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Contents UNIT GRAMMAR PAGE VOCABULARY 4 1 Present Tenses / Forming Words 18 Education and Employment 30 2 Past Tenses 42 People, Relationships and Personalities 43 46 3 Future Forms / Question Tags Health Matters 59 Idioms 1 70 81 Review 1 (Units 1-3) 82 85 4 Articles / Nouns / Quantifiers / Indefinite Pronouns / Determiners Around the Globe 97 5 Modals / Semi-modals / Modals Perfect 108 Technology Today 120 121 6 The Passive Film, Celebrities and The Press Idioms 2 Review 2 (Units 4-6) 7 Making Comparisons / Relative Clauses Culture and The Performing Arts 8 Conditionals The World Around Us 9 Wishes / Regrets / Other Structures: would rather, prefer, it’s (about/high) time Crime Idioms 3 Review 3 (Units 7-9)2

UNIT GRAMMAR PAGE VOCABULARY 12410 Reported Speech Consumerism Today Gerunds & Infinitives / Make & Let / So, Such, Too, Enough, Very / 13611 Demonstratives Property and Housing12 Contrast & Concession / Purpose / Reason / Manner / Result / it, there, that, what 148 The Sporting Life 160Idioms 4 161Review 4 (Units 10-12) 16413 The Causative / Indirect Questions / Pronouns / Possession / Adjective Order Our Society14 Participle Clauses / Verb + that Clauses / Cleft Sentences / Adverbs / no matter, 177 whoever, whatever, etc Natural Habitats15 Inversion 188 BehaviourIdioms 5 199 200Review 5 (Units 13-15) 203Appendices 207Irregular Verbs 209Spelling Rules 210Phrasal Verbs 212Notes 3

01 Present Tenses / Forming Words FORM USE EXAMPLE Present Simple • repeated or habitual actions We commute to work by train every day. • facts, laws of nature The sun rises in the east. I / You / We / They / watch. • stative verbs Do you understand the question or do you need help? He / She / It watches. Do I / you / we / they / work? Does he / she / it work? I / You / We / They do not • timetables and schedules in the The cruise ship departs at eleven o’clock this evening. (don’t) enjoy. future He / She / It does not (doesn’t) The player tackles his opponent, runs as fast as he enjoy. • narratives, jokes, commentaries can and scores a goal! Present Continuous • a ctions in progress now / at the Dad can’t talk to you – he is driving at the moment. time of speaking I am (’m) speaking. You / We / They are (’re) • temporary situations Sandy is at university and she is sharing a room with speaking. her best friend. He / She / It is (’s) speaking. • arrangements or plans for the We’re travelling to Dubai this summer. Am I dancing? near future Are you / we / they dancing? Is he / she / it dancing? I am not (I’m not) flying. • annoying habits or actions Our basketball coach is forever telling us to try harder. You / We / They are not (aren’t) (often with always, forever, flying. continuously) He / She / It is not (isn’t) flying. Expressions of Time Present Simple always, usually, normally, often, occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely, never, every day/week/month/year, etc ALERT! Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb but after the verb to be. Present Continuous at present, at the moment, now, right now, today, tonight, this week/month/year, next week/month/year, soon, tomorrow, always, forever FORM USE EXAMPLE Stative verbs • possession: belong to, have, own, owe, The house with the beautiful garden possess belongs to a famous writer. Stative verbs describe states and not actions. • s enses: feel, hear, notice, see, smell, sound, A game of chess? That sounds like a We do not use them in taste fantastic idea! continuous tenses even if we are describing • emotions: adore, care, fear, hate, like, love, Katherine absolutely adores her three cats. something that is matter, want, wish happening now. • mental states: agree, believe, consider, I agree with you: physics is the most doubt, expect, feel, forget, hope, imagine, difficult subject. know, mind, prefer, realise, recall, recognise, remember, suppose, think, understand Do you know how old our new boss is? • quantity: cost, equal, measure, weigh This is a great laptop but it costs a fortune!4

GrammarState or action? Tamsin thinks Al Pacino is an amazing actor. (believes) Tamsin is thinking of going to the cinema tonight. (is considering)Some verbs can be both stative andaction verbs. When they are action The football player has a beautiful car. (owns)verbs, we can use them in continuous The football player is having a party tonight. (is organising)tenses. Katie sees her team mates once a week. (meets)See Appendix I on page 203 for other Katie is seeing her doctor this afternoon. (she has an appointment)examples.FORM USE EXAMPLEPresent Perfect Simple • a n action or state that started in the past Harry has lived in Paris since 2010. and continues in the present (since, for)I / You / We / They have (’ve) eaten.He / She / It has (’s) eaten.Have I / you / we / they finished? • a n action that has happened a number of I’ve applied for a job in this companyHas he / she / it finished? times so far twice!I / You / We / They have not (haven’t) • a n action that happened at some My family and I have been to India.asked. indefinite time in the past when the timeHe / She / It has not (hasn’t) asked. is not stated • when we use This / It’s the first time …. This is the first time Robert has lost his mobile phone. • a n action that happened in the past and I’ve finished lunch, so I can help you has an effect on the present write the article now.Present Perfect Continuous • a n action that started in the past and Olivia has been chatting to her continues in the present; we want to friends all evening.I / You / We / They have (’ve) been emphasise its durationreading.He / She / It has (’s) been reading.Have I / you / we / they been playing? • an action that has just finished and has I need to relax a little; I’ve been cleaning the kitchen all morning!Has he / she / it been playing? an effect on the presentI / You / We / They have not (haven’t)been painting.He / She / It has not (hasn’t) beenpainting.have been vs have gone We use have been when someone goes I have been to Jamaica three times. somewhere and has come back. (I went and came back.) We use have gone when someone goes Martha has gone to the supermarket. somewhere and hasn’t returned yet. (She hasn’t returned yet.)Expressions of TimePresent Perfect Simplealready, always, ever, for, how long, just, lately, never, once, recently, since, so far, once/twice/three times/etc, yetPresent Perfect Continuousall day/morning/evening/night/week, for, how long, recently, since ALERT! We do not use stative verbs in continuous tenses. UNIT 1 5

