English Download [B1+]: Grammar and Vocabulary

Contents1 Grammar 1   Present simple, present continuous and stative verbs 4 Grammar 2   Relative clauses 8 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 112 Grammar 1   Past simple, past continuous 15 Grammar 2   used to, would, be/get used to 18 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 21Progress Review 1 253 Grammar 1   Present perfect simple, present perfect continuous 28 Grammar 2   Past simple, present perfect simple 31 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 334 Grammar 1   Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous 37 Grammar 2   Past perfect tenses, past simple 39 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 41Progress Review 2 455 Grammar 1   Future simple, shall, be going to, future continuous 48 Grammar 2   Future perfect simple, future perfect continuous, temporals 51 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 536 Grammar 1   Modals: ability, permission, requests, offers & suggestions 57 Grammar 2  Modals: obligation & necessity, prohibition, possibility, deduction, advice & criticism 60 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 63Progress Review 3 677 Grammar 1   The passive: tenses, gerunds, infinitives & modals 70 Grammar 2   The passive: impersonal & personal structures 72 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 748 Grammar 1   Conditionals: zero, first, second & third 78 Grammar 2   Conditionals: mixed conditionals 81 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 82Progress Review 4 869 Grammar 1   Gerunds & infinitives; make & let 89 Grammar 2   Comparison of adjectives & adverbs 92 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 9410 Grammar 1   Reported speech: statements, questions, commands & requests 98 Grammar 2   Reported speech: reporting verbs 101 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 103Progress Review 5 10711 Grammar 1   Causative forms 110 Grammar 2   Wishes & preferences 113 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 11612 Grammar 1   Question tags, pronouns 120 Grammar 2   not only ... but also, had better, it’s (about/high) time ... 123 Vocabulary Review – Grammar Review – Use Your English 125Progress Review 6 129Spelling rules 132Irregular verbs 134 3

Present simple, present continuous and stative verbs 1 Relative clauses Grammar 1 Present simple, present continuous and stative verbs Present simple Form Use Example I / You / We / They eat. • general truths and permanent situations I live with my dad and my step-mother. He / She / It eats. • facts and laws of nature Wood floats on water. I / You / We / They do not eat. He / She / It does not eat. • h abits and routines (often with adverbs My friends and I usually have a lot of fun of frequency) when we go out together. Do I / you / we / they eat? Does he / she / it eat? • timetables and programmed events in My dance class starts at five o’clock. the future Short forms The hero runs along the bridge and jumps do not = don’t • reviews, stories and sports commentaries into the water. does not = doesn’t Time expressions We often use these time expressions with the present simple: every morning/month, in the evening/afternoon, at night, at the weekend, on Friday, in (the) summer, in March, once/twice/three times a week, etc. We go on holiday to Spain every summer. Adverbs of frequency We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency such as: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, seldom, etc. These should be placed either before the main verb or after the verb to be. Katie never helps her mum with the household chores. We are often late for school. Present continuous Form Use Example I am eating. • actions happening at the time of Don’t disturb your mother – she’s putting You / We / They are eating. her feet up for a bit. He / She / It is eating. speaking I’m sleeping in my sister’s room while Dad I am not eating. • temporary situations paints mine. You / We / They are not eating. He / She / It is not eating. • changing situations Andy’s headache is getting worse – I think we should call the doctor. Am I eating? • annoying habits, often with adverbs like Are you / we / they eating? always, forever, continuously You’re always leaving your dirty clothes on Is he / she / it eating? the floor. Why can’t you pick them up? Short forms • plans and arrangements in the future. I’m running some errands for Mum I am not = I’m not tomorrow so I won’t be able to come. is not = isn’t are not = aren’t Time expressions We often use these time expressions with the present continuous: now, right now, at the moment, today/tonight, these days, this month, at present, nowadays, for now, for the time being. I’m washing Mum’s car at the moment.4

