Trabajos Prácticos

UNIVERSIDAD DE LA CUENCA DEL PLATA Autorizada Definitivamente por Decreto 091/2006 del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional 1 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS GUÍA DE TRABAJOS PRÁCTICOS ANALISIS DE CASO Esp. Prof. Alicia Canevaro Año 2014 Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

CASOS para ANALIZAR CASO N°1: Trabajarán con diferentes partes del texto / caso: Burger King 1. Mediante el uso del Traductor de Google o el diccionario realice la lecto-comprensión del texto indicado e identifique en él las ideas principales. Tiene 1 h 30´ para ello. 2. Realice una síntesis en español escrita del texto utilizando entre 100 y 2 200 palabras. Lo puede hacer usando las ideas principales y si cree necesario, algunas ideas secundarias. Incluso puede articular con conocimientos adquiridos previamente en otras cátedras, o puede buscar contenidos relacionados que sean de su interés, de las fuentes que crea conveniente. Tiene 1 h 30´ para ello 3. Prepare el tema en formato Word, en una carpeta, con caratula para presentar a la Profesora. Debe agregar gráficos o fotos. 4. Prepare el tema para exponerlo brevemente (máximo 15’) ante sus compañeros de la manera que usted crea la más adecuada. Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

Burger King http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King_legal_issues Type Public Traded as NYSE: BKW, formerly BKC Industry Restaurants Genre Fast food restaurant Predecessor(s) Insta-Burger King Founded  Insta-Burger King:July 28, 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida  Current company:1954 in Miami, Florida Founder(s)  Insta-Burger King:Keith J. Kramer and Matthew Burns  Current company:David Edgerton and James McLamore 3 Headquarters 5505 Blue Lagoon Drive, Miami-Dade County, Florida,United States Area served Global Key people  Alexandre Behring (Chairman) / Daniel S. Schwartz (CEO)  Joshua Kobza (CFO) Products  Hamburgers / chicken / french fries / soft drinks  milkshakes / salads / desserts / breakfast Revenue US$1.97 billion (FY 2012) Operating income US$363.0 million (FY 2012) Net income US$117.7 million (FY 2012) Total assets US$5.564 billion (FY 2012) Total equity US$1.175 billion (FY 2012) Owner(s)  3G Capital (71%) / Justice Founders (13%) / Shareholders (16%) Employees 34,248 (FY 2011) Parent Burger King Holdings Inc. Website www.bk.com Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

History of Burger King By Don Daszkowski 4 Keith Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns lived in Jacksonville, Florida in 1953, and were looking for a restaurant idea. The built a stove that they called the Insta-Broiler, and they called their stores \"Insta-Burger King.\" The idea was picked up by a pair of Cornell University classmates, James McLamore and David Edgerton. McLamore had visited the hamburger stand that was operated by the McDonald brothers that launched the McDonald's empire, and he and Edgerton bought an Insta-Burger King franchise in Miami in 1954. The growth of the Miami metropolitan area made it an excellent location for starting a new chain, but an adjustment had to be made to the Insta-Broiler idea. McLamore and Edgerton came up with a gas grill that they called a \"flame broiler,\" and it eliminated the problems of the Insta-broiler. In 1959, their operation had grown, and the Kramer-Burns operation had run into such trouble, that McLamore and Edgerton could buy Kramer and Burns out. By 1961, the rechristened Burger King and its signature burger the Whopper had begun to spread across the United States. In 1967, the Pillsbury Company bought Burger King Corporation for $18 million, and with the baking company's capital behind it, by the late 1970s, Burger King was able to grow to become America's second-largest burger chain, behind McDonald's. This was the era of several one vs. two battles in American business, from Coke vs. Pepsi in soda and Hertz vs. Avis in car rentals to ABC's successful battle to overcome CBS and NBC to become the most popular television network. In 1978, Burger King poached executive Donald N. Smith from McDonald's. He restructured the company's franchise agreements so that owners could not own franchises in other chains, thus encouraging loyalty; and so that they could not operate stores more than an hour's drive from their homes, thus cutting down on absentee ownership. Many unprofitable franchise owners dropped out, trimming the company's fat. It was at this time that Burger King began to reach out to children, by countering McDonald's commercials featuring live-action versions of its characters Ronald McDonald and his friends with similarly-themed characters: A Burger King who was also a magician, the Wizard of Fries and Sir Shake-a-Lot. Smith took on not only his former employer and Long John Silver's by introducing Burger King's first fish sandwiches, but also Kentucky Fried Chicken and Wendy's by introducing Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

their first chicken sandwiches. Company sales were up 15 percent by 1980, at which point 5 Smith was poached once again, this time by PepsiCo. After he left, sales began to decline. Norman Brinker, who had been brought into Pillsbury when they bought his chain Steak and Ale, was charged with turning the company around. He started what became known as the Burger Wars, running commercials that said Burger King's burgers were bigger and better than McDonald's; these may be the first political-style \"attack ads\" in the food industry. As with Smith's efforts, Brinker's worked for a brief time before he left the company, and he went on to build the Chili's restaurant chain. Without Smith or Brinker, Burger King declined again, and this was one of the reasons why Pillsbury was unable to fight off a takeover bid by British company Grand Metropolitan PLC. Already having a worldwide focus, Grand Met changed Burger King's distribution methods, switching their soft-drink contract from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, partnering with the Walt Disney Company to tie in with Disney films, and expanding BK around the globe, partially by buying the company that ran British-based burger chain Wimpy. The company's headquarters building in Miami was destroyed by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, but a proactive response by Grand Met led to a quick rebound. In 1997, Grand Met merged with brewing giant Guinness to form Diageo plc, which seemed to ignore Burger King in comparison to its alcoholic properties like Guinness, Johnnie Walker, and Moet & Chandon. So BK declined again until TPG Capital, with assistance from Goldman Sachs and Bain Capital, bought Burger King for $1.5 billion. An IPO was launched in 2006, generating $425 million in revenue. TPG introduced the Whopper Bar concept, allowing customers in some stores to better see the burgers being made, a concept similar to the Benihana steakhouse chain but more familiar to Starbucks customers, with the workers being named \"Whopperistas.\" The company grew to being worth $3.2 billion, the purchase price that 3G Capital paid TPG for it in 2010. While McDonald's has been hailed as a business model both domestic and international, Burger King's ups and downs make it, arguably, a more interesting company to a neutral observer. ©2014 About.com. All rights reserved. Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

CASO N°2: Trabajarán con diferentes partes del texto / caso: Studies, News and Buzz From the Biggest Burger Chains in the Restaurant Industry 1. Mediante el uso del Traductor de Google o el diccionario realice la lecto-comprensión del texto indicado e identifique en él las ideas principales. Tiene 1 h 30´ para ello. 2. Realice una síntesis en español escrita del texto utilizando entre 100 y 200 palabras. Lo puede hacer usando las ideas principales y si cree necesario, algunas ideas secundarias. Incluso puede articular con conocimientos adquiridos previamente en otras cátedras, o puede buscar contenidos relacionados que sean de su interés, de las fuentes que crea conveniente. Tiene 1 h 30´ para ello 6 3. Prepare el tema en formato Word, en una carpeta, con caratula para presentar a la Profesora. Debe agregar gráficos o fotos. 4. Prepare el tema para exponerlo brevemente (máximo 15’) ante sus compañeros de la manera que usted crea la más adecuada. Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

Studies, News and Buzz from the Biggest Burger Chains in the Restaurant Industry Protests against McDonald’s, Burger King Pollution, and Burger Brain Imprinting By Barbara Farfan Big Burger Buzz and News from the U.S. Restaurant Industry It's not so such a good thing to be an iconic American burger brand in a foreign country when the citizens of that country get angry with America. Guilty by association, McDonald's restaurants became targets and potential targets of angry mobs protesting against the film, \"Innocence of Muslims\" recently. It's not like McDonald's was involved in any kind of cross-promotional campaign with the amateur film or had a producing credit. But when you're a member of an incensed mob, details aren't really important. These are not the only protests being waged against international McDonald's locations either. 7 Hindus in India are also planning protests in response to future plans for McDonald's restaurants to open near Hindu holy sites and shrines. Although the menu at these particular holy McD's will be completely vegetarian, it's the sacred cows on the menus of its 33,000 other restaurants that the Hindu protestors find offensive. The larger question for McDonald's customers worldwide is if McDonald's has the ability to create an affordable vegetarian menu in another country, why can't it add vegetarian options to its other restaurants as well? In other global burger happenings, some fascinating research conducted in the UK discovered that fast food chains actually have the ability to imprint themselves in the brains of children. It seems that sugary, fatty, salty fast food fare triggers the pleasure center of a child's brain. And if those pleasure centers get triggered before the child is old enough to master the art of self-control, just the mere sight of a fast food logo can trigger those brain pleasure centers again. In essence, this research study has found that exposure to fast food when children are too young to know better turns them into trained Pavlovian fast food addicts. Based on this research we can most likely expect fast food marketing aimed specifically at children to accelerate dramatically. Another very different kind of study has found that char-broiled burger smoke emissions are more detrimental to the air quality of Southern California than the 18-wheelers traveling up and down its roads. To be specific, one char-broiled hamburger emits more \"uncontrolled particulate matter\" than an 18-wheeler that travels 143 miles. This is due mostly to the fact that trucks are bound by emissions regulations that aren't applied to fast food restaurants. This news is of no concern to most quick serve restaurants specializing in hamburgers, since the only toxic emission from their grill-fried fast food fare is grease. But the Burger King chain might be losing sleep over the air quality equipment capital expenditure it sees in its future, which might be a hefty price to pay for competitive differentiation. Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

One other quick serve study (because you can never study the fast food industry too much) may have an influence on all retail restaurants, whether they are in the quick serve category or not. Researchers have found that customers eat more in bright, noisy environments than they do in relaxed restaurant atmospheres. It's likely that the fast food chains themselves have already discovered this in research of their own, and this may be one of the reasons why McDonald's recently launched its own closed circuit TV network and installed TVs in 700 of its dining rooms. One interesting finding of this research was that customers who dined in a calmer, more dimly lit environment ate less, but enjoyed their experience more. So the question for quick serve restaurants is do you want customers who are more satisfied and therefore more likely to return, or do you want customers to eat more at every visit? It's not difficult to know what the answer is for the largest fast food burger restaurants with the business formula of quantity-over-quality. But going full circle back to the survey that started this article, the Five Guys chain seems to be betting that the long-term-satisfaction-over-short-term- sales business model is the winning path for its burger business. So far, research show us, there's a significant number of burger consumers who agree. Updated October 28, 2012 8 ©2014 About.com. All rights reserved. http://retailindustry.about.com/od/usrestaurantindustry/a/Studies-News-And-Buzz-From-The-Biggest-Burger-Chains-In- The-Restaurant-Industry.htm Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

