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172 million 320 billion 87 14 7.2 million passengers RPKs airlines air navigation service providers tonnes of freight 1,198,000 98 1,466 75% flights commercial airports aircraft in service average regional load factor Middle East 4% The Middle East’s share of Airlines and airports join global passenger traffic, 2017 forces to combat wildlife trafficking Total jobs and GDP supported Direct jobs generated by by air transport in the air transport in the The aviation industry has taken on a leadership Middle East Middle East role in the fight against wildlife trafficking. The illegal trade of wildlife is the fourth most JOBS GDP 1% lucrative black market in the world – worth TOTAL TOTAL around $20 billion a year and impacting more 2.4 m $130 bn Air traffic management than 7,000 species of animals and plants. Criminal organisations involved in wildlife trafficking 1.3 m Tourism catalytic $66 bn 1% 5% are often directly connected to other trafficking 183,000 Induced $9.8 bn networks, including the smuggling of narcotics, Aerospace Airports arms and people, and exploit the increasing 389,000 Indirect $20.9 bn connectivity of global air transportation to traffic 35% 58% the endangered species. The air cargo industry is therefore one of the key aviation sectors acting to Airlines Other break the supply chain from source to consumer. on-airport One of the initiatives is the United for Wildlife 553,700 Aviation direct $32.9 bn Transport Taskforce Buckingham Palace Declaration, which IATA, along with around 50 of its member airlines and ACI, has signed. Signatories have committed to raise awareness of wildlife trafficking among passengers, train staff to help spot trafficked species, establish a system to share information on illegal wildlife trade and improve cooperation between transport bodies and regulatory and enforcement organisations. Airlines and airports devote resources for extensive passenger awareness campaigns to educate potential buyers of illegal wildlife products, including exhibits at Dubai, Johannesburg and Kuala Lumpur International Airports, on-board videos and feature-length articles in in-flight magazines. Two Emirates A380s have even taken to the skies with special liveries featuring wildlife threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade to communicate the need for urgent action. Airlines are further rolling out training programmes to improve the capacity of their cargo and customer-facing staff to be on the alert for suspicious signs relating to illegal wildlife transportation and to detect and report them. Etihad Airways developed its own online module designed to inform its employees of the business risks associated with the illegal wildlife trade and ways to prevent them. Among others, Kenya Airways, Singapore Airlines, Turkish Airlines and LAM Mozambique, together with airports, train cabin crew, ground handlers, cargo processors, and staff from regional airports to help detect and stop smugglers carrying ivory, rhino horn, and other wildlife products. 49 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

NORTH Air transport supports 7.3 million jobs and AMERICA186 $844 billion in North American economic activity. That is 4.3% of all employment and 4.2% of all GDP in the United States and Canada in 2016. Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in activity, as tourists spend their money with restaurants, hotels, tourism made possible by aviation supported another three retailers, tour operators, and other providers of consumer goods jobs elsewhere in North America. Similarly, $2.90 of economic and services. In 2016, spending by foreign visitors who flew to activity was supported elsewhere in North America for every $1 North American countries supported an estimated 1.5 million of gross value added directly created by the air transport sector. jobs and a $150 billion contribution to GDP. The aviation sector in North America directly employed an In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply estimated 2.4 million people in 2016. A sub-sectoral analysis of chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact these workers suggests that: of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector supported an estimated 7.3 million jobs and an $844 billion »» 553,800 of them (22.5% of the total) were employed by contribution to GDP in North America in 2016. airlines or handling agents as, for example, flight crew, Air travel in North America is expected to continue to grow at check-in staff, maintenance crew, or head office staff; about 2.7% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that »» 93,000 (4%) had jobs with airport operators in, for example, are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air airport management, maintenance, and security; transport and the tourism it facilitates in North America will have grown to support 10.4 million jobs (42% more than in 2016) »» 1.2 million (50.5%) worked on-site in airports at, for and a $1.5 trillion contribution to GDP (an 80% increase). example, retail outlets, restaurants, and hotels; In the United States, the focus needs to be on the implementation of the NextGen air traffic control system, which »» 525,000 (21.5%) were employed in the manufacture of civil will move air traffic management in some of the busiest skies in the world from ground-based radar to satellite navigation. Some aircraft (including systems, components, airframes, and of the planned programmes are already in place, but more needs engines); and to be done. Once fully implemented, NextGen is expected by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to deliver $134 billion »» 39,700 (1.5%) worked for air navigation service providers in direct airline, industry, and passenger benefits by 2030. The efficiency savings especially could be vast. CO2 emissions are in, for example, air traffic control and engineering. forecast to be reduced by 52.6 million tonnes by 2030. Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses Note: In the United States, the FAA collects economic impact data with which at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft these numbers are aligned. The FAA assessment further evaluates the much wider manufacturers also contribute to GDP in North America. In 2016, economic activity that is supported by air transport, including general aviation and the operations of these businesses directly generated a $286 the domestic tourism markets, which this report does not include. Accordingly, billion contribution to GDP. with these wider catalytic impacts included, the total number of jobs supported by civil aviation in the US alone is around 10.6 million, with a contribution to GDP of The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to around $910 billion at 2016 prices187. have supported a further 1.9 million jobs and a $228 billion gross value added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation sector’s supply chain – supported 1.5 million more jobs and a $181 billion gross value added contribution to GDP. The aviation sector also facilitates a substantial amount of tourism in North America. This stimulates still more economic 50 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

939 million 1.9 trillion 180 2 19.2 million passengers RPKs airlines air navigation service providers tonnes of freight167 10,179,000 879 8,347 83% flights commercial airports aircraft in service average regional load factor North America 23% North America’s share of Business aviation’s niches global passenger traffic, 2017 Business aviation, widely recognised as an Total jobs and GDP supported by Direct jobs generated by effective business tool for companies requiring air transport in North America air transport in North America fast and secure flight services, plays a less- publicised but vital role in emergencies, JOBS Tourism catalytic GDP 1.5% humanitarian support and relief efforts around TOTAL TOTAL the world. Its flexibility allows it to mobilise 7.3 m $844 bn Air traffic management on short notice, provide aircraft types suited for specific missions and operate into airports 1.5 m $149.7 bn that are inaccessible to others. Other missions are uniquely tailored to business aviation’s 1.5 m Induced $180.5 bn capabilities, such as the transport of persons with highly contagious diseases. 1.9 m Indirect $227.8 bn 21.5% 4% Phoenix Air Group, a US company, is the only business operator worldwide with the capability Aerospace Airports to transport patients with a highly infectious disease in an intensive care unit. 22.5% 50.5% A cooperative effort between the US Centers for Disease Control, Department of Defense and Airlines Other Phoenix Air in 2007 led to the development of on-airport the Airborne Biological Containment System, a customised, negative-pressure isolation unit designed and certified to be used in the company’s modified Gulfstream G-III aircraft. The unit isolates the contagious patient from the flight crew and medical professionals on board while allowing for the provision of intensive care. In August 2014, at the height of the Ebola epidemic in western Africa, the US Department of State turned to Phoenix Air for assistance, as two American aid workers had contracted Ebola in Liberia and were near death. Phoenix Air deployed one of its specially equipped aircraft and flew them to a hospital in Atlanta, where both ultimately recovered. During the outbreak, Phoenix Air used its containment unit to transport 41 patients to hospitals in the US and Europe. The success led to the development of a multi-patient transport unit, the Biological Containment System, which has the capacity to transport four highly contagious patients and six medical attendants inside a B747-400 cargo aircraft or military transport. 2.4 m Aviation direct $286.3 bn 51 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

APEC Air transport supports 32.9 million jobs and ECONOMIES188 $1.7 trillion across Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies. That is 2.2% of all employment and 3.7% of all GDP in the APEC countries in 2016. 2.4 billion 59% 1,925 481 17,112 passengers189 share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 5.5 jobs at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft elsewhere in the APEC economies. Similarly, $3.70 of economic manufacturers also contribute to GDP in APEC economies. In activity was supported elsewhere in the APEC economies 2016, the operations of these businesses directly generated a for every $1 of gross value added directly created by the air $458 billion contribution to GDP. transport sector. The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to The aviation sector in APEC economies directly employed nearly have supported a further 5.5 million jobs and a $412 billion gross six million people in 2016 in the following sub-sectors: value added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation »» Airlines: 1.6 million (27.3% of the total) sector’s supply chain – supported five million more jobs and a »» Airport operators: 331,700 (5.6%) $373 billion gross value added contribution to GDP. »» Other on-airport: 3.1 million (52.1%) »» Civil aerospace: 776,600 (13%) In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply »» Air navigation service providers: 115,200 (1.9%) chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector Total jobs and GDP supported by air supported an estimated 32.9 million jobs and a $1.7 trillion transport in the APEC economies contribution to GDP in APEC economies in 2016. Air travel in the APEC economies is expected to continue to grow at about 4.3% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates in APEC economies will have grown to support 50 million jobs (52% more than in 2016) and a $3.5 trillion contribution to GDP (a 106% increase). JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL 32.9 m $1.7 trn 16.5 m Tourism catalytic $433 bn 5m Induced $372.7 bn 5.5 m Indirect $412.3 bn 5.9 m Aviation direct $457.9 bn 52 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

EUROPEAN Air transport supports 9.4 million jobs UNION190 and $691 (€624) billion in European Union economic activity. That is 4.1% of all employment and 4.2% of all GDP in European Union countries (EU28) in 2016. 811 million 20% 431 224 5,025 passengers share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 4.8 jobs at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft elsewhere in the European Union. Similarly, $4.30 of economic manufacturers also contribute to GDP in the European Union. activity was supported elsewhere in the European Union In 2016, the operations of these businesses directly generated a for every $1 of gross value added directly created by the air $159 billion contribution to GDP. transport sector. The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to The aviation sector in the European Union directly employed have supported a further 2.4 million jobs and a $189 billion gross two million people in 2016 in the following sub-sectors: value added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation »» Airlines: 371,300 (18.8% of the total) sector’s supply chain – supported 1.3 million more jobs and a »» Airport operators: 122,800 (6.2%) $105 billion gross value added contribution to GDP. »» Other on-airport: 1.2 million (59.2%) »» Civil aerospace: 267,900 (13.6%) In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply »» Air navigation service providers: 43,700 (2.2%) chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector Total jobs and GDP supported by air supported an estimated 9.4 million jobs and a $691 billion transport in the EU28 economies contribution to GDP in the European Union in 2016. JOBS GDP Air travel in the 28 European Union countries is expected to TOTAL TOTAL continue to grow at about 3.4% per year over the next two 9.4 m $691 bn decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport 3.7 m (€624) industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that 1.3 m by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates $237.9 bn in the European Union will have grown to support 14 million jobs (48% more than in 2016) and a $1.3 trillion contribution to GDP (€215 bn) (86% increase). $105 bn Note: These numbers include the United Kingdom, which is due to withdraw from EU membership in 2019. (€95 bn) Tourism catalytic Induced 2.4 m Indirect $188.8 bn 2.0 m Aviation direct (€171 bn) $159.1bn (€144 bn) 53 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