Unit 1 Grammar in Action A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. Use present tenses. 1 Andrew and I (be) best friends since we were at college. 2 We (not know) when our cousins’ flight (arrive) this afternoon. 3 I’m absolutely exhausted! I (revise) for my final exams all evening. 4 Students at university often (share) a room in the halls of residence. 5 We (walk) for an hour and I still can’t see our car! Where is it? (you / remember) where the advertising company is? 6 (work) at a campsite to earn some extra money for my 7 At the moment, I (not take) time off work since last summer holidays. 8 Unfortunately, my colleagues and I summer. 9 Getting into a good university (become) more and more difficult every year! (you / surf) on the Net? It’s eleven o’clock and it’s time for bed! 10 How long (Sarah / live) in Canada since we last saw her? 11 12 Christopher (just / design) a fantastic new website for me and it (look) great! 13 Helen (not like) the idea of online learning very much. She (prefer) to be in a classroom with a teacher. 14 Teachers hardly ever (encourage) students to leave school at the age of sixteen today. (not leave) yet and we can still make it. 15 Quick! The train B Circle the correct words. Jessica: Hi Zac. Can you hear me? Zac: Yes, I can! Jessica: What (1) do you do / are you doing right now? Are you busy? Zac: Oh, I’m in the living room and I (2) watch / ’m watching TV. Jessica: Really? Well, I (3) ’m working / ’ve been working on a project for work all morning and I (4) think / ’m thinking about taking a break and going out for a while. (5) Do you want / Are you wanting to join me? The weather is beautiful. Zac: Actually, not now, Jessica. Formula 1 is on TV and the race (6) isn’t finished / hasn’t finished yet. Jessica: Oh, I (7) see / ’m seeing. Zac: What’s the matter? Jessica: Well, it’s just that you (8) ’re always watching / ’ve always watched Formula 1! Boring … Zac: That’s not true – and it’s not boring! I (9) rarely stay / ’m rarely staying at home on Sundays. My cousins (10) have just arrived / just arrived from Italy and Mum (11) is cooking / cooks dinner at the moment. The race (12) is finishing / finishes in an hour – why don’t we meet for a drink at the café at three o’clock? Jessica: That (13) sounds / is sounding great! See you there.6

GrammarC Complete the blog with the words below. already always at present for just once seldom since whenever yet Art in action Art is my favourite hobby and in fact, I have been painting (1) I was at school. I(2) appreciate advice and ideas from friends and family, but I (3) meetpeople who are interested in art as much as I am. Well, now there’s something I’d like to share with all my friends.A new art club has (4) started at the local school and believe me, I haven’t enjoyed myself somuch (5) years! The club is very popular and fifteen people have (6) signed up. Anyone is welcome to join, so(7) you have some free time, come and spend some of it there. You won’t regret it! (8) , I’m working on a painting and I’m really enjoying myself. The painting depicts the village Ivisited last summer. Although I haven’t finished it (9) , with the ideas the people at the art clubhave been giving me, it won’t take long. So hurry up! (10) you come, you’ll definitely want to stay.D Complete the leaflet with the correct form of the verbs. Use present tenses. Learning in tandem (1) (you / ever hear) of tandem learning? Tandem learning is aninteresting approach to language learning. Basically, it (2) (involve) twopartners with different mother tongues who (3) (meet) frequently to learntheir partner’s language. Tandem learning is not only about language learning, though. Partners get an understanding of the everyday life,the work environment and the culture of the person whose language they (4) (learn)at present. In addition, while they (5) (teach) their partner, they(6) (become) more aware of their own language. Many universities in the UK and abroad (7) (use) this method for yearsand it (8) (seem) to be quite successful. Some students(9) (prefer) to work with each other online instead of meeting face to face,a form of learning that (10) (increase) in importance day by day.Another great advantage of tandem learning is that both partners learn according to their needs. (11) (this / sound) interesting to you? If so, and if you(12) (learn) a language for years and are keen to find out more abouttandem learning, come to the city library this afternoon!E Circle the correct words. 1 Elena thinks / is thinking of travelling abroad this summer with her colleagues. 2 I need to find a dentist urgently! Mine has been / has gone away for the week, so he can’t see me today! 3 Christian has / is having many relatives who live and work in Spain. 4 I see / am seeing Jackie this evening, so I can give her the DVD and explain the project to her. 5 These flowers smell / are smelling wonderful! Where did you buy them? 6 Jake feels / is feeling that he didn’t do well in his driving test. 7 People around the world are speaking / have been speaking Esperanto since 1880. The word ‘Esperanto’ means / has been meaning ‘one who hopes’. 8 My friends and I occasionally go / are occasionally going rock climbing on Sundays. UNIT 1 7

