Nothing Outside of the Text

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206 An offshoot project from Three Texts I started some poster designs to explore the recursions within translating back and forth.

207(MIS)TRANSL ATION Posters made from translating and retranslating the original Chinese text from the video project and my degree project abstract. 24x36\"

208 Color variations of poster on the right. The subject is a classical Chinese Poem. I imagine this could be a series of posters. 25x40\"

209(MIS)TRANSL ATION Working from the previous two posters, how do translations vary with different software and produce different translations? How does software interpret ambiguous words?

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211(MIS)TRANSL ATION Crossing Boundaries Circling back to when my interest with linguists stemmed from in my sophomore year, I want to tie up my degree project with another project I made from that time: Crossing Boundaries is an interactive installation created in collaboration with four classmates. It is a giant, 3-D crossword puzzle that can only be completed through the intermingling of different cultures and backgrounds. The words we chose are specific slang terms unique to each language or cultural group. They are words that stretch the constraints of their own definition and don’t have specific one-to-one translations across languages. Crossing Boundaries calls for the collective effort of embracing the diversity within our multicultural and multilingual community, breaking the barriers that separate us. Teammates: Summer Zheng Nicole Cousins Cyra Cupid Taylor Varnado

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216 something outside the /ˈsəmˌTHiNG/ /ˈoutsīd/ /T͟ Hē,T͟ Hə/ pronoun noun determiner 1. a thing that is unspecified or unknown. \"we 1. the external side or surface of something. 1. denoting one or more people or things stopped for something to eat\" \"record the date on the outside of the file\" the already mentioned or assumed to be side of a racetrack further from the center, common knowledge. \"what's the matter?\" 2. used in various expressions indicating that where the lanes are longer. the side of a used to refer to a person, place, or thing that a description or amount being stated is bend or curve where the edge or surface is unique. \"the Queen\" denoting a disease not exact. \"a wry look, something between is longer in extent. (in basketball) the area or affliction. \"I've got the flu\" (with a unit amusement and regret\" beyond the perimeter of the defense. \"he of time) the present; the current. \"dish of often set up the Lakers' plays from the the day\" used instead of a possessive to adverb outside\" refer to someone with whom the speaker or person addressed is associated. \"I'm meeting 1. used for emphasis with a following adjective 2. the external appearance of someone the boss\" used with a surname to refer to functioning as an adverb. \"my back hurts or something. \"was he as straight as he a family or married couple. \"the Johnsons something terrible\" appeared on the outside ?\" were not wealthy\" used before the surname of the chief of a Scottish or Irish clan. \"the 2. to some extent; somewhat.\"the people were adjective O'Donoghue\" something scared\" /ˈoutsīd/ 2. used to point forward to a following 1. situated on or near the exterior or external qualifying or defining clause or phrase. \"the surface of something. \"put the outside lights fuss that he made of her\" (chiefly with rulers on\" BASEBALL (of a pitch) passing home and family members with the same name) plate on the side of the plate away from the used after a name to qualify it. \"George the batter, not in the strike zone. (in soccer and Sixth\" other sports) denoting positions nearer to the sides of the field. \"he played at outside 3. used to make a generalized reference left\" (in basketball) taking place beyond the to something rather than identifying a perimeter of the defense. \"he needs work on particular instance. \"he taught himself to his outside shot\" play the violin\" used with a singular noun to indicate that it represents a whole species 2. not belonging to or coming from within or class. \"they placed the African elephant on a particular group. \"I have some outside their endangered list\" used with an adjective help\" beyond one's own immediate personal to refer to those people who are of the type concerns. \"I was able to face the outside described. \"the unemployed\" used with an world again\" adjective to refer to something of the class or quality described. \"they are trying to 3. highest possible; greatest; maximum. \"new accomplish the impossible\" used with the monthly charges that, according to outside name of a unit to state a rate. \"they can do estimates, may total $8 per line\" 120 miles to the gallon\" preposition 4. enough of (a particular thing). \"he hoped to /outˈsīd/ publish monthly, if only he could find the money\" 1. situated or moving beyond the boundaries or confines of. \"there was a boy outside the 5. (pronounced stressing “the”) used to indicate door\" not being a member of (a particular that someone or something is the best group). \"those of us outside the university\" known or most important of that name or (in football, soccer, and other sports) closer type. \"he was the hot young piano prospect to the side of the field than (another player). in jazz\" \"Swift appeared outside him with Andrews 6. used adverbially with comparatives to on his left\" indicate how one amount or degree of something varies in relation to another. 2. beyond the limits or scope of. \"the high cost of shipping has put it outside their price \"the more she thought about it, the more range\" devastating it became\" used to emphasize the amount or degree to which something adverb is affected. \"commodities made all the more /outˈsīd/ desirable by their rarity\" 1. not within the boundaries or confines of a place. \"the dog was still barking outside\" moving so as to end up beyond the boundaries or confines of a place. \"we ran outside\"