- GUÍA DE TRABAJOS PRÁCTICOS – TRABAJO PRÁCTICO Revisión de tiempos verbales estudiados en Inglés I, inferencia del significado de palabras por su contexto y morfología (sufijos, prefijos, cognados, falsos cognados, familia de palabras), revisión de categorías de palabras, identificación de referentes. Lectura e interpretación sin y con ayuda de diccionario bilingüe. STRUCTURAL CHANGE From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_change 1 Structural change of an economy refers to a long term widespread change of the 9 2 fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short-term output and employment. For 3 example, (1) a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a 4 regulated mixed economy is liberalized. A current structural change in the world economy 5 is globalization. 6 Fisher (1939) and Clark (1940) look at patterns in changes in sectoral employment. The logic 7 of their arguments being that patterns of production are functions of the level of income and 8 that resource and production shifts are an integral part of development. The major 9 determinant of these shifts is the income elasticity of demand. Goods or sectors for which 10 there is a high income elasticity of demand will grow in importance as income grows. (2) 11 Countries start with their production dominated by primary production, then secondary 12 activities start to dominate and finally the tertiary sector dominates. 13 (3) Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, 14 population or the society. The downfall of communism, for example, is (4) a political change 15 that had far-reaching implications on the economies dependent on the state-run Soviet 16 economy. Structural change involves obsolescence of skills, vocations, and permanent 17 changes in spending and production resulting in structural unemployment. 18 Short-term economical challenges can be managed with short-term fiscal or monetary 19 policy decisions, and fluctuations are expected to even out in a few years. Managing structural 20 change requires long-term investments such as education, and reforms aimed at 21 increasing labor mobility. The Trade Adjustment Assistance is an example of such a program. I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1. ¿What is structural change? Provide examples 2. ¿Which is the major determinant of resource and production shifts? 3. Did the downfall of communism have any implication on any economy? 4. ¿What does structural change involve? 5. ¿What does managing structural change require? Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

II. MARK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE 1. La globalización no implica un cambio estructural en la economía mundial 2. Los cambios estructurales no pueden ser determinados políticamente. 3. Ningún desafío económico puede ser manejado con políticas económicas 4. La educación es una inversión a corto plazo. III. FIND THE REFERENTS a- their (line 8): b- these (line 10): c- which (line 11): d- their (line 12): IV. IDENTIFIQUE LAS FRASES VERBALES EN LAS ORACIONES SUBRAYADAS, DIGA 10 DE QUÉ TIEMPO VERBAL SE TRATA EN CADA CASO 1- 2- 3- 4- V. PASE AL ESPAÑOL EL ÚLTIMO PÁRRAFO ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… TRABAJO PRÁCTICO ( Revisión general contenidos Inglés I) THE PUBLIC COMPANY ACCOUNTING REFORM AND INVESTOR PROTECTION ACT OF 2002. 1 The year 2001 saw the largest and most spectacular bankruptcy in American history up to that 2 time: the Enron debacle. The collapses of Tyco and WorldCom were not far behind, and 3 hundreds of thousands of investors lost millions upon millions of dollars. Investor confidence 4 was badly shaken, and this spurred Congress to improve the accuracy and reliability of corporate 5 disclosures. 6 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created to protect investors from corporate accounting fraud. 7 Named after its sponsors, Sarbanes and Oxley, it is variously referred to as \"SOX\" and \"Sarbox,\" 8 but its official name is the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

9 2002. It is considered by many to be the biggest overhaul of U.S. securities regulations since the 11 10 New Deal. 11 Here are the major provisions of the act: 12  Chief executives and financial officers are held responsible for their companies’ financial 13 reports. 14  Executive officers and directors may not solicit or accept loans from their companies. 15  Insider trades are reported more quickly. 16  Insider trades are prohibited during pension-fund blackout periods. 17  Disclosure of executive compensation and profits is mandatory. 18  Internal audits and review and certification of audits by outside auditors are mandatory. 19  There will be criminal and civil penalties for securities violations. 20  There will be longer jail sentences and larger fines for executives who intentionally misstate 21 financial statements. 22  Audit firms may no longer provide actuarial, legal, or consulting services to firms they audit. 23  Publicly traded companies must establish internal financial controls and have those controls 24 audited annually. 25 This last provision is of concern primarily for large companies and is commonly referred to as 26 \"SOX 404 compliance.\" It requires publicly traded companies to institute comprehensive internal 27 controls on their finances as well as have their policies regularly reviewed by outside firms. While 28 this might not affect your small business, it is having a significant impact on big ones. Companies 29 with revenue of more than $5 billion are spending an average of $4.3 million just to achieve SOX 30 404 compliance. 31 Unless you are planning on taking your small company public very soon, Sarbanes-Oxley 32 probably does not have any repercussions for your business. However, if you're an investor, SOX might allow you to sleep a little easier. I. Find One Example Of Verbal Phrase Conjugated In Each Of The Following Tenses: Simple Past Active Simple Past Passive Simple Present Simple Present Voice Voice Active Voice Passive Voice Present Continuous Simple Future Modal Verb + Active Voice Active Voice Active Voice Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

II. GIVE THE SPANISH VERSION OF THE SENTENCES IN WHICH EACH VERBAL PHRASE IS. III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: a. What happened in 2001? What were the consequences of this? b. Mention three of the most important provisions of SOX c. Why might SOX help you sleep easier? IV. INDICATE THE REFERENTS FOR: a. This (line 4): b. It (line 7): c. They (line 24): V. STATE THE MAIN IDEA FOR this paragraph. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Trabajo Práctico Módulo I Objetivo: Evaluar la comprensión lectora en Inglés de los alumnos Resolución de Problemas Escriba la versión en Castellano de las oraciones subrayadas y en negrita 12 Will the Economy Collapse In 2011? People can change the volume, timing, and the location of their income in response to changes in tax policy. Next year, the highest federal personal income tax rate will go from 35% to 39.6% , the highest federal dividend tax rate increases from 15% to 39.6%, the capital gains tax rate increases from 15% to 20%, and the estate tax rate increases from 45% (in 2009) to 55%. With the steep increases in federal, state, and local taxes scheduled for next year, will economic activity be stifled to the point of economic collapse in 2011? The Laffer Curve Economist Art Laffer´s, basic premise is that there is a point where increased taxation no longer results in corresponding increased revenue for the government: there is a sweet spot with respect to taxation. Maryland certainly felt the impact of over-taxing its residents when lawmakers enacted a special millionaire tax to cover budgetary deficits. The profound result was millionaires paid over a $100 million less in taxes compared to year prior to the enacting the tax, even though the tax rate was higher. Maryland literally lost one-third of its millionaires in a single year, and most believe it is partly attributed to enacting the millionaire tax. From those missing millionaires, Maryland collected nothing. Simply put, you just cannot tax people beyond their willingness to pay. The classic example is if you were taxed at a rate of 120% of your income, how long would you work? Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

- PRÁCTICA EXTRA - 13 a. Marque con un circulo las palabras que se le solicita entre paréntesis y dé su traducción 1. Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific engineering project goals and objectives. (sustantivos) 2. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.(adjetivos) 3. A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. .(conjunciones) 4. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. .(preposiciones) 5. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management. .(verbos) 6. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the engineering project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints. .(adjetivos) 7.Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget. .(sustantivos) 8. The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives. .(adjetivos) 9. There are a number of approaches to managing project activities including agile, interactive, incremental, and phased approaches. .(adjetivos) 10. Regardless of the methodology employed, careful consideration must be given to the overall project objectives, timeline, and cost, as well as the roles and responsibilities of all participants and stakeholders. .(conjunciones) b. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. In a last Congress session three months ago there was serious disagreement. The United States wanted to give half of the assistance in grants rather than loans. Europe strongly opposed the idea. They said that the payment of the low-interest loans was a critical source of funds for future aid. The United States also proposed ways to measure if aid to specific countries is successful in improving education, health and other areas. The World Bank authorities decided that grants are only for the poorest nations. Loans are for those nations that could eventually repay them. Developing tools to measure the effectiveness of aid meant a victory for the Bush administration. Paul H. O'Neill, the Treasury Secretary, suggested more rigorous performance standards in 2004. He said that the World Bank ''spends an awful large amount of money in the name of development without a great degree of success.'' The increased financing was a particular goal of the European countries. They fear the world's wealthiest nations can fail to keep their promises to meet one of the United Nations' goals: to reduce poverty. The largest increases in grants were made by European nations: France, Britain, Spain and the Nordic countries. 1. TRUE / FALSE. a. The European countries agreed with the United states. b. France, Britain, Spain and the Nordic Countries gave large increases in grants. Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

2. TRADUZCA LAS ORACIONES SUBRAYADAS. 3. BUSQUE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS QUE SIGNIFIQUEN 14 a. Objetivo. ......................... b.Ayuda. ............................. c.Medir .......................... 4. RESPONDA EN CASTELLANO: a) What did the World Bank authorities decide? b) What is one of the United Nation‘s goals? 5. ENCUENTRE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS O FRASES QUE CUMPLAN LAS SIGUIENTES FORMULAS Y DE SU TRADUCCIÓN: a. ARTICULO + SUSTANTIVO b. ADJETIVO + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO c. ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO d. CASO POSESIVO e. PRONOMBRE + VERBO f. ARTÍCULO + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO g. ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO h. PRONOMBRE + SUSTANTIVO c. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. The World Bank provides financial help to poor countries. It gained around $34 billion the last three years 14 with an agreement reached by donor nations. The money goes to low-interest loans and grants to 81 impoverished countries, such as India, Bangladesh and Uganda. Geoff Lamb, a World Bank Vice President said that around $18 billion came from the United States and other donor nations. The remaining $16 billion came from loan repayments from World Bank income. \"We are very pleased with this outcome; we think this is a big win for the poorest countries.\" he said. The United States is the major supporter of providing aid in the form of grants. These grants don't have to be repaid. The U.S.A believes that these countries are slowly reaching progress. These countries really stopped digging and started crawling out of the hole. Treasury officials noted that with this financing plan, Afghanistan and Rwanda, for instance, receive 100 percent of their aid in the form of grants. Afghanistan receives 36 percent of its aid in grants and Rwanda gets around 37 percent from grants. In fact they are welcoming economic growth. 1.TRUE / FALSE. a. The World Bank lost money over tha last three years. b. Afghanistan and Rwanda are growing economically. 2.TRADUZCA LAS ORACIONES SUBRAYADAS. 3.BUSQUE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS QUE SIGNIFIQUEN a. préstamos...................... b. crecimiento ............................ c. acuerdo............................. 4.RESPONDA EN CASTELLANO: a) Does the united States provide aid for the poor countries ? b) How do the World Bank‘s authorities feel with the outcome? Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