Unit 1 F Read the article and choose the correct answers. Technology and language learning today Today technology (1) more and more important inside the classroom, at home and in the workplace. Many people (2) smartphones, and tablets (3) desktop computers and laptops. However, what (4) when we say ‘technology’ in the classroom? Basically, technology is any tool that we use to encourage learning; this (5) calculators, tablets, interactive whiteboards, video cameras, digital cameras, MP3 players and, of course, computers. People (6) these things for some time now at work and at home, and now they are common in the classroom too. In fact, researchers (7) that technology has many benefits when it comes to language learning. One of the main advantages is that it (8) students focus for a longer period of time. It (9) the way teachers teach. In a world that (10) day by day, it is only natural that we see changes in the learning environment too. 1 a is becoming b becomes c become d have become 2 a are having b having c have d to have 3 a replace b have replaced already c already replace d are replacing 4 a we mean b we are meaning c have we meant d do we mean 5 a includes b has included c is including d has been including 6 a are using b use c have been using d using 7 a believe b are believing c have believed d believed 8 a is helping b helps c has helped d helped 9 a is also changed b is also changing c has also to change d also changes 10 a rapidly develops b is rapidly developing c has rapidly developed d is rapidly developed G Complete the article with the correct form of the verbs. Use present tenses. Friends Most of us (1) (hear) of the popular sitcom Friends, which (2) (be) on our TV screens since 1994. Friends is a story about a group of young people who (3) (know) each other since school. When the series (4) (start), they all meet again because they (5) (live) in Manhattan, New York City. In the episodes, the friends (6) (spend) a lot of time in a coffee house and it is incredible to see how close they are and the important role that friendship plays in their lives. Many fans (7) (watch) Friends since the first episode came out and the series (8) (win) many awards. Today most of the stars (9) (still act), mainly in films, and although they (10) (not work) together, they are still in touch. The strange thing is that when we (11) (see) the actors on our TV screens or at the cinema, we usually (12) (think) back to the days of Friends.8

GrammarH Complete the article with the correct form of the verbs. Use present tenses. The Labrador Labradors, Labrador retrievers or ‘Labs’ as some people (1) (call)them, are a type of gun dog that originally came from Canada. Today they are very popularpets. In fact, since 1991, Labs (2) (apparently be)the most popular dog breed in homes around Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and theUS. This is due to the fact that these dogs are gentle and playful and children(3) (adore) being around them. The feelings are, of course, mutual. Apart from being family dogs, Labs are also good working dogs and thanks to their excellent sense of smell,the police often (4) (use) them for detection. In addition to this, people(5) (train) Labs as guide dogs for the blind for many years now and will continueto do so. Labs are medium-sized dogs. They usually (6) (weigh) between 25 kg and36 kg and they are either black, yellow or brown in colour. They generally (7)(eat) quite a lot, so they (8) (frequently have) problems with their weight. In return for their hard work and gentle nature, the only thing a Lab (9) (want) is a regular daily walk, a bowl of food and a lot of affection.Forming wordsVERBSVerbs describe actions, events and states and they have different forms.• present Dan walks along the beach every Saturday.• past Dan walked along the beach yesterday.• full infinitive I’d prefer to have dinner at the hotel tonight.• bare infinitive His parents let him stay up as late as he wants.• present participle We are going away on holiday next week.• past participle The children have eaten all the sweets!NOUNSNouns are names that we give to objects, people, places, etc and they are countable or uncountable.• Countable nouns can be singular or plural. Anne often has an apple for breakfast. I like tomatoes in my salad.• Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form. I’d like some sugar in my coffee, please.ADJECTIVES She has written an interesting book about the subject.• W e use adjectives to describe nouns. Adjectives usually come before the noun they describe. They do not have a plural form.• A djectives also give information about verbs Paul seems well, but he says he feels tired.such as feel, look, seem, smell, sound and taste. UNIT 1 9