text All Computing Literature 217 /tekst/ 5 See definitions in: Art Religion Telecommunications noun 1. a book or other written or printed work, regarded in terms of its content rather than its physical form. \"a text that explores pain and grief\" a piece of written or printed material regarded as conveying the authentic or primary form of a particular work. \"in some passages it is difficult to establish the original text\" written or printed words, typically forming a connected piece of work. \"stylistic features of journalistic text\" data in the form of words or alphabetic characters. 2. the main body of a book or other piece of writing, as distinct from other material such as notes, appendices, and illustrations. \"the pictures are clear and relate well to the text\" a script or libretto. 3. a written work chosen or assigned as a subject of study. \"the book is intended as a secondary text for religion courses\" a textbook. \"an organic chemistry text\" a passage from the Bible or other religious work, especially when used as the subject of a sermon. a subject or theme for a discussion or exposition. \"he took as his text the fact that Australia is paradise\" 4. a text message. \"just give us a call or send us a text\" 5. fine, large handwriting, used especially for manuscripts. verb 1. send a text message to. \"I thought it was fantastic that he took the trouble to text me\" Something Outside the Text

218 Alexandra Bell Olympic Threat 2017

219 “To write is an act of systemic violence” SOMETHING OUTSIDE OF THE TEXT — Foad Torshizi, in reference to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Through the editing of this Degree Project and the reduction of my initial scope to account for production, many ideas and digressions had to be let go. Words (and writing) will often be the most direct way for us to communicate, yet the need for focus forces the elision of certain facts to further an argument. Nevertheless, I find within each chapter and project an expansive universe of ideas and perspectives yet to be explored. I want to use this space to summarize my thoughts and acknowledge those other possibilities left behind from my initial research. It is impossible for us to not participate in language, and by extension, not be affected by the mythos it perpetuates about ourselves and others. To be more aware, we might: 1 Consider the viewpoint of an observant social linguist and work against our prejudices. We tend to think of racial profiling as primarily visual, but language plays a role as well. 2 Read more from different perspectives. We often get our news from a few sources we trust. A popular one I reference and those around me read is The New York Times. Their stories, articles, and Op-eds are great but we also want to consider how they weaponize language for their own politics. 06-02-2018 Alfredo Jaar (AJ): Language is not innocent. Language is the reflection of a geopolitical reality. Therefore, as the United Language. Art, and Context States rule the continent, it is very obvious that, through An Interview with Alfredo language, they also dominate the name of the continent. Jaar (Lingua Franca) That political, cultural and social control that exists over the continent is reflected in language. And this is something that Tatiana Gómez is not going to change until the domination of the empire of the United States over the continent ends. It is sad, but it is Alfredo Jaar true. It is the geopolitical reality we live in. So this is how, what Un logo para América started as a semiotic piece, about language, ended up being a 1987 very successful project. It is my most reproduced artwork in art books and in school books. [...] AJ: Who has the power, controls the language and adjusts it to their own convenience. This is what is so extraordinary about power. Who has the power says: this word means this, but from now on, I decide that it is going to mean this other thing. There is nothing ambiguous about that.