5.DE LAS PALABRAS O FRASES SUBRAYADAS, DE SU FORMULA Y DE SU TRADUCCIÓN: 6.ENCUENTRE EN EL TEXTO UN EJEMPLO DE ESTOS VERBOS - Presente Simple - Presente Continuo - Pasado Simple - Verbo Defectivo o Modal d. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. 15 Now poor people in Africa and Asia have access to home loans. The Development Network helped them come out of poverty. They could rebuild their lives after a disaster such as the devastating tsunami. The scheme does not consist in small loans. It is a micro-credit given to farmers and entrepreneurs to set them up in business. The Development Network aims to expand its work to products. They want to include health insurance, education and small housing loans. Saving accounts and small businesses loans are going to be offered to the poorest people. \"Microcredit is helping millions of poor people in developing countries. They remained at the mercy of a death or serious injury of a family member. They also lost their crops in the recent tsunami,\" said Prince Karim, sponsor of the plan. The capital of borrowers, accumulated through great effort over many years, can be destroyed overnight. Families are then forced to make the same difficult climb out of poverty a second time. The poor need access to every product and service that people and businesses need in the developed world.‖ 1.TRUE / FALSE. a. Poor people in Africa can not rebuild their lives after tha tsunami. b. Borrowers accumulated capital over many years. 2.TRADUZCA LAS ORACIONES SUBRAYADAS. 3.BUSQUE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS QUE SIGNIFIQUEN a.desarrollo........................... b.emprendedores............................ c.expandir............................ 4.RESPONDA EN CASTELLANO: a) How did the Development Network help the poor in Africa and Asia? b) What can they do with a micro-credit? 5.ENCUENTRE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS O FRASES QUE CUMPLAN LAS SIGUIENTES FORMULAS Y DE SU TRADUCCIÓN: a. ARTICULO + SUSTANTIVO Contador Inglés II c. ADJETIVO + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO d. ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO e. VERBO+ PRONOMBRE f. PRONOMBRE + VERBO g. ARTÍCULO + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO h. ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO i. PRONOMBRE + SUSTANTIVO Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy

6.ENCUENTRE EN EL TEXTO UN EJEMPLO DE ESTOS VERBOS - Presente Simple - Presente Continuo - Futuro - Verbo Defectivo o Modal 7.SUBRAYE EN EL TEXTO UNA ORACION RELATIVA Y DE SU INTERPRETACION AL ESPAÑOL e. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. 16 An agency was created to expand microfinance services in some of the world's poorest communities. The World Bank and other rich governments support this development. The agency works on microfinance activities. It is now operating in ten countries, and develops products relating to micro-insurance. James Wolfensohn, said ―micro-finance demonstrated powerful impact in improving the livelihood of the poor, and a crucial role in reducing poverty‖. Micro-credit was reaching some 80 million people around the world. It indirectly benefits up to 500 million people in their families and communities. The microfinance agency, focused on central and south Asia, Egypt, Syria and parts of Africa. In fact, it is a small lender. The development network made 25,000 micro loans last year totaling $35 million. But the agency attracts the World Bank and other interest with its plan to develop microfinance products. For instance, the agency extends current programs that lend to small businesses. They want to benefit with an economic stimulus their neighborhoods following the restoration of cultural matters. 1.TRUE / FALSE. a. Microfinance credit was not accepted in the poor communities. b. The agency focused on the whole country. 2.INTERPRETE LAS ORACIONES SUBRAYADAS. 3.BUSQUE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS QUE SIGNIFIQUEN f. subsistencia................................b.pobreza..................................c.apoya/sostiene ................................ 4.RESPONDA EN CASTELLANO: a. Where is the agency operating? b. According to Wolfenshon, what did micro-finance demonstrate? 5.ENCUENTRE EN EL TEXTO PALABRAS O FRASES QUE CUMPLAN LAS SIGUIENTES FORMULAS Y DE SU TRADUCCIÓN: a. ARTICULO + SUSTANTIVO b. ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO c. CASO POSESIVO d. PRONOMBRE + VERBO e. ARTÍCULO + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO f. PRONOMBRE + SUSTANTIVO 6.ENCUENTRE EN EL TEXTO UN EJEMPLO DE ESTOS VERBOS - Presente Simple - Pasado Simple - Presente Continuo - Futuro - Pasado Continuo - Verbo Defectivo o Modal Prof. A. Canevaro, Wendel, Murphy Contador Inglés II

7.SUBRAYE EN EL TEXTO UNA ORACION RELATIVA Y DE SU INTERPRETACION AL ESPAÑOL f. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. 17 0 Corporations 1 A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law 2 to those of a natural person. Civil law systems may refer to corporations as \"moral persons;\" 3 they also go by the name \"AS\" (anonymous society) or something similar, which depends on 4 the language. 5 In colloquial usage, \"corporation\" usually refers to a commercial entity set up in accordance with 6 a governmental framework. Churches (mainly in US, but not so much in other countries, where 7 Churches have a different status), interest groups (both can form as not-for-profit corporations or 8 can exist as voluntary associations), cities and townships (often chartered as public corporations), 9 among others, may also have historically lengthy corporate identities. 10 11 Legal status 12 The law typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as 13 opposed to a natural person); United States law recognizes this as corporate personhood. Under 14 such a doctrine (obviously a legal fiction), a corporation enjoys many of the rights and obligations 15 of individual citizens: it has the ability to own property, sign binding contracts, pay taxes, and it 16 also has certain constitutional rights, and otherwise participates in society. (Note that 17 corporations do not possess all the rights appertaining to individuals: in most jurisdictions, for 18 example, a corporation cannot vote .) 19 Limited Liability. Unlike in a partnership, stockholders of a corporation hold no liability for the 20 corporation's debts and obligations. As a result, their \"limited\" potential losses cannot exceed 21 the amount which they paid for the stock. This allows corporations to engage in risky 22 enterprises, and the limited liability forms the basis for trading in corporate stock. 1. a. Conteste estas preguntas en castellano en base al texto a. What are the different names that a corporation may have? b. List all the historical corporate institutions. c. How is a corporation treated by the law? d. Mention the rights and obligations that a corporation has. e. What is limited liability? Explain. 1. b. Diga si estas frases son Verdaderas o Falsas según lo que dice el texto. Justifique todas sus respuestas a. A corporation and a natural person are treated similarly by the law. b. Corporations are established independently to the governmental framework. c. A corporation has all the rights and obligations that a natural person has. d. Limited liability of stockholders allows them to start risky businesses. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

2. Clasificar estos sustantivos y adjetivos extraídos del texto según corresponda (algunas palabras no corresponden a ninguna de las categorías solicitadas) lenghty systems churches not-for-profit among which basis risky binding their stock partnership enterprises trading Sustantivo singular Sustantivo plural Adjetivo Calificativo Adjetivo Posesivo 3. Encontrar en el texto un ejemplo de cada uno de los tiempos verbales de la tabla, marcar con un círculo y transcribir clasificando los verbos en los tiempos correctos: Presente Simple Presente Simple Plural Presente Simple Presente Simple (Verbo ―TO BE‖) (Negativo) Singular Verbo Línea N° 4. ¿A qué se refieren las palabras subrayadas en el texto? 5. ¿Que tipo de verbos estan en los recuadros? 18 g. Lea el siguiente texto: The traditional approach A traditional phased approach identifies a sequence of steps to be completed. In the \"traditional approach\", we can distinguish 5 components of a project (4 stages plus control) in the development of a project:  Project initiation stage; Contador Typical development phases of an engineering project Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Inglés II

 Project planning and design stage; 19  Project execution and construction stage;  Project monitoring and controlling systems;  Project completion. Not all the projects will visit every stage as projects can be terminated before they reach completion. Some projects do not follow a structured planning and/or monitoring stages. Some projects will go through steps 2, 3 and 4 multiple times. Many industries use variations on these project stages. For example, when working on a brick and mortar design and construction, projects will typically progress through stages like Pre-Planning, Conceptual Design, Schematic Design, Design Development, Construction Drawings (or Contract Documents), and Construction Administration. In software development, this approach is often known as the waterfall model i.e., one series of tasks after another in linear sequence. In software development many organizations have adapted the Rational Unified Process (RUP) to fit this methodology, although RUP did not require or explicitly recommend this practice. Waterfall development works well for small, well defined projects, but often fails in larger projects of undefined and ambiguous nature. The Cone of Uncertainty explains some of this as the planning made on the initial phase of the project suffers from a high degree of uncertainty. This becomes especially true as software development is often the realization of a new or novel product. In projects where requirements have not been finalized and can change, requirements management is used to develop an accurate and complete definition of the behavior of software that served as the basis for software development. While the terms may differ from industry to industry, the actual stages typically follow common steps to problem solving — \"defining the problem, weighing options, choosing a path, implementation and evaluation.\" 1. Ubique los verbos subrayados en la columna, diga que tiempo verbal son y paselos al español FRASE VERBAL TIEMPO VERBAL VOZ PASIVA o ESPAÑOL ACTIVA? 2. Explique el gráfico 3. En una oración enuncie la idea principal del texto Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

h. Interprete las oraciones que están en Pasado Simple In ancient history, a division of labour (or specialisation) was when some people in a city stopped growing crops and took other jobs. This usually happened because of a surplus of food. This means that there was more than enough food for everyone, so some people did not have to grow crops anymore. Xenophon was a philosopher of the 4th century BC. In his book Cryopedia (The Education of Cyrus) he wrote about the division of labour The Small Business Administration (SBA) was established on July 30, 1953, by the United States Congress with the passage of the Small Business Act. Its function was to \"aid, counsel, assist and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns.\" Also stipulated was that the SBA should ensure a \"fair proportion\" of government contracts and sales of surplus property to small business. This was accomplished primarily through the Small Business Innovative Research program and government \"set-asides.\" The SBA has survived a number of threats to its existence. In 1996, the newly Republican-controlled House of Representatives planned to eliminate the agency. It survived and went on to receive a record high budget in 2000. Renewed efforts by the Bush Administration to end the SBA loan program met congressional resistance, although the SBA's budget was repeatedly cut, and in 2004 certain expenditures were frozen. i. Lea el texto de abajo y luego: 1. Subraye todos los verbos que están en Presente Perfecto e interprete las oraciones 20 2. Diga a que se refieren las palabras: + who ………………………….. + itself ………………………….. +which ………………………….. + they ………………………….. 3. Marque la idea principal de cada párrafo 4. Escriba dos o tres oraciones enunciando la idea principal de TODO el texto Delegation Delegation (or deputation) is the assignment of authority and responsibility to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate) to carry out specific activities. However the person who delegated the work remains accountable for the outcome of the delegated work. Delegation empowers a subordinate to make decisions, i.e. it is a shift of decision-making authority from one organizational level to a lower one. Applications of Delegation Theory Independent Central Banks and Non Majoritarian Institutions One of the most important areas where delegation theories have been applied has been in the debate over the merits of Independent Central Banks (ICBs) such as the Bank of England or the European Central Bank. This debate has corresponded to the theories of credible commitments and can be understood as a solution to problems posed by the two democratic pressure problems mentioned above where monetary policy is concerned. Those in favour of the creation of ICBs have primarily focused on interest rates and have argued that democratic pressures tend to have an inflationary effect as governments will often be tempted to advocate lower interest rates immediately prior to an election so as to manufacture short term booms in the economy and Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