Stative verbsStative verbs describe states, not actions and we do not use them in continuous tenses even when we are describingsomething that is happening now.Stative verbs Examples• v erbs which describe the senses: see, hear, smell, taste, This dress smells of your perfume. √ This dress is smelling of your perfume. X feel, look, etc Do you know how much ironing I have? √• v erbs which describe ways of thinking: believe, understand, Are you knowing how much ironing I have? X know, think, remember, notice, realise, etc I prefer washing the dishes to dusting. √• v erbs which describe emotions: dislike, enjoy, hate, love, I’m prefering washing the dishes to dusting. X like, mind, prefer, etc Does this Xbox belong to you? √• o ther verbs: be, belong, appear, cost, seem, need, own, Is this Xbox belonging to you? X want, weigh, etcSome verbs have two meanings: one that describes an action and one that describes a state. When they are action verbs, wecan use them in continuous tenses. Compare:Present simple Present continuousShe appears to be upset about something. Helen Moss is appearing in a play at the Delphi Theatre.(= give the impression) (action of performing in a play, concert, on TV, etc)She is mature and serious. She’s being silly.(used to describe usual behaviour/character) (used to describe temporary behaviour)The material of this pullover feels rough – it’s making my arms The vet is feeling Rex’s leg to see if it’s broken.itch! (action of touching on purpose)(= have a certain texture) We’re having lunch.She has two step-sisters. (used as part of an expression: eg have a party/a meal/a(= own, possess) good time/a shower/etc)You need to leave early? I see. I’m seeing Greg in the morning.(= understand) (action of meeting someone)Do you see that boy over there? Dan is seeing Stella.(ability to see) (= have a romantic relationship with someone)This newly-baked bread smells wonderful. The police dog is smelling the missing woman’s shoes.(have a particular smell) (the action of smelling)These sweets taste horrible – throw them away! The chef is tasting the soup to see if it’s got enough salt.(have a particular taste) (action of tasting)I think that teenagers should help with chores around the home. Mum is thinking of buying a new washing machine.(= believe, have an opinion) (action of using your mind)1 Read and circle the correct words. Genna advises Todd Todd talks about his feelings of anger My daughter 9 sometimes gets / is sometimes getting very angry and this is what I tell her. First of all, you I 1 often experience / am often experiencing a feeling of should remove yourself from the situation – leave the uncontrollable anger. I 2 don’t mean / am not meaning room! When you have calmed down, apologise and to act that way and I 3 don’t want / am not wanting to give your dad (or your mum) a big hug and a kiss. This behave badly towards my parents or my brother, but 10 always helps / is always helping! Offer to do some sometimes it 4 just happens / is just happening. When household chores to show that you’re sorry. Here’s I get like that, Mum always says, ‘You 5 are / are being an example from my own life: right now, my daughter really selfish.’ Dad 6 is usually / is usually being calmer, 11 tidies / is tidying the living room and I 12 drink / am but I know that he 7 also feels / is also feeling a bit hurt drinking the cup of tea which she made me. Of course, and sad sometimes. What can I do when I feel that I I’ve forgiven her! 8 lose / am losing control of my emotions? UNIT 1 5

2 Complete the sentences. Use the present simple and the present continuous. 1 think of going on holiday to Spain this year. a We you of Nina Nesbitt’s new album? b What 2 have you a cold? a Oh dear! a party on Saturday. Has she invited you? b Susan 3 taste funny! What’s in it? a Yuck! This cake the curry to see if it’s spicy enough. b I 4 see Anna. He says he loves her! a Tim what you mean about the new sports centre – it’s great! b I 5 feel very hot – you might have a temperature. a Your head the material of the dress to see if it’s real silk. b She 6 be very negative, you know. a You not a very cheerful person. b He 7 smell wonderful! a Try this perfume – it the milk to see if she can drink it. b Eve 8 appear a She’s just heard the news. she to be upset? in this year’s show? b any celebrities 3 Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or the present continuous. 1 My dad if I cut my hair or change my clothes. (never notice) 2 It’s OK. I you for what happened. (not blame) 3 I can hear shouting. What 4 My mum about? (they / argue) that household chores should be shared by all the members of the family. (believe) 5 I my dad a hand in the family shop today. (lend) 6 Sorry, I too busy to help you right now. (be) 7 This pasta dish nice. What did you put into it? (taste) 8 Kelly a shower. Can you call back later? (have) 9 with us? (you / come) 10 We a lot of meat – vegetables and fish are healthier. (not eat)6

4 Read the answers and write the questions. Use the present simple or the present continuous. ? ? 1 ? I work at the local hospital. ? 2 ? No, Mike isn’t seeing anyone at the moment. ? 3 ? No, I don’t mind staying here on my own. ? 4 I have English on Mondays and Fridays. 5 No, I’m not crying! I have something in my eye. 6 I’m going to my step-father’s house. 7 Yes, I like Lady Gaga a lot! I think she’s great. 8 Ghosts? Of course I don’t believe in ghosts!5 Read and choose the correct answers. In my family, we 1 the schedule of household chores at the beginning of every week. Mum 2 out a checklist of jobs to be done and sticks it on the fridge door. My sister and I 3 to do our jobs, so the checklist 4 us of our responsibilities. Each member of the family 5 a tick next to the chores they want to do that week (at least two each every day). Today, for example, I 6 the living room and this afternoon I 7 the dog for a walk and emptying the rubbish bin. My sister 8 the bathroom right now and this evening she 9 our little brother. Even though I 10 these chores, I know that I 11 my mum and that a happier mum 12 a happier home! 1 A  are discussing B  discuss C  discussed 2 A  writes B  write C  is writing 3 A  often forget B  forget often C  are often forgetting 4 A  is reminding B  reminds C  remind 5 A  puts B  is putting C  does put 6 A  am tidying B  tidy C  tidies 7 A  take B  taking C  am taking 8 A  cleans B  is cleaning C  clean 9 A  is babysitting B  babysits C  does babysit 10 A  am not liking B  don’t like C  not like 11 A  am helping B  help C  helps 12 A  is meaning B  mean C  means UNIT 1 7