220 AJ: I think that our generation is facing an unprecedented political reality. I find it exhausting, depressing, and I think that, until now, we have not found the right models, in the world of culture—nor in the political world either, but I am interested in culture—to react to this new political reality that we are living in, in this country and in the world. It is a world phenomenon. Trump is not alone, a dozen fascists like him have emerged in Europe, Asia and Latin America. We are living a sort of new fascism that makes me very nervous. And I am very pessimist in this regard, as I do not see that the opposition to these fascist winds has created an adequate model to counteract, to confront them, to defeat them. And that is where we are. Tatiana Gomez (TG): That is why we need to keep making art. AJ: That is right. TG: Thank you, Alfredo. Like the “danger of a single story” Chimamanda Adichie speaks of in her remarkable TED talk, “The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.” 3 Recognize the subcultures or diasporas that inform and shape the words we use. We talk about aesthetic appropriation, but things get hazy when we look at the concept of language appropriation. So many subcultural nuances get swallowed up by mainstream pop cultural language as it develops but “when is our lexical innovation a cultural appropriation?” as asked by Dr. Nicole Holliday: 12-01-2020 The key seems to be to acknowledge where words and customs come from, and to employ them with a certain consideration of Language and Race: How that knowledge... when words from marginalized communities the Structures of our Words enter the mainstream, we should elevate the voices of their Shape the Structures of creators, instead of just taking their words. our Society [...] Tessa Hulls There is no right language, but there is intentional, informed, specific language that keeps an open mind and questions its blind spots

221 4 Consider thinking about language like graphic designers, SOMETHING OUTSIDE OF THE TEXT looking at words and character forms’ relationship to the preservation or progression of language structures. In linguistics, speech is sometimes seen as, but is not necessarily purer than writing and writing isn’t necessarily more perfect than speech. 5 Celebrate your linguistic imperfections! What gives digital typefaces life are not mathematically perfect bezier curves (which often make the letterforms stiff and ill-suited to a system), but rather the minute adjustments that make them slightly imperfect, yet optically balanced. 6 Author real change through action and use our voices to talk about injustices present within how we think. Language is one way we can see the reflection of societal biases and is in effect, a source that perpetuates these biases. We must use our words to demand justices, create new forms, new words, and new phrases to describe ourselves.

222 Writing the sections of this book was challenging but also helped in synthesizing my own thinking with my research. Art historical One Brizilian translator of Harry critique also plays a large role in my thought process as my Potter, Lia Wyler describes the liberal class on Art historicism has inadvertently influenced difficulty of maintaining accuracy and much of my work this semester. Within the nuances of syntax consistency in translation: \"Language and word use, a reflection of this background, personality, and is collective, she says, but vocabulary bias emerges. I found that through the proofreading process, I is extremely individual\" tend to over-use prepositional phrases and repeat myself in different ways. There is also a set vocabulary I draw from and I am thankful to my editor, Everett Epstein for expanding that vocabulary and materializing thoughts I could not concisely and clearly output; the editorial process exposed the fittingly claustrophobic character of writing, where there truly is “nothing outside of the text.” Reflecting on my projects, I’ve found an enjoyment in creating spaces for dialogue through language games like tongue twisters and crossword puzzles. As someone who has upheld a goal of bringing delight into the mundane, I am curious about the potential for linguistic games and wordplay as a medium to bridge understandings. Additional inquiries I’ve been thinking about since making this book include: • Gender binary language and how that relates to queer theory • Dictionary politics; how we define words, and how english is used and spelled differently between British and American English (perhaps not dissimilar to the split between Traditional and Simplified Chinese) • Naming and categorizing through language. How our parents name us, how we name and identify ourselves, how others use words to identify us. • How language is manipulated and debated on within our legal systems • Computer code language and how it shapes the digital realm we live in (If our lives were really just contained in a computer simulation, there is really, literally nothing outside of the text) • Accessibility of language and jargon. How I might make this project more accessible to a larger audience (because frankly, who will actually read this 200-page book)? • Designing for different languages. Not all of them follow the latin alphabet's anatomy nor typeface categorization. While this concludes the end of my Degree Project and time at RISD, it is also a door into a larger inquiry I am excited to explore further. Thank you Reader for coming along my journey.