Unit 1 ADVERBS We use adverbs to give information about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. • T o form adverbs of manner, we usually add -ly to the adjective. Iris speaks slowly when she talks to foreigners. slow ➝ slowly glad ➝ gladly • Some adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective. Nicola tried hard, but she didn’t pass her driving test. early ➝ early far ➝ far fast ➝ fast hard ➝ hard high ➝ high last ➝ last late ➝ late low ➝ low long ➝ long straight ➝ straight • A few adverbs of manner are different from the adjective. The team play well and often win their matches. good ➝ well I Complete the article with the correct form of the words in brackets. The Sanremo Italian Song Festival For a number of years now, the Sanremo Italian Song Festival has been held in the (1) (wonder) city of Sanremo. In the first contest, which took place in 1951 and was broadcast on the radio, there were only two (2) (participate). Since then, many singers (3) (perform) at the festival and many of them have gone on to become (4) (fame) artists. Eros Ramazzotti, Laura Pausini and Andrea Bocelli are just three examples of singers who are now (5) (profession) artists. For many years, they have had fans (6) (international), not just in Italy. The Sanremo Italian Song Contest is a popular (7) (compete) that always attracts artists, the media and celebrities.10

GrammarFCE in ActionComplete the second sentence so that it is similar in meaning to the first, using the word given. Do notchange the word given. Use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 I have never been to a rock concert before and I’m looking forward to it. FIRST to a rock concert and I’m looking forward to it. This is the 2 Jake and Emily met twenty years ago and they liked each other immediately. FRIENDS twenty years. Jake and Emily 3 Samantha’s spoken German isn’t good at all. at all. WELL Samantha 4 Don’t make a noise when you close the door, please. , please. QUIETLY Close 5 My roommate borrows my clothes all the time and it annoys me. my clothes and it annoys me. BORROWING My roommate 6 When you get home, please take the dog out for a walk. home. SOON Please take the dog out for a walk UNIT 1 11

Unit 1 Grammar ECCE in Action Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences. 1 This is the scariest horror film in my life! 11 This is the first time we on a presentation together. a I ever saw a are working b I have ever seen b work c I have ever been seen c have worked d I have to see d to work 2 Gemma loud music at night and I can’t sleep! 12 to a film festival? a always is playing a You have ever been b has always been playing b Have you ever gone c is always playing c Have you ever been d plays always d You have ever gone 3 Some of my friends English for many years, but I 13 Thank you for inviting me out yesterday. It was a only started last year. really night. a learn a enjoying b are learning b enjoyable c have learnt c enjoy d have been learning d enjoyed 4 What of my new iPod? 14 a number of small meals every day is good for you. a are you thinking a To eat b have you thought b Eat c have you been thinking c Eating d do you think d Being eaten 5 ’Where’s Sam?’ 15 The new blockbuster at the cinema complex this ‘He isn’t here right now. He week. a is training at the sports centre.’ b trains a has played c has been training b is playing d has been trained c is played d plays 6 Read the contract before you sign it. 16 Mrs Perez is a Spanish teacher. a careful a wonderful b carefully b wonderfully c care c wonder d caring d wondered 7 Jonathan to get a promotion. He really doesn’t 17 Did you know that light much faster than sound? try hard enough. a is travelling b travelling a isn’t deserving b doesn’t deserve c to travel c hasn’t deserved d hasn’t been deserving d travels 8 Do you really speak four languages? That’s ! a unbelievable b believing c unbelievably d believed 18 Students usually feel when they go on excursions. a excitedly b excited c excitement d excite 9 Emily has decided her car. 19 How long a laboratory technician? a selling b is selling a are you being b are you c to sell d sold c have you been d have you been being 10 ’Who do the twins look like?’ 20 Can you ring me when you time, please? ‘They their mother very much.’ a are having b have had a resemble b are resembling c have d have been having c have been resembling d have resembled12

VocabularyEducation and ΕmploymentVocabulary in ActionA Complete the texts with the words below. candidates career certificate graduates native reference salary English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher Are you interested in a (1) in teaching? If you are, we are looking for a (2) speaker of English to teach teenagers. (3) should be university (4) with at least two years of teaching experience. They should also have a teaching (5) . We also need a (6) letter from two people who know you. Monthly (7) will be decided according to experience. For more information, please send an email to [email protected]. contract CV interview job tongue vacancies wage Excursion staff wanted for a large European cruise line • Is English your mother (8) ? • Do you speak two other European languages? • Are you interested in getting a summer (9) witha generous weekly (10) ? Do you enjoy travelling? If the answer to these questions is yes, please send a copy of your (11) with a recent photo to [email protected]. There are two job (12) : one for a shore excursion manager and another for an assistant.If you meet the requirements, we will contact you to arrange a Skype (13) and the successfulcandidate will sign a one-year (14) .B Complete the text with the words below. advertisements apply degree diploma employers experience professional respond qualifications research skills Linkedin® Linkedin® is a social networking site that people use for (1) purposes. The site is often usedby (2) who are looking for staff. There are many job (3) on Linkedin® andusers of this site can find jobs they wish to (4) for. They can also do (5)on companies they are interested in. LinkedIn® is a very easy site to use. All you need to do is give information about yourself and the(6) you have obtained, for example a university (7) or a college(8) . You also list any language (9) you have and your previous work(10) . People may try and find you on Linkedin® and if they send you a request and you want to make them yourcontact, you need to (11) to their request. UNIT 1 13