boost their support - but to the detriment of long term economic health. A variant of this argument is that as most democracies incorporate two main parties split on economic policy between left and right, the party of the left winning power will often result in damaging inflation raising policies immediately after the election in an effort to distance itself from the previous government. A solution to these problems has naturally been sought in the creation of an independent institution which can decide interest rates outside of the influence of democratic pressures - the ICB. This argument has been highly influential and the number of ICBs has risen dramatically since the 1980s however it is not without its critics. Many scholars (for instance Kathleen Mcnamara) have questioned the premises of the ICB argument, making the case that democratic pressures will not result in high inflation and that high inflation is not inherently bad for the economy long term. Broadly speaking the empirical evidence on these points has tended to be inconclusive for both sides. An alternative criticism has come from certain branches of New who have sought to explain the increase in ICBs not by the 'rational' argument outlined above, but as a process of symbolism, where governments will create ICBs because they are seen to be respectable institutions by other actors, particularly by foreign investors who, it is argued, will view a country with an ICB as a modern state worthy of investment. j. Subraye las frases verbales con verbo modal y los conectores y luego pase todas las 21 oraciones al español 1. Advertising is commonly part of the recruiting process, and can occur through several means (online, newspapers, professional publications, advertisements placed in windows, etc. 2. Evidence for skills required for a job may be provided in the form of qualifications (educational or professional), experience in a job requiring the relevant skills or the testimony of references. 3. Employment agencies may also give computerized tests to assess an individual's \"off-hand\" knowledge of software packages or typing skills. 4. At a more basic level written tests may be given to assess numeracy and literacy. 5. Sometimes candidates have to provide a résumé (also known as a CV) or to complete a Job application form to provide this evidence. 6. The follow-up process may be referred to as part of the recruitment process: inveigling the selected candidate or candidates to take up the target job or function. 7. In general, a company would employ a head-hunter when the normal recruitment efforts have failed to provide a viable candidate for the job. 8. Head-hunters might be more aggressive than in-house recruiters and will use, advanced sales techniques such as initially posing as clients to generate names of employees and their positions and personally visiting candidate offices. 9. They can also purchase expensive lists of names and job titles. 10. They could prepare a candidate for the interview, negotiate salary, and conduct closure to the search. 11. In general, in house recruiters need to do their best to attract candidates for specific jobs while head- hunters have to actively seek them out, utilizing large databases, internet strategies, purchasing company directories or lists of candidates, networking, and often cold calling. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

k. Diga a que se refieren las palabras subrayadas e interprete las siguientes oraciones relativas 1. Neoclassical economics is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free. 2. This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought. 3. Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price. 4. While an organization is constituted as a set of people who synergize individual competencies to achieve newer dimensions, the quality of organizational structure revolves around the competencies of teams in totality. 5. While business giants risk becoming too clumsy to proact (such as), act and react efficiently, the new network organizations contract out any business function that can be done better or more cheaply. 6. In essence, managers in network structures spend most of their time coordinating and controlling external relations, which is usually done by electronic means. 7. H&M is outsourcing its clothing to a network of 700 suppliers, more than two-thirds of which are based in low-cost Asian countries. 8. Not owning any factories, H&M can be more flexible than many other retailers in lowering its costs, which aligns with its low-cost strategy 22 l. Identifique todos los conectores y subráyelos, luego de la interpretación en español de todas las oraciones 1. Strategic planning is important in the public sector areas such as education. 2. Strategic planning and decision processes should end with objectives and a roadmap of ways to achieve them. 3. One of the core goals when drafting a strategic plan is to develop it in a way that is easily translatable into action plans. 4. Most strategic plans address high level initiatives and over-arching goals, but don’t get articulated (translated) into day-to-day projects and tasks that will be required to achieve the plan. 5. Terminology or word choice, as well as the level a plan is written, are both examples of easy ways to fail at translating your strategic plan in a way that makes sense and is executable to others. 6. Often, plans are filled with conceptual terms; however, they do not tie into day-to-day realities for the staff expected to carry out the plan. 7. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. 8. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. 9. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 10. Starbucks is one of the numerous large organizations that successfully developed the matrix structure supporting their focused strategy. Contador Inglés II Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel

11. Its design combines functional and product based divisions, with employees reporting to two heads 12. Creating a team spirit, the company empowers employees to make their own decisions and train them to develop both hard and soft skills. 13. Some experts also mention the multinational design, common in global companies, such as Procter & Gamble, Toyota and Unilever. 14. This structure can be seen as a complex form of the matrix, as it maintains coordination among products, functions and geographic areas. 15. In general, over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that through the forces of globalization, competition and more demanding customers, the structure of many companies has become flatter, less hierarchical, more fluid and even virtual. m. Identifique todos los gerundios e infinitivos y subráyelos, luego de la interpretación en 23 español de todas las oraciones 1. ―Sales management\" meant management of all marketing activities, including advertising, sales promotion, marketing research, physical distribution, pricing & product merchandising. 2. Sales management is attainment of an organization's sales goals in an effective & efficient manner through planning, staffing, training, leading & controlling organizational resources. 3. Senior sales managers are responsible for translating the overall business plan and marketing plan into a sales plan, using their own strategic analysis. 4. The sales plan should be based on thorough research and a considered positioning of the company within the market place. 5. Some authors recommend (particularly in business to business sales) that a customer portfolio analysis model, modified by an understanding of each customer's purchasing strategy (Fiocca, 1982; Rogers, 2007) should inform the sales plan. 6. A sale planning involves predicting demand, which has a very important knock-on effect on the overall productivity of the company and needs to be as accurate as possible. 7. The detail of the sales plan needs to be closely aligned with customers' buying cycles (Rackham and DeVincentis, 1999). 8. Sales management is concerned with all activities, processes and decisions involved in managing the sales function in an organization. 9. Traditionally, sales performance has been focused on achieving sales volume, which is suitable in a growth economy, but may not suit mature markets. 10.Sales reports are required for investors, partners and government, so the sales management system should have advanced reporting capabilities to satisfy the needs of different stakeholders 11. A business manager may be a specialist in one or more areas: sales, marketing, and public relations; research, operations analysis, data processing, mathematics, statistics, and economics; production; finance; accounting, auditing, tax, and budgeting; purchasing; and personnel. 12. In the context of the music industry, a business manager is a representative of musicians and/or recording artists, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs, and the proper handling of their financial matters. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

n. Lea el texto y luego: 1. Identifique dos pronombres relativos con un círculo y de la interpretación de esas oraciones relativas 2. Identifique dos conectores y subráyelos, luego de su interpretación en español 3. Identifique y resalte dos oraciones condicionales y de su interpretación en español 4. Exprese las definiciones de la declaración de la misión y la declaración de la visión 5. Enumere las características de una efectiva declaración de la visión. Organizations sometimes summarize goals and objectives into a mission statement and/or a vision 24 statement. Others begin with a vision and mission and use them to formulate goals and objectives. While the existence of a shared mission is extremely useful, many strategy specialists question the requirement for a written mission statement. However, there are many models of strategic planning that start with mission statements, so it is useful to examine them here.  A Mission statement tells you the fundamental purpose of the organization. It defines the customer and the critical processes. It informs you of the desired level of performance.  A Vision statement outlines what the organization wants to be, or how it wants the world in which it operates to be. It concentrates on the future. It is a source of inspiration. It provides clear decision-making criteria. An advantage of having a statement is that it creates value for those who get exposed to the statement, and those prospects are managers, employees and sometimes even customers. Statements create a sense of direction and opportunity. They both are an essential part of the strategy-making process. Many people mistake the vision statement for the mission statement, and sometimes one is simply used as a longer term version of the other. The Vision should describe why it is important to achieve the Mission. A Vision statement defines the purpose or broader goal for being in existence or in the business and can remain the same for decades if crafted well. A Mission statement is more specific to what the enterprise can achieve itself. Vision should describe what will be achieved in the wider sphere if the organization and others are successful in achieving their individual missions. A mission statement can resemble a vision statement in a few companies, but that can be a grave mistake. It can confuse people. The mission statement can galvanize the people to achieve defined objectives, even if they are stretch objectives, provided it can be elucidated in SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound) terms. A mission statement provides a path to realize the vision in line with its values. These statements have a direct bearing on the bottom line and success of the organization. Which comes first? The mission statement or the vision statement? That depends. If you have a new start up business, new program or plan to reengineer your current services, then the vision will guide the mission statement and the rest of the strategic plan. If you have an established business where the mission is established, then many times, the mission guides the vision statement and the rest of the strategic plan. Features of an effective vision statement include: Clarity and lack of ambiguity, Vivid and clear picture, Description of a bright future, Memorable and engaging wording, Realistic aspirations and Alignment with organizational values and culture Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

o. Lea el texto y luego: The Concept of Market Segmentation 25 Market segmentation is the division of a market into different groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/service requirements. Or to put it another way, market segmentation is the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which have common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to marketing actions. Market segmentation was first defined as ‗a condition of growth when core markets have already been developed on a generalized basis to the point where additional promotional expenditures are yielding diminishing returns‘ (Smith, 1956). There is now widespread agreement that they form an important foundation for successful marketing strategies and activities (Wind, 1978; Hooley and Saunders, 1993). The purpose of market segmentation is to leverage scarce resources; in other words, to ensure that the elements of the marketing (mix, price, distribution, products and promotion) are designed to meet particular needs of different customer groups. Since companies have finite resources it is not possible to produce all possible products for all the people, all of the time. The best that can be aimed for is to provide selected offerings for selected groups of people, most of the time. This process allows organizations to focus on specific customers‘ needs, in the most efficient and effective way. As Beane and Ennis (1987) eloquently commented, ‗a company with limited resources needs to pick only the best opportunities to pursue‘. The market segmentation concept is related to product differentiation. If you aim at different market segments, you might adapt different variations of your offering to satisfy those segments, and equally if you adapt different versions of your offering, this may appeal to different market segments. Since there is less competition, your approach is less likely to be copied and so either approach will do. An example in the area of fashion retailing might be if you adapt your clothing range so that your skirts are more colourful, use lighter fabrics, and a very short hemline, for instance, this styling is more likely to appeal more to younger women. If alternatively, you decide to target older women, then you might need to change the styling of your skirts to suit them by using darker, heavier fabrics, with a longer hemline. This is exactly what Marks and Spencer (M&S) did to attract a younger female shopper into their M&S stores and compete more directly with Next and Debenhams for share of this market. The company launched a range of female clothing called Per Una, and three years on the fashion range has been a huge success reportedly generating annual sales of nearly £230 m—more than 10 per cent of the total women‘s wear sales at M&S. If you start by adapting new product variants, you are using a product differentiation approach. If you start with the customer‘s needs, you are using a market segmentation approach. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199290437/baines_ch06.pdf 1. ¿A que se refiere la frase “each of which” en el primer párrafo? 2. Complete el cuadro FRASE VERBAL TIEMPO VERBAL VOZ ACTIVA o ESPAÑOL PASIVA? was first defined been have already developed are yielding Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