SOMETHING OUTSIDE OF THE TEXT223 Thank You!

224 work(s) Needlework cite(d) /wərk/ /sīt/ See definitions in: All Theology verb Civil Engineering Mathematics Physics 1. quote (a passage, book, or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument Professions Military Art Farming Sailing or statement, especially in a scholarly work. \"authors who are highly regarded by Nautical Surgery (informal) their peers tend to be cited\" mention as an example. \"medics have been cited as a key noun 3. (of a plan or method) have the desired result example of a modern breed of technical or effect. \"the desperate ploy had worked\" expert\" refer to a former tried case as a guide 1. activity involving mental or physical effort bring about; produce as a result. \"with a to deciding a comparable case or in support done in order to achieve a purpose or result. dash of blusher here and there, you can work of an argument. miracles\" make efforts to achieve something; \"he was tired after a day's work\" mental or campaign. \"they are dedicated to working 2. praise (someone, typically a member of the physical activity as a means of earning for a better future for the generations to armed forces) for a courageous act in an income; employment. \"I'm still looking for come\" arrange or contrive. \"the chairman official dispatch. \"he has been cited many work\" the place where one is employed. \"I was prepared to work it for Phillip if he was times for his contributions in the intelligence was returning home from work on a packed interested\" use one's persuasive power to area\" subway\" the period of time one spends in stir the emotions of (a person or group of paid employment. \"he was going to the people). \"the born politician's art of working 3. summon (someone) to appear in a court theater after work\" a crowd\" of law. \"the summons cited four of the defendants\" 2. a task or tasks to be undertaken; something 4. bring (a material or mixture) to a desired a person or thing has to do. \"they made shape or consistency by hammering, kneading, sure the work was progressing smoothly\" or some other method. \"work the mixture the materials for a task. \"she frequently into a paste with your hands\" produce took work home with her \"cosmetic plastic artistic pieces using a particular material or surgery. \"between you and me, I think he's medium. \"he works in clay over a very strong had some work done\" good or moral deeds. frame\" produce (an article or design) using a specified material or sewing stitch. \"the \"the Clapham sect was concerned with works castle itself is worked in tent stitch\" cultivate rather than with faith\" (land) or extract materials from (a mine or quarry). \"contracts and leases to work the 3. something done or made. \"her work hangs mines\" in all the main American collections\" the result of the action of a specified person or 5. move or cause to move gradually or with thing. \"the bombing had been the work of difficulty into another position, typically by a German-based cell\" a literary or musical means of constant movement or pressure. composition or other piece of fine art. \"a work of fiction\" all literary or musical pieces \"comb from tip to root, working out the knots by a particular author, composer, or artist, at the end\" (of a person's features) move regarded collectively. \"the works of Schubert violently or convulsively. \"hair wild, mouth fill several feet of shelf space\" a piece of working furiously\" (of joints, such as those embroidery, sewing, or knitting, typically in a wooden ship) loosen and flex under made using a specified stitch or method. an repeated stress. make progress to windward, architectural or engineering structure such as with repeated tacking. \"trying to work to a bridge or dam. the record of the successive windward in light airs\" calculations made in solving a mathematical problem. \"show your work on a separate 6. bring into a specified state, especially an sheet of paper\" emotional state. \"Harold had worked himself into a minor rage\" 4. a place or premises for industrial activity, typically manufacturing. \"he found a job in the ironworks\" 5. the operative part of a clock or other machine. \"she could almost hear the tick of its works\" 6. a defensive structure. \"just north of the fort were trenches and the freshly reconstructed patriot siege works\" 7. the exertion of force overcoming resistance or producing molecular change. 8. everything needed, desired, or expected. \"the heavens put on a show: sheet lightning, hailstones—the works\" verb 1. be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a result; do work. \"she has been working so hard\" be employed in a specified occupation or field. \"he worked as a waiter in a rather shabby restaurant\" set to or keep at work. \"Jane is working you too hard\" solve (a puzzle or mathematical problem). \"she spent her days working crosswords\" practice one's occupation or operate in or at (a particular place). \"I worked a few clubs and so forth\" 2. (of a machine or system) operate or function, especially properly or effectively. \"his cell phone doesn't work unless he goes to a high point\" (of a machine or a part of it) run; go through regular motions. \"it's designed to go into a special “rest” state when it's not working\" cause (a device or machine) to operate. \"teaching customers how to work a PC\"

