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Raghad Abbadi ARE 4600 by Hochschule Anhalt (FH) is a university in Germany. There are few campuses of the university. One location, in Dessau, the Campus Dessau. It at he Bauhaus building, that was founded in 1919. In Dessau, is known of its boxy central building. https://www.hs-anhalt.de/leben/dessau.html https://www.hs-anhalt.de/en/life/dessau/housing/residence-halls.html#panel1-Foot The five-floor residence hall in Dessau’s district Ziebigk is surrounded by greenery and has over 65 individual apartments and 32 single rooms with their own bathroom and a common kitchen. The residence hall’s rooms are between 11.6 and 20.5 m². All rooms are furnished. The cost for accessing the university’s data network is already included in rent. Bicycle rooms, washing machines, and dryers are located in the basement. There is a sufficient number of free parking spots on the property. Anhalt University’s teaching and administration area is only 10 minutes away foot, and Dessau’s city center is only 20 minutes away. The Bauhaus College, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, Europe.



THE BAUHAUS The Bauhaus: ABDULLAH ABDULLAH ARE 4600 Weimar (1919 to 1925) Dessau (1925 to 1932) Masters’ Houses Berlin (1932 to 1933). by Walter Gropius War 1932: The destruction Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky

THE DGNB Building Research Establish- ment Environmental Assess- German Sustainable Building Council ment Method Criteria 1. Environmental quality LEED VS DGNB 2. Economic quality LEED is based percentages whereas BREEAM relies on quantitative 3. Sociocultural and functional quality 4. Technical quality BREEAM Standards 5. Process quality DGNB System

ARE 4600 - MIES VAN DE ROHE - RESEARCH GARRETT ANDERSON | PROF. ANTHONY DENZER 1/26/2021 Mies van de Rohe was the 3rd and final director When Mies immigrated to the U.S he brought of the Bauhaus. Although Mies was the final di- with him a new viewpoint on modern archi- rector of the Bauhaus and was there until it was tecture which he used to create skyscraper closed in 1933 he was more well know for the designs that would last for decades. When he buildings he designed and his role as head of the was hired at (IIC) he was responsible for rede- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIC) after he im- signing the new campus their. Another fa- migrated to the United States. mous design of his was the Farnsworth house which some of us may have already had some exposure to from previous classes. The Bauhaus was a school for students Although Mies tenure at the Bauhaus was for studying in the applied arts, design, and only a short period of time, his ideas were in- architecture. It was found in Weimar spiration to many of his colleagues and others Germany in 1919 and was closed in 1933 that attended the Bauhaus. With the rise of at its final location in Berlin. The first di- the Nazi Regime in Germany many of these rector who was also the founder was colleagues and Mies himself moved to the U.S Walter Gropius who held the position bringing with them a whole new era of Archi- until 1927 when he resigned. He was tecture. Although Mies was an architect he followed by Hannes Meyer who after created different pieces of furniture that are only 3 short years as director was asked still sold today. Mies not being fixated on one to resign due to his political views. In singular form of design weather it be architec- 1930 Hannes was replaced by Ludwig ture or even furniture is exactly the idea be- Mies van der Rohe, he held the position hind the creation of the Bauhaus and why alt- as director until the Nazi regime closed hough his time there as director was short it the school in 1933. Mies also was re- was verry impactful to its story and its recon- sponsible for fronting the costs of the struction here in the U.S. construction of the Bauhaus when it was rebuilt in Berlin.