Unit 1 C Circle the correct words. 1 At the age of 65, my uncle has finally decided to retire / resign and spend some time with his family. 2 Most members of lecturers / staff at our school have been working there for years. 3 ‘You have contributed greatly to the company, so I’m going to give you a(n) promotion / impression. 4 Matthew has got to learn German quickly, so he’s doing a(n) connected / intensive course at the moment. 5 Aisha speaks French very well, but her mother speech / tongue is Arabic. 6 Ursula has got a fantastic Italian accent / pronunciation. 7 Paul is always arriving late for work. I hope he doesn’t get fired / reduced. 8 English is not a(n) compulsory / optional subject at school. You can choose if you want to do it or not. 9 Maria is talented / fluent in French, Italian and German, so we should interview her. 10 Max is looking for a temporary / permanent job for the summer season. He’s off to university in September. 11 The university has just hired / signed a new physics professor. D Complete the collocations. Use do, make and take. 1  an application, a choice, a complaint, a decision, an effort, an excuse, an impression, a living, a profit, money, progress, someone redundant, up one’s mind 2  a chance, advantage (of), a risk, control (of), part (in), place, something for granted, something into account, an exam, a decision 3  a favour, a job, business, a course, an exam, good, harm, homework, one’s best, research, revision E Choose the correct answers. 1 If you would like to a complaint, please fill in a form or speak to the manager. a make b take 2 Marianne, you must stop making and hand in your homework on time. a progress b excuses 3 Can you and your colleagues please do some on the subject? a research b business 4 Our school is taking in a science competition at the end of the year. a place b part 5 Can you please ? I need you to print out my presentation for me. a do me a favour b make up my mind 6 You’ve studied really hard for your exams and you’ve done your . a job b best 7 When you go for a job interview, you have to make a . a good impression b profit 8 Well done, Katie! You did a good . a job b choice 9 Unfortunately, the company wasn’t doing well, and it made a lot of employees . a decision b redundant 10 Please stop taking me . I try very hard to help you and you never thank me. a into account b for granted14

VocabularyF Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below. You may need to make other changes too. get away with something get by get on get over get round to get together put someone down put off put up with 1 My colleagues and I have a good relationship with each other. 2 Kelly has to update her CV, but she still hasn’t found the time to do it. 3 Let’s meet this weekend and talk about your career prospects. 4 Mum is always postponing applying for a job. 5 How on earth do you tolerate your neighbours? They’re so noisy! 6 Jim and Sally both work, but they don’t earn much. They only just survive. 7 Timothy lost his job last year and he still hasn’t recovered from it. 8 The manager is always making me feel bad. I don’t know why he doesn’t fire me! 9 My colleague stole something from the office but he didn’t escape without punishment. The manager caught him. G Complete the sentences with the prepositions below. at for of on to with 1 You need to pay attention the valuable advice your coach gives you. 2 You should be really proud your exam results. Well done! 3 Though Oliver is not very academic, he’s extremely good sports. 4 I’m writing to apply the job of marketing manager. 5 Rosie has so many things on her mind at the moment that she can’t deal any more problems at home. 6 You need to concentrate your exams for the time being; you have the whole summer ahead of you to enjoy yourself. UNIT 1 15

Unit 1 FCE in Action Read the text and use the word given at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Getting a job Today there is a lot of competition in the job market, whether we are talking about recent university (1) who are eager to start working, GRADUATE EMPLOY or dissatisfied (2) who are looking for new opportunities in the business world. Candidates today are often very well (3) as they have spent QUALIFY APPLY so many years studying. Their job (4) can be very impressive. FLUENT Most candidates speak a number of languages (5) . Having INTENSE PROMOTE studied one or more languages at school, they may also have taken an (6) course, perhaps because they want to get a (7) at work, because they need an advantage over others or because they plan to work abroad. The fact is that today there are too few job (8) and it is becoming VACANCY harder and harder for people to find work. The question is, will the situation improve? The answer remains to be seen.16



15 InversionINVERSION FOR EMPHASISUSEInversion of the subject and verb like that found in questions also occurs when a sentence begins with certain introductorywords and phrases. This kind of inversion is used for emphasis.I had never met such a shy person.> Never had I met such a shy person.FORM EXAMPLES I had rarely been so excited.never/hardly ever/rarely/seldom > Rarely had I been so excited.+ auxiliary/modal verb +subject + main verb Sam seldom travels by air. > Seldom does Sam travel by air.• adverbs of frequency with a negative meaningnot only..., but also She not only plays the piano, but she also paints beautifully. > Not only does she play the piano, but she also paints beautifully.• when not only refers to the verb or the He speaks not only German, but also Italian.object of the sentence > Not only does he speak German, but he also speaks Italian.little, neither, never again, I didn’t know that the person I shouted at was my son’s teacher. > Little did I know that the person I shouted at was my son’s teacher.never before, nowhere, so We will never book a holiday through that travel agency again.• when they do not refer to a subject > Never again will we book a holiday through that travel agency.not for one moment, on The athlete was so exhausted that he fell asleep during the press conference.no account, under no > So exhausted was the athlete that he fell asleep during the press conference.circumstances I didn’t doubt your dedication for one moment.hardly/scarcely ... when > Not for one moment did I doubt your dedication.no sooner ... than You mustn’t speak to your classmates during the exam under any• to emphasise how quickly one action circumstances. occurred after another one had been > Under no circumstances must you speak to your classmates during the exam. completed I had hardly reached work when the earthquake struck.not until > Hardly had I reached work when the earthquake struck.only after/by/if/whenonly on one occasion We had no sooner taken off than the pilot said we had to return to the airport. > No sooner had we taken off than the pilot said we had to return to the• the inversion is not in the main clause airport. She didn’t realise she had left the documents at home until she arrived in Tokyo. > Not until she arrived in Tokyo did she realise she had left the documents at home. You will only receive a refund if you cancel at least one month before your departure date. > Only if you cancel at least one month before your arrival date will you receive a refund. ALERT! When not only refers to the subject of a sentence, we cannot use inversion. Not only Paula works out every day, but also her sister Jenna. Not only Paula but also her sister Jenna works out every day.188