SMALL ISLAND Air transport supports 1.8 million jobs and STATES191 $32.1 billion in small island states economic activity. That is 10.2% of all employment and 13.9% of all GDP in the small island states in 2016. 37 million 0.9% 210 52 275 passengers196 share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 26.3 at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft jobs elsewhere in the small island states. Similarly, $14.60 of manufacturers also contribute to GDP in small island states. In economic activity was supported elsewhere in the small island 2016, the operations of these businesses directly generated a $2.2 states for every $1 of gross value added directly created by the air billion contribution to GDP. transport sector. The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to The aviation sector in small island states directly employed an have supported a further 52,700 jobs and a $1 billion gross value estimated 66,800 people in 2016 in the following sub-sectors: added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation sector’s »» Airlines: 11,500 (17.3% of the total) supply chain – supported 52,500 more jobs and another $1 billion »» Airport operators: 8,700 (13%) gross value added contribution to GDP. »» Other on-airport: 44,300 (66.3%) »» Air navigation service providers: 2,300 (3.5%) The aviation sector also facilitates a substantial amount of tourism in small island states. This stimulates still Total jobs and GDP supported by air more economic activity, as tourists spend their money with transport in small island state economies restaurants, hotels, retailers, tour operators, and other providers of consumer goods and services. In 2016, spending by foreign Small island visitors who flew to small island states supported an estimated 1.6 million jobs and a $27.9 billion contribution to GDP. JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply 1.8 m $32.1 bn chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector supported an estimated 1.8 million jobs and a $32.1 billion contribution to GDP in small island states in 2016. Air travel in small island states is expected to continue to grow at about 4% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates in small island states will have grown to support 2.4 million jobs (39% more than in 2016) and a $74 billion contribution to GDP (a 129% increase). 1.6 m Tourism catalytic $27.9 bn 52,500 Induced $1 bn 52,700 Indirect $1 bn 66,800 $2.2 bn Aviation direct 54 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

DEVELOPING Air transport supports 46 million jobs and COUNTRIES192 $626 billion in economic activity in developing countries. That is 1.8% of all employment and 2.2% of all GDP in developing countries in 2016. 1.7 billion 42% 1,901 727 11,098 passengers share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 10.8 jobs at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft elsewhere in developing countries. Similarly, $5.20 of economic manufacturers also contribute to GDP in developing countries. activity was supported elsewhere in developing countries In 2016, the operations of these businesses directly generated a for every $1 of gross value added directly created by the air $121 billion contribution to GDP. transport sector. The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to The aviation sector in developing countries directly employed an have supported a further 6.7 million jobs and a nearly $100 estimated 4.3 million people in 2016 in the following sub-sectors: billion gross value added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the »» Airlines: 1.4 million (33.8% of the total) aviation sector’s supply chain – supported another 6.7 million »» Airport operators: 348,300 (8.1%) jobs and a further $100 billion gross value added contribution »» Other on-airport: 2.1 million (48.3%) to GDP. »» Civil aerospace: 286,300 (6.7%) »» Air navigation service providers: 132,600 (3.1%) In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact Total jobs and GDP supported by air of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector transport in developing economies supported an estimated 46 million jobs and a $626 billion Developing countriesDeveloping countries contribution to GDP in developing countries in 2016. Air travel in developing countries is expected to continue to grow at about 5% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates in developing countries will have grown to support 64.5 million jobs (39% more than in 2016) and a $1.6 trillion contribution to GDP (a 157% increase). JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL $626 bn 46 m 28.7 m Tourism catalytic $306 bn 6.7 m Induced $99.6 bn 6.7 m $99.6 bn 4.3 m Indirect $120.6 bn Aviation direct 55 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

OECD Air transport supports 24 million jobs and COUNTRIES193 $2.1 trillion in economic activity in OECD countries. That is 4.1% of all employment and 4.4% of all GDP in OECD countries in 2016. 2.2 billion 53% 1,751 510 16,378 passengers200 share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 4.2 jobs at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft elsewhere in OECD countries. Similarly, $3.80 of economic manufacturers also contribute to GDP in OECD countries. In activity was supported elsewhere in OECD countries for every $1 2016, the operations of these businesses directly generated a of gross value added directly created by the air transport sector. $549 billion contribution to GDP. The aviation sector in OECD countries directly employed nearly The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to 5.7 million people in 2016 in the following sub-sectors: have supported a further 6.1 million jobs and a $596 billion gross value added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments »» Airlines: 1.3 million (22.1% of the total) to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation »» Airport operators: 257,800 (4.5%) sector’s supply chain – supported 4 million more jobs and a $392 »» Other on-airport: 3.2 million (56.1%) billion gross value added contribution to GDP. »» Civil aerospace: 870,400 (15.4%) »» Air navigation service providers: 109,000 (1.9%) In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact Total jobs and GDP supported by air of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector CD counttrriaenssportOinECthDecOouEnCtDrieesconomies supported an estimated 24 million jobs and a $2.1 trillion contribution to GDP in OECD countries in 2016. Air travel in OECD countries is expected to continue to grow at about 3.5% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates in OECD countries will have grown to support 37 million jobs (54% more than in 2016) and a $4 trillion contribution to GDP (a 91% increase). JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL $2.1 trn 24 m 8.1 m Tourism catalytic $554.9 bn 4 m Induced $392.1 bn 6.1 m Indirect $596.3 bn 5.7 m Aviation direct $548.8 bn 56 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

LEAST- Air transport supports nearly six million jobs DEVELOPED and $31.5 billion in economic activity across COUNTRIES194 LDCs. That is 2.1% of all employment and 3.4% of all GDP in LDCs in 2016. 47 million 1% 280 116 520 passengers202 share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 29.6 jobs at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft elsewhere in least-developed countries (LDCs). Similarly, $2.90 of manufacturers also contribute to GDP in LDCs. In 2016, the economic activity was supported elsewhere in LDCs for every $1 operations of these businesses directly generated a $10.8 billion of gross value added directly created by the air transport sector. contribution to GDP. The aviation sector in least developed countries directly The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to employed an estimated 201,300 people in 2016 in the following have supported a further 1.3 million jobs and a $4.8 billion gross sub-sectors: value added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation »» Airlines: 140,400 (69.7% of the total) sector’s supply chain – supported 413,900 more jobs and a $1.6 »» Airport operators: 16,900 (8.4%) billion gross value added contribution to GDP. »» Other on-airport: 41,500 (20.6%) »» Air navigation service providers: 2,500 (1.3%) In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact Total jobs and GDP supported by air of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector transport in the LDCs economies supported nearly 6 million jobs and a $31.5 billion contribution to east developed Least developed GDP in LDCs in 2016. Air travel in LDCs is expected to continue to grow at about 5.2% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates in LDCs will have grown to support 8.7 million jobs (46% more than in 2016) and a $88.2 billion contribution to GDP (a 180% increase). JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL 31.5 bn 6m 4m Tourism catalytic $14.3 bn 414,000 Induced $1.6 bn 1.3 m Indirect $4.8 bn 201,300 Aviation direct $10.8 bn 57 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

LANDLOCKED Air transport supports 2.7 million jobs and DEVELOPING $20.9 billion in economic activity for LLDCs. COUNTRIES195 That is 1.9% of all employment and 3.2% of all GDP in LLDCs in 2016. 42.7 million 1% 171 97 494 passengers204 share of passenger traffic airports airlines aircraft in service Every person directly employed in the aviation sector and in Airlines, airport operators, retailers and other on-site businesses tourism made possible by aviation supported another 16 jobs at airports and air navigation service providers and civil aircraft elsewhere in landlocked developing countries (LLDCs). Similarly, manufacturers also contribute to GDP in LLDCs. In 2016, the $2.60 of economic activity was supported elsewhere in LLDCs operations of these businesses directly generated an $8 billion for every $1 of gross value added directly created by the air contribution to GDP. transport sector. The aviation sector’s spending with suppliers is estimated to The aviation sector in LLDCs directly employed an estimated have supported a further 511,000 jobs and a $3.6 billion gross 169,100 people in 2016 in the following sub-sectors: value-added contribution to GDP. In addition, wage payments to staff – by the aviation sector and businesses in the aviation »» Airlines: 105,400 (62.3% of the total) sector’s supply chain—supported 174,000 more jobs and a $1.3 »» Airport operators: 14,900 (8.8%) billion gross value added contribution to GDP. »» Other on-airport: 46,500 (27.5%) »» Air navigation service providers: 2,200 (1.3%) In total, accounting for the sector’s direct impact, its supply chain impact, its wage expenditure impact, and the impact Total jobs and GDP supported by air of tourism made possible by air transport, the aviation sector transport in the LLDCs economies supported an estimated 2.7 million jobs and a $20.9 billion contribution to GDP in LLDCs in 2016. d locked developing Air travel in LLDCs is expected to continue to grow at about 5% per year over the next two decades. This increase will, in turn, drive growth in the economic output and jobs that are supported by the air transport industry over the next 20 years. Oxford Economics forecasts that by 2036 the impact of air transport and the tourism it facilitates in LLDCs will have grown to support 3.6 million jobs (33% more than in 2016) and a $54.7 billion contribution to GDP (a 162% increase). JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL 2.7 m $20.9 bn 1.8 m Tourism catalytic $8 bn 174,000 Induced $1.3 bn 511,000 Indirect $3.6 bn 169,000 Aviation direct $8 bn 58 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

NATIONAL ANALYSIS A country-by-country look at aviation’s benefits 59 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

HOW TO USE THIS SECTION Airlines: commercial airlines based in the country196 Trips per capita: propensity to travel based on average trips per Airports: commercial airports in the country197 capita in 2017 and forecast for 2036 and the percentage growth Passengers (2017): number of passengers departing airports expected in that period201 in the country198 Aviation infrastructure score: 1–7 score from the World Economic Flights (2017): number of flights operated from airports in Forum Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017202, based the country 199 on the quality of the aviation infrastructure, the quantity of air traffic services (available seat kilometres and flights per capita), the Forecast passengers (2027): IATA Economics forecast200, based on number of operating airlines and the number of airports per capita origin passengers only (no connecting passengers as contained in other passenger numbers in this report) COUNTRY TOURISM % OF GDP...................................10.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015.................$767.1 TOTAL catalytic $11.6 AIRLINES.........................................................9 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING.....50/136 329,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 39 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................ 46 [170] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 19.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE...................................0.57 129,000 $4.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017)......................................... 165,600 CORSIA VOLUNTEER..................................... ✓ 51,000 $1.5 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS (2027).... 37.1 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............. O.42 » 0.77 (84%) 79,000 Indirect $2.3 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 80.79% 71,000 Aviation direct $3.7 bn 2.7 line represents global average (74.41%) Tourism % of GDP: 2017 figures from the World Travel & Tourism Connectivity score: ICAO Air Transport Bureau and World Council203, including direct, indirect and induced contributions of Bank analysis looking at the ease of international connectivity, the tourism sector204 weighted by the number of stops the average international passenger ticket would need. The lower the score, the easier Tourism spend: 2015 figures from the UN World Tourism the international connectivity from that country Organization Yearbook of Tourism Statistics and World Travel & Tourism Council for dollars spent on average by each arriving CORSIA volunteer: countries that have volunteered for the first foreign tourist phases of ICAO’s CORSIA at the time of printing (see www.enviro.aero/CORSIA for an updated list) Tourism competitiveness: World Economic Forum Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017205 Airport accessibility: ICAO iStars Database percentage of a country’s population within 100 kilometres of either an Connectivity ranking: ICAO Air Transport Bureau 2016 analysis international airport or of a domestic airport with at least ranking each country based on the number of countries and one regular connection to an international airport, the global territories that can be easily reached from it by air, with the actual average for all countries being 74.41% 206 number of countries or territories that can be reached direct or with one stop in square brackets ([ ]) Africa Europe Middle East Asia- Pacific North America Latin America and the Caribbean National figures for employment and GDP supported by aviation, The country figures shown will not necessarily equal the with analysis provided by Oxford Economics for those countries regional totals expressed elsewhere in the report. In part, this is where reliable data are available and estimations are possible because individual country figures are computed using country- at the national level. Estimates are conducted based on national specific multipliers, whereas regional figures are computed statistics, industry financial statements, and indicators such using region-specific multipliers. The former are smaller than as airport employment, airport passenger traffic and airline the latter because of the effects of ‘leakage’ spending that occurs passenger numbers. outside the country or region as a result of imports. A country will have more leakage than a region, since some imports will For countries that are not included below, not enough data are occur only within the region to which the country belongs. available for a reliable country-specific analysis. 60 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

