3 My family doesn’t like doing sports. until about 8. Once you’ve finished 4 My parents agreed to pay for my lessons. to watch / watching the film, why don’t 5 I can’t stand watching cricket on TV. 6 I hope to improve my English in London. you come and join us? Yeah, okay. See you on Friday!13 1.7 Listen and check. Grammar reference 1-3Pronunciation: 3rd person -s 2 1.9 Listen to the sentences and tick ( ) theIn English, we pronounce -s or -es at the end of 3rd correct sound: /s/, /z/ or /Iz/.person singular verbs in three ways:• /s/ after ‘unvoiced’ or ‘silent’ sounds at the end of a /s/ /z//Iz/ 1 Robert makes the lunch word, for example /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/, /T/• /Iz/ after ‘sibilant’ sounds at the end of a word, for every afternoon. example /s/, /z/, /S/, /tS/, /Z/, /dZ/, /ks/ 2 Kim teaches Spanish at• /z/ after all the other sounds1 1.8 Listen to the words. Then listen again a college. and repeat. 3 My mum listens to rock music. 4 Linda goes to the gym every1 /s/ speaks gets likes Saturday. 2 /z/ knows remembers reads3 /Iz/ uses washes watches 5 The lecture finishes at 2 o’clock. 6 Evan talks very slowly. 22 twenty-two

Functions 1Expressing likes and dislikes1 Watch the video. Helen and Nadia are talking about their hobbies. What’s the name of Nadia’s horse? I love playing... I hate watching... I’d like / love to go... I can’t stand listening to... I don’t mind doing...2 Watch the 3 Now complete the dialogue with the expressions in the box.video again. Which of I’m learning to climb  loves playing, watching  can’t stand beingthese sports does Helen promised to take me  do you usually do  ride the same horse  absolutely love playinglike doing? Tick ( ) the Helen What do you usually do at the weekends, Nadia?correct pictures. Nadia I go horse riding every Sunday. Helen Really? Have you got a horse? Nadia No, but I 1_______________ every week. His name is Moon. Helen I’d love to go horse riding! Nadia And what about you, Helen? Do you do any sports? Helen Yes, I 2_______________ squash! Nadia Squash? Is it difficult?12 Helen No, it’s a really fun game. I play every Saturday morning, and in the afternoons I go ice skating. Nadia Ugh, I don’t like ice skating. I 3_______________ in the cold! Helen Oh, it’s great. I love snowboarding too! I go to the mountains every winter with my family and we go snowboarding all the time. Nadia I really want to learn something new, like baseball or diving. My dad’s 4_______________ to the British Diving Championships next week. Helen Sounds great! Nadia So you’re really busy with squash and ice skating...34 Helen Yeah, and 5_______________ too. There’s a climbing centre near my house so I go every Friday evening with my cousin. It’s hard but I enjoy doing it. Nadia ... and football? Helen No, I hate it! I hate watching football on TV but my brother 6_______________ and talking about it!! Nadia Argh no, it’s so boring! 4 T Pairwork Talk about the sports you like and don’t like doing with your partner. Use the words in the box.56 cricket baseball ice skating swimming rugby horse riding climbing diving boxing squash A I love going swimming. B No, I don’t like swimming. I prefer playing squash. Do you like...? twenty-three 23

1 Build your competencesEXTREME SPORTSWarm up1 Quiz! What do you know about Queenstown? Circle the correct answer. 1 Queenstown is in the North Island / South Island of New Zealand. 2 It is near a lake / the sea. 3 European explorers arrived in Queenstown in the 1820s / 1860s. 4 Queenstown is a major centre of adventure tourism / beach tourism.Reading2 Read the text and check your answers.Queenstown – Adventure Capital of the World!Queenstown or Tahuna in Maori water rafting followed shortly after, For those of you who don’t mind doing is in Otago in the south-west of then came a special rubber cord called something a bit more scary, then goNew Zealand’s South Island and is the the bungee jump. It is believed that skydiving. As the skydiving adverthome of adventure! Built around Lake more than 350,000 visitors have bungee says ... Be brave, and if you’re not,Wakatipu, there is everything that the jumped in Queenstown since the first then pretend to be ... no one can tell theadventure seeker wants to do – bungee jump in 1988. difference! Skydiving from 15,000 ftjumping, tandem skydiving, white- takes a lot of courage but it’s a fantasticwater rafting and jet boating, to name Queenstown is now home to all experience too.just a few of the adventure activities types of extreme sports – canyoning,you can do at Queenstown’s ‘Natural skydiving, hang-gliding, river surfing, Of course you can’t go to QueenstownTheme Park’. snowboarding, quad biking, and without going bungee jumping. YouEuropean explorers first moved to many, many more. If you love doing can now try not only that but alsoQueenstown in the 1860s when gold adventurous things or you fancy trying ziprides and spectacular swings.was discovered in the Shotover River. It something new and exciting, thenwasn’t until 1970 that Queenstown had Queenstown is for you! Just imagine flying through the air!its first real taste of adventure tourismwith commercial jet boating. The jet boat, Enjoy doing 360° spins on the Shotover Glossarythe invention of a New Zealand farmer Jet or why not try white-water rafting?called Bill Hamilton, manages to travel in If you’d like to see some amazing seeker = __________less than 3 cm of water and takes visitors scenery, then a half day rafting trip rubber = __________on thrilling rides through the spectacular on Kawarau River is perfect. Fun and spins = __________canyons around Queenstown. White- excitement is guaranteed! scenery = __________ scary = __________ courage = __________24 twenty-four

