English Download [A1]: Grammar

ContentsUnit 1 4Grammar 1 Present simple 5Grammar 2 Present continuous and stative verbs 8Unit 2 11Grammar 1 Past simple and used to 12Grammar 2 Relative pronouns and relative clauses 18Progress Review 1 21Unit 3 23Grammar 1 Past continuous 24Grammar 2 Nouns and articles 28Unit 4 32Grammar 1 Present perfect simple and have been and have gone 33Grammar 2 Present perfect simple: time expressions 36Progress Review 2 39Unit 5 41Grammar 1 Future simple, be going to and present continuous for future 42Grammar 2 Quantifiers 47Unit 6 50Grammar 1 Adjectives and adverbs 51Grammar 2 Comparative and superlative and (not) as ... as 53Progress Review 3 57Unit 7 59Grammar 1 Modals: ability, permission and requests 60Grammar 2 Modals: obligation, lack of obligation, prohibition and advice 63Unit 8 67Grammar 1 Gerunds 68Grammar 2 Infinitives 70Progress Review 4 72Unit 9 74Grammar 1 First Conditional 75Grammar 2 Second Conditional 77Unit 10 79Grammar 1 The passive: present simple 80Grammar 2 The passive: past simple 83Progress Review 5 85Verb forms 87Spelling rules 88-89Irregular verbs 90-91 3

1 Present simple Present continuous and stative verbs Things that make me happy! Is life sometimes difficult and full of problems? Are there days when nobody understands you? Do your friends sometimes seem to be against you? FORGET ABOUT THOSE FEELINGS! Think about the small things which make you happy and post them here. Animals can bring you a lot My favourite thing is a nice You don’t need a lot of money of happiness. Right now I’m hot bath – I always feel to feel happy. Play your playing with my dog. better afterwards. favourite song and dance He always loves me! Susie, 15, Liverpool around the house! I’m listening to my iPod at the moment and Callum, 14, Hastings What I’m dancing in the living room! makes you Linda, 13, Cardiff happy?4

Grammar 1 Present simplePresent simpleAffirmative Negative QuestionI / you / play I / you / do not (don’t) play Do I / you / play?we / they we / they does not (doesn’t) we / theyhe / she / it plays he / she / it Does he / she / itForm• We form the present simple with the subject and the main verb. In the affirmative, the verb ends in -s in the third person (he, she, it). (See Spelling rules on pages 88-89.) They ride their bikes in the park. He has a new mobile phone.• In the negative, we add do not (don’t) or does not (doesn’t) before the main verb. The main verb does not end in -s in the negative. I don’t play any sports. She doesn’t use the Internet.• In a question, we put do or does at the beginning of the sentence before the subject. The main verb does not end in -s in a question. Do you have a pet? Does he eat fast food?• In short answers, we use do/don’t or does/doesn’t on their own. We don’t repeat the main verb. A: Do you share a bedroom with your sister? B: Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.UseWe use the present simple to talk about:• habits and things that happen regularly. I always get up late on Saturdays.• situations that are always or usually true. We live in a big city.• facts and general truths. Sugar isn’t good for your teeth.Time expressions• W e often use the following adverbs of frequency with the present simple: always, usually, often, sometimes, never. Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb. But if the main verb is to be, the adverb goes after it. Kate usually meets her friends after school. He is often unhappy.• We often use the following time expressions with the present simple: every day, in the morning/ afternoon/evening, at night, at the weekend, on Monday, on Fridays, in (the) winter, once/twice/three times a week, etc. These time expressions usually go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. On Saturdays we play football in the garden. Our neighbours often have a barbecue at the weekend.1 C omplete the table with the third person singular form of the verbs. You can look at the Spelling rules on pages 88-89 to help you.Verb he / she / it Verb he / she / itbegin staycry studyfinish travellive watchopen write UNIT 1 5

2 C omplete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple. 1 Jim here. (not live) 2 The children always in the park at the weekend. (play) 3 early on Saturdays? (you / get up) 4 Mr Fox maths. (teach) 5 I my room every day. (not tidy) 6 to school by bus? (Kate / go) 7 My cousin his homework in the living room. (do) 8 swimming? (the boys / like) 9 My aunt in a bookshop. (not work) 10 We TV every day. (watch)3 Write questions and short answers. Use the present simple. 1 the cat / usually / sleep / on your bed? ✗ A: B: 2 they / visit / you every weekend? ✓ A: B: 3 your sister / play / tennis every weekend? ✓ A: B: 4 you / leave school / early on Fridays? ✗ A: B: 5 your parents / watch TV / in the evenings? ✓ A: B: 6 Andrew / go shopping / with his mum? ✗ A: B: 4 Read the answers and write the questions. ? ? 1 Where ? I live in a small town near the sea. ? 2 What ? I usually eat toast and marmalade for breakfast. ? 3 When My sister goes to bed at ten o’clock. 4 Why I get the bus to school because it’s too far to walk. 5 Who I sit next to Sam in class. 6 How My dad gets to work by train.6

