Introduction to anatomical terms and organization of Human

Introduction to anatomical terms and organization of Human body

ANATOMY • Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”), branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things. • It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. • For centuries anatomical knowledge consisted largely of observations of dissected plants and animals. • The proper understanding of structure, however, implies a knowledge of function in the living organism.

• HIPPOCRATUS- father of medicine and Founder of anatomy • HEROPHILUS – Father of anatomy Anatomy - # Region wise study #System wise study

Types Embryology – study of foetal growth till birth Histology – study of tissue Surface anatomy – Giving a idea or position of on the surface of skin Radio graphical anatomy – Giving a idea of position of organs through radiography Anthropology – Study of anatomy of different races Applied or clinical anatomy – Application of anatomical knowledge to the surgical or clinical practice

PHYSIOLOGY • Physiology is the study of the physical and chemical processes that take place in living organisms during the performance of life functions. • It is concerned with such basic activities as reproduction, growth, metabolism, excitation, and contraction as they are carried out within the fine structures, the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body

• William Harvey – founder of physiology

Anatomical terms • The Anatomical position- position of the body • Anatomical plane – longitudinal plane • Directional terms – paired terms • Regional terms – parts of the body

Positions • Anatomical positions : Standing erect with upper limb hanging and showing the palm downwards • Supine position : Lying down with face directing upward • Prone position : Lying down with face directing downwards. • Lithotomic position : Lying supine with buttock at the edge of the table and knee and hip in flexed position (at the time of delivery)

Anatomical planes • Median plane : divides the body into two equal parts left and right , also called mid sagital plane • Sagital plane: parallel to the median plane • Coronal or frontal plane : right angle to the mid plane • Transverse or horizontal plane : Parallel to ground • Oblique plane - Obliquely



Regional and directional terms



Terms of anatomy 1. Anterior – front side 2. Posterior – back side 3. Superior – top side 4. Inferior – lower side 5. Medial – towards medial plane 6. Lateral – away from medial plane 7. Proximal – near to trunk 8. Distal – away from trunk

Terms of hollow organs 1. Interior – inner 2. Exterior – outer 3. Invagination – projection to inner side of a hollow organ 4. Evagination – projection to outer side of a hollow organ

Terms of solid organs 1. Superficial – outer part of a solid organ 2. Deep- inner part of a solid organ

Terms of muscles 1. Origin – starting point 2. Insertion – ending point 3. Belly – fleshy part 4. Aponeuroses – flattened tendon seen between two muscles Eg. Muscles of abdomen

Terms of movement 1. Flexion – reducing an angle between the joint ( bending of a limb or joint) Ankle joint. 2. Extension – increasing an ankle between the joints. 3. Adduction – movement towards medial plane or body 4. Abduction – movement away from the medial plain or body 5. Pronation – facing the palm backward 6. Supination – facing the palm forward ( applie for fore arm)

Terms of vessels 1. Arteries – carries pure blood, except pulmonary and umbilical artery 2. Veins – carries impure blood except Pulmonary and umblical veins. 3. Arterioles – branches of artery 4. Venules – tributaries of veins 5. Capillaries – network of microscopic blood vessels connecting arterioles and veinules 6. Anastomosis – pre- capillary or post capillary connection between two vessels

Terms of bones 1. Elevation – projection in bony surface 2. Depression – inward projection or a fossa in bony surface 3. Openings – holes – a foramen or a canal 4. Cavities – space inside a bone 5. Smooth articular area – at the joints for smooth movement

Cavities of body • Cranial cavity • Thoracic cavity • Abdominal cavity and regions of abdomen • Pelvic cavity

Terms of Clinical anatomy





Cranial cavity contains brain and its boundaries and formed by the bones of the skull



Abdominal cavity and regions of abdomen R e gi o n s

Pelvic cavity male female

• DESCRIBE THE VARIUOS CAVITIES AND REGIONS IN HUMAN BODY WITH DIAGRAMS.