Build your competences 1 Speaking 5 P Pairwork Describe what you can see in the photograph.3 P Read the text again and choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).1 Tahuna is the... A original European name of the city. B original Maori name of the city. C name of the jet boat company. D name of the county Queenstown is in. • Which sport can you see? • What are the people doing?2 European people first came to Queenstown... • What’s the weather like? • What can you see in the background? A to walk in the mountains. Writing B to do bungee jumping. 6 P Read the email and choose the correct C to find gold. word (A, B, C or D) for each space. D to go on holiday. Dear Louise,3 The jet boat was invented... I’m finally in Queenstown and it’s just amazing! There’s so much to do! I really want 1__________ bungee A by a man from Paris. C by a tourist. jumping and jet boating, and maybe white-water rafting but it looks 2__________ scary! It’s warm and sunny B by a Maori. D by a farmer. at the moment and I’m 3__________ by the lake. I can see someone hang-gliding down the mountain and a4 In Queenstown, you can do... skydiver too. I’d like 4__________ hang-gliding if I have enough time. A only water sports. C skiing in the I hope I manage 5__________ everything before I leave on Saturday! Take care. Speak soon, Alice B land, air and water summer. sports. D surfing in the sea.5 You can go skydiving if... A you hate heights. B you love doing adventurous things. C you want to see the Kawarau River. D you don’t like scary things.Listening A at B in C on D to4 1.10 P You will hear a man called Will 1 A going B to go C to going D goes 2 A a few B much C a bit D many talking about white-water rafting in 3 A sat B sit C sitting D siting Queenstown. For each question, fill in the 4 A trying B try C to try D to trying missing information in the numbered space. 5 A to do B doing C do D to doing White-water 1__________ Experience! 7 P You are in Queenstown. Write an email toYou must wear a wetsuit and 2____________. a friend. In your email you should:Safety briefing at 3____________.Trip lasts 4____________ hours. • say where you areUse a 5____________ strap or tie on your glasses. • describe what you are doingNo cameras or 6____________ are allowed. • explain which sport you’d like to try and whichAt the end of the trip, you will get a souvenir 7___________and you can have a shower and 8____________. sport you don’t like at all Write 35-45 words. twenty-five 25

8 Body language B C A D Vocabulary Presentation 1 1 Match the words 3 2.16 Read and listen to the text. to the pictures. What our body language can say... 1 crossed legs 2 stand up straight Did you know that not all communication comes from the words 3 eye contact we speak but an important part of what we are saying comes from 4 raised eyebrows non-verbal communication, otherwise known as body language? 5 clenched jaw Recent research by the University of California in Los Angeles 6 furrowed brow has shown that only 7% of communication is based on the actual words we say. As for the rest, 38% comes from tone of voice and 2 Complete the sentences the remaining 55% comes from body language. So, as you can see, understanding body language is a very useful tool. with the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box. To ind out more, we spoke to Dr Graham Price from a UK- based research team currently studying the complexities of body sit down turn around turn over look for language. He told us that he had worked on a body language fall over lie down watch out project for over ive years and that he was learning something new all the time. Body language movements are sometimes not What are you looking for? so easy to notice, as simple gestures, facial expressions and 1 Alice __________ and cut her leg yesterday even shifts in our whole bodies indicate something is going on. The way we talk, walk, sit and stand all say something about afternoon. us, and whatever is happening on the inside can be relected 2 __________ for the postman while I’m out. on the outside. I’m expecting a parcel. So what does this body language mean? Well, next time you see 3 Why don’t we __________ and have a cup of tea? someone sitting with both their arms and legs crossed, it probably 4 Don’t __________ now! David Jones is over there means that this person is not open to what you’re saying. Crossed legs or arms signal that a person is mentally, emotionally, and at the bar. physically blocked off from what’s in front of them. So, if you’re 5 I’m really tired. I’m just going upstairs to talking to someone with your legs or arms crossed, think about the message you’re sending! __________ for a while. 6 When I __________ the page, I found exactly what I was looking for.92 ninety-two