GrammarINVERSION TO SHOW AGREEMENT EXAMPLES FORM I don’t like musicals and neither does my sister. The girls didn’t do well in the exams and nor did the boys. Agreement with a negative statement ‘I’m not a member of this committee.’ neither/nor + auxiliary/modal verb + subject ‘Neither/Nor am I.’ Agreement with a positive statement I’m a French teacher and so is Ruth. so + auxiliary/modal verb + subject ‘Our ferry departs at six.’ ‘Oh, so does ours!’ALERT!When neither … nor refer to the subject of a sentence, we cannot use inversion.Neither my mother nor my father drives a car.Grammar in ActionA Circle the correct words. 1 Seldom Francesca loses / does Francesca lose her temper. 2 Hardly had they moved into their new house than / when their friends arranged a housewarming party. 3 Under no circumstances you should raise / should you raise your voice to me. 4 Not until we confronted / did we confront the teacher he admitted / did he admit his mistake. 5 I’m not keen on water sports and neither is / so is Emma. 6 Not only Elizabeth attempted / did Elizabeth attempt to blame me for the incident, but she also denied being present when it happened.B Choose the correct answers. 1 Not only a number of children’s books, but she has also written a screenplay. a she’s written b has she written 2 Never again your advice about a serious matter. a will I ask for b I will ask for 3 Not only the room but also old-fashioned. a the restaurant was b was the restaurant 4 So of my wedding dress that she had an identical one made. a jealous was Martha b was Martha jealous 5 Not for one moment you to betray me in that way. a I expected b did I expect 6 Only if all staff members agree abolished. a will school uniform be b school uniform will be 7 Joey won’t get compensation and . a so will Daniel b nor will Daniel 8 On no account employees to work overtime. a you must force b must you force UNIT 15 189

Unit 15C Match the sentence beginnings 1–8 with the sentence endings a–h. 1 Hardly 2 Not only his attitude 3 Never 4 On no 5 Only at the age of seventeen 6 Nowhere a can you apply for a driving license in the UK. b account should you put personal information on social networking sites. c ever have we asked you to babysit Leo. d before did I realise the importance of community service. e but also his opinions were disturbing. f will you find more polite staff than at this restaurant.D Complete the sentences with the words and phrases below. little no sooner neither not for one moment only after only by scarcely so 1 had the head master spoken to the students when they misbehaved again. 2 did I expect Andrew to react the way he did. 3  did Emily know that it was her friend Kate who had been giving away her secrets all this time. 4 I had offered Thomas a piece of cake did I remember that he was on a diet. 5 I called the police as our neighbours’ party was very noisy. But had the police left their house than they turned up the music again. 6 There’s an elderly couple over there. Rebecca should give up her seat and should you. 7 recycling conscientiously will we be able to make a difference. 8 I don’t use bad language in public and should you.E Complete the sentences with the phrases below. confident was I did I know had we enjoyed nor have I should you send will you eat 1 Under no circumstances text messages while you’re driving. that a police car was 2 Isped along the motorway and little right behind me. about passing my exams that I had already arranged a 3 So a more delicious dessert than the one served at celebration! . 4 Nowhere Mama Mia’s, the Italian restaurant. ourselves so much! 5 Helen has never taken part in a debate and 6 Never before190

GrammarF Complete the second sentence so that it is similar in meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the word given. Use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 I’ll never lend you anything of mine again. anything of mine. AGAIN Never 2 This is the largest crowd of people I have ever seen. NEVER so many people. 3 The moment we landed I felt much better. I felt much better. SOONER No 4 As soon as Tom walked in, he introduced himself to us. he introduced himself to us. HAD Scarcely 5 I will not tolerate prejudice in this company, whatever the reason. ACCOUNT prejudice in this company. On 6 Cassie revealed her true identity as she departed. she reveal her true identity. UNTIL Not UNIT 15 191