ARGENTINA TOURISM % OF GDP....................................10.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015.................$767.1 TOTAL catalytic $11.7 AIRLINES.........................................................9 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......50/136 330,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 39 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................46= [170] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 19.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.57 129,000 $4.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 165,600 51,000 $1.5 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 37.1 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............O.42 » 0.77 (84%) 80.79% 79,000 Indirect $2.3 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 71,000 Aviation direct $3.7 bn 2.7 AUSTRALIA TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 11.0 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $3,878.3 TOTAL catalytic $69 AIRLINES....................................................... 27 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING........7/136 716,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS.................................................... 155 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................37 [179] PASSENGERS (2017).........................82.5 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.56 320,000 Indirect $29.9 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 729,200 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 82,000 $8.6 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 122.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............3.08 » 4.62 (50%) 138,000 $14.5 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 89.55% 176,000 Aviation direct $16 bn 2.2 AUSTRIA TOURISM % OF GDP....................................14.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $681.8 TOTAL catalytic $8.2 billion AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......12/136 95,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................6 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................21 [191] 18,000 Indirect $1.4 bn PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 13.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.29 $1.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 133,900 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 14,000 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 27.5 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY $2.5 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............1.32 » 2.25 (70%) 28,000 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.72% 35,000 Aviation direct $3.0 bn 3.9 BELGIUM TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.6 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,432.5 TOTAL catalytic $12.2 AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......21/136 126,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................5 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................18= [192] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 16.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.17 35,000 Indirect $3.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 128,200 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 17,000 $1.7 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 32.8 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............1.32 » 2.22 (68%) 34,000 $3.4 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 40,000 Aviation direct $3.8 bn 3.7 BRAZIL TOURISM % OF GDP......................................7.9 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $926.8 TOTAL catalytic $18.6 AIRLINES....................................................... 14 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......27/136 839,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS.................................................... 105 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 25 [188] PASSENGERS (2017)....................... 100.5 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.77 300,000 $6.5 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................844,300 119,000 $2.3 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..131.6 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.43 » 0.96 (124%) 72.65% 253,000 Indirect $5.0 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 167,000 Aviation direct $4.8 bn 3.7 61 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

CANADA AIRLINES....................................................... 48 TOURISM % OF GDP......................................6.5 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $921.0 TOTAL $48.4 AIRPORTS.................................................... 238 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 9/136 632,000 Tourism billion CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................... 8 [204] 190,000 catalytic $11.9 bn PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 78.3 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.52 55,000 Induced $4.6 bn CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ FLIGHTS (2017)........................................ 1,127,300 AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 146,000 Indirect $12.4 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..116.8 MILLION 91.65% TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.76 » 2.37 (35%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 6.8 241,000 Aviation direct $19.5 bn CHILE TOURISM % OF GDP....................................10.4 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $537.8 TOTAL catalytic $7 AIRLINES.........................................................8 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......48/136 191,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 19 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................84= [141] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 16.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.54 59,000 $1.8 bn FLIGHTS (2017)...........................................119,300 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ......26 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 28,000 $854.5 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............0.83 » 1.80 (116%) 83% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 71,000 Indirect $2.1 bn 2.7 33,000 Aviation direct $2.2 bn CHINA TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 11.0 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $2,005.9 TOTAL catalytic $104.1 AIRLINES....................................................... 50 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......15/136 6,000,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS.................................................... 227 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 3= [207] PASSENGERS (2017)....................... 556.1 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.28 1,700,000 $26.6 bn FLIGHTS (2017)....................................... 4,348,300 708,000 $10.2 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..1.037 BILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.41 » 1.33 (224%) 73.37% 2,294,000 Indirect $33.1 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 1,378,000 Aviation direct $34.2 bn 4.3 HONG KONG SAR TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 16.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,354.6 TOTAL catalytic $32.5 AIRLINES.........................................................6 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......11/136 331,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................1 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................12= [197] PASSENGERS (2017).........................35.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.13 131,000 Indirect $12.7 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 179,200 30,000 $2.5 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 80.3 MILLION TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 3.32 » 7.57 (128%) 82,000 $6.9 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 5.5 100% 88,000 Aviation direct $10.4 bn CHINESE TAIPEI TOURISM % OF GDP......................................4.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,378.1 TOTAL catalytic $21.1 AIRLINES.........................................................6 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......30/136 478,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 12 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................45 [171] PASSENGERS (2017)............................34 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.12 311,000 Indirect $12.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 210,700 26,000 $1.2 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 79.7 MILLION TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 1.02 » 2.42 (137%) 59,000 $2.7 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 82,000 Aviation direct $4.9 bn 3,5 62 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

COLOMBIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,425.5 TOTAL catalytic $7.5 AIRLINES....................................................... 16 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......62/136 601,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 48 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 59 [161] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 29.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.66 432,000 $5.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 281,400 22,000 $259.4 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...46.2 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............0.55 » 1.14 (107%) 91.34% 76,000 Indirect $911.2 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 71,000 Aviation direct $1.0 bn 2.8 CYPRUS TOURISM % OF GDP....................................22.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $935.3 TOTAL catalytic $3.9 AIRLINES.........................................................2 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......52/136 78,700 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................3 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................75= [148] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................5.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.20 64,000 $3.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................43,400 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 1,700 $90.7 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 14.3 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............. 6.41 » 11.12 (74%) 3,000 Indirect $139.1 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 10,000 Aviation direct $374.2 m 3.1 CZECH REPUBLIC TOURISM % OF GDP......................................7.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................$542.5 TOTAL catalytic $2.4 billion AIRLINES.........................................................4 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......39/136 65,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................5 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................35= [180] 13,000 Indirect $431.5 m PASSENGERS (2017)........................... 7.7 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.28 $251.9 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................64,200 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 6,500 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ......19 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY $789.6 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.87 » 2.07 (136%) 20,000 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.11% 25,000 Aviation direct $907.8 m 3.1 DENMARK TOURISM % OF GDP......................................7.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $641.2 TOTAL catalytic $8.1 billion AIRLINES.........................................................9 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......31/136 83,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................9 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................26= [187] 12,000 Indirect $1.3 bn PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 16.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.29 $1.7 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 156,600 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 16,000 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...30.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY $2.3 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............2.71 » 4.35 (60%) 21,000 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.98% 34,000 Aviation direct $2.8 bn 3.5 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 17.2 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,092.2 TOTAL catalytic $9 billion AIRLINES.........................................................3 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......76/136 481,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................7 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 82 [142] $8.1 bn PASSENGERS (2017)...........................6.5 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.41 442,000 $139.1 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................44,500 8,000 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 18.4 MILLION TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 0.48 » 0.79 (66%) AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 20,000 Indirect $344.4 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 11,000 Aviation direct $358.9 m 2.8 63 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

ECUADOR TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.4 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,004.5 TOTAL $3.2 AIRLINES.........................................................7 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......57/136 206,000 billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 13 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................ 121 [118] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................5.5 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.75 155,000 Tourism $2.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................50,300 11,000 catalytic $157.7 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 10.3 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY Induced TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 0.33 » 0.59 (76%) 82.27% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 28,000 Indirect $391.9 m 2.5 12,000 Aviation direct $408.8 m EGYPT TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 11.0 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $663.6 TOTAL catalytic $7 AIRLINES....................................................... 14 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......74/136 602,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 10 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................32= [181] PASSENGERS (2017)............................12 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.21 383,000 $4.1 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 105,300 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...32.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 20,000 $240.6 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 0.15 » 0.29 (85%) 87.9% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 102,000 Indirect $1.2 bn 2.9 97,000 Aviation direct $1.4 bn ETHIOPIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................6.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $457.1 TOTAL catalytic $4.1 billion AIRLINES.........................................................4 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING.... 116/136 1,093,000 Induced AIRPORTS...................................................... 19 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................49 [168] $2.6 bn PASSENGERS (2017)........................... 6.1 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.31 815,000 $230 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................58,700 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..... 7.7 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 80,000 TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.03 » 0.07 (162%) 63.37% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 179,000 Indirect $516 m 2.0 19,000 Aviation direct $794 m FINLAND TOURISM % OF GDP......................................8.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $6 billion AIRLINES.........................................................4 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $976.1 69,500 Induced AIRPORTS...................................................... 17 $1.6 bn PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 10.6 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......33/136 18,000 Indirect $908.1 m FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 108,600 9,500 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 15.7 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 30 [183] $1.5 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.52 » 2.52 (66%) 17,000 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.39 25,000 Aviation direct $1.9 bn 4.0 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 92.34% FRANCE TOURISM % OF GDP......................................8.9 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $543.7 TOTAL catalytic $105 billion AIRLINES....................................................... 20 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 2/136 1,142,000 Induced AIRPORTS...................................................... 56 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 3= [207] 231,000 $18.1 bn PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 88.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.24 FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................706,800 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 207,000 $18.4 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 160.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.26 » 1.99 (58%) 431,000 Indirect $38.4 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 97.92% 273,000 Aviation direct $30.2 bn 4.9 64 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

GERMANY TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 10.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,054.2 TOTAL catalytic $86 AIRLINES....................................................... 23 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 3/136 1,140,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 27 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 3= [207] PASSENGERS (2017)........................116.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.26 299,000 $18.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 929,900 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..212.9 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 189,000 $15.0 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.29 » 2.27 (76%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 337,000 Indirect $26.7 bn 4.9 315,000 Aviation direct $25.9 bn GREECE TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 19.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $664.1 TOTAL catalytic $19.7 AIRLINES.........................................................9 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING..... 24/136 456,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 39 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................40= [176] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 25.1 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.23 388,000 $16.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................205,654 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 8,000 $415.5 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ......46 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 2.95 » 5.11 (73%) 19,000 Indirect $993.1 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.99% 41,000 Aviation direct $2 bn 4.3 HUNGARY TOURISM % OF GDP......................................8.0 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $373.3 TOTAL catalytic $2.8 billion AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......49/136 68,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................2 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................46= [170] $666.9 m PASSENGERS (2017)...........................6.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.25 21,000 $320.8 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................46,000 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 15.2 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 11,000 TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............0.76 » 1.96 (159%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 89.34% 23,000 Indirect $682.2 m 3.0 13,000 Aviation direct $1.1 bn ICELAND TOURISM % OF GDP....................................34.6 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,254.4 TOTAL catalytic $7.7 billion AIRLINES.........................................................6 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......25/136 72,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................8 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................91= [137] 41,000 Indirect $4.3 bn PASSENGERS (2017)...........................4.5 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.17 $612.5 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................34,800 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 6,000 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..... 7.9 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY $1.4 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).......... 12.28 » 20.28 (65%) 14,000 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 95.23% 11,000 Aviation direct $1.4 bn 4.7 INDIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.4 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015.............. $2,617.7 TOTAL $35 billion AIRLINES....................................................... 13 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......40/136 6,200,000 AIRPORTS...................................................... 88 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................18= [192] PASSENGERS (2017)........................141.1 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.54 4,300,000 Tourism $22 bn FLIGHTS (2017)........................................1,070,900 553,000 catalytic $2.4 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 199.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY Induced TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.10 » 0.38 (270%) 57.32% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 943,000 Indirect $4.1 bn 3.9 404,000 Aviation direct $6.3 bn 65 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

INDONESIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.8 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,034.0 TOTAL $24 AIRLINES....................................................... 27 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING..... 42/136 4,191,000 billion AIRPORTS.....................................................112 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................55= [164] PASSENGERS (2017)........................121.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.35 3,500,000 Tourism $15.8 bn FLIGHTS (2017)....................................... 1,008,800 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 117,000 catalytic $911 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 239.7 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY Induced TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.48 » 1.39 (188%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 78.93% 459,000 Indirect $3.5 bn 3.8 115,000 Aviation direct $3.7 bn IRELAND TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.9 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $503.0 TOTAL catalytic $20.5 AIRLINES.........................................................7 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......23/136 144,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................6 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................29 [184] PASSENGERS (2017)............................17 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.19 69,000 Indirect $10.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 124,600 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 11,000 $1.5 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 40.7 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............3.70 » 5.82 (57%) 25,000 $3.5 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 39,000 Aviation direct $5.3 bn 4.2 ISRAEL TOURISM % OF GDP......................................6.0 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $15.8 AIRLINES.........................................................6 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,916.2 184,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................5 PASSENGERS (2017)...........................9.5 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......61/136 97,000 $7.7 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................66,800 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...22.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 28 [185] 21,000 $1.8 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.20 » 1.99 (65%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.39 33,000 Indirect $2.7 bn 3.2 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 33,000 Aviation direct $3.6 bn AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 99.55% ITALY TOURISM % OF GDP.......................................13 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $50.6 AIRLINES....................................................... 12 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $777.6 714,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 39 PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 86.8 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 8/136 267,000 Indirect $19.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................645,000 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 158.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................12= [197] 58,000 $4.7 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.58 » 2.60 (64%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.27 185,000 $15.0 bn 4.4 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 204,000 Aviation direct $11.7 bn AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 98.51% JAPAN TOURISM % OF GDP......................................6.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,265.8 TOTAL catalytic $117.5 AIRLINES....................................................... 22 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 4/136 1,420,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 78 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................... 9 [202] 568,000 Indirect $45.5 bn PASSENGERS (2017)....................... 146.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.27 FLIGHTS (2017)........................................1,194,800 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 237,000 $18.1 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 216.6 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.11 » 1.88 (70%) 314,000 $24.0 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 98.78% 301,000 Aviation direct $29.9 bn 4.6 66 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

JORDAN TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 18.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,080.8 TOTAL catalytic $2.2 AIRLINES.........................................................6 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......75/136 69,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................2 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................49= [168] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................3.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.34 38,000 $1.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................34,700 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .....9.2 MILLION 5,000 $183.5 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............0.41 » 0.89 (117%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 9,000 Indirect $334.5 m 2.6 AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 98.53% 17,000 Aviation direct $418.4 m KENYA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $649.0 TOTAL catalytic $3.2 AIRLINES....................................................... 23 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......80/136 411,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 16 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................42 [174] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................4.7 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.53 257,000 $1.5 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................82,200 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...40.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 43,000 $246.5 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 0.07 » 0.13 (91%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 69.81% 96,000 Indirect $554.8m 2.5 15,000 Aviation direct $852.0 m LATVIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.2 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................$442.6 TOTAL catalytic $849.3 AIRLINES.........................................................4 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING..... 54/136 27,000 Induced million AIRPORTS........................................................2 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 68 [154] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................2.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.26 12,000 Indirect $398.7 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................33,600 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 2,000 $65 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .....5.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 1.20 » 3.26 (173%) 6,000 $187.6 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 77.02% 7,000 Aviation direct $197.8 m 3.1 LEBANON TOURISM % OF GDP....................................18.4 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$4,517.5 TOTAL catalytic $5.8 billion AIRLINES.........................................................2 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......96/136 230,000 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................1 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................49= [168] $5.0 bn PASSENGERS (2017)...........................3.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.39 204,000 $152.6 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................ 31,100 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ......11 MILLION 6,000 TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.81 » 2.36 (192%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 11,000 Indirect $279.7 m 2.4 AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 98.29% 9,000 Aviation direct $348.6 m LUXEMBOURG TOURISM % OF GDP......................................4.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $3,943.3 TOTAL catalytic $2 billion AIRLINES.........................................................3 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......28/136 14,100 Induced AIRPORTS........................................................1 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................55= [164] $550.9 m PASSENGERS (2017)...........................1.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.32 3,300 Indirect $170.6 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................23,900 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 700 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .....3.2 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY $268.6 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............3.42 » 4.85 (42%) 1,100 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 9,000 Aviation direct $1.0 bn 3.6 67 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

MALAYSIA TOURISM % OF GDP....................................13.4 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $684.1 TOTAL catalytic $10.1 AIRLINES....................................................... 11 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......26/136 450,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 34 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................43= [173] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 51.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.23 214,000 $5.0 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 431,600 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 106.3 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 19,000 $399.7 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 1.34 » 3.42 (155%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 98.13% 111,000 Indirect $2.3 bn 4.5 106,000 Aviation direct $2.4 bn MALTA TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 27.1 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $769.3 TOTAL $2.6 AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......36/136 49,000 billion AIRPORTS........................................................1 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................ 61= [157] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................2.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.19 41,000 Tourism $2.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................ 19,800 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 900 catalytic $52.4 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .....6.7 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY Induced TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 8.02 » 14.51 (81%) 3,000 $161.3 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% Indirect 3.9 4,000 Aviation direct $204.9 m MEXICO TOURISM % OF GDP.......................................16 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $37.1 AIRLINES....................................................... 22 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $552.6 1,412,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 62 PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 66.7 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......22/136 667,000 $13.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 629,000 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..110.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................66= [155] 122,000 $2.5 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............0.42 » 0.74 (77%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.50 345,000 Indirect $7.1 bn 3.7 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 278,000 Aviation direct $14.3 bn AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 91.57% MOROCCO TOURISM % OF GDP....................................18.6 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $575.1 TOTAL catalytic $9.6 billion AIRLINES.........................................................4 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......65/136 979,000 Induced AIRPORTS...................................................... 17 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................32= [181] $8.3 bn PASSENGERS (2017)........................... 9.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.21 841,000 $265.5 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................81,300 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ......21 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 30,000 TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............0.27 » 0.50 (87%) 91.85% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 74,000 Indirect $658.6 m 2.8 34,000 Aviation direct $423.8 m NETHERLANDS TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.2 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $880.3 TOTAL catalytic $24.7 AIRLINES.........................................................8 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......17/136 306,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................5 CONNECTIVITY RANKING........................... 6= [205] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 35.7 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.17 129,000 Indirect $7.9 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................258,500 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 33,000 $3.2 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 47.3 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............1.55 » 2.62 (70%) 59,000 $5.8 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 85,000 Aviation direct $7.8 bn 5.0 68 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

NEW ZEALAND TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 17.9 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$2,977.8 TOTAL catalytic $20.5 AIRLINES.........................................................9 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......16/136 329,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 27 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................70= [153] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 19.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.52 215,000 $11.8 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................238,000 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ......30 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 22,000 $1.6 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............3.56 » 5.28 (48%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.73% 47,000 Indirect $3.5 bn 4.7 45,000 Aviation direct $3.6 bn NIGERIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.1 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $321.8 TOTAL catalytic $1.6 AIRLINES....................................................... 13 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING.... 129/136 240,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 20 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................31 [182] PASSENGERS (2017)...........................5.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.66 169,000 $1.0 bn FLIGHTS (2017)............................................59,500 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 16,000 $95.9 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 12.9 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............0.03 » 0.04 (56%) 35,000 Indirect $211.2 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 68.87% 20,000 Aviation direct $325.3 m 2.0 NORWAY TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.0 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $923.7 TOTAL catalytic $17.7 AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......18/136 160,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 48 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 35 [180] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 27.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.40 49,000 Indirect $4.8 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 327,823 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 21,000 $2.8 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 46.6 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 4.69 » 6.41 (37%) 38,000 $5.3 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.23% 52,000 Aviation direct $4.8 bn 5.3 PANAMA TOURISM % OF GDP....................................14.5 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,968.7 TOTAL catalytic $7.8 billion AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......35/136 232,000 Induced AIRPORTS...................................................... 18 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................ 61= [157] Indirect $5.4 bn PASSENGERS (2017)...........................8.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.31 177,000 $509 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................ 79,900 16,600 $561 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .....8.8 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 0.58 » 1.10 (91%) 83.24% 18,000 AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 20,000 Aviation direct $1.3 bn 4.7 PERU TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $960.7 TOTAL catalytic $5 billion AIRLINES....................................................... 10 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......51/136 341,000 Induced AIRPORTS...................................................... 25 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................95= [135] 223,000 $3.3 bn PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 16.3 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.63 17,000 Indirect $200.2m FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 141,500 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 30.3 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 68,000 $812.0 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............041 » 0.86 (110%) 62% AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 33,000 Aviation direct $645.2 m 2.5 69 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

PHILIPPINES TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 21.1 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $984.3 TOTAL catalytic $10.3 AIRLINES....................................................... 12 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......79/136 1,163,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 45 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................26= [187] PASSENGERS (2017).........................38.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.29 954,000 $7.7 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................286,222 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...88.3 MILLION 37,000 $273.1 m TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.34 » 0.88 (155%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 127,000 Indirect $942.9 m 2.7 AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 93.62% 45,000 Aviation direct $1.4 bn POLAND TOURISM % OF GDP......................................4.5 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $581.5 TOTAL catalytic $4.3 AIRLINES.........................................................7 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......46/136 136,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 14 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................38 [178] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 18.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.23 27,000 $807.9 m FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 160,800 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 18,000 $516.0 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ...36.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............0.48 » 1.19 (150%) 47,000 Indirect $1.3 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 95.21% 44,000 Aviation direct $1.7 bn 2.6 PORTUGAL TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 17.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $13.4 AIRLINES.........................................................9 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,252.9 322,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 19 PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 25.3 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......14/136 197,000 Indirect $7.4 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 201,300 26,000 $1.1 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 41.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................32= [181] TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............. 2.57 » 4.44 (73%) 46,000 $2.0 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.18 53,000 Aviation direct $2.9 bn 3.9 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 84.49% ROMANIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................5.3 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOTAL $2.4 billion AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $766.1 107,000 AIRPORTS...................................................... 11 PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 10.1 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......68/136 42,000 Tourism $791.6 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................84,900 10,000 catalytic $227.4 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 20.6 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................40= [146] Induced TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.56 » 1.50 (169%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.23 30,000 Indirect $679.2 m 2.4 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 25,000 Aviation direct $748.0 m AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 94.84% RUSSIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................4.8 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $270.0 TOTAL catalytic $22.6 AIRLINES....................................................... 51 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......43/136 1,042,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS.................................................... 153 CONNECTIVITY RANKING.......................18 [192] PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 77.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.33 192,000 $3.6 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 706,100 96,000 $1.6 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .... 119 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............0.56 » 1.16 (109%) 69.36% 464,000 Indirect $8.2 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 290,000 Aviation direct $9.2 bn 4.5 70 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