225 Al Jazeera English. “Roland Barthes - de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. How to Read the Signs in Éditions Gallimard, 1949. the News.” Youtube, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/ Dirda, Michael. “At Play in a Field watch?v=FeF6O6E9RQ8&ab_ of Words.” The Washington channel=AlJazeeraEnglish. Post, 1997, https://www. washingtonpost.com/ Amnesty International. “Pho noodles archive/entertainment/ and pandas: How China’s social books/1997/06/29/at-play-in-a- media users created a new field-of-words/9551324f-1c4e- language to beat government 49c7-ba27-3b961f077546/. censorship on COVID-19.” Amnesty International, 2020, https:// Dunlap, David W. “1967 | A Modern www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ Identity Takes Form in Ancient news/2020/03/china-social- Lettering.” The New York Times, media-language-government- 2017, https://www.nytimes. censorship-covid/. com/2017/06/15/insider/1967-a- modern-identity-takes-form-in- Bloomberg Quicktake. “Intellectual ancient-lettering.html. by Nature, Poet at Heart: Xu Bing | Brilliant Ideas Ep. 15Intellectual Dwyer, Colin. “Zhou Youguang, Architect by Nature, Poet at Heart: Xu Bing Of A Bridge Between Languages, | Brilliant Ideas Ep. 15.” Youtube, Dies At 111.” National Public 2015, https://www.youtube.com/ Radio, 2017, https://www. watch?v=jxHWJjaUDQg&ab_ npr.org/sections/thetwo- channel=BloombergQuicktake. way/2017/01/14/509820277/ zhou-youguang-architect-of-a- Boroditsky, Lera, et al. “Sex, Syntax, and bridge-between-languages-dies- Semantics.” 2003. Stanford at-111. University, https://web.stanford. edu/class/linguist156/Boroditsky_ The Economist. “One country, two ea_2003.pdf. systems.” The Economist, 2017, https://www.economist.com/ Bristow, Michael. “The man who helped books-and-arts/2017/01/19/one- 'simplify' Chinese.” BBC News, country-two-systems. 2012, https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-asia-china- The Editors. “The Chinese Language, 17455067#:~:text=Students%20 Ever Evolving.” The New York struggling%20to%20learn%20 Times: The Opinion Pages, 2009, Chinese,letters%20from%20 https://roomfordebate.blogs. the%20Roman%20alphabet. nytimes.com/2009/05/02/ chinese-language-ever-evolving/. Chow, Kat. “'Politically Correct': The Ellen, Sofia. “The Magic of the Harry Phrase Has Gone From Wisdom Potter Translations.” Wolfestone To Weapon.” National Public Blog, 2019, https://wolfestone. Radio, 2016, https://www.npr.org/ co.uk/insights/blogs/harry-potter- sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/ translation-magic. 505324427/politically-correct- the-phrase-has-gone-from- Gomez Gaggero, Tatiana, \"Lingua Franca\" wisdom-to-weapon. (2018). Masters Theses. 210. https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/ Cohen, Arianne. “These are the most masterstheses/210 gender-biased languages in the world (hint: English has a Grabmeier, Jeff. “Humans are born with problem).” Fast Company, 2020, brains ‘prewired’ to see words.” https://www.fastcompany. Ohio State News, 2020, https:// com/90537064/these-are-the- news.osu.edu/humans-are-born- most-gender-biased-languages- with-brains-prewired-to-see- in-the-world-hint-english-has-a- words/. problem. Hofstadter, Douglas. “The Shallowness Collins, Martha. “What We Can Learn of Google Translate.” The Atlantic, From Multiple Translations of the 2018, https://www.theatlantic. Same Poem.” Literary Hub, 2017, com/technology/archive/2018/01/ https://lithub.com/what-we-can- the-shallowness-of-google- learn-from-multiple-translations- translate/551570/. of-the-same-poem/.