Unit 15FCE in ActionComplete the text with one word in each gap. Sorry seems to be the hardest word. Not until I had a disagreement with a friend of mine (1) I realise the significance of apologising. Olivia and I had been friends for years and not for one moment (2) I ever doubted her sincerity. We had never fallen out until we both applied for the same job. Olivia told me she was going to apply, but stupidly, I didn’t tell her I was going to apply too. Two days after I submitted my application, I was contacted to go for an interview. (3) had I been so excited! The interview went well and no sooner had I got home (4) the interviewer called me to inform me that I had the job. I couldn’t wait to call Olivia and tell her. (5) for one moment did I expect the reaction I got. She was angry and upset and felt I had been dishonest. Hardly had we ended our conversation (6) I heard Elton John’s song on the radio, the one entitled Sorry seems to be the hardest word. It was time for me to apologise to Olivia and to accept responsibility for my actions. I did so, as I don’t like being on bad terms with Olivia and (7) does she. I didn’t buy flowers or a gift; I just said sorry. I learnt my lesson, though. Never (8) will I keep information from my closest friend.192

GrammarECCE in ActionChoose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.1 so embarrassed in my whole life! I can’t believe 10 Only by your hand to express your opinion. the trick you played on me. a raising / will you be asked b to raise / you’ll be asked a Not only have I been c raising / you’ll be asked b Never have I been d to raise / will you be asked c Nowhere have I been d Neither have I been 11 Only if Clive changes his behaviour to let him stay. a the school agrees2 I wanted to surprise Matthew by turning up at his b will agree with the school house, but did I know that he had gone out c will the school agree without me. d the school will agree a seldom 12 No sooner he found a fantastic new job. b little a has Tim received compensation than c so b Tim received compensation than d under no circumstances c had Tim received compensation than d Tim had received compensation when3 Only if your room, pocket money. a will you tidy / will I give 13 Never before to such a polite little girl. b you tidy / I will give a I have spoken b did I speak c you tidy / will I give c have I spoken d I spoke d you will tidy / I will give 14 ‘I’m going to turn off my mobile phone during4 Seldom his job properly. the exam.’ a our gardener does ‘Yes, .’ b does our gardener do c our gardener is doing a so I’m going to b so am I going to d does our gardener doing c nor am I d so am I5 Not only the passengers irritated by the loud 15 Only if he finds a part-time job in the summer music on the plane. enough money for college. a but also the flight attendants they were a he’ll save b will he save b but also the flight attendants were c he will be saving d will he be saving c but also the flight attendants were they d but also were the flight attendants 16 Under no circumstances gum during your lesson. a should you chew b you should be chewing6 ‘Did you really decorate your bedroom on your own?’ c you should chew d you are chewing ‘Yes. Neither my mum me.’ 17 Scarcely the head teacher’s office when Miranda a nor my dad helped started another argument in the corridor. b or my dad helped c neither my dad helped a she left b she had left d nor my dad did help c was she leaving d had she left7 So on the day of my driving test that I couldn’t 18 Not we saw Ruth’s exam results did we realise distinguish between left and right! that she had studied after all. a was I stressed b I was stressed a after b before c was stressed d stressed was I c until d when8 I looked after Jenny’s pet while she was away and 19 On no account this is your work when it is your had she returned than she sent me a beautiful colleague’s. bunch of flowers. a you can pretend b can you pretend a no sooner b scarcely c are you pretending d you pretend c hardly d not until9 Brad couldn’t find his passport and . 20 Not for one moment ___ to get expelled from school. a so could I b neither can I a did I expect b was I being expected c neither could I d so can I c I expected d I had expected UNIT 15 193

BehaviourVocabulary in ActionA Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words below. abandon abolish compel compromise impose justify overreact verify 1 Could we see your passport in order to your identity? 2 I understand Patrick was angry, but I still can’t his appalling behaviour. 3 Isobel was adopted by a wonderful family after her biological mother her when she was born. 4 In the UK, school children wear a uniform even though it was in most countries years ago. 5 Irecently heard that a ban on cars was in the city centre due to an increase in pollution levels. 6 After confirming that Eve had been bullying students, the head teacher her to apologise to her victims. 7 My business partner and I had different opinions about how to deal with the matter, but in the end we decided to for the good of the company. 8 Nicholas was stopped while driving for speaking on his mobile phone and when he accused the police of , they gave him a huge fine.B Choose the correct answers. 1 Let me explain the incident to you in . a brief b concise 2 Please don’t send text messages! You’ll get stopped for driving. a flexible b reckless 3 Jacob is a(n) person who always looks on the bright side of life. a optimistic b complicated 4 There has always been public interest in the lives of celebrities. a widespread b ordinary 5 Vicky is disobedient in class, yet she is a student of talent. a casual b extraordinary 6 Stop thinking you’re to your classmates just because your father is a successful businessman. a inferior b superiorC Circle the correct words. 1 Both girls involved in the fight were expelled / suspended from school for ten days. 2 Please restrain / refrain from wearing perfume to school. 3 It’s impolite to cheat / jump the queue. Please wait your turn. 4 There was no need for you to lose / eject your temper. We could have discussed the issue and solved it in a calm manner. 5 Zara confines / devotes a huge amount of time to her job. 6 At college, I always felt under pressure to conform / command to rules and regulations. 7 The director determined / attributed the actor’s bad performance to his personal problems.194