Bauhaus Building Culture in Germany : Dessau : 1919– 1933, ended due to WWII when instructors and students fled Germany. German architecture is known for its use of timber and brick. Located in east-central Germany, The “House of Building” was established to end the Many influences still rise from the Medieval castles that resemble that of Dessau was believed to began in 1203 schism. storybooks. along the Mulde River. Rejected the Arts and Crafts movement. The styles vary drastically from region to region. Focused on the idea of functional design for large For many centuries the city housed University Culture in Europe : royalty of the time and still displays group of society. many of the castles left from the past. Faculty was specialized to teach a well-rounded Across Germany the culture is very strict and by the book. Currently, Dessau is still a heavily This can be more relaxed depending on the region in variety of skills. Europe. industrial city. Workshops were two fold in theory and techniques. The climate consists of a short, mild The class environment is fast paced and meant to be self- summer and a long, cold winter. The 3 leaders of the Bauhaus: Gropius, Meyer, and driven. Mies. terrain is significantly flat with Attendance is cheap but generally placed independently surrounding croplands. New Bauhaus in Chicago. 1937. on the individual. Women were permitted to attend. Dessau’s culture is greatly influenced Characterized by intense geometric and elegant Universities are education focused only, with little-to-no by the arts and the industries. forms that provided function for purpose. University-ran housing or organizations. Precedent : Program Analysis : Hangzhou Olympic Circulation should provide social interactions with an inviting feel. Darbi Buckmiller Sports Experimental Class space should be adaptive to allow for change in curriculum ARE 4600—Denzer P1 1-29-21 Primary School and hands –on work. 2020 Housing should invoke the spread of idea outside of the classrooms. 95150 sq meters

ARE 4600 - SITE ANALYSIS MANUEL ALEJANDRO CABRERA RODAS | ANTHONY DENZER DEMOGRAPHICS TRANSPORTATION TOPOGRAPHY SUN DIAGRAM CITY PLAN BUSINESS DENSITY LANDMARKS CITY CENTER HOTELS

Modern Architecture Components Walter Gropius Gropius valued clear and organic architecture • Lacking Ornament as opposed to the “flashy” classic style that • Abstract was being used at the time • Lightweight • Emphasis on Geometry (horizontal lines) Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe • Structure sometimes separated from envelope (as seen in the US Embassy in Athens) Mies was another modern • Transparency architect at the time and was • Repetition brought together with Gropi- • Emphasis on flat, broad roofs us by their mutual teacher, Peter Behrens Wiesner Building Campus building designed with modern style of architecture • Horizontal Lines • Abstract • Lacking Ornament

European Culture and Education Education Ally Carlo | ARE 4600 | Professor Denzer | January 29,2021  Their public education system has came in the top 25% in 2016 Dessau is a vibrant city who has a strong The Germans are very proud people. When we think of Ger-  Students choose a career path as soon as 6th grade industrial background building gas motors and many we think about their famous beer and Oktober fest,  23 of the universities are in the top 200 full metal airplanes. Besides the Bauhaus, sausages and cars, but there are so many other great aspects Dessau is also known for it’s outdoor lifestyle of the German culture.  All are free as of 2014 and within the city. Fun Fact Entertainment  Germans are the 2nd largest beer consumers in Europe (Czech Outdoor Lifestyle  47% involved in sports of some kind #1)  You can travel by bike almost everywhere  Soccer is the most popular sport  Public transportation must (there is the Autobahn, U-Bahn (subway),  45% of Germans read a book at least once a week S-Bahn (overground)  For comparison, Americans typically read 7 minutes  The Elbe and Mulde Rivers run through a day (not even a book) town.  Music is very important, especially classical  Colleges are lecture focused with 1-2 major assignments  UNESCO Biosphere Reserve  Rock am Ring Festival is a major music festival in  No gen eds, meaning switch majors is hard  Downtown life based around them June  Campus is only for learning, no dorms, no Greek life  No sports through the colleges and university Social Life  Tons of playground and parks scattered for children The People  Theater life is a highlight  High numbers of immigration Elbe River  Opera, musicals and classics  From Turkey, Russia, Greece, Poland and Albania  Jazz and modern readings  They take care of each other  Some parties held by “unikomplex” (it’s like  Very organized and punctual if Campus Life hosted a party in the union)  The main religion is Christianity (not as religious as  Tons of castles to explore Americans)  Drive to Leipzig known as “Little Berlin” (1  Work life balance is very important hour away)* German Opera Rock am Ring  Drive to Berlin for the big city feel Night Festival (1.5 hours away)* * Some students of the Bauhaus live in these cities and commute.

