Volume-8, Issue-5

under the aegis of Association of Civil Engineering (ACE), IE (I) - Civil Engineering Students Chapter, Department of Civil Engineering Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam GREEN CONCRETE AERIAL SURVEY JOHN LOUDON McADAM OCTOBER 2021 VOLUME 8 ISSUE - 5 [email protected] nirmaangvpcea.blogspot.com

CONTENTS 1JOHN LOUDON FUN ZONE 4 2GREEN CONCRETE McADAM AERIAL SURVEY 3 OUR TEAM CHIEF EDITOR : B. NIHARIKA (18131A0108) PUBLISHING CHIEF EDITORS : D. CHANDULAL NAIK (18131A0115) COVER DESIGN : A. NIHARIKA (18131A0101) FACULTY CO-ORDINATOR MENTOR & PROFESSOR-INCHARGE G. SAI NITHISHA (19131A0130) (STUDENTS' CHAPTERS) D. JASWANTH (19131A0122) Y. HARIKA (19131A0197) : B. DATTATREYA (19131A0106) : Dr. G. SANTOSH KUMAR : Prof. Dr. MANCHIKANTI SRINIVAS

JOHN LOUDON McADAM John McAdam was born in 1756 in Ayr, Scotland. McAdam was a Scottish civil engineer and a builder. McAdam returned to Scotland from New York after becoming a great merchant. And he even took part in the American Revolution by supporting the loyalist side. He observed that the mud roads were in poor condition and performed a series of experiments in road construction. That led to the invention of MACADAMISATION. Macadamisation is a method used to construct roads that will last longer. He observed that as long as the roads were kept dry, there would be no use of massive stones to carry the weight of passing carriages. He also came up with the idea of raising roadbeds so that the drainages would have enough space. He then designed these roadbeds using broken stones laid in symmetrical, tight patterns and covered with small pieces to create a hard surface. McAdam discovered that the best stone or gravel for road surfacing had to be broken and then graded to a constant size of chippings. McAdam's design, called \"McAdam roads\" represented a revolutionary advancement in road construction at the time. McAdam had an illustrious career in road building which eventually led to the invention of one of the most well-known advancements in civil engineering of the age. In 1811, he helped in the construction of  Bristol Commercial Rooms, became the first president, and played a leading part in the campaign for a new prison in the city. He took an interest in road building and published a book named ”Remarks on the Present System of Road Making”. Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Loudon-McAdam https://spartacus-educational.com/engineers.htm \"Construction is matter of optimism; its a matter of facing the future with confidence\". -- Cesar Pelli (b. 1926) - Argentine-American architect NIRMAAN | 3

GREEN CONCRETE Green concrete or Eco Concrete is the same as normal concrete but made from waste material or eco-friendly materials. Green concrete has the same colour as that of normal concrete. Green concrete is made by adding eco-friendly materials, also known as environmentally- friendly concrete. Here, the word “Green” represents the environment. It is a new type of concrete in the field of the sustainable construction industry. It is a revolutionary concept of making concrete in the construction industry. As cement and aggregates are common constituents of concrete their continuous mining reduced the source of availability. This scenario created the problem of a shortage of construction materials in recent times. So to fulfill this shortage, the construction industry was looking for alternative materials, and the solution to this is “Green Concrete”. This green concrete helps to 1. reduce the demand for conventional construction materials. 2. to reduce CO2 emissions in the environment  3. there is an extreme need of recycling concrete waste materials.  Here materials such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume, recycled glass, and wood ash are used as an alternative for cement for producing green concrete.  Recycled concrete materials, waste plastic, demolition waste, recycled glass aggregate, foundry sand, and stone crusher waste have been used as an alternative for aggregate in the production of green concrete.  Sources: https://civiconcepts.com/blog/green-concrete \"You can't build a great building on a weak foundation. You must have a solid foundation if you are going to have a strong superstructure \". -- Gordon B. Hinckley (b. 1910) - American leader NIRMAAN | 4