Grammar 2 Relative clauses Relative clauses give us more information about the subject or the object of a sentence. They are introduced with relative pronouns. Pronoun Use Example who for people which for things and animals That’s the man who is my father’s business partner. that • for people, animals and things in defining The laundry which is in the basket has to go into the relative clauses only washing machine. The woman that I met was Phoebe’s grandmother. √ Phoebe’s grandmother, that lives with her, is always criticising her. X The keys that I lost were not mine! √ Your keys, that you lost, were in the hall. X • after superlative forms Vasso is the most horrible person that I’ve ever met! whom • a fter words such as something, anything, Is there anything that you need? none, all, etc The woman whom you saw is my aunt. for people • as the object of a verb (formal) whose • after prepositions The man to whom you spoke is the manager. to show possession where That’s the boy whose mother gossips about why for places everybody. for reasons when This is the church where my parents got married. for times Joe’s bad temper is the reason why he fell out with his best friend. 2012 was the year when they adopted Katie. • A defining relative clause gives us important information which we need in order to understand the meaning of the main clause. We do not use commas to separate a defining relative clause from the main clause. The person who I admire most is my grandmother. (The sentence would not make sense without who I admire most.) • In defining relative clauses, we often omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause. Compare: The excuse was ridiculous. Glenda made the excuse. (In the second sentence, the excuse is the object.) The excuse which/that Glenda made was ridiculous. The excuse Glenda made was ridiculous. • A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information which we do not need in order to understand the meaning of the main clause. We must use commas to separate a non-defining relative clause from the main clause. My brother, who grumbles a lot about doing his chores, is really lazy. • We cannot use that in a non-defining relative clause and we cannot omit the relative pronoun. • Prepositions in relative clauses usually come at the end of the relative clause. They can also come before the relative pronoun, but this makes the sentence sound very formal. The song which I am listening to was a big hit last year. The song to which I am listening was a big hit last year. (very formal) • We cannot use a preposition before who or that. We can use one before whom, but only in formal sentences. When the preposition is before the relative pronoun, we cannot omit the relative pronoun even if it is the object of the relative clause. The woman who/that I was introduced to was Jason’s step-mother. The woman to whom I was introduced was Jason’s step-mother. (very formal)8

1 Do the sentences include defining or non-defining relative clauses? Write D for defining and ND for non-defining. 1 My grandparents, who are 85, go walking every day. 2 Barry, who is a football coach, travels all over the country for his work. 3 I’m going to wear those jeans that I bought in the sales. 4 The Harry Potter books, which were written by JK Rowling, were a huge success. 5 My cat, which has only three legs, can walk and run. 6 The woman who called didn’t leave her number. 7 The restaurant that she chose for the party was very expensive. 8 The path which we took went in completely the wrong direction! 2 J oin the sentences. Use defining relative clauses. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 A blended family is a family. It includes children from previous marriages. 2 What do you call a family? It has only one parent. 3 That’s the woman. Her step-mother is called Megan. 4 He’s the pupil. He runs errands for the head teacher. 5 That’s the room. We do the laundry there. 6 Who was the colleague? You went on a business trip with him. 7 I gave her some advice. She didn’t follow it. 8 That was the day. I fell out with my boyfriend. 3 Cross out the relative pronoun where it is not necessary. 1 These are the gloves which I use for washing the dishes. 2 Is this the key that opens the back door? 3 I talked to a woman who needed advice about her step-children. 4 My brother, who got the best results in his school, went to university. 5 Where is the sports centre which you told me about? 6 Jenny, who I don’t like very much, is often in trouble. 7 She did something which was really generous. 8 I can’t find the piece of paper where I wrote her number. UNIT 1 9

4 Rewrite the sentences putting the preposition in the correct place. Sometimes there is more than one correct answer. 1 Is that the girl who you arrived? with 2 It’s a group which many of my friends belong. to 3 She liked the women that she worked. with 4 The person whom I undertook the research has now left the company. with 5 It was the park which the children preferred to play. at 6 Do you know who I’m talking? about 5 Circle the correct words. 1 The day which I spent / which I spent it with you was the best day of my life. 2 That’s the place where / which I found the puppies. 3 The girl who / whose teacher shouted at her told her parents what had happened. 4 We’re looking for a teacher who speaks / who he speaks French and German. 5 Is this the hotel where / which you stayed at? 6 My new laptop, that / which was very expensive, has stopped working already. 7 The man who wrote / who he wrote the book is a child psychiatrist.10