Mies van der Rohe Effect on the Bauhaus Tyler Dahl Mies Van der Rohe was appointed the head of the Bauhaus in 1930. Hannes Meyer was dismissed ARE4600 as director by the mayor of Dessau after, alleged- ly, politicizing many of his students with his polit- His Life: Seagram Building (1958) ical views. Mies was appointed to be the apoliti- cal leader that would keep the Bauhaus out of hot Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was born in Aachen, Ger- Barcelona Pavilion (1929) water. Mies did this in a way many described as many in 1886. Mies began his career as an “authoritarian.” All students were interviewed apprentice to Aachen’s architects at the Farnsworth House (1951) and threatened with expulsion, all political discus- early age of 15. His first independent sion was outlawed, and no rowdy behaviour was commission came in his early twenties and to be tolerated on campus or in town. With it, most of his early work was residential. As came a return to architecture in the instruction. Mies developed his simplistic style, he be- Furniture, metal and mural workshops were came widely respected throughout Europe. merged into interior design. Some staff left and One of his most famous works was the others were left feeling useless and unimportant to Barcelona Pavilion, commissioned in 1929. Mies was the new Miesian curriculum. As much as Mies at- then appointed as the head of the Bauhaus in 1930. He tempted to keep the Bauhaus apolitical, Nazi con- was forced, 3 years later, to shut down due to increas- trol of Dessau ended closing the Bauhaus. Mies ing Nazi pressure. In1937, Mies came to America, rented a factory in Berlin with his own money, in where he was appointed as director of the School of an attempt to keep the Bauhaus alive. He was Architecture at Chicago’s Armour Institute. He re- quickly met with opposition from the Nazi party mained director for 20 years before retiring in 1958. and choose to close down himself. This was During this time, Mies was able to undertake multiple Mies’ last interaction with the Bauhaus before he large-scale projects he had previously been unable to moved to America. do. The several steel and glass skyscrapers that he de- signed would forever influence the skyline of American Crown Hall (1956) cities. Mies continued to design breathtaking buildings until he passed away in 1969.

Brennon Houchin White Willows Vegetation ARE-4600, Presentation 1 Historically, the North Ger- Geography man Lowland was covered by dense deciduous forest. Germany is grouped However, most of that has Elbe River, Dessau-Roßlau into four topographic been removed for pas- Elbe River, Dessau-Roßlau regions which are the Populus Nigra turelands and grain fields. Bauhaus Museum, Dessau North German Low- However, there are some Umweltbundesamt, Dessau lands, the Central Ger- protected parks that still man Uplands, South- show how the land use to Mudle River ern Germany, and the be. Alpine Foreland and Untere Mulde is a Nature Alps. Dessau is located south-west of Magde- Preserve near Dessau. Un- burg following the Elbe River. Dessau is in the tere Mulde is a floodplain North German Lowlands and is similar to the forest which is typical of climate and topography of Magdeburg and the Dessau area. This in- Berlin. The North German Lowlands is typically cludes, softwood forest, used for agriculture as the land is flat with rela- willow bushes, meadows, tively small hills. open water aquatic plants, and reeds. Typical trees are https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/germany ; http://worldfacts.us/Germany-geography.htm https://academic-eb-com.eres.qnl.qa/levels/collegiate/article/North-German-Plain/56201 Climate white willows (salix alba) Untere Mulde Nature Preserve and a few species of In Dessau, the summers are typically comforta- cotton wood (populus ble with the highest temperatures averaging nigra). The area has a high water table due to its around 77°F and the location near the Mulde River. This allows the area lowest average around to have vegetation that is dependent on marsh- 29°F. Typically, temper- lands, open water, and low laying meadows. Reed ature do not exceed beds that are typical for the area can be used to 88°F and fall below 14° clean storm water in retention ponds for the site. F. Summers are typical- https://geography.name/germany-physical-landscapes/ ly partly cloudy and https://www.natura2000-lsa.de/schutzgebiete/naturschutzgebiete/untere-mulde.html https://pladias.cz/en/vegetation/description/Salicetum%20albae winters are cold, dry, The Youth Hostel, Dessau windy, and cloudy. Typi- cally, Dessau is cloudy with more than 50 per- cent of the days being cloudy or mostly cloudy. It is rare to see snow in Dessau however rain is very common with July being the most rainy month. Typically, Dessau see 19.7 inches of rain per year and less than a half inch of snow per year. Wind averages around 10 miles per hour toward the west and south. Bridge over the Mudle River in Dessau Elbzollhaus, Dessau-Roßlau https://weatherspark.com/y/73806/Average-Weather-in-Dessau-Germany-Year-Round