AERIAL STUDENT by B. Hemanth SURVEYARTICLE Civil-1, 4th year The aerial survey collects geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons, or other aerial methods. Typical types of data collected include aerial photography, LiDAR, remote sensing (using variously visible and invisible bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet), and also geophysical data (such as aeromagnetic surveys and gravity). It can also refer to the chart or map made by analyzing a region from the air. The aerial survey should be distinguished from satellite imagery technologies because of its better resolution, quality, and atmospheric conditions (which can negatively impact and obscure satellite observation). Today, the aerial survey is sometimes recognized as a synonym for aero-photogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is placed in the air. Measurements on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods. TERMS USED IN AERIAL SURVEY EXPOSURE STATION OR AIR STATION The position of the camera's optical center at the moment of exposure. FLYING HEIGHT The elevation of the exposure station above the datum (usually mean sea level). ALTITUDE The vertical distance of the aircraft above the Earth's surface. Tilt the angle between the aerial camera and NIRMAAN | 5

the horizontal axis perpendicular to the line of from the front nodal point pierces the flight. Tip the angle between the aerial camera photograph. and the line of flight. SCALE PRINCIPAL POINT The ratio of the focal length of the camera The point of intersection of the optical axis of objective and the distance of the exposure the aerial camera with the photographic plane. station from the ground. ISOCENTRE AZIMUTH The point on the aerial photograph in which The clockwise horizontal angle measured the bisector of the angle of tilt meets the about the ground nadir point from the ground photograph. survey North meridian in the plane of the Temporal Resolution photograph. The time between observations. ORTHOMOSAIC NADIR POINT A high-resolution map created by orthophotos, The image of the nadir, i.e. the point on the usually via drones is termed an orthomosaic. aerial photograph where a plumb line dropped Ortho means a nadir image and mosaic means a collection of images. AERIAL SURVEY SENSORS To carry out an aerial survey, a sensor needs to be fixed to the interior or the exterior of the airborne platform with line-of-sight to the target it is remotely sensing. With manned aircraft, this is accomplished either through an aperture in the skin of the aircraft or mounted externally on a wing strut. With unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the sensor is typically mounted under or inside. Aerial survey systems are typically operated with the following: Flight navigation software, which directs the pilot to fly in the desired pattern for the survey. GNSS is a combination of GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) to provide position and orientation information for the recorded data. Gyro-stabilized mount to counter the effects of aircraft roll, pitch, and yaw. Data storage unit to save the data that is recorded. Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/surveying/Aerial -surveying \"My buildings will be my legacy. They will speak for me long after I'm gone \". --Juila Morgan (b. 1872) - American architect and engineer NIRMAAN | 6

FUN ZONE CROSSWORD Solve the crossword given below ACROSS DOWN 4. The distance of a beam for a bridge's span is 1. Bridge dampeners serves ______ purpose (8,10) determined by ______ (4,2,4) 2. The rotational or twisting force that bridges 6. Longest bridge in India (6,8,4) face is called ______ (7) 7. A force that is responsible for most bridge 3. ______ part of a suspension bridge receives failures (7) the most compression (6) 9. The strength of the arch bridge is determined 5. The distance between two bridge supports by ________ (2,5) is called the ______ (4) 10. ____ can be added to make beams taller (7) 8. Tension acts primarily on _____ which part of a suspension bridge (6) SOLUTION NIRMAAN | 7

ANNOUNCEMENT BULLETIN : JOB, EXAM RELATED NOTIFICATIONS S.No EXAM DETAILS DATES SOURCE 1. 10/12/2021 BHEL Needs Experienced Engineering https://careers.bh Professionals (Civil) On FTA Basis. el.in:8443/bhel/st atic/Adv_No_202 ACE NOTIFICATIONS : 1.pdf S.NO CLUB NAME UPCOMING EVENTS 1. IEI Membership Drive. DATES 2. IGBC Website launch Nov 2021 Dec 2021 NIRMAAN | 8