Vocabulary ReviewChoose the correct answers. 11 Art and theatre studies are . You don’t have to take those classes if you don’t want to.1 I live in family – there’s me, my mum, my step-dad and my step-sister. a opt b option a an adoptive c optional b a blended d options c a traditional d an extended 12 Will you a hand with the cleaning? a take2 I’m and tired of your constant grumbling! b lend a sick c do b ill d borrow c fed up d angry3 Let’s the problem and try to find a solution. 13 How well do you with your step-mother? a accuse a get along b advise b go out c argue c do with d discuss d have fun4 My parents are angry because I got such bad marks – I 14 Carol finds it difficult growing up in family because feel so ! she misses her dad a lot. a miserable a a remarried b cheerful b a traditional c proud c an adoptive d respectful d a single-parent5 What do you mean you haven’t got time to revise for 15 She was very when I spoke to her on the phone, so your history exam? time! I think she regrets shouting at me. a Take a apologise b Make b apology c Do c apologetic d Give d apologetically6 I always my bed before I go to school in the 16 Mrs Smith the teacher for being too strict with the morning. children. a lay a argued b take b praised c set c advised d make d criticised7 I’m crying because I with my best friend and now 17 I believe that every member of the family should do she’s not speaking to me. their share of the housework. a fell out a right b went out b full c broke out c total d came out d fair8 She lives with her adoptive family and doesn’t know 18 We usually get together with all our at Christmas who her mother is. time. I especially love seeing my cousins. a biological b biology a relatives b peers c biologist d biologically c classmates d partners9 I’m going out for a meal with my from work. 19 Dad’s the washing-up. a classmates b colleagues a doing b cleaning c relatives d strangers c making d having10 Who does the most household in your house? 20 I feel so because nobody will help me. a jobs b chores a cheerful b ashamed c work d exercises c frustrated d guilty UNIT 1 11

Grammar Review Choose the correct answers. 11 You . Why can’t you try and be more cheerful? a always grumbling 1 What time dark in December? b are grumbling always a is it getting c grumble always b does it get d are always grumbling c it gets d do it get 2 The sports club is closed , but will re-open in 12 At the beginning of the film, Mel Gibson’s character two months. his wife and family. a these days a leave b nowadays b is leaving c at present c leaves d once a week d will leave 3 ‘Have you seen Tina and Chris recently?’ 13 I to my ballet class tomorrow – it’s been cancelled. ‘Yes, and did you know they moving abroad?’ a don’t go a think to b am not going b are thinking of c no go c think d don’t going d are thinking to 14 Leigh is a very early riser – she at five o’clock in the morning! 4 ‘How often does the baby wake up night?’ ‘Not very often.’ a often is getting up a at b gets up often b in c is often getting up c on d often gets up d for 5 The new house wants to buy is really expensive. 15 this programme or can I turn the TV off? a which she a If you watch b where she b You watch c which c Do you watch d that d Are you watching 6 You better marks in your tests this term – 16 ‘ any pets at home?’ well done! ‘No, but my aunt has a dog.’ a Do you have a are getting b Are you have b get c You have c can get d Are you having d do get 7 Sarah lovely in her new dress. 17 ‘What at?’ a looks ‘Those birds flying across the lake.’ b is looking a you look c is look b do you looking d looking c do you look d are you looking 8 Is this the CD they were listening? 18 The hotel they held their wedding had a beautiful a that to b to whom garden. c which d to which a at there b which c at where d at which 9 Sasha’s family with relatives until their house 19 The restaurant met was fantastic. is built. a that we b we c which we d where we a are staying b have stayed c stay d stayed 10 School starts at eight o’clock Monday morning. 20 The bus at nine o’clock every morning. a at b in a leaves b leaving c on d the c does leave d isn’t leaving 12