8 F E 4 Read the text again and answer the questions. Glossary 1 How much of what we say comes from non- verbal communication? gestures = __________ 2 How long has Dr Price been studying body shifts = __________ language? crinkled = __________ 3 Can you give some examples of body language? 4 What does it generally mean if someone isWhat about posture? Standing up lean = __________straight with your shoulders back, mirroring = __________ sitting with their legs and arms crossed?for example, is a power position, bond = __________ 5 What is a real smile? 6 What does a clenched jaw usually indicate?while sitting down in a relaxed Reported speechway tends to show less power. By maintaining good posture, Dr Price told us he had studied what a real smile is.you command respect and encourage communication. And what He said that a genuine smile reached the eyes and crinkled the skin around them.about your smile? Dr Price told us he had also studied what a 5 Pairwork Report the following sentences.real smile is. He said that a genuine smile reached the eyes and ‘Harry maintains really good eye contact whencrinkled the skin around them. And that then leads us to eye he speaks’, Andrew said. Andrew said that Harry maintainedcontact. Have you ever heard someone saying ‘Look me in the really good eye contact when he spoke. 1 ‘I’ve never really understood what bodyeye when you talk to me!’? That’s because it’s believed that a lack language means’, Mary confessed. 2 ‘I always sit with my legs crossed’, Janet said.of eye contact means you aren’t telling the truth. 3 ‘PC Lewis raised his eyebrows when Jacob told him about the burglary’, Fiona said.Then there are those people who copy what you do. Perhaps they 4 ‘Helen fell over and broke her arm on thecross their legs when you do or lean their head the same way as school trip’, Ewan said.yours. Dr Price told us that mirroring body language was a good 5 ‘Wendy often copies the way I stand’, Lucy said.thing. We usually do it unconsciously when we feel a positivebond with the other person. Raised eyebrows, however, are not a 6 Critical thinking Think about other signs ofgood sign. They can suggest worry, surprise or fear, so watch outfor those raised eyebrows next time you’re chatting to someone. body language and what they mean. AreThen there’s the clenched jaw or a furrowed brow which are both they positive or negative? Write a list. Thensigns of stress. Dr Price told us that a clenched jaw was a sure report your ideas to the class.sign that the person was in considerable discomfort, probably Some people stand with their hand onanxious with their mind somewhere else. So, body language, as their hip. I think this is a positive signyou can see, is an intricate business, and something we need to that the person is...get right if we want to make a good impression! ninety-three 93

8 The International School MeetingPresentation 21 Pairwork Have you ever been abroad on a school trip? Do you remember any particular local gestures or customs?2 2.17 Rachel and Farah are organising the annual International School Meeting. They are talking to Cristina from Germany via Skype. Read and listen to the conversation.Farah We’re really excited about the International Rachel It’ll be even more complicated this year School Meeting this year. It’s going to be because the Japanese bow when they great, isn’t it? greet you.Cristina Yeah deinitely ... but there’s still lots to do. Farah ... and the Swiss kiss you three times and Richard told me that he had decided to we British just shake hands! have the irst night party in the town hall. Rachel Well, maybe we should just do what MrRachel Yes, that’s right. He said that the French Smith did last year ... he just nodded and group were going to play the music. smiled at everybody!Cristina Ah, it must be the three French guys who Farah You could try curtseying... played at the goodbye party last year. Rachel ... but the Queen isn’t coming, is she?! They’ve got a really good jazz band! So, Cristina Haha! Anyway, who’s coming this year? Richard told me GlossaryFarah The usual groups from Spain, Switzerland, that we had to cheeks = __________ France, Italy, and of course you lot from decide on the greet = __________ Germany! day trips...Cristina There are some new groups, aren’t there?Farah Yes, we have a group coming from Japan, 3 Read the conversation again and complete the another group from Hungary and Richard sentences with one word. said he was waiting for conirmation from a group of Australian students too. There can’t 1 Farah thinks the school meeting will be _________. be anyone else because Richard said he had 2 Richard told Rachel that there will be a jazz band had replies from all the schools now. at the _________ night party this year.Rachel So, we’ll have to get our introductions right 3 There will be some new school groups from this year... Japan, Australia and _________.Farah Deinitely! Do you remember when the 4 Last year, the Italians kissed Miss Jenkins on both Italians kissed old Miss Jenkins on both _________. cheeks last year...? 5 The Swiss kiss you three times when theyCristina Yeah, they must have been so surprised _________ you. when she screamed!94 ninety-four