Sean Kidwiler ARE 4600 1/29/21 P1 Makers space Key design elements • Dirty vs. Clean spaces keep areas separate Albert Ludwigs Universität • Noise control locate where the noise wont be an is- sue • Necessary electrical power for desired use • Layout ( Furniture and equipment and the required space to work) • Natural Lighting and LED light placement in critical areas (indirect north light can be best for certain us- es) Brandenburg University of Technology These campuses are a good example of how the architecture in Germany has evolved Dormitory layout ideas Single to multi person Key dimensions will be helpful for layout

Bauhaus Research JON KOSTELECKY Masters’ Houses: Building Standards in Germany Architect, Walter Gropius, was hired to build 3 pairs of semi- Germany was ranked at number 5 on the Top 10 LEED detached houses for the Bauhaus masters and director. countries of 2017, by the US Green Building Council. Modular Architecture w/ prefabricated components. Gropius It had 976 projects certi ed by the German Sustainable was trying to realize the principles of rational construction Building Council; 1,965 registered with the DGNB; and 11% both architecturally and through the building process. of the world’s Green projects Director’s house recently rebuilt and reopened to the public They also had 57 LEED certi ed projects; 41 LEED registered and was named a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1996. projects; and 12% of the world’s LEED projects. Dessau: Overall, Germany has 2,825 DGNB certi ed projects, 1,333 of which are commercial buildings. And they have 276 LEED Mild climate averaging between 32 and 65 degrees over the certi ed projects. course of a year. The terrain is very at and with a large number of trees, and Mulde River running though it. The town has an industrial history that incorporates the building of gas motors and airplanes. ifif if if lf

FAURM FAULLOWS FAUNCTION = SIMPLE + CLEAN The Bauhaus promoted a Walter Gropius : Phillip Johnson: unified vision for the arts that 1. Expression of volume made no distinction between “to create a new guild of craftsmen, without the form and function, and class distinctions which raise an arrogant barrier rather than mass, therefore Gropius wanted the between craftsman and artist.” 2. Balance rather than school's architecture to reflect these values. preconceived sym- metry, 3. Expulsion of applied ornament. INDUSTRIAL WORLD MODERNISM DIGITAL BASED WORLD Frank Lloyd Wright After Bauhaus moved to the US .. Design is associated with The beauty should pursue the Function follows human Guggenheim Museum show- expensive materials functionality, rather than needs, form follows human cases the principle perfectly. “form follows function,” simply use decoration. According to Wright’s design, became Sullivan’s famous axiom. & exquisite craftsmanship behavior visitors would enter the build- ing, take an elevator to the top Wright Extended the teaching and and enjoy a continuous art- changed the phrase to: viewing experience while descending “form and function are one.” along the spiral ramp. It is my belief that it is of the very essence of every problem that it contains and suggests “To incorporate the students of the Bauhaus, its own solution. This I the interior decoration of the entire building was believe to be natural law. done by the wall painting workshop, the lighting fixtures by Bilal Madjour P1 - ARE 4600 Sullivan, Louis H., 1856-1924 the metal workshop, and the lettering by the print shop. With the Bauhaus building, Gropius thoughtfully laid out his notion of the building as a 'total work' of compositional architecture.”