Use Your English1 Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Colour psychology The colours that 1 us – in our homes, school or workplace – undoubtedly affect our mood and the way we feel. There is a cycle of changing colours 2 affects our mind and body through the different stages of life. This is reflected in our changing colour preferences as we 3 older. Bright, primary colours such as red and yellow can make babies and very young children feel restless and 4 and can even cause them to have difficulty sleeping. As children grow, their individual taste in colour will develop. Teenagers are at a crucial time of change in their lives and can use colour and style to assert their individuality. Modern day teens’ exposure to computer graphics means that their tastes 5 more and more sophisticated. Today’s young people are more open to experimenting with colour than adolescents in previous generations 6 influences and choices were more limited. It is important that teens are given a choice as to how they decorate their room. They can become 7 and miserable if their parents insist on choosing a ‘conservative’ or boring colour scheme. Parents and teens should 8 colours and styles and make their decisions together. 1 A surround B surrounds C surrounded D are surrounding 2 A who B whose C that D where 3 A are growing B to grow C growing D grow 4 A miserable B cheerful C ashamed D proud 5 A become B became C don’t become D are becoming 6 A who B whose C whom D to whom 7 A respectful B frustrated C apologetic D personal 8 A discuss B argue C criticise D grumble2 Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE word in each gap. Living in a blended family Living with a new step-father or step-mother can be difficult and upsetting at first. What should you call him/her? What about rules? 1 you really have to listen to your step-parent? After all – he or she 2 not your real mum or dad. The best thing is to 3 all these questions with your family. You might want to talk to your parent alone, or ask all the family for their opinion. What happens if you don’t get 4 with your step-parent?Ask yourself – is it really him or her you do 5 like? Couldit be that actually your step-mother is quite a nice person, but you hate the fact thatshe 6 taking away your dad’s attention? You might want toscream, ‘I hate you’ or ‘You 7 ruining my life!’ but thiswon’t help to resolve the situation! If something is upsetting you, it’s a good ideato have a family meeting to talk about the problem. But if this doesn’t work either,you and your parents might want to go to a family therapist. Sometimes a person8 is outside the family can see more clearly and offeruseful advice. UNIT 1 13

Use Your English 3 U se the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Do you have 1 clothes lying all over the floor? Are SMELL FILTH there 2 cups and plates under your bed? Then it’s TRADITION DUST time to clean up! In 3 families, Mum always washed CHEER the dirty dishes, ironed everyone’s clothes and cleaned the GUILT 4 furniture, but today things are different and SHAME PRIDE teens are expected to tidy up their own mess! There is some good news, though. You will find that if your room is clean and tidy, you will feel much more 5 and energetic. Instead of wasting time worrying about the state of your room, you will be able to concentrate on your homework or your free time activities. And most importantly, you won’t feel 6 whenever your mum walks past the door or 7 when your friends come round to visit! So … get cleaning and be 8 of your room! 4 C omplete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words. 1 My brother never does anything to help around the house. FINGER My brother to help around the house. 2 Caroline plans to visit her grandmother next weekend. IS her grandmother next weekend. Caroline 3 Is this the photo they were talking about? WHICH talking? Is this the photo 4 I’m fed up with your constant grumbling! SICK I’m your constant grumbling! 5 Mrs Carter said that I had cheated in the test. ACCUSED in the test. Mrs Carter 6 Your behaviour is really immature today. ARE really immature today. You14

Question tags, pronouns not only … but also; had better;12 it’s (about/high) time … Grammar 1 Question tags, pronounsQuestion tagsQuestion tags are short questions that we add to the end of statements. We use them when we think we know something istrue and expect the listener to agree with us or when we are not sure if something is true and we want to check.Affirmative statement + negative tag Negative statement + affirmative tagShe is French, isn’t she? She isn’t French, is she?You are coming with us, aren’t you? You aren’t coming with us, are you?You like apples, don’t you? You don’t like apples, do you?He shouted at you, didn’t he? He didn’t shout at you, did he?She was crying, wasn’t she? She wasn’t crying, was she?They have finished, haven’t they? They haven’t finished, have they?You’ve been running, haven’t you? You haven’t been running, have you?You can swim, can’t you? You can’t swim, can you?We will answer, won’t we? We won’t answer, will we?There are enough chairs, aren’t there? There aren’t enough chairs, are there?• We use an affirmative question tag after statements which include the words never, seldom, rarely, nothing, etc. She never helps you, does she?• The question tag for a statement beginning with I am, is aren’t I. I am late again, aren’t I?   I’m helping out today, aren’t I?• The question tag for Let’s is shall we. Let’s have lunch, shall we?• The question tag for imperatives is will you. Pass me that pen, will you?   Don’t be late, will you?• When the statement begins with somebody, nobody, etc, we use a plural verb and they in the question tag. Somebody is lying, aren’t they?   Nobody saw you, did they?• When the statement begins with this/that, the question tag uses it. When it begins with these/those, it uses they. This is funny, isn’t it? That wasn’t much fun, was it? These are your keys, aren’t they?   Those aren’t the leaflets, are they?Reflexive pronounsForm Use Example He cut himself while he was chopping themyself • when the subject and the object of the sentence are vegetables.yourself the same She blamed herself for what happened buthimself it wasn’t really her fault.herself • w ith certain verbs (behave, blame, dry, enjoy,itself express, find, help, hurt, introduce, kill, prepare, He built the animal shelter by himself.ourselves see, teach) Nobody helped him.themselves • to emphasise that somebody does something without any help from others (We often use the word by.)• We do not usually use reflexive pronouns after verbs which describe things people usually do for themselves as part of their daily routine. He dressed quickly. He dressed himself quickly. She washed in warm water. She washed herself in warm water.120