is now widespread form 3. Complete las oraciones en español en base al texto y usando entre 10 y 20 palabras  El propósito de la segmentación de mercado es asegurar …………………………  El proceso de segmentación permite ……………………………………………………..  Beane y Ennis enunciaron que ……………………………………………………………… 4. Subraye cuatro oraciones condicionales y páselas al español 5. Escriba la idea principal del texto p. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. (conditional clauses) THE ONE ACCOUNT Most people will spend most of their life owing other people money. They do not realize that they can save money (sometimes quite a lot) by consolidating their income, savings and debts into a single bank account. This, of course, is not the traditional way that people run their personal finances, with salaries going into one account, savings into another and a completely different arrangement to pay off the mortgage. The One account allows you to put your savings and borrowings together, keeping the cost of your 26 borrowing to a minimum. When you open a One account, you negotiate an overall borrowing facility that can represent as much as 95% of the value of your home. Once the lending facility has been agreed, you can dip into it whenever you want and, equally important, pay it off however you choose. You must satisfy the bank that you will have repaid the debt by the end of an agreed term, such as 25 years. The main proviso is that you must have repaid the debt by the time you retire. Your salary must be paid into the account and you must pay interest (which is calculated daily) at a current rate. At the same time, the One account is run like an ordinary bank account (you get a chequebook and bank cards and there are no restrictions on the number of withdrawals). Most borrowers have little choice about how to manage mortgage debt, other than to pay regular amounts prescribed by the lender. If they want to pay off capital early, they find that some lenders charge for this, while many of them will not credit any extra capital repayments until the year end. This means that for most of the year interest is being charged as if for a loan that is bigger than the one that actually exists. Where you can really start eating into your debt is by having your salary paid into your mortgage account. As salaries rise – and you can afford to repay more of your debt – the term of what, traditionally, would have been a 25 – year mortgage can be cut quite dramatically. A. Make these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. Underline the part of the text that gives the correct information. Correct the false ones. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

The One account … ___ 1. combines savings and debts in the same account. ___ 2. cuts the cost of borrowing. ___ 3. pays higher interest than other accounts. ___ 4. restricts the amount of money you can use. ___ 5. requires that you pay off your mortgage in fixed regular installments. 6. is only offered to married couples. ___ B. Find a word or phrase in the text that has a similar meaning. 1. money which you deposit with a bank, which earns interest for you. (paragraph 1) s…………….. 2. ongoing opportunity to get extra credit without asking the lender. (paragraph 4) f……………… 3. period of time in which a loan must be repaid. (paragraph 5) t……………. 4. rate of interest which is set at the present time. (paragraph 6) c……………………. r……………… 5. action of taking money from your bank account. (paragraph 6) w………………….. 6. if you can do this, you are able to pay for something because you have enough money. (paragraph 8) a…………………… C. What does this word refer to in the text? 1. their (line 1) 2. you (line 7) 3. it (line 9) 4. they (line 16) 5. them (line 17) q. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. BRAND – STRETCHING 27 Coca – Cola drinkers will soon be able to buy casual clothing that uses the values of the world‘s most popular drink. Coca – Cola is about to launch its own fashion line to reflect the idea that ―consumers feel a special relationship with Coke that relates to more than just the drinking experience‖. Which other brands might stretch easily and which might fail? Mars has successfully produced ice creams branded with the names of its Mars and Snickers candy bars. These are all ―sweet tooth products‖. Couturiers such as Armani and Hugo Boss have moved into cosmetics, fragrances and spectacles, all ―fashion victim products‖. Banks now offer insurance policies, investments, business advice and other financial services. One of the most successful brand – stretchers is Walt Disney, which has added merchandise, shops, books, videos, games and theme parks to its original film – making. The move from making children‘s cartoons to other products using the same figures appears a natural development. Yet these are totally different businesses, there is little in common between making films, running shops and operating a packaged holiday business. Disney‘s success comes from its clear view about what its core brand values are, says one branding specialist, ―Disney is about fun, entertainment, childhood and families doing things together. Any business that deals in those values fits into the brand‖ ―All the evidence is brands stretch best when they come from a high emotional starting point. Disney has this. But packaged goods are more functional everyday brands and it could be a real challenge for Coke to move into a more experiential category such as fashion‖ Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

1 Match 1 – 7 with a – g to form expressions. Una de 1 – 7 con a – g para formar expresiones. 1. casual a. victim 2. fashion b. tooth 3. popular c. services 4. sweet d. experience 5. fashion e. drink 6. financial f. line 7. drinking g. clothing 2 Now match the combinations above with the definitions. Ahora una las combinaciones de arriba con las Definiciones. a. services offered by banks. b. a drink that a lot of people like. c. what you feel when you drink a particular type of drink. d. what you have if you like sweet things. e. a range of fashionable clothes. f . someone who thinks they must always buy the latest fashions. g. clothes you wear at weekends, on holiday, etc. 3. Choose the correct alternative. Elija la alternativa correcta. 28 - “core brand values” significa: a. los valores más importantes. b. los valores menos importantes. c. los valores que no tienen importancia. - Disney ha alcanzado el éxito al extender sus marcas debido a a. un buen gerenciamiento. b. buena suerte. c. sus valores esenciales. - Es opinión del autor que las marcas llegan más a las personas cuando estas parten de sentimientos: a. fuertes. b. promedio. c. débiles. - ¿Con qué se relaciona la palabra “experiential”? a. con experimento. b. con experiencia. c. con expectativa. 4. Answer these questions based on the text. Conteste estas preguntas basadas en el texto. 1. Does the writer think that drinkers of Coke come from a high emotional starting point? 2. Considering your previous answer, is it good or bad for Coca – Cola starting to sell clothes? 3. What is the main difference between people who consume Coca – Cola and the ones who buy Disney Products? 5. Justify in Spanish why these sentences are FALSE Justifique en español porque estas oraciones son falsas 1. Coca Cola consumers do not feel any special relationship with the brand 2. Some couturiers have devoted to clothing 3. Walt Disney found that making films is the only profitable business possible 4. Disney is a synonym of how to entertain children 5. Coke is very successful in the fashion line 6. What do these words refer to? ¿A que hacen referencia estas palabras? 1. That (line 1) 2. Its (line 9) 7. Complete in Spanish Complete en español Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

1. Los bancos ofrecen ……………. 2. Disney ha agregado ……………. r. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. ELECTRONIC CASH Mondex is electronic cash, stored securely in a smart card. For consumers, Mondex offers all the convenience, control and flexibility of cash in the familiar form of a card. Retailers will receive funds immediately without the need for authorisation or settlement when consumers pay for goods and services with a Mondex prepayment card. The receipt of value in a Mondex transaction is as immediate and certain as ordinary cash, but Mondex value can be banked easily at any time of the day or night. Mondex complements credit and debit cards, delivering new levels of efficiency, cost-savings and marketing opportunities for all retailers and service providers. In the new Mondex payment system, monetary value is stored in an Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip known as the electronic purse. Purses are held by all participants in the system – personal cardholders, retailers, service providers and banks. For personal cardholders the purse will be a standard, plastic IC card. This can be loaded with electronic value via a Mondex telephone – bringing a new dimension in money management and electronic cash transactions – or in much be the same way as cash is currently obtained, for example from a cash machine or a bank branch. To check how much money remains on their card, all cardholders will receive a Mondex balance reader – a small lightweight device in the form of a key ring. When paying for goods or services, the exact amount is simply transferred from the card to the retailer’s 29 purse in a Mondex point-of-sale (POS) device. No authorisation or signature is required – just like cash. Telephones will be especially adapted to enable cardholders to access their bank account at any time; to withdraw or pay-in value down the telephone line; order and pay immediately for goods and services from a retailer; send and receive money to or from friends and family. For a retailer, a Mondex telephone means that value can be deposited directly into their account at any time of the day and night. The Mondex wallet will make person-to-person payments possible. Electronic cash can be transferred between any Mondex card and a separate purse held in the wallet. The wallet will also read the balance on the card and / or the wallet as well as maintain a log of the last ten transactions. Mondex electronic purses contain a 4-digit ―lock code‖. By pressing the lock key on devices such as a wallet or telephone, the cardholder’s money is kept secure and their transactions private. A. Use an appropriate word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence. Use una palabra o frase apropiada del cuadro para completar cada oración. convenience deposit service provider POS device security transfer money 1. Electronic money provides more .................................. than cash because the lock function makes it difficult to steal. 2. The .................................. is used by the retailer to receive payment from customers. 3. A company that offers a service is called a .................................. 4. When you pay money into your bank account, we say that you make a ..................................... Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