Joost Josef Gertrud Alma Ilse Schmidt Albers Arndt Siedhoff- Fehling Buscher Bauhaus Role: Bauhaus Role: Bauhaus Role: Bauhaus Artist & Educator Artist & Educator Photographer & Bauhaus Role: Role: of the Visual Arts of the Visual Arts Weaving Arts Artist & Designer Costume Designer & Art Seen: Art Seen: Art Seen: Art Seen: Sculpture Mechanical Stage Bauhaus Textiles Bauhaus Rug No. 1 Haus Am Horn Design Nursery Furniture Art Seen: Untitled Abstract Art: “Let us together create the new building of the Minimal Art: future, which will be everything in one form: Art that does not attempt to represent architecture and sculpture and painting” Abstract art consisting primarily of external reality, but seeks to achieve its -Walter Gropius simple geometric forms executed in effect using shapes, forms, colors, and Stony Brook University an impersonal style. textures. Residence Halls Montana State university Minimalism: Residence Halls https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/minimalism-ar ARE 20 t-architecture-design Studio 21 Abstract: Elias Rhoads | Anthony Denzr https://www.webdesigndegreecenter.org/art-influe nces-design-abstract-art/ Art in Architecture: https://limearchitecture.com/2017/12/modern-art-i n-architecture/ Bauhaus Influence in Architecture: https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/modernist-architect ure-the-bauhaus-and-beyond Architecture & Craftsmanship: https://www.terrain.org/2013/currents/craft-and-co ntext/

The Bauhaus: Walter Gropius and Modern Education Jenna Roadifer | ARE 4600 | Spring 2021 | Anthony Denzer Walter Gropius was born to wealthy parents in May of 1883 and spent much of his time on the estates of other wealthy relatives. His father had a strong interest in architecture, and his uncle was an established architect, so he was influenced into architecture very early on. Began his studies at the Technical School in Munich then later at Konigliche Technishce, but dropped out before finishing his final exams because he inherited a large amount of money from a Great Aunt, showing an early disregard for traditional education methods. In 1908, he began working with architect Peter Behrens and developed working relationships with other architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. Gropius worked on many factories and other more industrialized projects, which introduced him to new materials as well as construction technologies. Had an affair with composer Gustav Mahler’s wife Alma until Gustave died in 1911. One day when visiting Alma, Walter saw Oskar Kokoschka’s painting The Tempest and recognized Alma in it, realizing she was having an affair with Oskar, he ended the relationship. After he was drafted into the German army in 1914, he went back to Alma and they married in 1915. Their daughter Manon was born in 1916. The married ended in divorce in 1920 when Gropius learned Alma was having another affair with novelist and playwright Franz Werfel. Remarried in 1922 to Ise Frank; they remained together until he died in 1969. In 1919, he became the Master of the Grand Ducal Saxonian School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar, which he soon renamed the Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar. This was the beginning of the Bauhaus school. Although he was only 36 when he opened the first Bauhaus school, his reputation attracted teachers from many different countries and backgrounds: Paul Klee, Johnnes Itten, Josef and Anni Albers, Herbert Bayer, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, and Wassily Kandinsky, who all supported a more workshop based education. Gropius’s goal was to reunite all the art forms that had been previously divided in other art schools, bring these art forms together and teach them in a way to create a Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art). Collaboration was encouraged, and students were taught the skills of art, craft, and technology and how to consider the society and environment around them in their designs. In 1923, Gropius shifted the focus of the school to functional, affordable, and mass-producible designs. Itten disagreed with this shift and left the school, being replaced by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, who very much agreed with the shift toward a more technological curriculum. Problem/Project Based Learning (PBL): Architecture and education have been evolving alongside each other since the 1800s. Architecture has adapted to education Students are more able to apply skills they’ve learned in challenges, methods and vice versa. As we have learned more about better projects, and competitions, rather than in lecture style environments. teaching environments, schools have evolved from single room classrooms to places like the Fuji Kindergarten in Tokyo (right) Industrial Relationships: and the Mesterfjellet school in Larvik Norway (left). Developing these relationships and skills encourage skills that Engineering, arts, and architecture education have all become employers are looking for in graduates more collaborative hands on learning than they used to be. Largely because of Walter Gropius. Natural light and healthier Online/Blended Learning: buildings increase students productivity and concentration. Modern schools allow students to explore their curiosities and Although this has to be balanced with collaboration and hands-on interact with the world and students around them of all ages. learning, it gives students much more flexibility with their studies, increasing their chances of success Architecturally interesting buildings encourage curiosity as well. Curiosity is what keeps students learning after they Hands on Experiential Learning: graduate. Students learn better by doing, trying, and making mistakes in a low risk environment