RWANDA TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 12.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $322.0 TOTAL catalytic $121.7 AIRLINES.........................................................1 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......97/136 33,000 Induced million AIRPORTS........................................................2 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 82 [142] PASSENGERS (2017).................................603,000 CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.53 26,000 $89.0 m FLIGHTS (2017)............................................. 8,800 2,000 $4.9 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .....1.5 MILLION TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 0.03 » 0.06 (91%) AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 4,000 Indirect $10.9 m AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.78% 1,000 Aviation direct $16.9 m 1.9 SAUDI ARABIA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.4 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $562.9 TOTAL catalytic $36.2 AIRLINES.........................................................6 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......63/136 594,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 25 CONNECTIVITY RANKING........................... 39 [177] PASSENGERS (2017).........................43.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.34 295,000 Indirect $16.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 321,900 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 47,000 $2.5 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 96.3 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 1.10 » 1.96 (79%) 114,000 $6.1 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 63.82% 138,000 Aviation direct $11.4 bn 3.7 SINGAPORE TOURISM % OF GDP....................................10.2 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,389.3 TOTAL catalytic $36.5 AIRLINES.........................................................5 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......13/136 375,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................1 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................16 [195] Indirect PASSENGERS (2017)............................31 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.16 152,000 $14.5 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 177,700 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 26,000 $2.2 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 79.4 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 3.66 » 8.33 (128%) 78,000 $6.6 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 100% 119,000 Aviation direct $13.2 bn 5.3 SOUTH AFRICA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................8.9 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $924.9 TOTAL catalytic $9.3 AIRLINES.........................................................7 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......53/136 472,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 29 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................14= [196] PASSENGERS (2017).........................20.4 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.64 241,000 $4.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 223,100 48,000 $908.8 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 35.6 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............0.33 » 0.59 (77%) 80.98% 113,000 Indirect $2.1 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 70,000 Aviation direct $2.1 bn 3.4 SOUTH KOREA TOURISM % OF GDP......................................4.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$2,739.5 TOTAL catalytic $47.4 AIRLINES....................................................... 12 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......19/136 838,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 15 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................17 [193] 378,000 $17.8 bn PASSENGERS (2017).........................64.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.15 FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................368,200 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 87,000 $4.6 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..127.6 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............1.22 » 2.35 (93%) 215,000 Indirect $11.4 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 99.8% 158,000 Aviation direct $13.6 bn 4.3 71 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

SPAIN TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 14.9 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $824.1 TOTAL catalytic $113.1 AIRLINES....................................................... 23 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 1/136 1,708,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 40 CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................11 [198] Indirect PASSENGERS (2017)........................121.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.18 1,178,000 $78.1 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 859,700 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 98,000 $6.6 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ....233 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............. 2.96 » 4.85 (64%) 163,000 $10.9 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 94.92% 269,000 Aviation direct $17.5 bn 5.0 SWEDEN TOURISM % OF GDP......................................9.5 JOBS GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,076.0 TOTAL $19 AIRLINES.........................................................8 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......20/136 192,000 billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 37 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................22= [189] PASSENGERS (2017).........................22.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.36 80,000 Tourism $7.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 235,700 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 24,000 catalytic $2.4 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 39.7 MILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY Induced TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............2.25 » 3.40 (51%) 39,000 $4.0 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 98.99% Indirect 4.6 49,000 Aviation direct $5.4 bn SWITZERLAND TOURISM % OF GDP...................................... 9.1 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $27.0 AIRLINES.........................................................7 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,758.4 207,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................6 PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 27.4 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......10/136 51,000 Indirect $5.2 bn FLIGHTS (2017)..........................................222,200 40,000 $5.3 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 54.7 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING..............................10 [199] TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............2.91 » 4.53 (55%) 49,000 $6.6 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.24 67,000 Aviation direct $9.9 bn 4.9 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 100% THAILAND TOURISM % OF GDP....................................21.2 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $63.5 AIRLINES....................................................... 16 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $1,072.4 4,272,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 32 PASSENGERS (2017).........................75.4 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING..... 34/136 3,566,000 $52.3 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 494,600 99,000 $1.0 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..139.5 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................22= [189] TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 0.84 » 2.34 (178%) 435,000 Indirect $4.7 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.27 172,000 Aviation direct $5.5 bn 4.6 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 88.04% TURKEY TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 11.6 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015................ $674.2 TOTAL catalytic $44.7 AIRLINES....................................................... 11 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING..... 44/136 1,008,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 51 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................14= [196] PASSENGERS (2017).........................82.8 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE....................................0.27 713,000 Indirect $34.4 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 591,200 24,000 $752.9 m FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ..121.1 MILLION CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036).............1.03 » 2.48 (141%) AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 117,000 $3.7 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 91.34% 154,000 Aviation direct $5.8 bn 4.7 72 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES TOURISM % OF GDP.................................... 11.3 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $47.1 AIRLINES....................................................... 13 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015.............. $1,129.4 777,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS........................................................6 PASSENGERS (2017)......................... 59.1 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING......29/136 409,000 Indirect $28.0 bn FLIGHTS (2017).......................................... 309,640 68,000 $3.8 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) ... 99.9 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................. 6= [205] TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)............ 2.58 » 5.85 (127%) 120,000 $6.7 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.14 180,000 Aviation direct $8.6 bn 5.8 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 82.68% UNITED KINGDOM TOURISM % OF GDP....................................10.5 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOTAL catalytic $119.6 AIRLINES....................................................... 24 TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015..............$1,320.2 1,556,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS...................................................... 65 PASSENGERS (2017)....................... 142.4 MILLION TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 5/136 490,000 $34.0 bn FLIGHTS (2017)........................................1,095,100 FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) . 275.2 MILLION CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................... 2 [215] 294,000 $22.6 bn TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)...............2.18 » 3.52 (61%) AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE CONNECTIVITY SCORE.................................... 0.17 419,000 Indirect $32.2 bn 5.2 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 353,000 Aviation direct $30.8bn AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY 99.59% UNITED STATES TOURISM % OF GDP......................................7.7 JOBS Tourism GDP TOTAL TOURISM SPEND PER ARRIVAL, 2015............. $2,638.7 TOTAL catalytic $778.4 AIRLINES..................................................... 132 TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS RANKING....... 6/136 6,535,000 Induced billion AIRPORTS.................................................... 640 CONNECTIVITY RANKING............................... 1 [218] 1,287,000 Indirect $137.6 bn PASSENGERS (2017)....................... 860.3 MILLION CONNECTIVITY SCORE......................................0.6 FLIGHTS (2017)........................................9,051,200 CORSIA VOLUNTEER.....................................✓ 1,336,000 $164.2 bn FORECAST PASSENGERS .(2027) .. 1.012 BILLION AIRPORT ACCESSIBILITY TRIPS PER CAPITA (2017-2036)..............1.85 » 2.45 (33%) 1,707,000 $209.9 bn AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE SCORE 92.27% 2,206,000 Aviation direct $266.7 bn 6.0 Note: In the United States, the FAA collects economic impact data with which these numbers are aligned. The FAA assessment further evaluates the much wider economic activity that is supported by air transport, including general aviation and the domestic tourism markets, which this report does not include. Accordingly, with these wider catalytic impacts included, the total number of jobs supported by civil aviation in the US alone is around 10.6 million, with a contribution to GDP of around $910 billion at 2016 prices207. 73 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

74 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

A GROWTH INDUSTRY An assessment of the next 20 years in aviation 75 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

FORECAST Foretelling what will happen in the future is never an easy task. The question is how could the economic contribution of air However, we can look to past trends and to other economic transport be impacted if demand, for one reason or another, indicators to get a reasonable understanding of how we should is reduced? To account for unforeseen fluctuations in activity, be planning for the future. Air traffic has traditionally doubled Oxford Economics undertook a sensitivity analysis. By changing every 15 years, and despite various geopolitical shocks to the key assumptions driving the results, a sensitivity analysis can system this trend has held steady. assess a range of potential alternative economic outcomes. These forecasts are based on the air transport sector growing at Oxford Economics has provided two scenarios for consideration the predicted rate. However, looking ahead 20 years is naturally on how aviation connectivity (and associated support for fraught with uncertainty. Unexpected political and economic economic and employment trends) will evolve in the next events could throw these predictions off course. 20 years. Onwards and upwards Growing support for connectivity, employment and economic activity, 2016–2036208 A 15.5 trn A 7.7 bn B 11.3 trn REVENUE PASSENGERS B 5.6 bn PASSENGER KILOMETRES 7.3 trillion 2036 3.8 billion 2036 2016 2016 A 97.8 m A $5.7 trn B 85.8 m B $4.4 trn JOBS 65.5 million GDP $2.7 trillion SUPPORTED SUPPORTED 2016 2036 2016 2036 76 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

A B THE ‘OPEN SKIES’ THE GLOBAL LIBERALISED SCENARIO FRAGMENTATION SCENARIO 7.7 bn 97.8 m 5.6 bn 85.8 m Passengers 2036 Jobs supported 2036 Passengers 2036 Jobs supported 2036 15.5 trn $5.7 trn 11.3 trn $4.4 trn Revenue passenger Economic impact Revenue passenger Economic impact kilometres 2036 2036 kilometres 2036 2036 Analysis based on recognised industry forecasts suggests Should moves towards a more protectionist and that demand for air transport will increase an average fragmented world continue, there will likely be an impact of 4.3% per annum over the next 20 years209. That implies on air traffic growth, particularly international travel that demand for air travel will increase by a factor of 2.3 and air freight. Analysis by IATA and Oxford Economics over the period. produced a forecast that explores the impact of this scenario. The result is a reduction in the growth of aviation If this growth path is achieved, then in 2036 the air activity, with an average annual growth rate in revenue transport industry will contribute: passenger kilometres of 2.6% for the next 20 years. This implies that demand for air travel will increase by »» 15.5 million direct jobs and $1.5 trillion of GDP to the a factor of 1.7 over the period. world economy; If this more pessimistic scenario materialises, then in 2036 the air transport industry will contribute: »» 46.4 million jobs and $3.8 trillion in GDP, including »» 13.5 million direct jobs and $1.2 trillion of GDP to the indirect and induced contributions; and world economy (1.9 million fewer jobs and $320 billion »» 97.8 million jobs and $5.7 trillion in GDP once the less GDP than in the open skies scenario); impacts of global tourism are taken into account210. »» 39.9 million jobs and $3 trillion in GDP, including Enabling factors for this scenario to take place: indirect and induced contributions (6.5 million fewer jobs and $820 billion less GDP); and »» Near-term economic optimism continues to rise. »» Increased business investment helps to support »» 85.8 million jobs and $4.4 trillion in GDP once the near-term aggregate demand and long-term impacts of global tourism are taken into account supply growth. (12 million fewer jobs and $1.2 trillion less GDP)211. »» Trade between nations continues to grow. Such a scenario could materialise following some or all »» Flight freedoms are not restricted and are even of these events: improved. »» A significant shift in global trade policy and »» Technological progress continues to reinforce the multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements, with retaliatory tariffs established in response. downward trend in air fares. »» The UK’s withdrawal from the European Union The likely scenario obviously sits somewhere between these options. Either way, the long-term trend of aviation innovation without a free trade deal. for efficiency will continue. »» A trade slowdown that undermines the global recovery. »» No further liberalisation in air markets and even more restrictive policies. »» A slowdown in migration due to a tightening of immigration policies. »» A limiting of the ability of monetary authorities to combat the downturn in demand by relaxing monetary policy. »» Debt accumulates to weigh on consumer spending and business investment. 77 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE The aviation industry is expected to grow significantly in the of commitment to further developing this new energy source. coming decades, with more demand from passengers forecast to However, more systematic uptake will be needed for these 2036 and beyond. And the industry is confident that this growth fuels to deliver the CO2 reductions needed. Governments must can be reconciled with its environmental responsibilities. prioritise the use of these new forms of energy for long-haul air transport. Aviation has adopted the world’s first global carbon mechanism for any industrial sector: the ICAO Carbon Offsetting and A number of technology research organisations are exploring Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). As of new, disruptive aircraft designs, which will literally change publication, 73 nations have signed up to the initial voluntary the shape of aviation. Each of these conceptual designs has phases of this scheme, meaning around 80% of the post-2020 advantages and feasibility barriers to overcome. growth of international aviation will be offset. From 2027, the scheme becomes mandatory and will help towards achieving the For short- and medium-haul aircraft, electric propulsion is industry’s goal of carbon-neutral growth in the midterm. becoming more of a feasible option as battery technology develops. Developments on both sides of the Atlantic point to However, it is the industry’s long-term goal of cutting overall this technology being ready in the coming decade and to the emissions by 2050 to half of what they were in 2005 that remains possibility that regional, jet-sized electric aircraft could be in the major focus. To achieve this goal, the sector will need to service by 2030. This technology, though, is not expected to be continue to be a world leader in technological innovation. feasible for long routes with mission times in excess of a couple of hours. Operational and infrastructural improvements can also yield significant gains and have already done so. But the most Electricity is also a viable option for urban air mobility, with significant savings in emissions will be achieved through new multiple projects underway to reduce ground-based traffic aircraft technology and sustainable aviation fuels. congestion with airborne taxi and package delivery services. This is an area that is developing rapidly. These fuels can be up to 80% less carbon intensive over their life cycle, and work is already well underway to commercialise For any of these concepts to become a reality, investment and them. One million commercial flights are expected to have dedication are essential. It is something that the industry is taken place on these fuels by 2020, and a number of influential committed to and pursuing in collaboration with research businesses within the industry have shown an encouraging level institutes and governments. STRUT-BRACED WING AIRCRAFT ALL-ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT 78 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