8Vocabulary4 2.18 Write the words in the box under the correct picture. Then listen and check. Gestures hug curtsey shake hands bow wave wink nod kiss cheeksA wink B _____________________ C _____________________ D _____________________E _____________________ F _____________________ G _____________________ H _____________________5 Now circle the correct alternative. Hey, did Max just bow / wink at me?! 1 Melanie hugged / nodded her grandmother when she met her at the railway station. 2 Giovanni waved / kissed Angelica on both cheeks. 3 Women should bow / curtsey to a king or queen. 4 Andrew and Martin waved / shook hands at the end of the meeting. 5 The children bowed / waved goodbye from the window. 6 Sometimes we just wink / nod to say ‘yes’. 7 Japanese people kiss / bow when they greet each other.6 Pairwork Ask and answer the questions using the words Modal verbs for speculation in brackets. It must be the three French guys. There can’t be anyone else. Who’s that new boy? (Luke’s brother) They must have been so surprised. It must be Luke’s brother. 1 Is this bike Matthew’s? (his is red) 2 Who was at the door? (Brian / I saw his car) 3 Is Mario Italian? (his surname is Smith) 4 Is Felipe from America? (he doesn’t speak English) 5 Did Peter curtsey to the Queen? (he’s a man!) ninety-ive 95

8 GrammarReported speech say and tellDirect speech Reported speech Jorge told me that he was leaving.Present simple Jorge said that he was leaving.‘I live in Southampton.’ Past simple We can use the verbs say and tell to report what Max said (that) he lived in someone said. We use tell if we want to specifyPresent continuous Southampton. who the person was talking to, and say if we don’t‘I’m going to the beach.’ want to give this information. Past continuousPresent perfect William said that he was going It’s also possible to use say + to if we want to say‘I have studied what a to the beach. who the person was talking to, but this form is notreal smile is.’ common.Past simple Past perfect Jorge said to me that he was leaving.‘I didn’t inish the essay.’ Dr Price said that he had studied what a real smile is. 2 Report the conversations. Use say in the irstwill’We will learn about Past perfect part and tell in the second.body language.’ Toni said that she hadn’t inished Katie I don’t understand the exercise.can the essay. Callum I can help.‘I can’t wait for the Katie said that she didn’t understandparty!’ would the exercise. Callum told her that hemust / have to The woman said we would learn could help.’They must be here.’ about body language. 1 Alie I’m making a ilm about bears. could Jasmine That’s interesting! Frank said that he couldn’t wait for the party. 2 Alice It’s going to be sunny all week. Lucas We’re planning to go to the beach. had to The man said that they had to be 3 Cleo Aaron didn’t go to Ruby’s party. there. George I think they had an argument.When we report what someone said, we usually 4 Will I’ve done a course on body language.change the tense of the verbs, the pronouns and Owen You will have to tell me about it.possessive adjectives and the words used toexpress time and location. 5 Emily We’re going on holiday soon.Kate said, ‘My mum’s helping me to choose a Ethan I can’t believe it! I want to go too!new dress today.’ ➝ Kate said that her mum washelping her to choose a new dress that day. 6 Joel I saw the new ilm of that science- iction novel.Attention! We don’t change the tense of the verbwhen the verb that introduces reported speech is Grace I read the book a couple of years ago.in the present, or if the original statement is aboutsomething that is still true. Reporting orders, requestsShe says: ‘I’m happy!’ ➝ She says she’s happy. and adviceHe said: ‘I work in Spain.’ ➝ He said he works inSpain. 1 Report the sentences. ‘Hurry up!’ ➝ He told me to hurry up. ‘Can you help me?’ ➝ He asked me to help him. ‘I went out with my mates for a Chinese.’ (Noah) ‘You ought to learn some Portuguese.’ ➝ She Noah said he had gone out with his advised me to learn some Portuguese. mates for a Chinese. We use ask, tell and advise + object + to + 1 ‘I didn’t do anything on my birthday because infinitive when we report orders, instructions, I was ill.’ (Daisy) requests or advice. 2 ‘I went snowboarding in the mountains.’ (Theo) 3 ‘We are swimming in the lake this morning.’ We use not + to in the negative. (Florence and Willow) ‘You mustn’t swim out too far.’ ➝ She told / 4 ‘I was at a body language course.’ (Daniel) advised me not to swim out too far. 5 ‘I studied for an exam all weekend.’ (Imogen) Grammar reference 26-2796 ninety-six