226 Hofstadter, Douglas, and Clément Low, Greg. “Learning Chinese: Can't we Marot. “Ma Mignonne.” Clément just translate between Marot, 2017, https://clementmarot. simplified and traditional com/MaMignonne.htm. Chinese characters?” The Bit Bucket, 2018, https://blog. Hulls, Tessa. “Language and greglow.com/2018/08/04/ Race.” Instagram, 2020, https:// learning-chinese-cant-we-just- www.instagram.com/p/ translate-between-simplified-and- CIRPtlkAtXA/?igshid=rtmf2poggb traditional-chinese-characters/. 1l. Mair, Victor. “Misogyny as reflected in Jackson, Steven B. “Masculine or Chinese characters.” Language Feminine? (And Why It Matters).” Log, 2015, https://languagelog.ldc. Psychology Today, 2012, https:// upenn.edu/nll/?p=23043. www.psychologytoday.com/us/ blog/culture-conscious/201209/ Martin, Gary. “Let a thousand masculine-or-feminine-and-why- flowers bloom.” The Phrase Finder, it-matters. 2006, https://www.phrases.org.uk/ meanings/226950.html. Jordan, David. “More Than You Want To Know About Simplified McCoubrey, Carmel. “Toppling the Characters.” University of California Grammar Patriarchy.” New York San Diego Pages, 2020, https:// Times, 2017, https://www.nytimes. pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/ com/2017/11/16/opinion/french- SimplifiedCharacters.html. sexism-grammar-everybody.html. King, Gilbert. “The Silence that Nochlin, Linda. Why Have There Been Preceded China’s Great Leap No Great Women Artists? ArtNews, into Famine.” Smithsonian 1971. Magazine, 2012, https://www. smithsonianmag.com/history/ “Nous n'enseignerons plus que \"le the-silence-that-preceded- masculin l'emporte sur le chinas-great-leap-into- féminin.\"” Slate, 2017, https://www. famine-51898077/. slate.fr/story/153492/manifeste- professeurs-professeures- Kish, Stacy. “Language May Undermine enseignerons-plus-masculin- Women in Science and Tech.” emporte-sur-le-feminin. Carnegie Mellon University News, 2020, https://www.cmu.edu/news/ Orwell, George. 1984. Secker & stories/archives/2020/august/ Warburg, 1949. language-may-undermine- women-in-stem.html. Pater, Ruben. The Politics of Design. BIS Publishers, 2016. Lam, Caspar, and YuJune Park. Ming Romantic: Collected and Bound. Radiolab. “100 Flowers.” WNYC Studios, Synoptic Office, 2017. 2020, https://www.wnycstudios. org/podcasts/radiolab/ Leys, Simon. “The Myth of Mao.” segments/1000-flowers. The Dissent, 1977, https://www. dissentmagazine.org/article/the- Si, Jeanette. “The Chinese Language as myth-of-mao. a Weapon: How China’s Netizens Fight Censorship.” Medium, Li, Charmaine Anne. “How It Feels to 2017, https://medium.com/ Lose Your Native Language.” berkman-klein-center/the- Medium, 2020. Zora, https:// chinese-language-as-a-weapon- zora.medium.com/how-it-feels- how-chinas-netizens-fight- to-lose-your-native-language- censorship-8389516ed1a6. c3208c24682f. Snow, Edgar. “A Conversation with Mao Li, Charmaine Anne. “On Losing My Tse-tung.” Life magazine, 1971, Language.” Breakfast With Words, http://www.bannedthought. 2014, https://breakfastwithwords. net/Journalists/Snow-Edgar/ wordpress.com/2014/05/03/on- EdgarSnow-Life-1971-April30.pdf. losing-my-language/. Sowersby, Kris. “Signifier design Liu, Lydia H. The Clash of Empires. information.” Klim Type Foundry, Harvard University Press, 2004. 2020, https://klim.co.nz/blog/ signifier-design-information/.