CALCULATING THE BENEFITS OF AVIATION This report looks at how the air transport industry contributes to social and economic development at different levels. The first four pillars below are included in this analysis. They do not include other economic benefits of aviation, such as the jobs or economic activity generated when companies or whole industries exist because air travel makes them possible (noted under ‘other catalytic’). They also do not include the intrinsic value that the speed and connectivity of air travel provides or domestic tourism and trade. Including these would increase the employment and global economic impact numbers several-fold46. DIRECT INDIRECT INDUCED TOURISM OTHER (within the industry) (spending of direct CATALYTIC CATALYTIC (industry supply (spending by the (the benefits of air chain) and indirect 57% of tourists transport to other employees) that travel by air) sectors and businesses Airlines Off-site in the economy) Food and beverage Hotels Passenger Fuel suppliers Recreation & leisure Entertainment Global trade Air cargo Food and beverage Restaurants Airline ticketing Transport Labour supply General aviation Construction Housing Museums flight crew, check-in Transport providers Attractions Productivity of other staff, maintenance crew, Taxes Tour operators businesses reservations and Manufacturing Clothing head office staff Furniture Retail Education access Computer components Services Car rental Airports Retail goods Telecommunications Healthcare Airport management Services Family ties maintenance, Accounting firms Connectivity operations, security, Lawyers Lifelines to remote rescue fire communities and Call centres small island states Airport on-site IT systems Investment Retail Restaurants Remittances Hotels Research / innovation Car rental Freight services (these impacts are not Catering included in the numbers Ground handling presented in this study) Aircraft maintenance Office parks Government customs, immigration, security, police Air navigation service providers Management, air traffic controllers Civil aerospace Airframe Engine Components Engineers, designers, construction teams 79 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

REFERENCES 1 Oxford Economics analysis. airport pairs with fewer than one 34 Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon fewer than one million passengers, 2 Oxford Economics. flight per week. The full equivalent Budget 2017: bit.ly/2j7zhkI. each increase of 1,000 passenger 3 Airports Council International is 54,913 routes. City pairs are routes 35 IATA Environment analysis. movements increases direct (ACI) figures. Most of those employed between different cities, counted only 36 ATAG/IATA analysis. employment on-airport by 1.2 jobs. by airport operators work on-site once. Therefore, all flights between all 37 IATA Economics. The employment generated by each at airports, but a small number London airports and Geneva in both 38 IATA Environment analysis. 2,500 additional 1,000 traffic units for small may work off-site. To avoid double directions are counted as one city pair. special commercial flights using airports is greater than that for large counting, the airport operator 14 ICAO and IATA Economics. Includes sustainable alternative fuel took airports. Furthermore, connecting employees are subtracted from the all scheduled and charter airline place before 2016, after which regular passengers have a marginally smaller overall on-airport employees figure. traffic. Does not include business commercial flights started from Oslo (3%) direct employment impact than Also, on a country-by-country basis, aviation or non-scheduled traffic. and Los Angeles Airports. origin/destination passengers. This the figures for airport operators may 15 IATA, Safety Report 2017, using 39 IATA Economics, BIS. may reflect the fact that connecting include activities that other countries Ascend, a FlightGlobal advisory 40 There are no reliable global passengers do not consume certain do not. For example, airport operators service. figures published for other modes of services at airports, such as car in the United Kingdom are obliged 16 IATA Economics/PaxIS. transport. The European Union used parking, car rental and other ground to provide security services at their 17 IATA Economics. to publish occupancy by other forms transportation. Passengers flying facilities, whereas in the United 18 IATA, World Air Transport Statistics of public transport but discontinued on low-cost carriers (LCCs), have a States that service is provided by the 59th edition, all traffic. this several years ago. At that time, smaller direct employment impact government (and, therefore, those 19 Commercial airlines with an IATA trains tended to be on average 35–40% (20% less) than other types of traffic. employees appear in the ‘other on- and/or ICAO code. From the Flight full (with vastly higher occupancy This may be due to the lower staffing airport’ category). In New Zealand, Fleets Analyzer, part of Flight Global: for commuter routes at peak levels at LCCs, reduced auxiliary airport operators provide the rescue bit.ly/2AvCDtE. hours). However, commuter trains services (such as in-flight catering fire service, whereas in Australia 20 IATA Economics / SRS Analyser. tend to operate on a very different and airport lounges), and reduced LCC that service is provided by the ANSP. Includes airports with more than one business model, so air travel is more passenger spending on commercial A number of countries have one scheduled flight per week. comparable with high-speed and long- offerings. It should be noted that company fulfilling both airport and 21 CIA World Fact Book, 2016: distance rail. In China, studies have these ratios do not attempt to find ANSP functions. This is a conservative bit.ly/2F77NZs. This entry gives the shown that long-haul rail services can relationships between passenger approach that likely underestimates total number of airports or airfields have as low as 20% occupancy (Yao et numbers and the impact on total overall employment. recognisable from the air. The al., Study on High-Speed Rail Pricing employment – in particular the impact 4 ACI Economics Survey and Oxford runway(s) may be paved (concrete or Strategy, 2013). Even then, passengers upon catalytic impact. For example, Economics research. asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, on long-distance trains often embark connecting passengers may require 5 Oxford Economics and Air Transport earth, sand, or gravel surfaces) and or disembark at intermediate stations, a lower proportion of direct workers, Action Group (ATAG) research. may include closed or abandoned which can skew the results. European but if connecting passengers support 6 Oxford Economics, ATAG and installations. Airports or airfields that coach trips tend to be around 60% full, the operation of routes that would aerospace industry associations are no longer recognisable (overgrown, and personal cars across Europe (and otherwise not be viable, this leads to research. no facilities, etc) are not included. in many other ‘developed’ countries) an increase in traffic, which would not 7 International Civil Aviation 22 CANSO and ATAG analysis. average 1.45 passengers per vehicle be factored into this ratio. Similarly, Organization (ICAO) and Civil Air 23 Ascend database. (around 30% occupancy). This figure although LCC passengers also require Navigation Services Organisation 24 IATA, Safety Report 2017, using is declining. European Environment fewer direct workers, LCC traffic has (CANSO) figures. To avoid double Ascend, a FlightGlobal advisory Agency and EuroStat data. been for many airports and areas the counting, 40% of ANSP employees are service. 41 ACI. Airports count passengers major provider of growth in recent subtracted from other on-site airport 25 Developing Trade Consultants report twice – on arrival and departure – so years. In such cases, this traffic has employment, a conservative estimate commissioned by IATA, Value of Air global passenger movement figures contributed to the catalytic impact of of the ratio of ANSP employment Cargo 2016: bit.ly/2vyKJfi. are twice that of passenger movement airports, which is again not captured on-airport (in control towers, etc.) vs. 26 The Colography Group and Oxford data provided by airlines (and used in in the ratios. Airports generally count off-airport (head office, research and Economics: Global Cargo Market the rest of this report). each passenger twice (on arrival and training centres and en route control Projections for 2006. 42 ACI. departure), whereas most passenger/ centres). 27 IATA Economics / World Air 43 ACI. traffic numbers cited in this report 8 Oxford Economics. Transport Statistics 2018. 44 Official Airline Guide (OAG): count each passenger departure 9 Oxford Economics. 28 IATA Economics using World Trade www.oag.com. (i.e., once). 10 Previous studies have indicated this Organization (WTO) figures: 45 IATA Economics. 50 ACI Europe and Intervistas, additional benefit could mean aviation www.wto.org. 46 Previous studies have indicated this Economic Impact of European Airports, supports as much as 8% of global GDP. 29 IATA Economics / World Air additional benefit could mean aviation 2015. Airports generally count each 11 Oxford Economics. Transport Statistics 2018. supports as much as 8% of global GDP. passenger twice (on arrival and 12 Oxford Economics. 30 UN World Tourism Organization, 47 Oxford Economics analysis. departure), whereas most passenger/ 13 International Air Transport Tourism Highlights 2018 edition: 48 Oxford Economics. traffic numbers cited in this report Association (IATA) Economics / www.unwto.org. 49 ACI Europe and Intervistas, count each passenger departure SRS Analyser. A ‘route’ is a flight 31 IATA Economics. Economic Impact of European Airports, (i.e., once). between one airport and another, 32 IATA Economics. 2015: bit.ly/2aRbVxb. In Europe, 51 ACI Europe and Intervistas, bi-directionally. Therefore, LHR–GVA 33 IATA Economics. the direct employment generated Economic Impact of European Airports, and GVA–LHR are both counted. The by increased traffic was studied in 2015. basis for this number has been revised different bands of airport size, and 52 Oxford Economics. since the last edition of the report to it was found that, for airports with 53 Airport Services Association: remove aircraft under 19 seats and www.asaworld.aero. 54 WTTC, Economic Impact Analysis 2017: bit.ly/2ODrnyr. The WTTC’s Economic Impact Analysis 2018 shows that tourism supports 10.4% of global 80 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