Grammar 83 Decide if the people are giving orders (O), Carlos 1______________ did you stay? Debra In Sepilok, where the nature reserve was. requests (R) or advice (A). Then report what Carlos 2______________ of accommodation did you have? they said. Debra Well, in the rainforest we were in ecolodges and even on a boat. It was so cool.‘You should go on the guided tour’, A Carlos 3______________ did you get back?said Ben. Debra Three weeks ago. Carlos 4______________ did you want to go on aBen advised me to go on the guided tour. holiday like that? Debra I’ve always wanted to visit a rainforest.1 ‘Could you show me your passport?’ _____ And I just love the wildlife! said the border oficial. Carlos 5___________ are you going to do next year? Debra I haven’t decided yet. But I’d love to go2 ‘You shouldn’t go out when it’s dark’, _____ to Borneo one day. said their grandmother.3 ‘You mustn’t take photos’, said _____ the museum guard.4 ‘You ought to rent bicycles’, said Margie. _____5 ‘Don’t talk to the driver’, said Paul. _____ 6 Report the dialogue in exercise 5.Reporting questions Carlos asked where Debra had been on her summer holiday and she told him she had been to Malaysia...Emily asked, ‘Are you hungry?’ ➝ Emily asked (me) 7 Round up! Report the sentences.if I was hungry. NOT: if was I hungry.When we report yes / no questions, we use if or ‘We’re going to take the bus’, said Catrin.whether and we put the subject before the verb. Catrin said they were going to take the bus.Emily asked, ‘Why did you go there?’ ➝ Emily 1 ‘I’ll pick you up outside the shopping centre’,asked (me) why I had gone there. said my sister.When we report wh- questions, we put thequestion word before the subject and the verb. 2 ‘You can’t use my tablet’, said Justine to her son.4 Report the questions. 3 ‘You must keep eye contact during a job interview’, Mrs Francis told me. ‘Are you going out tonight?’ (June) June asked if I was going out tonight. 4 ‘How did you do in the exam?’, asked Alie. 1 ‘Do you speak Spanish?’ (Tim) 2 ‘Is Wellington the capital of New Zealand?’ 5 ‘You shouldn’t sit with your arms crossed’, Brian (Beth) told us. 3 ‘What were you like when you started school?’ (Lily) must / can’t for speculation 4 ‘Why were you angry?’ (Elisabeth) 5 ‘Does anyone want a drink?’ (James) The Loch Ness monster must exist because there 6 ‘Can I borrow your phone?’ (Albert) are photos of it. 7 ‘Did Joe and Maria have a good holiday?’ (Rupert) He can’t have a tattoo. He isn’t 18 yet. 8 ‘How are you going to travel?’ (Tim) We use must and can’t to speculate about whether something is true or not.5 Read the conversation and complete the We use must to show that we are certain about something and have some evidence. questions with the words in the box. We use can’t to show that we are certain that something is impossible. why where (x2) when what kind what Attention! We don’t use mustn’t in this context.Carlos Where did you go on your summer The negative of must is can’t.Debra holiday? Malaysia. I went on a nature tour to see We use must have / can’t have to speculate about orangutans. whether something was true in the past or not. The dog is barking. It must have heard something.Grammar reference 28-29 It can’t have been bad weather that caused the problem. ninety-seven 97