227 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Can the West, Anne. The Master's Written subaltern speak? University of Thesis Handbook. Rhode Island Illinois Press, 1988. School of Design, 2009, https:// static1.squarespace.com/ Summa Linguae Technologies. “Harry static/5979f27e579fb3cca0a8824 Potter and the Translator’s /t/5de94469b15cda78b163ea74/ Madness.” https://summalinguae. 1575568491794/MWTH2014.pdf. com/blog/, 2017, https:// summalinguae.com/language- West, Stephen. \"Episode #119 - Derrida culture/harry-potter-translators- and Words\" Philosophize madness/. This!, 2018, https://www. philosophizethis.org/podcast/ Taing, Emily. “Pink Boxes: Unfolding derrida-and-words into an Unlikely Symbol of Resistance.” Medium, 2020, https:// West, Stephen. \"Episode #119 - Derrida medium.com/pinkboxstories/ and Words\" Youtube, 2018, pink-boxes-unfolding-into-an- https://www.youtube.com/ unlikely-symbol-of-resistance- watch?v=YUr24ceNcwQ&ab_ 524078d53be5. channel=PhilosophizeThis%21 The School of Life. “PHILOSOPHY: Williams, James R. “A critique of Jacques Derrida.” Youtube, 2016, corrective approaches to signs: https://www.youtube.com/ language is always political.” watch?v=H0tnHr2dqTs&ab_ James R Williams - Honorary channel=TheSchoolofLife. Professor of Philosophy, 2016, https://www.jamesrwilliams.net/ Ting, David Kan. “The Chinese search docs/language-is-always-political. for money leaves too many pdf. ‘monks holding umbrellas.’” China Post, 2012, https://chinapost. Zanuttini, Raffaella, et al. “Linguistic nownews.com/20120520-115149. Prejudice: Revealing our implicit biases about language.” Yale Valentine, Victoria L. “Public Editor: Poorvu Center for Teaching Alexandra Bell Highlights and Learning, 2018, https:// Bias in the News and Rewrites poorvucenter.yale.edu/sites/ Racist Headlines.” Culture Type, default/files/basic-page- 2019, https://www.culturetype. supplementary-materials-files/ctl_ com/2019/03/05/public-editor- presentation_revision_updated_ alexandra-bell-highlights-bias- ctl_feb_7_media.pdf. in-the-news-and-rewrites-racist- headlines/. Vision Times Staff. “Why the Communist Party Promotes Simplified Chinese Characters.” Vision Times, 2017, https:// visiontimes.com/2017/05/21/ why-the-communist-party- promotes-simplified-chinese- characters.html. Vogel, Wendy. “Jesse Chun.” Artforum, 2020, https://www.ling.upenn. edu/courses/ling001/prescription. html https://www.artforum.com/ interviews/jesse-chun-on-lunar- colonization-and-unlanguaging- empire-83899. Vox. “Harry Potter and the translator's nightmare.” Youtube, 2016, https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=UdbOhvjIJxI&ab_ channel=Vox.