GDP ($8.3 trillion) and 313 million jobs and 89% saying that face-to-face 83 IATA Economics. 102 IATA Economics / PaxIS. (9.9% of employment): bit.ly/2M2itfg. meetings are essential for ‘sealing the 84 Airbus analysis in CEO speech to the 55 IATA. deal’ (Managing Across Distance in SAE Aerotech congress in Toulouse, Global jobs Global GVA 56 WTTC, Economic Impact Report 2017: Today’s Economic Climate: The Value 2011. $ billion bit.ly/2LYwfzJ. of Face-to-Face Communication: 85 Aerospace and Defence Industries 2016 65,512,000 57 Oxford Economics. bit.ly/2vbC0jJ).Face-to-face meetings Association (ASD), Facts and Figures 2017 67,127,650 $2,693 58 UN WTO, Tourism Highlights 2018: have also been shown to be 34 2016: bit.ly/2LYTXf2. 2018 68,743,300 $2,841 www.unwto.org. times more effective than e-mail 86 Aerospace Industries Association 2019 70,358,950 $2,989 59 IATA Economics. communications alone in convincing (AIA), US exports of aerospace 2020 71,974,600 $3,137 60 Oxford Economics analysis. This people to undertake simple requests products: bit.ly/2OBb3OG. 2021 73,590,250 $3,286 figure is down from $46 billion in 2014 (Harvard Business Review: 87 Airlines for America analysis. The 2022 75,205,900 $3,434 (as shown in the previous Aviation: bit.ly/2oVDmh) 1941 ticket price of BOS-LAX return 2023 76,821,550 $3,582 Benefits Beyond Borders report), or 74 Oxford Economics analysis for Global was $4,695 (in 2017 dollars), with 12 2024 78,437,200 $3,730 22%, largely because the African Infrastructure Hub, 2016: stops and a total flight time of 15 2025 80,052,850 $3,878 countries’ currencies have fallen by www.gihub.org. Note that the regions hours, 15 minutes. In 2017, a fare was 2026 81,668,500 $4,026 26% between 2014 and 2016 relative to in this analysis do not relate to the $473, with a non-stop flight time of 6 2027 83,284,150 $4,175 the US dollar. regions in the rest of the Aviation: hours, 25 minutes. 2028 84,899,800 $4,323 61 UN WTO, Tourism Highlights 2018: Benefits Beyond Borders report. 88 The percentage of Americans that 2029 86,515,450 $4,471 www.unwto.org. United States dollars at 2015 prices and has flown at least once in their lives 2030 88,131,100 $4,619 62 Oxford Economics. exchange rates. has increased from 20% in 1965 (Time 2031 89,746,750 $4,767 63 World Economic Forum, Travel and 75 Oxford Economics analysis for Global Magazine, June 1965) to 49% in 1971 2032 91,362,400 $4,915 Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017: Infrastructure Hub, 2016. and up to 88% in 2017, according to 2033 92,978,050 $5,063 bit.ly/2LNifJW. 76 Sources for the airport an Airlines for America 2016 survey 2034 94,593,700 $5,212 64 United Nations World Tourism infrastructure investment dataset, (www.airlines.org) and the National 2035 96,209,350 $5,360 Organization, Visa Openness Report created for the Global Infrastructure Atlas of the United States. 2036 97,825,000 $5,508 2016: bit.ly/2vtZNuU. Hub, include OECD, World Bank, 89 UK Department of Transport Survey, $5,656 65 World Economic Forum, Travel individual country national statistical 2018. and Tourism Competitiveness Report agencies, and Oxford Economics’ 90 IATA Economics, 2017 prices. 103 IATA Economics / PaxIS. 2017. econometric estimates. Air arrivals 91 IATA Economics. 104 United Nations Department for 66 Organisation for Economic Co- data is based on UNWTO statistics and 92 International Labour Organization, Economic and Social Affairs, Migration operation and Development (OECD), Oxford Economics analysis. Because Promoting Fair Migration, 2016: Report 2017: bit.ly/2kV7Yei. The Aid for Trade initiative, 2015: some countries do not report air bit.ly/2LIWryS. 105 International Labour Office, bit.ly/1aFETGp. arrivals and the basis for reporting 93 ATR Aircraft, 2018 Market Forecast: Addressing governance challenges in a 67 Centre d’études prospectives et can differ across countries, there is bit.ly/2O5Z0aT. changing labour migration landscape, d’informations internationals (CEPII), a degree of uncertainty in air arrival 94 Ozcan, Economic contribution of 2017: bit.ly/2vu3aly. Evaluating Aid for Trade, 2013. estimates. essential air service flights on small 106 The World Bank / Knomad, 68 GeekWire report: bit.ly/2vcLWK2. 77 Currency values are at 2015 prices and remote communities, Journal of Air Migration and Remittances Brief 27, 69 ATAG, Aviation: Benefits Beyond and exchange rates. Transport Management, 2013. April 2017: bit.ly/2pc9Lj5. Borders 2014. 78 Railway subsidies across the EU 95 Fageda et al., Air connectivity in 107 The World Bank / Knomad, 70 IATA Economics. are split into two separate buckets of remote regions: a comprehensive Migration and Remittances Brief 27, 71 Oxford Economics forecast based activity: pensions and public-service review, Journal of Air Transport April 2017. on Boeing and Airbus projections of obligation (PSO) and infrastructure Management, 2017. 108 The World Bank / Knomad, demand. and other aid. The €47 bn figure 96 Fageda et al., Air connectivity in Migration and Remittances Brief 27, 72 Crowne Plaza Hotels, Business includes both, as PSO is generally remote regions: a comprehensive April 2017. meetings in the modern world: what aviation is subsidised for. review, Journal of Air Transport 109 The World Bank / Knomad, bit.ly/2MdtB5Z. ‘Infrastructure and other aid’ alone Management, 2017. Migration and Remittances Brief 27, 73 A number of other studies have counted for €24 bn in 2016. Individual 97 Chiambaretto, The Role of Air April 2017. backed these findings. A 2009 study countries have varying degrees of Transport in Economic Development, 110 Global Migration Group, 2014. by Forbes Insight (Business Meetings: subsidy applied, with the top three 2016. 111 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the Case for Face-to-Face: http://onforb. total subsidies to rail given in France 98 ACI. Global flow of tertiary-level students: es/1T7iPw0), which surveyed over 750 (€12.2 bn), Germany (€11.8 bn) and 99 This ‘remote tower’ technology is bit.ly/1e9JoA8. business executives, found that 84% Italy (€6.5 bn). The UK does not already in use in several countries, 112 UNESCO Institute for Statistics and preferred face-to-face meetings, rather provide any infrastructure subsidy including, since 2015, in Sweden, Project Atlas, Global Mobility Trends than virtual ones. Similar results to rail. European Commission, DG where at Ornskoldsvik Airport air 2017 Release: bit.ly/2AAhT3T. were seen in a Harvard Business Competition, State Aid Scoreboard 2017: traffic services are managed from 113 UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Review survey in 2009, which found bit.ly/1U7MBCK. a centre at Sunsvall, 150 kilometres Project Atlas, Global Mobility Trends that, despite advances in technology, 79 European Commission, DG away. 2017 Release. business travel remained essential, Competition, State Aid Scoreboard 2017. 100 IHS Markit, FlightGlobal and Boeing with 79% of respondents viewing in- 80 World Bank Group, Air Transport Analysis, from Boeing 2018 Current person meetings as the most effective Annual Report 2017: bit.ly/2O5a1cu. Market Outlook: bit.ly/2trEMR. way to meet clients and sell business 81 World Bank Group Air Transport 101 Airbus, Sabre and IHS, Global Market division: bit.ly/2v8IH6s. Forecast 2018: bit.ly/2MaBsBb. 82 IATA for World Economic Forum, Economic Benefits of Aviation and Performance in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index: bit.ly/1XxUUY0. 81 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

114 UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery (ICCAIA) figure, Airbus calculation for 175 Throughout the regional section, July 2015. 2017: bit.ly/2yaCutG. long-haul aircraft. this figure is provided by IATA 115 Did Cheaper Flights Change the 137 IATA, Resolution, 2016: 161 Aircraft Fleet Recycling Economics / World Air Transport Direction of Science? April 2016: http:// bit.ly/2AAfLJp. Airports Council Association: www.afraassociation.org. Statistics 2018. ftp.iza.org/dp9897.pdf. International, Resolution, 2016: 162 Airlines for America, US Airlines – 176 Throughout the regional section, 116 Airlines for America, Airline bit.ly/2OCUeCU. Tremendous Noise Record: this figure is provided by CANSO/ Industry Review, July 2018: 138 ICAO-OHCHR, Guidelines for bit.ly/2OEfpEU. ATAG. bit.ly/2n29PQ2. Training Cabin Crew on Identifying and 163 European Aviation Environmental 177 Throughout the regional section, 117 IATA Economics. Responding to Trafficking in Persons: Report 2016. this figure is provided by ICAO, 2016 118 Eurostat data, 2017, data search for bit.ly/2OBdjWa. 164 European Environment Agency, Air Transport Statistics (note that for ‘employment by sex, age and detailed 139 www.unitedforwildlife.org. Exposure to environmental noise in this number Mexico is included in the economic activity’: 140 www.routespartnership.org. Europe, 2017: bit.ly/2OBWyKs. North America section, whereas most http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. 141 European Union Joint Research 165 European Environment Agency, other statistics in this publication 119 History Net: bit.ly/2vsD2rd. Centre, EDGAR database 2016: Exposure to environmental noise in include it in Latin America and the 120 Gender Gap Grader study on Airline bit.ly/2O7bcbH. Europe, 2017. Caribbean): bit.ly/2Awzk5G. Pilots, 2014: bit.ly/2LXk7Ph. 142 International Coordinating Council 166 ACI resolution, June 2018: 178 Throughout the regional section, 121 Times of India analysis: ‘Indian of Aerospace Industries Associations. bit.ly/2OBJq89. this figure is provided by Oxford women pilots soar past global average’, 143 European Aviation Environmental 167 Africa includes the following Economics and is a conservative with sourcing from Indian Civil Report 2016: bit.ly/2n4rE0L. countries: Algeria, Angola, Benin, average of the latest revenue Aviation Authority and airlines. 144 This figure is updated daily at Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, passenger kilometre forecasts by 122 Gender Gap Grader, 2014. www.enviro.aero/SAF. Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Boeing, Airbus, and Embraer for the 123 Gender Gap Grader, 2014. 145 Analysis by IATA Environment, Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic period 2016–2036. These estimates 124 Eurostat data, 2017, data search for 2011–2015, derived from an estimate of Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, compare with the ‘A’ scenario ‘employment by sex, age and detailed sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) flights, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, presented in the forecast section of economic activity’, averaged across using fuel-mix assumptions, and Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, the report. 2017. 2016–2018, based off a conservative Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, 179 The 12 nations in the report are 125 Aviation Week 2017 Workforce analysis of publically available SAF Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Study, September 2017. The study production. Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, was conducted in cooperation with 146 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions, Mozambique, Morocco, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia and the Aerospace Industries Association 2015: www.enviro.aero/climatesolutions. Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Uganda. InterVistas, Transforming (AIA), AIAA and PwC. 147 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. Democratic Republic, São Tomé and Intra-African Air Connectivity, 2014, 126 European Commission and Steer 148 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra commissioned by IATA: Davies Gleave, Study on employment Updated estimate for activity since Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South bit.ly/2OxSGdz. and working conditions in air transport September 2015. Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, 180 Asia-Pacific includes the following: and airports, 2015: 149 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, bit.ly/2LOEnTY. 150 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. Zimbabwe. Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, 127 CANSO, ATCO Remuneration and HR 151 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. 168 There has been a significant Hong Kong SAR, Chinese Taipei, Fiji, Metrics Report 2017. 152 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. reduction in African GDP contribution India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, 128 FlightGlobal Analysis, Lewis Harper, 153 SESAR Joint Undertaking: since the previous report due mainly Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao Airlines lag trends for top women, www.sesarju.eu. to exchange rate fluctuations between People’s Democratic Republic, Macau September 2017. 154 Federal Aviation Administration, multiple African currencies and the SAR, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, 129 UK Civil Aviation Authority and US NextGen programs: US dollar. Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Department of Transport surveys. http://1.usa.gov/1rNbz00. 169 Throughout the regional section, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua 130 UPS, The logistics of saving lives: 155 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. this figure is provided by IATA New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, bit.ly/2MdMe9T. 156 ATAG, A letter from the aviation Economics / PaxIS. Singapore, Solomon Islands, South 131 IATA. sector to governments: 170 Throughout the regional section, Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, 132 World Food Programme, WFP www.enviro.aero/openletter. this figure is provided by IATA Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Aviation in 2015: bit.ly/2LU3jZE 157 ACI Europe, Airport Carbon Economics / SRS Analyser. Uzbekistan, Vanuatu and Vietnam. and the UN Humanitarian Air Service: Accreditation. 171 Throughout the regional section, 181 Europe includes the following www1.wfp.org/unhas. 158 ATAG, Aviation Climate Solutions. this figure is provided by IATA countries and territories: Albania, 133 Airlink: www.airlinkflight.org. 159 See, for example, the innovative Economics / PaxIS. Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, 134 United Nations Office on Drugs and service model introduced in a 172 Throughout the regional section, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in partnership between Amsterdam this figure is provided by IATA Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Persons, 2016: bit.ly/2h2jrVj. Schiphol Airport and Philips which Economics / SRS Analyser and Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, 135 United Nations Office on Drugs and has brought about a 50% reduction includes airports with at least one Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in in energy consumption and a 75% commercial flight scheduled per week. Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Persons, 2016. improvement in the service life of 173 Throughout the regional section, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, 136 This includes around 25 million lighting: bit.ly/2va2OkA. this figure is from Flight Fleets Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, people in forced labour and a further 160 International Coordinating Council Analyzer from FlightGlobal and Macedonia (FYROM), Malta, Moldova, 15 million in forced marriages. of Aerospace Industries Associations includes operating commercial airlines Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, International Labour Organization, with an IATA and/or ICAO code. Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, 174 Throughout the regional section, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, this figure is from Flight Fleets Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Analyzer. Ukraine and United Kingdom. For the member countries of the European Union, see that section on page 53. 182 Eurocontrol, Challenges of Growth 2018: bit.ly/2vccnQ1. 82 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