8 Grammar8 Complete the sentences with must or can’t. 10 Match the two parts of the sentences. Then Mrs Robinson must feel very proud of her write complete sentences with must have / daughter. She’s in the tennis inal. 1 Richard has got an interview for his irst ever can’t have. part-time job tomorrow. He _______ be nervous. 2 A Look, there’s Lisa talking to Andrew. 1 she / win / the lottery a she had an enormous B It _______ be Andrew. He’s too short. late lunch! 3 My cousin has lived in France for years so she 2 they / see / the new _______ speak French quite well. action ilm b I haven’t seen them all 4 Brad _______ enjoy life in Lisbon. He always weekend. sounds so happy in his emails! 3 Sandra and Greg / gone 5 She _______ be tired. She slept for 10 hours last away / for a few days c he’s absolutely soaking. night! 4 She / be / hungry / d she didn’t buy a ticket!9 Pairwork London police have found a man yesterday evening e I can’t ind it anywhere. with no memory. Read the police notes and 5 He / must / go / for a f that’s the only ilm on discuss possible theories about the man. Use swim / in the sea the ideas in the box to help you. at that cinema just 6 I / lose / my passport now. be from London be homeless be on holiday be quite young have a car have a child She can’t have won the lottery because she didn’t buy a ticket!Location: London theatreClothing: smartly dressed 11 Translation Translate these sentences intoNationality: unknown; carrying Italian andAmerican passports your native language.Possessions: wallet with British pounds,American dollars and euros 1 Andrew said that Harry maintained reallyOther information: photo of a young child in good eye contact when he spoke.wallet; London guidebook in jacket pocket; set ofcar keys in trouser pocket 2 Dr Price told us he would be late for the meeting the day after. 3 Sandra advised us to relax and have a cup of tea. 4 The teacher asked the students if they had revised for the test that day. 5 There can’t be anyone else in the building now. 6 They must have been so surprised to see you. Grammar reference 26-29Pronunciation: Connected speechIn English, native speakers often speak very quickly. 1 2.19 Listen to this dialogue and underline theTherefore, certain words, which can have a ‘weak’form, are often lost. Conjunctions, pronouns, weak forms. Then practise it in pairs.prepositions, auxiliaries and articles are examples ofwords which have weak forms: A What are you doing?Fish and chips (fish’n chips) B Studying. I have a lot of homework. I hateShe can speak Spanish better than I can. (The first canis the weak form, the second the full form.) Science. I wish I could drop out of school.That’s the last of the wine! A Well, you have to go because you need to get‘Have you finished?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ (The first have is theweak form, the second is the full form.) your qualiications.Well, you should have told me. (Both should and have B I guess so. Hey, have you seen Simon?are weak here.) A No. If he’s not in his bedroom, then he must have gone out. He could have gone to the park to play football. It’s a nice day. B Okay. I’ll look for him there. Later.98 ninety-eight

Reading and Writing practice 81 P Here are some sentences about meeting and greeting STUDY TIPS • M ake sure you read the irst people. For each question, complete the second sentence sentence carefully and think so that it means the same as the irst. Use no more than about its meaning. three words. • Then read the second sentence and look at the words which are Tom told me that Swiss people kissed three times when they repeated or new. meet. • Never use more than three words Tom said, ‘Swiss people kiss three times when they meet.’ to complete the second sentence. 1 ‘Alicia and Sue haven’t seen each other since 2015,’ said Linda. Linda said that Alicia and Sue _________________ each STUDY TIPS other for a few years. If you are writing a letter or email: 2 Rachel asked Helen if she knew how to greet a Japanese • don’t forget to begin your person. message with Dear... and end it Rachel asked, ‘_________________ how to greet a Japanese appropriately too person?’ • use appropriate language for 3 She advised me to learn about international greetings before inviting, suggesting or offering: the conference. Would you like to...?, How about...?, She said, ‘_________________ learn about international greetings Why don’t we...? before the conference.’ 4 Ben said, ‘Chinese is a more dificult language than French.’ Ben said that Chinese _________________ dificult than French. 5 ‘Are there only a few Russian people in the room?’ asked Luke. Luke asked _________________ only a few Russian people in the room.2 P You want to go to the next body language course at your local library. Write an email to Harry. In your email you should: • invite Harry to go to the course with you • tell him when it starts and how much it costs • suggest meeting for a coffee before the course Write 35-45 words.3 P This is part of a letter you receive from a friend.I’ve got a new e-friend. Her name’s Yuki and she’s from Japan. We speak everyweek via Skype. Have you got an e-friend? Write and tell me about him / her.Write a letter answering your friend’s question. Write about 100 words. STUDY TIPS 4 P Your English teacher has asked you to write a story. Your If you are writing a story: story must begin with this sentence:• make sure your story links to He told me that I had to shake the irst or last given sentence hands with her...• use linking words in your story, Write about 100 words. for example: irst, then, next, inally• check your spelling ninety-nine 99