5. The Mondex system offers .................................. because it is easy to use. Also the wallet and reader are not heavy to carry. 6. Mondex is used to ............................... between personal cardholders as well as from consumers to retailers. B. Match the first half of each sentence with the most appropriate second half. Una la primera mitad de cada oración con la segunda parte que considere más apropiada. 1. Using the Mondex telephone you can withdraw money a. in the IC chip which is known as a purse. 2. Retailers can deposit b. into their account at any time. 3. Retailers can use the Mondex system to receive payment c. to friends and family. 4. The wallet can be used to transfer funds d. from your account. 5. Electronic cash is stored e. from customers. 6. You can send money over the telephone f. between any two personal cardholders. C. Find a word or phrase from the text that has a similar meaning. Encuentre una palabra o frase del texto 30 que tenga un significado similar. 1. amount of money (Paragraph 2) f........................... 2. adds to (paragraph 3) c.............................. 3. cash dispenser (paragraph 5) c.............................. m............................ 4. not heavy (paragraph 6) l................................. 5. record (paragraph 9) l................................ D. Replace the words in italics by one from the text. 1. People can save money if they consolidate their salaries with their debts in a single bank account. (par. 1) 2. The One account gives you a total borrowing facility. (par. 4) 3. Many lenders do not pay into the borrowers’ accounts any extra capital repayments before the year ends. (par. 7) 4. You can pay off more of your debt when you have your salary paid into your mortgage account. (par. 8) t. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. TELEPHONE CRIME British Telecommunications (BT) is mounting a new offensive against the barons of organized telephone crime who are costing it hundreds of millions of pounds annually. Its chief weapon is a new technology that can cut the time to detect and prove fraud from – in some cases – years to minutes. Developed with BT’s former partner, MCI of the US, the system has already been tested by BT’s calling card division, where it has doubled the number of frauds spotted and halved the financial losses. Now it is being deployed across BT’s business services. The level of UK phone crime is hard to assess, but it is costing operators a minimum of $334m a year. Trade organizations put the figure at 55.000 crimes reported, with a similar number of unreported fraudulent calls. And forget youngsters and amateurs: telephone fraud is big – time crime. Some of the UK’s best known villains are defrauding the operators to fund activities ranging from drugs to terrorism, according to Dennis Gotts, head of BT’s investigations unit. ―This is more than stealing 10p from a call box,‖ he says. ―Notorious individuals in the criminal fraternity are involved. They know BT’s network and they know what they are doing‖. Telephone crime can be absurdly easy. Opening an account in a false name and selling calls to international destination before disappearing when the bill is due is one of the simplest. In one case earlier this year, a gang of Tamil sympathizers made 400.000 fraudulent calls to Sri Lanka before they were arrested, convicted and imprisoned. It took BT’s investigators two years to collect the evidence to put the gang on trial. The new system called ―Sheriff‖ will be able to do the job in minutes. Detection involves analysis of hundreds of millions of call records looking for unusual patterns: an unexpectedly large number of calls to a particular number or destination, for example, or calls made at unusual hours or from unusual locations. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

BT’s fraud strategy manager said the company’s services were already protected, but by individual systems. The need was for a single system so fraud alert data could be shared across product lines. Sheriff uses artificial intelligence for analysis and an advanced ―object – orientated‖ data base from Versant, a US company, to provide the speed and reliability needed to sort through a minimum of 120m calls a day on BT’s network. The system ―learns‖ from its experiences, so improving its ability to detect future frauds. BT is considering offering a tailored fraud – detection service to its large corporate customers. A. Read the text and answer the questions. 1. Who pays the bills when there is a telephone crime? 2. Is telephone crime mainly committed by professional criminals or bored youngsters? 3. What is the simplest example of telephone crime mentioned in the text? 4. How does BT plan to protect itself from fraud? 5. How has new technology helped BT solve crimes? B. What do the following figures refer to in the text? 1. $ 334m 2. 55.000 3. 400.000 4. 120m C. Who or what do the underlined words refer to? 1. who are costing (line 1) …………………………………. 2. Its chief weapon (line 2) …………………………………. 3. where it has doubled a number of fraud (line 4) …………………………………. 4. This is more than stealing 10p from a call box (line 9) …………………………………. 5. they know what they are doing (line 11) …………………………………. 6. before they were arrested (line 14) …………………………………. 7. its ability to detect fraud (line 23) …………………………………. 8. to its large corporate customers (line 24) …………………………………. D. Circle the best option to explain what the word or phrases in italics mean. 1. One form of the crime is selling calls to others and then disappearing when the bill is due. a. failing to meet the bill b. repaying the bill c. postponing the payment 31 2. BT experts took two years to find enough evidence to put the gang on trial. a. discover the fraud b. to fight against the telephone crime c. take the criminals to court 3. The company may offer a fraud detection service to each business customers that is tailored. a. easily used b. specially designed for each customer c. widely sold around the world u. Lea el texto y haga las siguientes actividades. The Coca Cola Company. In May, 1886, Coca Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. John Pemberton concocted the Coca Cola formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard. The name was a suggestion given by John Pemberton's bookkeeper Frank Robinson. Birth of Coca Cola Being a bookkeeper, Frank Robinson also had excellent penmanship. It was he who first scripted \"Coca Cola\" into the flowing letters which has become the famous logo of today. The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta on May 8, 1886. About nine servings of the soft drink were sold each day. Sales for that first year added up to a total of about $50. The funny thing was that it cost John Pemberton over $70 in expenses, so the first year of sales were a loss. Until 1905, the soft drink, marketed as a tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as the caffeine-rich kola nut. Asa Candler In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler bought the formula for Coca Cola from inventor John Pemberton for $2,300. By the late 1890s, Coca Cola was one of America's most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candler's aggressive marketing of the product. With Asa Candler, now at the helm, the Coca Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

Advertising was an important factor in John Pemberton and Asa Candler's success and by the turn of 32 the century, the drink was sold across the United States and Canada. Around the same time, the company began selling syrup to independent bottling companies licensed to sell the drink. Even today, the US soft drink industry is organized on this principle. Death of the Soda Fountain - Rise of the Bottling Industry Until the 1960s, both small town and big city dwellers enjoyed carbonated beverages at the local soda fountain or ice cream saloon. Often housed in the drug store, the soda fountain counter served as a meeting place for people of all ages. Often combined with lunch counters, the soda fountain declined in popularity as commercial ice cream, bottled soft drinks, and fast food restaurants became popular. Soda fountain: negocio donde se venden gaseosas, helados, jugos de frutas, etc. New Coke On April 23, 1985, the trade secret \"New Coke\" formula was released. Today, products of the Coca Cola Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day. In 1969, The Coca Cola Company and its advertising agency, McCann-Erickson, ended their popular \"Things Go Better With Coke\" campaign, replacing it with a campaign that centered on the slogan \"It's the Real Thing.\" Beginning with a hit song, the new campaign featured what proved to be one of the most popular ads ever created. I'd Like to Buy The World a Coke The song \"I'd Like to Buy The World a Coke\" had its origins on January 18, 1971, in a fog. Bill Backer, the creative director on the Coca-Cola account for McCann-Erickson, was traveling to London to join two other songwriters, Billy Davis and Roger Cook, to write and arrange several radio commercials for The Coca-Cola Company that would be recorded by the popular singing group the New Seekers. As the plane approached Great Britain, heavy fog at London's Heathrow Airport forced it to land instead at Shannon Airport, Ireland. The very angry passengers were obliged to share rooms at the one hotel available in Shannon or to sleep at the airport. Tensions and tempers ran high. The next morning, as the passengers gathered in the airport coffee shop awaiting clearance to fly, Backer noticed that several who had been among the most irate were now laughing and sharing stories over bottles of Coke. 1. ¿A que se refieren estas palabras? + his + who + which + it 2. Responda: a.- ¿Cuál fue el origen de la empresa y de su nombre? + inventor + fecha + lugar +nombre dado por + logo + fecha +resultado b.- ¿Cómo resultaron las ventas el primer año? + primer punto de venta (negocio) + ciudad c.- Escriba la historia de la Coca Cola desde el día en que se vendió la formula a Asa Candler. v. How is Inflation Measured? (1)Inflation is measured by the Retail Price Index (RPI). (2)This is like a huge shopping trolley which government inspectors take round the shops every month. They fill it with a representative sample of all the goods and services that people typically buy. (3)Inflation is given as an index number. This means the first year’s calculation is set at 100, and every year after is measured in relation to that. So if 1990 = 100, and 2000 = 110, we know instantly that prices have risen 10% over the 10 years. This is just a way of making the data quicker to understand. (4)The RPI isn't the only measure of inflation. There is also RPI(X) which excludes mortgage repayments, and RPI(Y) which excludes indirect taxes (VAT and duties such as fuel duty). The RPI is a good measurement but not 100% accurate, so it is possible sometimes that the government under- or over-reacts to inflation data. What’s Wrong With Inflation? Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

It’s a matter of degree; 25% inflation is much worse than 5% inflation. (5) Some countries (eg Russia and Serbia) have recently had hyper-inflation with prices rising by up to 1000%! Low inflation, such as the 2% or so the UK has at present, is not a real problem. (6)If there is inflation, you’re better off spending the money now before it loses its value. (7) If there is inflation, workers will want pay rises. Consumption now rises at the expense of consumption later; savings are money you plan to spend later. £10 000 borrowed now will buy lots of things, and by the time you repay it in a few year’s time, the £10 000 is worth less. En las oraciones subrayadas encuentre:  1 oración condicional  1 oración Presente Simple  1 oración Presente Perfecto  1 oración Voz Pasiva  1 oración relativa Realice la interpretación de los 3 primeros párrafos TUTORIAS EVALUACIONES I.C.E. N°1 Criterios: Claridad en la escritura Uso de términos técnicos Pulcritud y orden en la present Coherencia y cohesión Comprensión consignas Ortografía (se descuenta 1p cada 5 errores ortogr) Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to 33 accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the management‘s act(s). Mary Follett defined management as \"the art of getting things done through people\". She also described management as philosophy. a. Encuentre en el texto un ejemplo de las siguientes frases y complete el cuadro FÓRMULAS FRASES PUNTAJE (0,30) ESPAÑOL PUNTAJE (0,70) Sust + conj + sust Pron dem + verbo Presente Simple Adj comparativo Pron + adv + verbo Presente Simple Caso posesivo Adj + adj + sust Verbo Pasado Simple  Elija la mejor opcion que enuncie la idea principal del texto (2p) El texto trata sobre: a. Mary Follet definió la palabra ―administración‖ b. La administración se refiere a planeamiento, organización, liderazgo y control de una organización c. La palabra ―administración‖ tiene varias definiciones Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