Indefinite pronounsWe use indefinite pronouns to talk about unspecified people, things or places.Form Use Examplesomeonesomebody to talk about one unspecified person, thing or Somebody gave us a large donation.something place in affirmative sentences (singular verb) Is there something I can do to help?somewhere There is a shelter somewhere near here.anyoneanybody to talk about one unspecified person, thing Is anyone going to volunteer for the food bank?anything or place in negative sentences and questions I can’t do anything to help the refugees.anywhere (singular verb) Is there anywhere for homeless people to stay?everyoneeverybody to talk about all unspecified people, things or Everybody helped to raise money for the charity.everything places (singular verb) He lost everything in the fire.everywhere I’ve looked everywhere for the youth hostel keys.no onenobody to talk about no person, thing or places (singular Nobody knew that the nursing home was closingnothing verb) down.nowhere There’s nothing we can do about poverty.whoever to talk about unspecified people, things, times or If you’ve got nowhere to stay, go to the shelter.whatever places (singular verb)whichever I will offer my help to whoever needs it.wherever I’m sure you’ll do whatever is best.another to talk about an additional person, thing or place We have one volunteer. Can we find another?little (singular verb)less to talk about a small amount (singular verb) There is little we can do about the situation.much to talk about a smaller amount (singular verb) You know less about this than I do.more to talk about a large amount I don’t know much about that charity. to talk about a larger amount (singular verb) We don’t have enough information. More issome needed before we can make a decision. to talk about an unspecified number or amount I don’t have any money and I need some to buysuch (plural verb) food for the food bank. to talk about a type that has already been Poverty, addiction and violence – such are the mentioned (singular or plural verb) problems they face.1 Match to make sentences. a will you? b couldn’t we? 1 Kerry works at the job centre, c are you? 2 You aren’t going to sleep the night on the street, d isn’t she? 3 She suffered from a mental illness, e didn’t she? 4 They have been staying at a halfway house, f haven’t they? 5 We could try to find a place in a nursing home, g doesn’t she? 6 You won’t run away from home again, h did he? 7 David didn’t bully the other kids, 8 The child is living in poverty, UNIT 12 121

2 Complete the question tags. 1 Mary seldom speaks of her years on the street, ? ? 2 There are several disabled students at this school, ? 3 Nobody knew she was involved with drugs, ? 4 I’m in trouble with the head teacher, ? 5 That wasn’t the representative of the animal charity, ? 6 Speak up, ? 7 Let’s organise a concert to raise some money, 8 They should leave now, ?3 Complete the short dialogues with the correct form of the verb in brackets and a reflexive pronoun. 1 Carol: ‘Hi. Can I ? I’m Carol Waters. (introduce) John: ‘Hello, Carol. Pleased to meet you.’ 2 Amy: ‘I don’t know what to say really.’ freely. (express) Peter: ‘Say whatever you like. Just try to 3 Tim: ‘This is a great party.’ to some food, won’t you?’ (help) Harry: ‘Thanks. 4 Mum: ‘Why is Sylvia crying?’ while she was playing in the garden.’ (hurt) Kate: ‘She 5 Jen: ‘Are the children ?’ (enjoy) Dina: ‘Yes, they’re having a lovely time.’ 6 Anna: ‘Your son’s paintings are beautiful.’ , you know – he’s never had any formal lessons.’ (teach) Don: ‘Thank you. He4 Complete the sentences with these words. anybody anything everybody everything nowhere somebody something somewhere 1 left you a message about a stray dog. 2 If is here, we can begin the meeting. 3 She is homeless and has to go. 4 I’ve bought I need for the cake – now I have to make it. 5 Does know where the job centre is? 6 I know the nursing home is near here, but where exactly? 7 There’s I need to tell you. 8 He says he doesn’t know about the stolen money.5 Read and circle the correct words. A new home for the elderly 1 Everybody / Nobody wants to place an elderly relative in a nursing home and families often ask 2 themselves / to them if they are doing the right thing. Sadly though, there are often circumstances which mean that there is 3 little / less else that can be done. But try to keep a positive attitude. However difficult things may seem, there is 4 many / much that you can do to help your relative in this situation. It may be a change for the better and you should encourage them to see it as 5 such / itself.122