5 Read and complete with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple. Sam: What 1 (you / usually have) for breakfast? Joe: I 2 (have) cornflakes and my parents 3 (drink) coffee. Sam: I 4 (not eat) cornflakes. My mum 5 (not buy) them. She 6 (say) they have a lot of sugar and salt. Joe: 7 (you / drink) milk at breakfast time? Sam: Yes. And my mum sometimes 8 (make) pancakes. 9 (your mum / cook) in the mornings? Joe: No. She doesn’t have time. She 10 (leave) the house at half past seven. Sam: I see. Where 11 (she / work)? Joe: She 12 (work) in an office in the centre of town. Sam: 13 (she / drive) to work every day? Joe: No, she 14 (get) the bus. She 15 (not like) all the traffic. She 16 (say) it makes her feel stressed! Sam: My mum 17 (cycle) to work. It 18 (help) her to stay fit.6 Complete the sentences with these words. at every in in never on sometimes times 1 I have football practice three a week. 2 Andy usually does his homework the afternoon. 3 We never go to the beach winter. 4 My cat always comes into the house night. 5 They watch sport on TV but only at the weekend. 6 What lessons do you have Monday morning? 7 I brush my teeth morning and evening. 8 Jamie eats fish – he hates it! Let’s talk! What do you usually do in your free time?7 Work with a partner. Ask and answer. I usually ... 1 what / you / usually / do / in your free time? 2 what / sports / you / like? 3 your teacher / give / you / a lot of homework? 4 you / eat / lunch at school? 5 you / have / a mobile phone? 6 what / you / use / your mobile phone for? UNIT 1 7

Grammar 2 Present continuous and stative verbsPresent continuous Negative QuestionAffirmative I am not Am II am (’m) (’m not) you / we /you / we / they are (’re) playing they are not playing Are you / we / playing? he / she / it (aren’t) theyhe / she / it is (’s) is not (isn’t) Is he / she / itForm• W e form the present continuous with the verb to be (am/are/is) and the main verb ending in -ing. (See Spelling rules pages 88-89.) I’m watching a great film. Callum is playing a video game.• In a negative sentence, we add not after am/are/is. We aren’t playing tennis. She isn’t talking on the phone.• In questions, we put am/are/is at the beginning of the sentence before the subject. Are you having lunch? Is Caroline doing her homework?• In short answers, we only use the verb to be and do not repeat the main verb. A: Are you eating a burger? B: No, I’m not.UseWe use the present continuous to talk about:• something that is happening now, at the moment when we are speaking. Be quick! The film is starting!• something that is happening for a short time or temporarily. We’re staying at our grandparents’ house this week.Time expressionsWe often use the following time expressions with the present continuous: now, right now, at the moment,today/tonight, these days, this week, etc.The boys are playing in the garden right now.Is Mark staying at your house tonight? 1 Write sentences and questions. Use the present continuous. 1 Anna / learn / Spanish at school 2 you / do / your maths homework? 3 I / make / a cake for Jen’s birthday 4 he / not stay / in a hotel 5 why / Ella / cry? 6 you / not listen / to me 7 they / study / for their geography exam 8 where / we / go? 8