Important Landmarks Accentuating Geography Mülde River Elbe River Tiergarten Bridge http://tourismus.dessau-rosslau.de/welterbe/biosphaerenreservat/ http://tourismus.dessau-rosslau.de/welterbe/biosphaerenreservat/elbe/ https://www.ksg-architekten.info/en/projekte/industry-traffic/tiergarten-bridge-dessau/ Luisium Palace A Walk through Dessau https://www.thecrazytourist.com/15-best-things-dessau-germany/ Shianne Shaver | ARE 4600 | Dr. Denzer Current Site Google Maps

ARE 4600 Presentation 1: Research Germany’s architecture was heavily influenced by the Bauhaus building in the years after it’s construction. Once Germany became divided Lindy Stewart by the second world war, architecture of East and West Germany evolved differently. West Germany continued to follow the trend set by Spring 2021 Gropius while East Germany took a turn to Stalinist architecture, particularly in Berlin. Post 1990, architecture has attempted to steer Many new apartment away form Stalinist architecture buildings were build quickly and cheaply as possible. During the postwar reconstruction apartments were need- ed in East Germany for workers. Stalinist archi- tecture relied largely on masonry. Beuhaus Museum An der Alster 1 Rebuild of Hansaviertel by Gropius and Aalto Stalinist era apartment façade West Germany East Germany Neue Kreuzberg Zentrum dual towers at Frankfurter Tor Deutsches Bergbau Museum A few outliers exist in East Germany including Café Moskau

Influences: “ ”Less is more • Fredrich Schinkel - elegant clarity • Hendrik Petrus Berlage - love of brick - architectural integrity - structural honesty Ludwig Mies van • Modernism & Minimalism • Director of Bauhaus (1930) • Head of Illinois Institute of Technology (1937) der Rohe 1886-1969 Megan Vande Steeg • Friedrichstrasse Office Building (1919) - all steel & glass “International - “skin and bones construction Style • Glass Skyscraper (1928) Style: • German Pavilion • Farnsworth House (1951)