VocabularyD Complete the sentences with the prepositions below. by for in (x3) of (x2) on out of to within 1 the subject etiquette, you shouldn’t speak with your mouth full. 2 It’s important to meet deadlines, so you should learn how to complete assignments the time limit. 3 We have been very patient with Thomas, but his behaviour is now getting hand. 4 I like to send thank-you notes return kind gestures. 5 view the way Rob handled the situation, he is being offered a promotion. 6 They succeeded means of hard work and discipline. 7 I’m concerned. Sara hasn’t arrived yet and it is not her nature to be late. 8 my surprise, Angela confessed to having looked through my diary.E Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below. You may need to make other changes too. cut in rule out run over set aside stand up for stir up turn up 1 It’s rude to interrupt when people are speaking. 2 Will Nadia mind if I arrive at her house unexpectedly this evening? 3 Stop at the pedestrian crossing or you’ll hit someone with your car. 4 If you want to go to university, we’ll have to start saving money for future use. 5 Why do you insist on causing trouble between people? 6 Thank you for supporting me when I was falsely accused of cheating. 7 As far as the missing money is concerned, we can’t exclude the possibility that John took it. UNIT 15 195

Unit 15 Noun Adjective (1) compensatoryF Complete the table. familiarity familiar Verb unfamiliar compensate frequency infrequency (3) (2) maximum (4) frequent (6) maximum willingness (5) unwillingness minimum minimise - (7) (8)G Complete the sentences with words from exercise F. 1 Carmen is always to help me with my Spanish homework, for which I’m grateful. 2 Before I make any decisions, I need to myself with the regulations in the office. 3 The celebrity was furious about the remarks the journalist made and is now asking the newspaper for . 4 If we want a pleasant environment at work, we need to the tension that exists between employees. 5 Ursula is a visitor to our head teacher’s office. She refuses to come to school suitably dressed. 6 Iunderstand your annoyance but the speed on this road is 120 mph and you have definitely exceeded it!196

VocabularyFCE in ActionComplete the text with the correct answer (a, b, c or d). Community Service Learning Community Service Learning is a programme offered at a number of universities. As the name suggests, it (1) providing services to the community and learning activities. In (2) , educational bodies and community organisations (3) with each other, thereby providing a link between the classroom and the community. There are benefits for all concerned; students develop their skills by participating actively in community service and they learn how to complete projects (4) a time limit. Furthermore, they learn to work as part of a team, to apply what they have learnt in the classroom to real-life situations, and to behave appropriately in a professional environment, for example, by not (5) when people are making presentations or dealing with clients. What do community services get in return (6) this? It’s simple; they get office support as well as the benefit of the enthusiasm and new ideas a student has, which are no longer (7) to a classroom. In a nutshell, Community Service Learning is a great opportunity and I would like to be part of it. It is a way for students to demonstrate their personal (8) and knowledge in a work environment. 1 a compromises b commands c combines d compensates 2 a brief b concise c casual d ordinary 3 a complicate b cooperate c refrain d conform 4 a towards b through c to d within 5 a ruling out b cutting in c running through d making out 6 a to b with c as d for 7 a imposed b abandoned c restrained d confined 8 a attributes b devotion c reaction d justification UNIT 15 197

Unit 15ECCE in ActionChoose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.1 They needed to my identity at the police station, 11 Please from eating or drinking in the theatre. so I had to show them my driving licence. a maintain b refrain a justify c obtain b verify d refer c force d ensure 12 W hile we are the subject of ambition, what plans have you got for the future?2 If we want to continue being teammates, we have to reach a(n) . a to b on a command c at b compromise d in c commentary d accomplishment 13 I have told you on a number of occasions not to while I’m talking. It’s terribly rude.3 Who could such a sweet puppy in the street? a abolish a cut in b impose b put in c abandon c stand in d release d set in4 In , Gemma’s new car was the cause of Anne’s 14 Although she was to do so in the beginning, jealousy. Christiana gave up her place in the queue to a woman in a hurry. a concise b brief a impatient b unwilling c small c unsure d disobedient d little 15 You should yourself with this interactive software5 We can meet at whatever time is best for you this before your first lesson. evening. I’m . a frequent b familiarise a flexible b changeable c maximise d eject c capable d ordinary 16 The new student has a reputation for trouble, so6 Tom and Freddie were from school and now they make sure you don’t get involved in any fights. have to attend another school in the area. a turning up b standing up a suspended b extended c running up d stirring up c sustained d expelled 17 It’s not Jenny’s nature to ask for a pay rise.7 I spent two hours at the post office this morning. a to b in People kept the queue! c at d on a stealing b jumping 18 Please ensure that you transfer all your answers c running d lining onto the answer sheet the time limit.8 Every time his team is beaten, Marcus his temper. a to b through a annoys b breaks c around d within c loses d forces 19 Thank you for me. I was telling the truth and you9 Harry’s poor exam results can be to his recent confirmed it. illness. a ruling out b standing up for a admitted b distributed c running over d seeing to c contributed d attributed 20 Unfortunately, bullying is in schools and we need10 I’m fed up with to the norm. Is it bad to be to take measures to combat it. different? a complicated b superior a commanding b compelling c extraordinary d widespread c continuing d conforming198