2 Circle the correct words. 1 Why are you cry / crying? 2 My mum is visiting her cousin this week / every day. 3 We’re cleaning the house today / once a week. 4 She aren’t / isn’t working this week. 5 Are the boys having lunch on Fridays / at the moment? 6 Jon is staying with his aunt tonight / every summer. 7 Phoebe is washing her hair right now / every day. 8 He is wearing / Is he wearing jeans today?3 Read and complete with the verbs in brackets. Use the present continuous. Ann: Hi, Liz! It’s Ann. Liz: Hi, Ann! How are you? Ann: I’m fine. What’s that terrible noise? 1 (you / listen) to music? Liz: No, my brother 2 (play) his violin! What 3 (you / do)? (clean up) Ann: I 4 (work) on my history project. Liz: 5 (your dad / help) you with it? Or is he at work? Ann: No, he 6 (not work) today. He and Mum 7 the garage. What about you? Liz: I 8 (make) a chocolate cake. Ann: Yum!Stative verbsStative verbs describe states and not actions. We do not usually use them in continuous tenses, even when wewant to talk about something that is happening now. Here are some common stative verbs:• verbs to describe our senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste The food smells lovely!• thinking verbs: know, notice, realise, remember, think, understand Yes, I understand the problem.• verbs which express emotion: dislike, hate, like, love, not mind, prefer John likes sports.• o ther verbs such as appear (= seem), believe, belong, cost, forget, have (= own), look (= seem), mean, need, own, seem, sound, want Mr and Mrs Smith own that house.4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple. 1 A: Look. They’re playing basketball. Let’s play too. B: No, thanks. I football. (prefer) 2 A: John is driving a blue car today. B: Yes, he a blue car and a red car. (own) 3 A: I’ve got new perfume. B: Yes, it nice. (smell) 4 A: Here you are. Have some carrots with your chicken. B: No, thanks. I vegetables! (dislike) 5 A: Oh no! It’s raining and the dog needs to go for a walk! B: Don’t worry. I can do it. I . (not mind) 6 A: I’m wearing my new skirt and top. B: Wow! You beautiful! (look) UNIT 1 9

5 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous. 1 John cats. He dogs. (not like, prefer) delicious! a cake? (smell, you / make) 2 That at my old photos. I the girl in this picture. 3 I (look, not remember) happy today! Why ? (look, you / smile) 4 You you! You ! (not believe, lie) 5 No! I at you. him? (look, you / know) 6 That man to fix his computer and he our help. (try, need) 7 Matt a comedy on TV right now. They comedies. 8 The girls (watch, love) 6 Read and complete with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous. Dear Mel, How are you? I 1 (have) a wonderful time in Prague. We 2 (stay) in a beautiful hotel in the city centre and we all really 3 (like) it here. (check) my I 4 (sit) in an Internet café at the moment. I 5 emails because I 6 (not want) to miss any important news! What about you? 7 (you / enjoy) your holidays? Email me soon! Love, Stacy Let’s write! 7 Imagine you are on holiday with your family. Look at Exercise 6 and write an email to your friend. You can use these ideas.10

10 The passive: present simple The passive: past simple Bobsledding Bobsledding is a popular winter sport. Competitors race down a narrow, icy track in a sled. It was included in the Winter Olympics for the first time in 1924. The sport was invented by Swiss hotel owner Caspar Badrutt in the 1860s. During the cold winter months in the holiday resort of St Moritz, there wasn’t much for his guests to do, so they had fun sliding down the icy roads on sleds. But there was a problem: the hotel guests kept crashing into people who were walking along the road! That was when a special ice track was built near the hotel, so that the guests could enjoy their new sport without hurting the villagers. The track is still used today and it was used for two Winter Olympics competitions. Nowadays modern tracks are built out of concrete covered in ice and the sleds, which were made of wood in the 1800s, are made of strong, high-tech materials. UNIT 10 79

Grammar 1 The passive: present simple Active Passive They make marmalade from fresh fruit. Marmalade is made from fresh fruit. We grow the vegetables in our garden. The vegetables are grown in our garden. Use We use the passive voice when we are more interested in the action itself than in the person who does the action (the agent). We usually do not know, or are not interested in, who does the action. The main focus is the action itself. The river is marked on the map. Form • We form the passive voice of the present simple with the verb to be (am/are/is) and the past participle of the main verb. We form the past participle of regular verbs in the same way as we form the past simple tense. See pages 88-89 for Spelling rules. We form the past participle of irregular verbs in different ways. See pages 90-91 for the Irregular verbs list. The treasure is hidden somewhere in the forest! The GPS positions are posted to a website. • In negative sentences, we add not after am/are/is. The phone is fitted with a GPS device.  The phone is not fitted with a GPS device. • In questions, we put am/are/is at the beginning of the sentence. The phone is fitted with a GPS device.  Is the phone fitted with a GPS device? Agent • In a passive sentence, we sometimes mention the agent. To do this, we use by + a name/a noun/a pronoun. The hiking trips are organised by our group leader. • W e only mention the agent when we know who does the action we are talking about, and only when it adds new or important information. Compare the following examples: The phone is fitted with a GPS device. (We do not know who fits these devices and we are not interested. It is not important.) The hiking trips are organised by our group leader. (The agent gives important information, so we mention it.) Active and passive sentences We change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice as follows: • The object of the passive sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. Our group leader organises the hiking trips. The hiking trips are organised by our group leader. • W e use the verb to be (am/are/is) and the past participle of the verb in the active sentence. Our group leader organises the hiking trips. The hiking trips are organised by our group leader. • If we want to mention the agent, we use by + the subject of the active sentence. Our group leader organises the hiking trips. The hiking trips are organised by our group leader.80