Grammar 2 not only … but also; had better; it’s (about/high) time …Form Use Examplenot only ..., but also • to give emphasis to the idea that Gemma not only volunteers at the food bank, buthad better + bare infinitive there are two items or actions she also works at the homeless shelter. (When Not only begins the Not only does Gemma volunteer at the food bank,It’s time + past tense but she also works at the homeless shelter.It’s about time + past tense sentence, we change the wordIt’s high time + past tense order to that of a question.) You’d better go down to the job centre to look for • to give advice a job. They’d better not eat any more ice cream – they’ll • to offer criticism of somebody’s be sick! actions It’s time we did something about the unemployment in this town! It’s high time you got a job, young man! It’s about time you started revising for your exams.1 Read the notes and write two sentences. 1 Katie / works for the ambulance service / volunteers in the fire brigade Katie . Not only . 2 the school / will act against bullying / will act against racism Not only . The school . 3 Simon / is poor / is homeless Not only . Simon . 4 Oxfam / provides clean water / gives food aid / to people in need Oxfam . Not only . 5 my mum / volunteered in a charity shop / organised a food bank Not only . My mum . 6 the government / has increased pensions / has created more jobs The government . Not only . UNIT 12 123

2 Circle the correct words. 1 The ambulance driver had better hurry / to hurry to reach the scene of the accident. 2 It’s time you left / you to leave the house – you’ll be late otherwise. 3 You’d better don’t / not give up your studies or you’ll end up unemployed. 4 It’s about time you started / start thinking of those less fortunate than yourself. 5 We would / had better go to the shelter or we’ll have nowhere to sleep tonight. 6 It’s right / high time you found yourself a job! 7 I think it’s time for them to helped / they helped young addicts. 8 If the charity needs more volunteers, they had / could better advertise now.3 Complete the sentences. Use one word in each space. 1 Not only is Phoebe a member of the WWF, but she is a member of the RSPCA; she really loves animals. 2 You had start collecting as many clothes and books as you can for the charity sale next month. 3 Oh, dear! Is it eleven o’clock already? We’re going to be late – it’s we were leaving. 4 Isn’t it time you had a haircut? Your hair is so long that I can hardly see your eyes! 5 Children, listen carefully to me. You had better act up while Aunt Phyllis is here or I’ll be very cross. 6 Mrs Williams not organises activities for children, but she also runs a painting class for the elderly. 7 We better not throw these old clothes away; we can donate them to the homeless shelter. 8 Not only my grandmother help out at the library, but she also teaches singing at the youth club.4 Underline and correct any mistakes in these sentences. Tick the ones that are correct. 1 Not only is she clever, but she also is very sporty. 2 He had better explain what he’s done with the money from the donations. 3 It’s very late. Isn’t it time you go to bed? 4 It’s all the time you showed up! Where have you been all this time? 5 We had better to install a new fridge at the food bank. 6 Not only Vicky helps her grandmother with her shopping, but she also irons her clothes. 7 That supermarket not only does it give food to the poor, but it also donates money. 8 We had better to not arrive at the charity dinner late. 124

Vocabulary ReviewChoose the correct answers. .1 As soon as I saw the smoke, I called the 11 Lots of donate their time at the shelter for a job centre homeless people. b fire brigade c ambulance service a disabled people d coast guard b volunteers c communities2 The school has had a special lift installed so that d bullies students with disabilities can have access to the building. 12 Mum always gives money to at Christmas time. a programmes a social b foundation b mental c conscience c physical d charity d bullying3 I’m sorry – the line’s very bad and I can’t hear you. 13 The Animal Rescue Society looks after cats and dogs. Could you , please? a stray b refugee a speak up c homeless b act out d disabled c speak out d point out 14 You could try going to the – they might be able to find employment for you.4 Vicky’s means that she has to go everywhere in a wheelchair. a public housing b prison service a disability c job centre b capability d public transport c ability d inability 15 Lucy’s grandmother lives in a and they visit her there once a week.5 My goes out to Billy Hunter, who lost his job and ended up homeless. a nursing home b youth hostel c halfway house d food bank a mind b breath c love d heart 16 Our is to find homes for all the people who are sleeping on the streets.6 After she ran away from home, Michelle stayed at a for a week. a objective b incident c conscience d addiction a food bank b nursing home c shelter d charity 17 I was that the charity is in danger of closing due to lack of funds.7 Most people believe that a long prison sentence will a criminal from breaking the law again. a unfair b unable c uncomfortable d unaware a enable b authorise c protect d deter 18 It’s tragic that so many of our young people are to drugs.8 Do you get a weekly or a newspaper? a day b daytime a addicts b addictive c daily d dated c addicted d addiction9 Police and teachers are investigating a serious 19 Many of the children at this school live in and their in which a school pupil was robbed in the school families can’t afford to buy school uniforms or books. playground. a poverty b addiction a occasion b event c homelessness d racism c incident d situation 20 We were by the news that your grandmother10 Could you that, please? I didn’t hear what you said. had died. a say b explain c tell d repeat a scared b demanded c grown d saddened UNIT 12 125