8 Build your competences CInternational GesturesWarm up A1 Look at the pictures (A-E) and match them with their deinitions.1 Come here. 4 Good luck. D2 No problem. 5 Peace.3 Yes, OK.2 Which hand gestures do you use most often? What do they mean? Do you use hand gestures a lot when you speak?Reading B3 Read the text and check your answers to exercise 1.Globalhand Gestures!Do you speak with your hands? In a recent report, Similarly, it can’t have beenresearchers said that hand gestures increased thevalue of our messages by 60%, so they must be quite very nice to see the shock on Eimportant. They also said that the best, most charismatic, the faces of a group of Iranianspeakers and inluencers knew the importance of usinghand gestures. Just think how often you’ve seen people women when a traveller usedlike Barack Obama, Mark Zuckerberg or even your bossor teacher speak with their hands. They also found that the ‘thumbs up’ sign. Once again,infants who used more hand gestures at 18 months oldhad greater language abilities later on, that hand gestures it’s a universal sign of approval, isn’t it? Well no actually,made people listen to you ... and interestingly, that someof us just can’t speak without our hands – just think about because in West Africa, Iran and Iraq it is simply offensive!how much Italians use their hands when they speak! Then there’s the so-called ‘ingers all together’ gesture whichWe all use hand gestures at some point when we aretalking, don’t we? Some of us use them much more than in Italy means ‘What do you want?’ but in Turkey meansothers. However, these simple gestures mean differentthings in different places, and getting them wrong can that something is beautiful and in Egypt that you’ll only because offence, embarrassment or worse. So, if you aregoing to travel the world, knowing something about hand a minute. Surely, the V-sign can’t be a problem. It’s usedgestures before you go could be very useful. so frequently by Japanese people these days ... it meansIt must have been rather surprising, for example, when avisitor to Brazil, using something as simple as the ‘okay’ ‘peace’, doesn’t it? Not in Australia and Ireland though, wheresign, internationally noted to mean that something isgood, received a horriied stare. Why? Well, because in many people still see it as a sign of contempt or deianceBrazil the ‘okay’ sign is considered a very rude gesture. towards authority. And, what about the ‘come here’ sign? It must be universal. Well, once again, not so, because in The Philippines it is an offensive gesture usually reserved for dogs. So, as you can see, hand gestures can have an array of meanings – both good and Glossary bad. Take care next time you’re travelling and tempted to use charismatic = __________ your hands to say something! contempt = __________ array = __________ tempted = __________100 one hundred

Build your competences 84 P Read the text again and decide if the Speaking 6 P Pairwork Describe what you can see in the sentences are true (T) or false (F). photograph. Is their body language positive T F or negative?1 60% of the world’s most inluential Writing speakers use hand gestures. 7 P Choose the correct answer (A, B or C).2 Hand gestures don’t mean the same thing all over the world.3 The ‘OK’ sign in Brazil means that something is ine. 4 People in West Africa don’t see the ‘thumbs up’ sign as something very positive.5 The V-sign is universally acknowledged as a symbol of peace.6 People in The Philippines use the ‘come here’ sign only for cats.Listening Shaking hands and kissing cheeks must be the most common ways of greeting someone, but there are also5 2.20 P You will hear a woman talking about some rather unique and unusual ways of saying ‘hello’ too. In New Zealand, for example, there is the traditional a body language course. Listen and choose the Maori welcoming custom 1__________ as the hongi. This involves the rubbing or touching of noses when two correct answer (A, B or C). people meet. You must 2__________ seen it on TV or in photos. While it might be bad manners in most parts1 How long has the woman been studying body of the world, in Tibet poking your tongue out is the language? customary way to 3__________ people. Sounds unusual, 4__________ it?! Not something you would do in ChinaA for ive years C for ifteen years where the traditional ‘hello’ involves folding hands and bowing to greet someone. Greetings, however,B for ifty years 5__________ be more beautiful than in The Philippines, where a younger person greets an older person with a2 What’s the name of the course? 6__________ bow, then grabs the older person’s hand and says Mano Po, meaning ‘hand respect’.A Fundamental Communication So, as you can see, even something as simple as saying ‘hello’ can be quite a complicated business!B A Guide to Body LanguageC The Complete Guide to Body Language3 What will you learn on the course?A How to walk correctly.B How to use your body language more effectively.C How to talk more conidently to people. A must B can’t C have to 1 A knew B know C known4 What will happen if you enrol on the course 2 A be B have C are today? 3 A welcome B welcoming C welcomed 4 A does B isn’t C doesn’tA You pay only £20 for the whole course. 5 A must B mustn’t C can’t 6 A few B little C muchB You get the irst two lessons free.C You get the irst lesson free.5 When will the lessons take place?A on Thursday eveningsB on Tuesday mornings 8 P Imagine you have been to one of theC on Tuesday evenings countries in the box. Write a letter to a friend and tell him / her how people in this country6 What is the subject of the irst lesson? greet each other. Use the Internet to help you. Write about 100 words.A communication strategies Pakistan China Argentina Russia Greece MexicoB the power of body languageC facial language awareness one hundred and one 101