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple passive. 1 Coffee in more than fifty countries around the world. (grow) 2 Class C by Mrs Harrison. (teach) 3 These toys 4 English in China. (make) 5 Computers in many parts of India. (speak) 6 I 7 Class photos by millions of people. (use) 8 The geocaching trip music by Mr Davis. (teach) at the end of each year. (take) by the college mountaineering club. (organise)2 Write sentences. Use the present simple passive. 1 The house is cleaned every day. (every week) No, it every day. It every week. by architects. 2 Houses are designed by doctors. (architects) No, by doctors. 3 Jennifer is paid £1,000. (£1,500) 4 Their house is built on a hill. (in a valley) 5 CDs are made of metal. (plastic) 6 Aeroplanes are flown by teachers. (pilots) 7 The birds are fed at midnight. (at noon) 8 This painting is called Life. (Nature) 3 Write questions. Use the present simple passive. 1 castles / own / by princes? 2 bananas / grow / in Greece? 3 this pudding / make / by the chef? 4 the students / teach / Spanish? 5 wine / produce / in France? 6 English / speak / by the hotel staff? 7 Bob / invite / to the party? 8 these products / sell / in Germany? UNIT 10 81

4 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the present simple passive. 1 They water the plants every day. The plants every day. 2 They paint the office every year. The office every year. 3 They sell tickets here. here. Tickets 4 They make these cars in Japan. These cars in Japan. 5 They keep the money in a safe. in a safe. The money 6 They lock the door at night. at night. The door 7 They serve dinner at seven. Dinner at seven. 8 They keep the animals in cages. in cages. The animals 5 Rewrite the sentences using the present simple passive. 1 A fence protects the garden. 2 Mr Newton marks our tests. 3 The students write all the articles. 4 David Willis designs the posters. 5 Millions of people use the Internet. 6 Mrs Stephens teaches the English class. Let’s talk! 6 Work with a partner. Ask and answer. Use the present simple passive. 1 how often / our classroom / clean? How often is our 2 where / pineapples / grow? classroom cleaned? 3 how / ice cream / make? 4 where / kangaroos / find? I think it’s 5 how often / the Olympic Games / hold? cleaned every ... 6 where / Dutch / speak?82

Grammar 2 The passive: past simpleActive PassiveThey opened the campsite in 2014. The campsite was opened in 2014.Snow blocked the roads. The roads were blocked by snow.Form• We form the passive voice of the past simple with the verb to be (was/were) and the past participle of the main verb. When we want to mention the agent, we use by + a name/a noun/a pronoun. Mount Everest was first climbed in 1953. The climbers were found by a rescue team.• In negative sentences, we add not after was/were. The treasure was found in a field.  The treasure was not found in a field.• In questions, we put was/were at the beginning of the sentence. The treasure was found in a field.  Was the treasure found in a field?1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple passive. 1 Our house in 2001. (build) 2 These pictures by Rembrandt. (paint) 3 The arts centre by Sir Norman Foster. (design) 4 The paintings last night. (steal) 5 This book 6 The new computers in Germany. (print) on Monday. (deliver)2 Write negative sentences. Use the past simple passive. 1 The money was stolen today. (yesterday) yesterday. The money 2 Kelly was stung by a bee. (a scorpion) by a scorpion. 3 The frog was kissed by a princess. (a fairy) 4 These films were made in 1999. (1998) 5 These photos were taken in March. (May) 6 They were attacked by a bear. (a dog) UNIT 10 83

3 Write questions. Use the past simple passive. Tom Hicks, a journalist, wants to write an article about a robbery. These are his notes. 1 the thief / arrest / this morning? 1 2 the diamond / return / to the jeweller’s? 2 3 it / find / in the thief’s pocket? 3 4 the window of the jeweller’s / break? 4 5 any police officers / injure? 5 6 the witnesses / question / yesterday? 6 4 Rewrite the sentences using the past simple passive. 1 A French chef prepared all the meals. 2 Peter Elliot directed this film. 3 The earthquake destroyed the building. 4 A six-year-old child started the fire. 5 Ella Bower wrote these articles. 6 Detective Jones arrested the thieves. 7 The hotel manager signed the forms. 8 A car hit her. 9 Mrs Norton organised the party. 10 Eddie Wilson took these photographs. Let’s write! 5 Write sentences about these famous explorers. Use the past simple passive.84