Grammar ReviewChoose the correct answers. 11 There’s we can do to help him now. a something1 Not only the money, but you lied about it too! b nothing a you did steal c everything b you stole d anything c did you steal d did you stole2 It’s about time the head teacher something about 12 He to become a police officer, doesn’t he? bullying in this school. a wanted b doesn’t want a should do c wants b is doing d didn’t want c does d did 13 James a blog about refugees, but he also raises money for them.3 James does nothing to help other people, he? a does a not only he writes b doesn’t b writes not only c is c not only writes d isn’t d doesn’t only writes4 I think you’d better for a shock. 14  me about your new job with the prison service, a prepare you will you? b prepare by yourself c prepare yourself a You tell d prepare yours b Tell c You don’t tell5 There’s on the phone for you. He won’t say his d Don’t tell name. 15 I for what happened – I should have been more a nobody careful when I was driving. b somebody c anybody a am blame d everybody b blame me c blame myself6 You’d better Mum about your poor marks at school. d blame by myself a not tell b not to tell 16 ‘Where did you go on your round-the-world trip?’ c don’t tell ‘We went !’ d tell not a everywhere b anywhere c nowhere d somewhere7 That biscuit was nice – can I have ? 17 Let’s act out a scene from the play, we? a other b an other a won’t b are c one other d another c will d shall8 you do, don’t tell Kyle that you’ve lost his phone. 18 You the door of the shelter unlocked, did you? a Whoever b Wherever a did leave b didn’t left c Whenever d Whatever c left d didn’t leave9 I’m annoying you, ? 19 ‘Did you make all the food ?’ a aren’t I b am not I ‘No, my dad helped me.’ c are I d are I a by yourself b with yourself10 Craig is an unpredictable person and should be treated c you alone d on yourself as . a so b such 20 She her hair and put on her make-up. c this d somebody a herself brush b brushed herself c brushed d brushed to her126

Use Your English1 Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.OxfamOxfam is a global humanitarian, development organisation which works toovercome 1 and suffering. The name ‘Oxfam’ comes from the ‘OxfordCommittee for Famine Relief’, 2 in Britain in 1942. Back then, the groupcampaigned to send food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.In the UK, Oxfam runs a huge number of 3 shops with over 700 stores.Members of the public 4 books, clothes, CDs and home-ware. 5 arespecialist shops selling only books or bridal wear. These items are sold to 6money for Oxfam’s projects around the world.7 does Oxfam work to help the poor, but they also make sure that theiractivities do not harm the environment. Oxfam 8 the very best of the workbeing carried out both in the UK and around the world.1 A  refugees B  shelter C  poverty D  employment2 A  founded B  retrained C  joined D  volunteered3 A  objective B  charity C  shelter D  wildlife4 A  assist B  represent C  combine D  donate5 A  Some B  Such C  Another D  Less6 A  give B  raise C  donate D  borrow7 A  Had better B  It’s time C  Whenever D  Not only8 A  protects B  prevents C  represents D  measures2 Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE word in each gap.Homelessness: Robert’s experienceYou probably think that homelessness is something which happens to other people, don’t 1 ?But the truth is that it can happen to 2 , as Robert McCann found out.‘Two years ago my life fell apart. I used to have my own flat in Liverpool, a good job and a decent life. But when I lost myjob, I lost 3 – my income, my car and my flat. Without a regular wage, I couldn’t pay the rentand had to leave my flat. For about six months various friends 4 me in and I slept on other people’s floors and sofas. Eventually though, I found 5 on the street. Now I was a beggar and other people treated me as 6. After I had been on the streets for about a year, I was offered a place at a shelter. The staff have been very kind to me. Not 7 do they give me food, medication and clean clothes, 8 they have also given me hope. And that’s the best gift of all.’ UNIT 12 127

Use Your English3 Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Helping animals The Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is an 1 which was founded in London in 1824. ORGANISE DANGER Back then the society focused on working animals such as ponies OBJECT which were forced to work in cruel and 2 conditions PROTECT in coal mines. During both World Wars, the charity worked to help DONATE VOLUNTARY the millions of animals serving on the battlefields of Europe. ORDINARY INSPIRE The society’s 3 is ‘to prevent cruelty, promote kindness to and alleviate suffering of all animals’. Today the Society is best-known for its work with domestic pets as well as 4 stray cats and dogs. They also try to improve the lives of farm animals, wild animals and animals used in scientific research. The RSPCA’s work is funded by 5 and its offices and vets’ surgeries are run entirely by 6 . The 7 work of the RSPCA, which they have been carrying out for nearly 200 years, should be an 8 to us all. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words. 1 You should be congratulated for all your hard work. PAT You deserve for all your hard work. 2 You should think about somebody other than yourself! THOUGHT It’s high about somebody other than yourself! 3 She gives money to charity and she volunteers at a shelter. ONLY Not money to charity, but she also volunteers at a shelter. 4 Are the children behaving badly again? again? UP Are the children 5 Helen thinks the accident was her fault. BLAMES the accident. Helen 6 They say that sugar is highly addictive. sugar. ADDICTED They say that you can easily become128