I.C.E. N°2 Criterios: Claridad en la escritura Uso de términos técnicos Pulcritud y orden en la present Coherencia y cohesión Comprensión consignas Ortografía (se descuenta 1p cada 5 errores ortogr) A. Encuentre en las oraciones los verbos y transcríbalos donde corresponda a. Many organizations produce mountains of cost data. b. They are generally providing management with little information on cost and performance. c. In many organizations, the management will doubt the traditional cost figures d. Financial accounting produced the kind of official financial statements required in their country. e. In these statements, product costing may be incorrect. TIEMPO VERBAL FRASE VERBAL Presente simple Pasado simple Presente Continuo Pasado Continuo Verbo defectivo + verbo infinitivo Presente perfecto Pasado Perfecto B. Pase estas oraciones relativas al español 34 1. Sometimes there was also reference to a fourth sector, the informal sector, where informal exchanges took place between family and friends. 2. The community sector includes those organizations which are active on a local or community level, usually small, modestly funded and largely dependent on voluntary effort and not on any payment. 3. The UK's National Council for Voluntary Organizations describes the voluntary sector that includes many small formal and informal organizations. 4. According to the UK government's definition, the social enterprise sector includes organizations which \"are businesses with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose in the business or in the community. I.C.E. N°3 Criterios: Claridad en la escritura Uso de términos técnicos Pulcritud y orden en la present Coherencia y cohesión Comprensión consignas Ortografía (se descuenta 1p cada 5 errores ortogr) ELIJA LA MEJOR OPCION 1. Unemployment occurs when a person is available and willing to work but currently without work Lo subrayado es: a. Pronombre relativo b. preposición + verbos c. oración relativa 2. The unemployment‘s prevalence is usually measured using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed Lo subrayado es: a. verbo b. caso posesivo c. articulo + sustantivos 3. Structural unemployment involves mismatches between demand and supply of laborers with the necessary skill set, sometimes induced by disruptive technologies or globalization Lo subrayado es: a. verbo en presente simple b. verbo en pasado simple c. sustantivo 4. Others have pointed some structural problems and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets. Lo subrayado es: a. verbo en presente simple b. verbo en pasado simple c. verbo en presente perfecto 5. Keynesian economics emphasizes unemployment which results from insufficient effective demand for goods and services in the economy. b. preposición + verbos c. oración relativa Lo subrayado es: a. Pronombre relativo Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

6. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, whereas involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. Esta oracion expresa: a. La diferencia en la estructura del mercado b. Los diferentes medio ambientes c. La diferencia entre desempleo voluntario e involuntario 7. On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment, are largely involuntary in nature La mejor interpretación de esta oración es: a. por la otra mano, el desempleo cíclico, estructural y clásico son largamente involuntarios dentro de la naturaleza b. por la otra mano, los cíclico, estructural y clásico desempleos son largamente involuntarios por naturaleza c. por otro lado, el desempleo cíclico, estructural y clásico son grandemente involuntarios por naturaleza 8. Real-world unemployment may combine different types. La mejor interpretación de esta oración es: a. El desempleo en el mundo real puede combinar varios tipos b. El desempleo en el mundo real combino varios tipos c. El desempleo en el mundo real combinaría varios tipos 9. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the 35 past. La idea central de esta oración es que: a. El desempleo estructural nunca reflexiona sobre el desempleo b. La relaciones entre el desempleo y las selecciones hechas por los desempleados c. La importancia del desempleo 10. The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those where there are fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers Acá no se menciona que el desempleo involuntario: a. Ocurre cuando hay menos vacantes que cantidad de desempleados b. Causa ajuste de salarios c. Relaciona los desempleados y las vacantes I.C.E. N°4 Criterios: Claridad en la escritura Uso de términos técnicos Pulcritud y orden en la present Coherencia y cohesión Comprensión consignas Ortografía (se descuenta 1p cada 5 errores ortogr) Total 1p THE HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Managers responsible for personnel matters were asked to rate management-employee relations on a seven- point scale, ranging from very good to very poor. Six different aspects of Human Resources Management were analyzed:  The role of the personnel manager  Industrial relations procedures  Payment systems  Work flexibility  Employee involvement  Status of the workforce Human Resources Management specialists will not like the results. Systems which link pay to performance of either the individual worker or the individual company have grown rapidly in the past few years. Now a quarter of all workplaces have job evaluation schemes and merit pay. And half have some form of profit sharing or employee share ownership scheme. Yet not one of these systems appears to improve employee- management relations. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

Human Resources Management workplaces are more likely to treat their manual and non-manual employees in a similar way – the ―single status‖ policy. We studied seven different aspects of such policies covering, for example, pay, clocking-on, the availability of free or cheap meals, and pensions. On all but one of these indicators of single status, companies which practiced them had worse industrial relations than those that did not. We also studied how union strength and structure influences relations between management and labour. A weak union is the worst of all worlds. Workplaces with strong unions and those without unions both have better relations than workplaces where management simply recognizes the union for collective bargaining. Conteste en español en base al texto usando entre 10 y 20 palabras (9p) a. Which aspects did managers analyze? a. What had happened to systems where pay and performance are related? b. What is the difference in treatment between manual and non-manual workers? Recuperatorio I.C.E. Criterios: Claridad en la escritura Uso de términos técnicos Pulcritud y orden en la present Coherencia y cohesión Comprensión consignas Ortografía (se descuenta 1p cada 5 errores ortogr) Recuerde  Se le darán 20 minutos de capilla (puede usar diccionario) para que lea y responda las preguntas que acompañan al texto. Luego pasa a explicar sus respuestas y en ese momento se le harán 3 preguntas más para chequear la comprensión de la totalidad del texto. Primary sector of the economy 36 The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries. The manufacturing industries that aggregate, pack, package, purify or process the raw materials close to the primary producers are normally considered part of this sector, especially if the raw material is unsuitable for sale or difficult to transport long distances Agriculture In developed countries primary industry becomes more developed and more high-tech, for instance the mechanization of arable farming opposed to hand picking and planting. In the United States corn belt, combine harvesters pick the corn, and spray systems distribute large amounts of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides thus proving that the more developed an economy, the higher the capital that is invested. These technological advances and investment allow the primary sector to require less workforce and, this way, developed countries tend to have a smaller percentage of their workforce involved in primary activities, instead they have a higher percentage involved in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Developed countries are allowed to maintain and develop their primary industries even further due to the excess wealth. For instance, European Union subsidies in Europe provided buffers for the fluctuating inflation rates and prices of agricultural produce. This allows developed countries to be able to export their agricultural products at extraordinarily low prices, making them extremely competitive against those of poor or underdeveloped countries that maintain free market policies and low or inexistent tariffs to counter them. Secondary sector of the economy The Secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors which create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry. Many of these industries consume large quantities of energy and require factories and machinery to convert the raw materials into goods and products. They also produce waste materials and waste heat that may pose environmental problems or cause pollution. Some economists contrast wealth-producing sectors in an economy such as manufacturing with the service sector which tends to be wealth-consuming. Examples of service may include retail, insurance, and government. These economists contend that an economy begins to decline as its wealth-producing sector shrinks. Manufacturing is an important activity to promote economic growth and development. Nations which are exporting manufactured products tend to generate higher marginal GDP growth which supports higher incomes and marginal tax revenue needed to fund the quality of life initiatives such as health care and infrastructure in the economy. The field has also been an important source for engineering job opportunities. Among developed countries, it has been an important source of well paying jobs for the middle class to facilitate greater social mobility for successive generations in an economy. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

Conteste: a. What is included in the primary sector of the economy? b. Give examples of the uses of high technology in developed countries. CRITERIOS DE EVALUACION PUNTAJE Pregunta 1 Pregunta 2 Pregunta 3 Pregunta 4 Pregunta 5 Coherencia y cohesión 4 CUATRO Autonomía en la 2 DOS interpretación 5 CINCO Claridad de conceptos 3 TRES Expresión oral/ escrita 3 TRES correcta 3 TRES Uso de términos técnicos Completa la tarea TOTAL PARCIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE LA CUENCA DEL PLATA MODELO Facultad de Ciencias Económicas – INGLES II Parcial N°1 Nombre y Apellido del alumno: ……………………… COMISIÓN: “U” FECHA: …….. Prof: Esp. Alicia Canevaro Contenidos: a) Área de lecto-comprensión. - Revisión de destrezas lectoras estratégicas adquiridas en Inglés I: - Revisión de competencias discursivas: identificación y comprensión de referentes personales y objetivos. - Análisis de grupos de párrafos como integrantes de un texto. - Partes de un texto: identificación de: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión del texto. 37 - Reconocimiento de ideas generales y específicas - Reconocimiento de tema e ideas principales de párrafos y textos. b) Área estructural - Revisión de las partes de la oración y categorías de palabras - Nexos lógicos que denotan: aposición, enumeración, resumen, resultado, inferencia, reformulación, contraste, concesión. - Oraciones Relativas: reconocimiento e interpretación. - Tiempos Perfectos (voz activa y voz pasiva) Criterios de Evaluación: 1.Capacidad de aplicar los conceptos desarrollados a situaciones nuevas (textos) 2. Capacidad de análisis del texto presentado 3. Producción escrita clara, prolija y adecuada 4. Uso de vocabulario técnico y especifico de la carrera 5. Coherencia y cohesión en la expresión escrita 6. Comprensión de consignas. Recuerde: Aspectos del lenguaje  El examen deberá ser entregado completo y escrito con tinta negra o azul.  Se restarán 0,50 cent. por falta de coherencia textual  Se restarán 0,50 cent. por faltas de ortografía  Se restarán 0,50 cent. cuando el texto producido resulte ilegible  Respuestas que reflejen una idea confusa / imprecisa serán invalidadas.  Ante un comportamiento sospechoso por parte del alumno, el Profesor podrá retirar el examen y tomar las medidas que considere pertinentes a tal eventualidad. a. Consignas Conceptuales: (0,50p c/u) 1. Identifique en el texto sus partes (titulo, subtitulo, fuente, fecha de producción) 2. Enuncie que tipo de oración es la subrayada y diga cuales otros conectores se usan para este tipo de oración: In many such jurisdictions, only a registered association is a juristic person whose membership is not responsible for the financial acts of the association. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

b. Consignas Problematizadoras/Reflexivas: (1p c/u) Aplicando los conocimientos aprendidos, identifique en el texto las respuestas a estas preguntas e interprételas en español utilizando más de 10 palabras: 1. Conceptualize the term ―union‖ 2. Give one example of some requirements and state at least one requirement for a union in Argentina. 3. Why do they ask to register the associations? 4. What are the characteristics of the collectives? 5. Compare collectives and cooperatives. c. Consignas Conceptuales: (1p c/u) a- Interprete la parte del texto correspondiente y complete en español (más de 8 palabras): 1. El registro de asociaciones no es un control político, sino ......................... 2. Una sociedad colectiva es …………………………….. 3. Una comunidad intencional o comuna es ……………………………………. 4. Emile Durkheim fue un teórico francés ……………………………… Voluntary Association 38 A voluntary association or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. Strictly speaking in many jurisdictions no formalities are necessary to start an association. In some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association. Some jurisdictions require that the association register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence. This is not necessarily a tool of political control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud. In many such jurisdictions, only a registered association is a juristic person whose membership is not responsible for the financial acts of the association. Any group of persons may, of course, work as an association but in such case, the persons making a transaction in the name of the association are all responsible for it. A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together on a specific project(s) to achieve a common objective. Collectives are also characterized by attempts to share and exercise political and social power and to make decisions on a consensus-driven and egalitarian basis. Collectives differ from cooperatives in that they are not necessarily focused upon an economic benefit or saving (but can be that as well). A commune or intentional community, which may also be known as a \"collective household\", is a group of people who live together in some kind of dwelling or residence, or in some other arrangement (e.g. sharing land). Collective households may be organized for a specific purpose (e.g. relating to business, parenting, or some other shared interest). Collective consciousness is a term created by French social theorist Émile Durkheim that describes how an entire community comes together to share similar values. The term \"collective\" is sometimes used to describe a species as a whole—for example, the \"human collective‖ This page was last modified on 24 April 2011 at 20:56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