228 with thanks /wiT͟ H,wiTH/ /THaNGks/ preposition noun 1. accompanied by (another person or thing). \"a 1. an expression of gratitude. \"festivals were nice steak with a bottle of red wine\" held to give thanks for the harvest\" 2. possessing (something) as a feature or 2. another way of saying thank you. \"thanks for accompaniment. \"a flower-sprigged blouse being so helpful\" with a white collar\" marked by or wearing. \"a small man with thick glasses\" verb 3. indicating the instrument used to perform 1. express gratitude to (someone), especially by an action. \"cut it with a knife\" indicating the saying “Thank you”. \"Mac thanked her for the material used for some purpose. \"fill the bowl meal and left\" with water\" 2. used ironically to assign blame or 4. in opposition to. \"we started fighting with responsibility for something. \"you have only each other\" yourself to thank for the plight you are in\" 5. indicating the manner or attitude of the person doing something. \"with great reluctance\" 6. indicating responsibility. \"leave it with me\" 7. in relation to. \"my father will be angry with me\" affected by (a particular fact or condition). \"with no hope\" indicating the cause of an action or condition. \"trembling with fear\" because of (something) and as it happens. \"wisdom comes with age\" 8. employed by. \"she's with IBM now\" as a member or employee of. \"he plays with the Cincinnati Cyclones\" using the services of. \"I bank with the TSB\" 9. in the same direction as. \"marine mammals generally swim with the current\" 10. indicating separation or removal from something. \"to part with one's dearest possessions\"

229 I read in one of the Arts & Language Center's (A&L) publications on how to prepare for a master's thesis and found this excerpt intriguing and thought I would format my thank you's similarly: 01-01-2010 SELECTING YOUR ADVISORY TEAM Possible attributes might include: anchor, cheerleader, concept-pusher, critic, drill-sergeant, The Master's Written Thesis guide, inspirer, psychic channel, referee and time manager. Handbook Anne West (p. 54) Doug Scott my advisor, guide, Xubai Li and Tiger Dingsun for drill-sergeant, concept-pusher extra advice and thoughts on and time manager for keeping Chinese culture and language. me on track. David Xie for helping me with Soeun Yoon my co-advisee my citations. with Doug. Hammett Nurosi for advising James Goggin my professor for my sophomore project, and XYZ and my project concept- encouraging me to consider pusher. expanding my inquiry as a form of a degree project. Richard Lipton for showing me detail in letterforms and their Uriel Cohen-Priva for letting counter spaces which I can no me join your class, Intro to longer unsee. Linguistics, my inspirer. Foad Torshizi for introducing Jane Lee for feeding me me to Derrida, the philosopher Wednesday nights. who's quote is the namesake of this degree project. Vanessa Chu for sending me quesadillas, onion rings, and Jane Dillon for your teachings churros on one very late night. in ceramics and being the sweetest cheerleader. Joshua Shao, Aki Nurosi, Jan Fairbain, and Lucy Hitchcock Everett Epstein for advising the critics for my presentation. and editing my writing. My psychic channel of better Danielle Oh and Sakura Miki wording and sentence also my cheerleaders structure. (A&L) All my friends at RISD who Ollie Rosario and Laura De I will dearly miss and who Baldeon for advising my inspire me daily. writing. (A&L) My family and my partner for Corinne Ang, Etienne Adams, their support as my anchor. and Ryan Diaz for advice through my projects in XYZ.

230 colophon /ˈkäləfən,ˈkäləˌfän/ noun 1. ta publisher's emblem or imprint, especially one on the title page or spine of a book. 2. a statement at the end of a book, typically with a printer's emblem, giving information about its authorship and printing.

231 Set in PT Sans and Apoc Light Special characters and Chinese characters set in Langtinghei SC and Ariel Unicode MS Printed on Digital Paper Designed by Amanda Yang In fulfillment of Undergraduate Bachelor's of Fine Arts Degree Requirements. Dec. 9, 2020

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233 Set in PT Sans and Apoc Light Special characters and Chinese characters set in Langtinghei SC and Ariel Unicode MS Printed on Digital Paper Designed by Amanda Yang In fulfillment of Undergraduate Bachelor's of Fine Arts Degree Requirements. Sept. 17–Dec. 9, 2020

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