Germany- Sustainability and Energy For having such a very low number of sunshine hours, Germany still ranked 4th in the world for solar power produced in 2019. “10 Things Germany is doing for the environment” by deutschland.de (2018) “In 2019, [solar panel operators] produced about eight percent of the country’s net power consumption, 1. Phase-out of Nuclear Power Plants out of a total renewables share of 43 percent, according to energy industry group BDEW” 17 nuclear powerplants in the country in 2011 and all will be closed in 2022. 2. The Renewable Energy Act In 2019 solar panels produced 47 TWH of power into the grid. This is A law that gives priority to renewables on the grid. Investors in renewable energy are compensated equivalent to 47 billion KWh. regardless of electricity prices 3. Higher Taxes on unfriendly environment activities “new solar (and wind power) installations in German auctions are not Petroleum tax (1951) which went up significantly in 2007. “Eco tax” applied to gasoline, diesel, only cheaper than new hard coal and gas plants, but also undercut the heating oil, and fossil fuels. operation costs of existing fossil power plants”. 4. The Cogeneration Act 2002 Increases overall efficiency; recovers heat usually wasted in power generation. The Act stipulated Solar power in Germany – output, business & perspectives ~ Clean Energy Wire 25% of power supply will come from cogeneration by 2020. 5. The Renewable Heat Act In Passivhaus buildings, the cost savings from dispensing with the con- Aims to increase renewable heating sources to 14% by 2020. Renovations of buildings can be subsi- ventional heating system can be used to fund the upgrade of the build- dized through the Market Incentive Program and new buildings are required to meet the specifica- ing envelope and the heat recovery ventilation system. With careful de- tions. sign and increasing competition in the supply of the specifically designed 6. Expanding & Updating the Grid Passivhaus building products, in Germany it is now possible to construct Act on Accelerating Grid Expansion: behind schedule as of 2015 7. Conserving Energy buildings for the same cost as those built to normal German building Energy-conservation Ordinance to provide financial incentives for building renovations to meet the standards Passive House Standards. 8. Designing Consciously Passive House Standards Regulates products with poor environmental performances and sets standards for energy perfor- mance. Buildings are compact in shape to reduce their surface area, with principal 9. Alternative forms of transportation windows oriented towards the equator 200 long distance bike paths built around the country. 88% of Germans live near a bus or train stop. Newer generations drive less than older generations. Passivhaus buildings employ superinsulation to significantly reduce the heat transfer 10. Recycling through the walls, roof and floor compared to conventional buildings.[55] A wide range Trash not recycled is burned, so waste management is taken seriously by Energiewende. of thermal insulation materials can be used to provide the required high R-values To meet the requirements of the Passivhaus standard, windows are manufactured with exceptionally high R-values Building envelopes under the Passivhaus standard are required to be extremely airtight compared to conventional construction. Passivhaus buildings make extensive use of their intrinsic heat from internal sources—such as waste heat from lighting, white goods (major appliances) and other electrical devices (but not dedicated heaters)—as well as body heat from the people and other animals inside the building. For low-light days, non-daylighted spaces, and nighttime, the use of creative-sustainable lighting design using low-energy sources can be used. Lauren Walker—Spring 2021 Wikipedia — Passive House ARE 4600—Dr. Denzer

Gabrielle Webb 1/29/21 Presentation 1 My Research As I dove into each of these four campuses, I kept two goals in mind: learn about student life in Europe, and pay attention to the differences between American campus facilities and European campus facilities Aarhus University Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich The master planners of this campus were Danish The architectural centerpiece of LMU Munich architects Kay Fisker, C. F. Møller and Povl Steg- is its historic Main Building in the heart of mann in collaboration with landscape archi- Munich which was designed by Friedrich von tect Carl Theodor Sørensen. Gärtner. Campus life involves facilities such as “Friday bars”, the Studenterhus Aarhus (which is like a community center), a café, and a library. University of Rostock – Rostock, Germany Vienna University of Economy My Conclusions and Business Student life at the University of Rostock revolves Looking back at the four campuses I studied, I around cafeterias, musical interests or sports activi- A number of facilities that are found a few important ideas to keep in mind ties., and the botanical gardens. This campus is also open to the public include restau- while designing my campus. One is that cam- equipped with its own hospital rants, cafes, a bakery, a super- puses in Europe are more like cities in a cam- market, bookstores, a childcare pus rather than a campus in a city. The Uni- center, and an athletic center. versity of Rostock has its own hospital and al- Especially during the summer most every campus has its own restaurants. and semester breaks, many spac- Another idea is that there is no right or wrong es on campus are available for style of architecture to work with. Vienna Uni- rent as event venues. versity of Econ and Business is very modern while LMU Munich is very classic and they are This campus has been designed both considered beautiful. The last idea I took by many influential architects away is the idea that every campus creates its such as Spanish architects own atmosphere. The though out landcape of NO.MAD Arquitectos, Madrid, Arhus University creates a very calming mind- Sir Peter Cook and CRABstudio, space while the intricate details of LMU cre- London, Barcelona's Estudio Car- ates a very formal atmosphere.