UNIVERSIDAD DE LA CUENCA DEL PLATA MODELO Facultad de Ciencias Económicas – INGLES II Parcial N°2 Nombre y Apellido del alumno: ……………………… COMISIÓN: “U” FECHA: …….. Prof: Esp. Alicia Canevaro Contenidos: c) Área de lecto-comprensión. - Revisión de destrezas lectoras estratégicas adquiridas en Inglés I: - Revisión de competencias discursivas: identificación y comprensión de referentes personales y objetivos. - Análisis de grupos de párrafos como integrantes de un texto. - Partes de un texto: identificación de: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión del texto. - Reconocimiento de ideas generales y específicas - Reconocimiento de tema e ideas principales de párrafos y textos. d) Área estructural - Revisión de las partes de la oración y categorías de palabras - Nexos lógicos que denotan: aposición, enumeración, resumen, resultado, inferencia, reformulación, contraste, concesión. - Oraciones Relativas: reconocimiento e interpretación. - Tiempos Perfectos (voz activa y voz pasiva) Criterios de Evaluación: 1.Capacidad de aplicar los conceptos desarrollados a situaciones nuevas (textos) 2. Capacidad de análisis del texto presentado 3. Producción escrita clara, prolija y adecuada 4. Uso de vocabulario técnico y especifico de la carrera 5. Coherencia y cohesión en la expresión escrita 6. Comprensión de consignas. Recuerde: Aspectos del lenguaje  El examen deberá ser entregado completo y escrito con tinta negra o azul. 39  Se restarán 0,50 cent. por falta de coherencia textual  Se restarán 0,50 cent. por faltas de ortografía  Se restarán 0,50 cent. cuando el texto producido resulte ilegible  Respuestas que reflejen una idea confusa / imprecisa serán invalidadas.  Ante un comportamiento sospechoso por parte del alumno, el Profesor podrá retirar el examen y tomar las medidas que consider e pertinentes a tal eventualidad. a. Consignas Conceptuales: (0,50p c/u) 1. Identifique en el texto sus partes (título, subtítulo/s y fuente) 2. Enuncie el tiempo de verbo predominante. b. Consigna Problematizadora / Reflexiva: (1p c/u) Indique porque las siguientes oraciones son Falsas, justifíquelas en español usando entre 14 y 25 palabras 1. There only four types of climate with no varieties in them. Hay solo cuatro tipos de clima sin ninguna variedad dentro de ellos. 2. The region with sub-tropical climate has a dry season. La región con clima sub-tropical tiene una temporada seca. 3. The tropical region includes the provinces of Chaco, Formosa, Tucumán. Santiago del Estero and Santa Fe. La región tropical incluye las provincias de Chaco, Formosa, Tucumán. Santiago del Estero y Santa Fe 4. Buenos Aires suffers the influence of the ocean. Buenos Aires sufre la influencia del océano. 5. The arid steppe climate is found in the South of Mendoza. El clima de estepa árida se encuentra en el sur de Mendoza. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

c. Consigna Conceptual: (1p c/u) Identifique, interprete la parte del texto correspondiente y complete en español (más de 10 palabras): 1. El área montañosa del Noroeste………………………………. 2. Los climas áridos están ………………………. d. Consigna Conceptual / Reflexiva: (1p c/u) Identifique e indique a qué hacen referencia las palabras subrayadas del texto. Responda en español. 1- Its (linea 2 ) 2- their (linea 18) 0 Climate in Argentina 40 1 The main types of climate in Argentina are four: warm, moderate, arid and cold. The extension 2 of the territory and the features of its relief determine the existence of varieties in each of the 3 mentioned types. 4 Among the warm climates are the subtropical with no dry season, which comprises the provinces 5 of Misiones and Corrientes, the northern area of Entre Ríos and the eastern section of the Chaco 6 region. Its main features are high temperatures and abundant rainfall the whole year round. The 7 tropical one has a dry season, and it comprises part of Salta, the west of Formosa and Chaco, 8 the eastern plains of Tucumán, nearly the whole of Santiago del Estero and the NW Santa Fe. It 9 is of similar features to the previous one, with a difference in that there is a dry season in the 10 first half of the year. Up NW, the mountainous area that includes the sub–Andean hills, its 11 valleys and gullies, is considered to have tropical highland climate. 12 The area of moderate climates includes the province of Buenos Aires, a large area of Entre Rios, 13 centre and south of Santa Fe, the eastern strip of Cordoba and a part to the NE of La Pampa. 14 Among these climates it is the area of the moderate pampeano climate, featuring especially the 15 banks of the Paraná and La Plata rivers. Along the edge bordering the subtropical climate is the 16 moderate variety with no winter season, characterized by the lack of a definite cold period. The 17 moderate climate, with an ocean influence, is located in the Buenos Aires Province littoral, in Mar 18 del Plata and Necochea area, where the influence of the sea brings moderate temperature. 19 The arid climates are in high plateau called La Puna, Catamarca's Andes, La Rioja and San Juan, 20 the neighboring pre–Andean area and Patagonia extra–Andean. Among their main varieties 21 there is the arid mountain climate, in the high plateau and the Andes, from Catamarca down to 22 Mendoza. To the east of the arid Andes there is the arid climate of the hills and fields, which 23 roughly involves the area of the Pampas hills. The arid steppe climate stretches down to the 24 south of the region of hills and plains; to the west, it ends at the foot of the mountain chain and 25 loses its aridity in the south of Mendoza; to the east it borders the transition belt and to the 26 south, between 40º and 42º south parallels, the transformation of the thermal system derives 27 into another type of climate: the Patagonian cold arid climate. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

UNIVERSIDAD DE LA CUENCA DEL PLATA MODELO Facultad de Ciencias Económicas – INGLES II Recuperatorio de Parciales Nombre y Apellido del alumno: ……………………… COMISIÓN: “U” FECHA: …….. Prof: Esp. Alicia Canevaro Contenidos: e) Área de lecto-comprensión. - Revisión de destrezas lectoras estratégicas adquiridas en Inglés I: - Revisión de competencias discursivas: identificación y comprensión de referentes personales y objetivos. - Análisis de grupos de párrafos como integrantes de un texto. - Partes de un texto: identificación de: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión del texto. - Reconocimiento de ideas generales y específicas - Reconocimiento de tema e ideas principales de párrafos y textos. f) Área estructural - Revisión de las partes de la oración y categorías de palabras - Nexos lógicos que denotan: aposición, enumeración, resumen, resultado, inferencia, reformulación, contraste, concesión. - Oraciones Relativas: reconocimiento e interpretación. - Tiempos Perfectos (voz activa y voz pasiva) Criterios de Evaluación: 1.Capacidad de aplicar los conceptos desarrollados a situaciones nuevas (textos) 2. Capacidad de análisis del texto presentado 3. Producción escrita clara, prolija y adecuada 4. Uso de vocabulario técnico y especifico de la carrera 5. Coherencia y cohesión en la expresión escrita 6. Comprensión de consignas. Recuerde: Aspectos del lenguaje  El examen deberá ser entregado completo y escrito con tinta negra o azul. 41  Se restarán 0,50 cent. por falta de coherencia textual  Se restarán 0,50 cent. por faltas de ortografía  Se restarán 0,50 cent. cuando el texto producido resulte ilegible  Respuestas que reflejen una idea confusa / imprecisa serán invalidadas.  Ante un comportamiento sospechoso por parte del alumno, el Profesor podrá retirar el examen y tomar las medidas que considere pertinentes a tal eventualidad. a. Consignas Conceptuales: (0,50p c/u) 1. Identifique en el texto sus partes (título, subtítulo/s y fuente) 2. Enuncie el tiempo de verbo predominante. b. Consignas Problematizadoras/Reflexivas: (1p c/u) b.1. Aplicando los conocimientos aprendidos, encuentre en el texto las respuestas a estas preguntas e interprételas en español utilizando más de 10 palabras: 1. What does cost accounting establish? 2. Which are all the different managerial accounting approaches? 3. When and why did cost accounting originate? b.2. Indique porque las siguientes oraciones son Falsas, justifíquelas en español usando entre 14 y 25 palabras 1. Cost accounting follows standards because managers use it externally. 2. In this century, fixed costs are as important as the other costs of a product Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II

c. Consignas Conceptuales / Reflexivas: (1p c/u) c.1. Identifique e indique a qué hacen referencia las palabras subrayadas del texto. Responda en español. 1. its (línea 5) 2. which (línea 31) c.2. Dar la idea general del texto en español en una oración de entre 15 y 20 palabras (2p) Cost Accounting 42 By Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. In management accounting, cost accounting establishes budget and actual cost of operations, processes, departments or product and the analysis of variances, profitability or social use of funds. Managers use cost accounting to support decision-making to cut a company's costs and improve profitability. As a form of management accounting, cost accounting need not to follow standards because its primary use is for internal managers, rather than outside users, and what to compute is instead decided pragmatically. Costs are measured in units of nominal currency by convention. Cost accounting can be viewed as translating the supply chain (the series of events in the production process that, in concert, result in a product) into financial values. There are various managerial accounting approaches:  standardized or standard cost accounting  lean accounting  activity-based costing  resource consumption accounting  throughput accounting  marginal costing/cost-volume-profit analysis Classical cost elements are: 1. raw materials 2. labor 3. indirect expenses/overhead Origins Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the costs of running a business. Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution, when the complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions. In the early industrial age, most of the costs incurred by a business were what modern accountants call \"variable costs\" because they varied directly with the amount of production. Money was spent on labor, raw materials, power to run a factory, etc. in direct proportion to production. Managers could simply total the variable costs for a product and use this as a rough guide for decision-making processes. Some costs tend to remain the same even during busy periods, unlike variable costs, which rise and fall with volume of work. Over time, the importance of these \"fixed costs\" has become more important to managers. In the early twentieth century, these costs were of little importance to most businesses. However, in the twenty-first century, these costs are often more important than the variable cost of a product, and allocating them to a broad range of products can lead to bad decision making. Managers must understand fixed costs in order to make decisions about products and pricing. http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Cost_accounting.html  This page was last modified on 26 July 2013 at 14:36. Prof. A. Canevaro, Murphy, Wendel Contador Inglés II