183 Latin America and the Caribbean Dominica, Dominican Republic, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, 205 World Economic Forum Travel and includes the following countries: Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom bit.ly/2LLzb3m. Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, and United States. www.oecd.org. 206 ICAO iStars Database Air Transport Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Nauru, 194 Least-developed countries (LDCs) Accessibility Index: Dominica, Dominican Republic, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, as accepted by the UN include the bit.ly/2OBXXRe. Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Samoa, Seychelles, São Tomé and following: Afghanistan, Angola, 207 US Department of Transportation Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Príncipe, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Federal Aviation Administration, The Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central Economic Impact of Civil Aviation on Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. the Grenadines, Suriname, Timor- African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the U.S. Economy: Economic Impact Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Democratic Republic of the Congo, of Civil Aviation by State 2017. The Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. For more Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, currency value stated in the FAA Uruguay and Venezuela. Please note information, see www.aosis.info. Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, report is in 2014 prices, adjusted by that for the Aviation: Benefits Beyond 192 Developing countries are all Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Oxford Economics to 2016 prices in this Borders study released in 2012, Mexico countries defined as low, lower- Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, report. bit.ly/2vvVsY9. was included in North America, middle or upper-middle income by Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, 208 Scenarios provided by Oxford whereas for this analysis it is included the World Bank and include the Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Economics and IATA Economics in Latin America and the Caribbean. following: Afghanistan, Albania, Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra analysis. Intermediate economic 184 The Middle East includes the Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, impact based on gross value added following countries: Bahrain, Iran, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, (GVA), provided by IATA Economics. Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic 209 Several of the world’s largest Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and aircraft manufacturers, including Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Zambia. www.unctad.org. Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier and and Republic of Yemen. Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, 195 Landlocked developing countries Embraer, use ‘revenue passenger 185 NATS, Economic benefits of Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, (LLDCs) as informally accepted by kilometres’ (i.e., one RPK unit improvements to Middle East Air Traffic Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, the UN on geographical grounds equals one kilometre travelled by Control: bit.ly/2n3wxHr. China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, include the following: Afghanistan, a revenue-paying passenger) to 186 North America includes Canada and Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia calculate the future demand for air the United States of America. Note of Congo, Democratic Republic of (Plurinational State of), Botswana, transport. Oxford Economics derived that for some ICAO and IATA statistics, Timor-Leste, Djibouti, Dominica, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central a conservative global growth rate as Mexico is included in North America. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, the weighted average of each of the 187 US Department of Transportation El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s lowest regional growth rates taken Federal Aviation Administration, The Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Democratic Republic, Lesotho, from the forecasting reports of Airbus, Economic Impact of Civil Aviation on Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Mongolia, Boeing and Embraer. As such, it is the U.S. Economy: Economic Impact Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Republic not the global traffic forecast of any of Civil Aviation by State 2017. The Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, of Moldova, Rwanda, South Sudan, one of the three manufacturers. It currency value stated in the FAA Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, represents a conservative estimate report is in 2014 prices, adjusted by Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People’s Uganda, Uzbekistan, Zambia and and is consistent with the regional Oxford Economics to 2016 prices in this Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Zimbabwe. Of these countries, 17 are analyses in this report. Furthermore, report. bit.ly/2vvVsY9. Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, landlocked least-developed countries. the jobs and GDP forecasts in this 188 APEC economies include the Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, www.unctad.org. report also take into account similar following: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, 196 As listed in the Flight Fleets forecasting for the tourism sector and Chile, China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Analyzer from FlightGlobal. the aerospace manufacturing sector Kong SAR, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, 197 IATA Economics / SRS Analyser, – they are not based on RPK traffic Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, includes airports with at least one growth alone. Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan, scheduled commercial flight per week. 210 All in 2016 prices. Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Panama, Papua New Guinea, 198 IATA Economics / PaxIS. 211 All in 2016 prices. United States and Vietnam. Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Republic 199 IATA Economics / SRS Analyser. 212 Gross value added (GVA) is the 189 IATA PaxIS. Passenger numbers of Congo, Republic of Yemen, Romania, 200 IATA Economics, 20 Year Forecast: difference between the revenue a in APEC, EU28, developing countries, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and bit.ly/2vhLQB1. firm or industry generates less the small island states, LDCs, LLDCs and Príncipe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, 201 Airbus, Sabre, HIS, Airbus Global bought-in costs needed to produce the OECD do not include charter traffic. Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Market Forecast 2018: bit.ly/2n60VB9. that revenue. GVA summed across all 190 European Union member countries Africa, Sri Lanka, 202 World Economic Forum, Travel and firms and industries in an economy is as of 2013 include the following: St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017: equal to GDP, after minor adjustments Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, bit.ly/2LLzb3m. for taxes and subsidies. GDP is the Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab 203 World Travel & Tourism Council most commonly used metric for an Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania, (WTTC), Economic Impact 2018 Country economy’s size and is often used Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Thailand, The Gambia, Togo, Tonga, Reports: bit.ly/2LQfTtS. to measure economic growth or to Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, 204 The aviation figures in the rest of indicate when an economy has entered Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, this report are produced using the or exited a recession. Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, same modelling by Oxford Economics 213 Where a given country-specific Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe. but include aviation-specific inputs input-output table was unavailable, a 191 Small island states in this analysis 193 Members of the Organisation not included in the WTTC figures. proxy input-output table was chosen are the members of the Alliance for Economic Co-operation and The WTTC figures also include non- based on geographical proximity and of Small Island States (AOSIS), Development (OECD) include the aviation–supported tourism. economy size. excluding Singapore but including following: Australia, Austria, 214 OECD, Inter-Country Input-Output the following: Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech (ICIO) Tables, 2016 edition. Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Verde, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, 83 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS

METHODOLOGY Oxford Economics analysed six key aviation sectors websites213. At the regional or group level, these impacts are estimated using regional or group multipliers that account for the substantial ATAG commissioned Oxford Economics to estimate the aviation cross-border economic activity spurred by the aviation sector. For sector’s global economic impact in the 2016 calendar year and how this edition of Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders, Oxford Economics it might evolve over the next two decades. This follows Oxford updated the regional multipliers using the latest OECD Inter-Country Economics’ analyses of the aviation sector’s economic footprint for Input-Output Tables214. previous editions of Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders, including those published in 2008, 2012, 2014, and 2016, and for previous similar In addition to these standard impact channels, Oxford Economics publications reaching back to 1991. explores the economic impact arising from tourists who arrive by air and spend money on goods and services. The number of jobs and gross value added (GVA) created or supported by aviation are assessed for six key sub-sectors: airlines, airport The estimates are based on comprehensive data sources operators, providers of goods and services on-site at airports (such as retailers and hoteliers), civil aircraft manufacturers, air navigation Building on the extensive data collection efforts undertaken for service providers, and tourism activity that air travel makes possible. the previous edition of Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders, Oxford Economics collected over 100 new data points from national statistics The analysis was for 63 countries and 13 major regions agencies and Eurostat to improve estimates of employment and gross or groups value added in the airline and civil aircraft manufacturing sectors. The newly collected data accounts for 75% of the country-level gross value Oxford Economics analysed aviation’s economic impact in each of added in the airline sector in 2016 and for 81% of gross value added at 63 countries that together account for 94% of global GDP in these 13 the country level for the civil aircraft manufacturing sector. regions or groups: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East, North America, European Union, APEC Airports Council International (ACI) generously provided detailed data economies, small island states, developing countries, OECD countries, on jobs, revenues, and costs from its 2016 Airport Economics Survey. least-developed countries (LDCs), and landlocked developing This survey asked 919 airports around the world about their 2016 countries (LLDCs). financial year. The respondents accounted for 78% of all airport traffic in 2016. Regional and group estimates are created by scaling up individual country results. The scaling is based on the passenger revenue, Oxford Economics also made use of detailed employment and financial revenue passenger kilometres, or airport passenger numbers data published by the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation represented by the individual countries in the dataset relative to the (CANSO), a trade body whose members help manage 85% of the world’s countries represented in an entire region or group. air traffic. Three core economic impact channels were estimated Finally, Oxford Economics used its own estimates of tourism impacts, based on national statistics and International Monetary Fund (IMF) The analysis considers three channels of spending that are in all balance of payments data on tourist expenditures, to assess the standard economic impact studies. number of jobs and gross value added supported by tourists who travel to their destinations by air. »» The first is the direct channel, which is the operational spending Where new data were unavailable, Oxford Economics leveraged data that airlines, airports, civil aircraft manufacturers, airport collected on the aviation sector by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and ACI in 2009–2010. operators and air navigation service providers undertake to Forecasts to 2036 »» generate profits and employ people at their operational sites. The second is the indirect channel – the aviation sector’s At the regional or group level, Oxford Economics forecast gross value added for airlines, airport operators, airport on-site businesses, procurement of inputs of goods and services from other and air navigation service providers using the lower of the revenue passenger kilometre forecasts in each region or group published by businesses in the economy. This spending supports additional Boeing, Embraer, and Airbus. Employment in these aviation sub- sectors is forecast the same way, with an allowance for productivity jobs and gross value added contributions along the sector’s increases. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to give a sense of how results would change if revenue passenger kilometres don’t meet the supply chains212. manufacturers’ forecasts. »» The third is the induced channel, comprising wage payments to The forecasts for tourism come from Oxford Economics Tourism Economics database, while the forecasts for civil aircraft staff in the aviation sector and the supply chain. Some or all of manufacturing come from Oxford Economics industry model. those wages are subsequently spent in the consumer economy, which supports further economic activity and jobs in retail and leisure outlets and their supply chains. Indirect and induced impacts are estimated at the country level using multipliers that Oxford Economics calculated from 54 input- output tables sourced from the OECD and official national statistical 84 AVIATION BENEFITS BEYOND BORDERS