7-8 Test your competencesVocabulary Grammar1 Choose the correct option. 3 Complete the sentences with the words in 1 I’ve just got some money from the signpost / the box. cashpoint / pavement. can’t cut was had lived must 2 The little girl nodded / waved / bowed goodbye to her friends. 1 She _______ in Leeds before she went to London. 3 Be careful, you don’t watch out / turn over / fall 2 I usually get my hair ________ every two months. over! 3 Alexia told me that she ________ working on her 4 The scenery / jungle / coast is full of wild animals. school project. 5 Be careful at the rock / bay / roundabout. It’s 4 She ________ be Rebecca’s sister because she’s very busy at this time of day. got blonde hair too. 6 I’ve got a really bad headache. I’m going to 5 You ________ be serious! You want me to make turn around / lie down / look for. dinner for 25? 7 The bay / cliff / rock was full of beautiful little boats. ___ 5 8 Francesco and Luca winked / hugged / kissed on 4 Complete the sentences with the correct both cheeks when they met. form of the verbs in brackets. 9 Australia is an amazing continent / cave / rainforest. 1 The church _______ its roof _______ (repair) last 10 Gail and Kevin made eye / brow / jaw contact year and it cost £300,000! and started chatting. 2 Helen said that her mum _______ (go) to the ___ 5 shops to get some milk.Functions 3 You must _______ (be) so worried when Alice2 Choose the correct alternative to complete the was in hospital. dialogue. 4 I _______ just _______ (inish) watching a new drama on TV when the doorbell rang. Sara Hey Alice, you look great! When did you have / make your hair dyed? 5 We need to _______ the car _______ (wash). Alice Last week. Mum wasn’t very happy at irst ___ 10 but she likes it now. 5 Reorder the words to make sentences. Sara I had my hair left / cut really short because I’m going to do some work experience at 1 told / were / Laura / that / me / to / the forestry centre and it’s so much more Manchester / her parents / driving practical like this. 2 laughed / much / crying / Ivan and Julie / that Alice That sounds annoying / interesting. Do / had / so / started / they you want to do environmental studies at university? 3 yesterday / her house / she / had / cleaned Sara I’m not sure / understand yet. 4 because / hair / can’t / it / got / long / be / Alice So / Neither am I. I like Maths but I prefer Holly / she’s Chemistry. 5 asked / how / apps / she / me / many / Sara Why haven’t / don’t you come to the downloaded / had / I forestry centre too? There are still some work experience places left, I think / want. ___ 5 Alice That’s a good / boring idea. I’ll send them an email this afternoon and see if I can join too. My inal score is ___ 30 Sara There’s lots of work to do. They need to get / work the picnic area cleaned up by the Self-evaluation middle of August and they need to have the information centre painted too. Lexical competences Alice Fantastic, I can’t do / wait! Communicative competences ___ 5 Grammatical competences I must revise:102 one hundred and two

Extra practice 7-81 P Here are some sentences about the 3 Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). environment. For each question, complete 1 My aunt _____ my lat before. the second sentence so that it means the same as the irst. Use no more than three A had been words. B have never visited 1 Paul asked Sarah, ‘Have you been to the wildlife centre in Bridgetown?’ C had never visited Paul asked Sarah _______________ been to the D has just visited wildlife centre in Bridgetown. 2 The old lady always has _____ on a Wednesday 2 It was the irst time she had been to the coast. morning. She _______________ to the coast before. A her windows cleaned 3 Jacob said he was working for an B her windows clean environmental protection agency. C her windows to clean Jacob said, ‘I _______________ for an environmental protection agency.’ D her windows cleaning 4 It isn’t Susan because she hates being in the 3 The teacher advised us _____ the words we countryside. didn’t know in a dictionary. It _______________ Susan because she hates A looking up C to look up being in the countryside. B looked up D had looked up 5 Michael painted Mrs Grant’s fence yesterday afternoon. 4 Karl _____ he had met Janice before. Mrs Grant _______________ painted yesterday A tells me C told to me afternoon. B told me D told that2 P Choose one of the following and write an 5 That really _____ Alice – she’s so much taller. answer to the question. A mustn’t be C can be a This is part of a letter you receive from a B must to be D can’t be friend. 6 Mrs Robinson _____ had to study hard for their Maths exam. A said that C said B said that they D told they 7 He asked me _____ seen Luis the day before.I’m going to do some work experience at the local A whether had hecoastal centre next week. They need to have thecoastline cleaned because there’s lots of rubbish. B whether he hadHave you ever worked in the countryside? Do youprefer the countryside or the city? Write and tell me. C whether had I D whether I had 8 The exam _____ when I arrived. A have just inished Now write a letter answering your friend’s B had just inished questions. Write about 100 words. C has inishedb Your English teacher has asked you to D will be inished write a story. Your story should end with the following sentence: 9 I really need to _____ up before the party. A get the garden tidied B getting the gardenHe said goodbye with a kiss on the C had the garden tidycheek. D got the garden tidy 10 My grandmother told me that speaking with your mouth full _____. A be rude C was rudeWrite about 100 words. B is rude D would be rude one hundred and three 103