Evolution and Dogma

REFLECTIONS AND CONCLTSrON. 427tury ago. Materialists then bethought themselvesthat abiogenesis might be urged as an argument infavor of Materialism. Theologians, in their eagerness to answer the objection, denied the fact insteadof denying the inference. Later on, men of sciencediscovered that so far as evidence goes abiogenesisis not a fact, and, still later, it dawned upon a fewtheologians that whether a fact or not, it is quiteimmaterial so far as theology is concerned. Whethernon-living matter may ever give rise to living matter, science is unable to state with absolute certainty,but should it ultimately be shown that spontaneousgeneration is a fact, we should simply say with theFathers and Doctors of the Church: The Creatorgave to inorganic matter the power, under suitableconditions, of evolving itself into organic matter, andthus science and Dogma would be in 1 harmony.1 The illustrious Gladstone referring to this subject in his writesadmirable introduction to Peoplethe " s Bible History,"abfseorfgmorslalnootfwesdli: fie&nquhtoaht;edSuapbpueogseemnefnoertvaoatlvimeoodnmoeffnrsotcmitelhniacfteelitetshswatemrtaehtetfeforiursntadsa,ntodhrelicorowiuelmsdtmediate antecedent. What statement of Holy Scripture wouldbe shaken by the discovery? What would it prove to us, except that there had been given to certain inanimate substances into certain combinations,the power, when they were broughtof reappearing in some of the low forms which live, but livewithout any of the worthier prerogatives of life ? No conclusion would follow for reasonable men, exceptrational conclusion that the Almighty had seen the perfectl; fit to endowwwhiohtlidhchfcreHoremtaithnhadepmocwrieenratsoetdhi,enrapncadritroicfcuumlwsathrainccchiersci,tumtwshatesanmscauetrsee,rliyaanlfdoretlHoeimwmeitnltt sdetermine the conditions of existence and productive power,asfmanpcttodnernt&Ittqauhnaogetn;thewsioosphuhisse&cqpuot;rhoPgenseyttanchahneeonrdleoargotmeyuai,a&sdonqenunrogteea;wrninReldorolfasfttmithiniheodenniicarunahorsiapimseoaarutnaasitcoiaaononrundgop.fuliemntteohenfretescethilianenpmgft.eaenvrtossrReooo-nff

428 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.Faith Has Nothing to Apprehend from Evolution. Suppose, then, that a demonstrative proof of thetheory of Evolution should eventually be given, aproof such as would satisfy the most exacting andthe most skeptical, it is evident, from what has already been stated, that Catholic Dogma would remain absolutely intact and unchanged. Individualtheorists would be obliged to accommodate theirviews to the facts of nature, but the doctrines ofthe Church would not be affected in the slightest.The hypothesis of St. Augustine and St. ThomasAquinas would then become a thesis, and all reasonable and consistent men would yield ready, unconditional and unequivocal assent. And suppose, further, that in the course of timescience shall demonstrate a most highly improbableevent the animal origin of man as to his body.There need, even then, be no anxiety so far as theMaterialism, he says : If the fact of spontaneous generationdoes really occur in nature, it does not follow, as Cabanis mainOntained, that pure matter of itself passes into life. the contrary, we must say that the matter itself was animate, and thatthe principle of life which was in it, operating in its matter,produced organism. In this way this great fact would be themost manifest proof of an immaterial principle." Again Spon" :taneous generations would never prove that matter was dead;on the contrary, they would prove that it was alive." Furtheron he declares that " there should suddenly leap forth from ifthe ground a full-grown mastodon, or a rhinoceros, all thatwould legitimately follow from the fact would be, that there wasa vital principle in the ground, and that this was the secret organizer of these huge bodies." Book IV, chap. xiv.As for Pantheism, he asserts in Book IV, chap, xv : It is"altogether indifferent whether we admit that the animate substances in the universe are more or fewer, some or all, so longas we admit that they are created, and, therefore, altogetherdistinct from the Creator, Pantheism is excluded. 5

REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSION. 429truths of faith are concerned. Proving that the bodyof the common ancestor of humanity is descendedfrom some higher form of ape, or from some extinctanthropopithecus, would not necessarily contraveneeither the declarations of Genesis, or the principlesregarding derivative creation which found acceptancewith the greatest of the Church s Fathers and Doctors. Mr. Gladstone, in the work just quoted from,expresses the same idea with characteristic force andlucidity. he" says, "while Genesis asserts a sepa If,"rate creation of man, science should eventually provethat man sprang, by a countless multitude of indefinitely small variations, from a lower, and even fromthe lowest ancestry, the statement of the greatchapter would still remain undisturbed. For everyone of those variations, however minute, is absolutely separate, in the points wherein it varies, fromwhat followed and also from what preceded it; isin fact and in effect a distinct or separate creation.And the fact that the variation is so small that,taken singly, our use may not be to reckon it, isnothing whatever to the purpose. For it is the finite-ness of our faculties which shuts us off by a barrierdownward, beyond a certain limit, from the small,as it shuts us off by a barrier upward from thegreat; whereas for Him whose faculties are infinite,the small and the great are, like the light and thedarkness, both alike, and if man came up by innumerable stages from a low origin to the image of God, it is God only who can say, as Hehas said in other cases, which of those stages may

430 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.be worthy to be noted with the distinctive nameof creation, and at what point of the ascent mancould first be justly said to exhibit the image ofGod."But the derivation of man from the ape, we aretold, degrades man. Not at all. It would be truerto say that such derivation ennobles the ape. Sentiment aside, it is quite unimportant to the Christian "whether he is to trace back his pedigreedirectly or indirectly to the dust." St. Francis ofweAssisi, as learn from his called" the birds life,his brothers." Whether he was correct, either theologically or zoologically, he was plainly free fromthat fear of being mistaken for an ape which hauntsso many in these modern times. Perfectly surethat he, himself, was a spiritual being, he thoughtit at least possible that birds might be spiritualbeings, likewise incarnate like himself in mortalflesh; and saw no degradation to the dignity ofhuman nature in claiming kindred lovingly withcreatures so beautiful, so wonderful, who, as he fanGodcied, "praised in the forest, even as angels did *in heaven."1 Kingsley, Prose" Idylls," pp. 24 et seq. Ruskin in referring to the matter in his "Aratra Pentelici," expresses himselfwith characteristic force and originality. he" says, Whether,"" Creator shaped you with fingers or tools, as a sculptor yourwould a lump of clay, or gradually raised you to manhoodthrough a series of inferior forms, is only of moment to you inthis respect, that, in the one case, you cannot expect yourchildren to be nobler creatures than yourselves ; in the other,every act and thought of your present life may be hastening theadvent of a race which will look back to you, their fathers andyou ought, at least, to have retained the dignity of desiring thatmayit be so with incredulous disdain."

REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSION. 431 Misapprehensions Regarding Evolution. Many, it may here be observed, look on the theory of Evolution with suspicion, because they failto understand its true significance. They seem tothink that it is an attempt to account for the originof things when, in reality, it deals only with theirhistorical development. It deals not with creation,with the origin of things, but with the modus creandi,or, rather, with the modus for mandi, after the universe was called into existence by Divine Omnipotence. Evolution, then, postulates creation as anintellectual necessity, for if there had not been acreation there would have been nothing to evolve,and Evolution would, therefore, have been an impossibility. And for the same reason, Evolution postulatesand must postulate, a Creator, the sovereign Lordof all things, the Cause of causes, the terminus aquo as well as the terminus ad quern of all that existsor can exist. But Evolution postulates still more.In order that Evolution might be at all possible itwas necessary that there should have been not onlyan antecedent creation ex nihilo, but also that thereshould have been an antecedent involution, or a creation in potentia. To suppose that simple brutematter could, by its own motion or by any powerinherent in matter as such, have been the sole efficient cause of the Evolution of organic from inorganic matter, of the higher from the lower forms oflife, of the rational from the irrational creature, is

432 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.to suppose that a thing can give what it does notpossess, that the greater is contained in the less, thesuperior in the inferior, the whole in a part. No mere mechanical theory, therefore, howeveringenious, is competent to explain the simplest factof development. Not only is such a theory unable toaccount for the origin of a speck of protoplasm, orthe germination of a seed, but it is equally incompetent to assign a reason for the formation of thesmallest crystal or the simplest chemical compound.Hence, to be philosophically valid, Evolution mustpostulate a Creator not only for the material whichis evolved, but it must also postulate a Creator, Causacausarum, for the power or agency which makes anydevelopment possible. God, then, not only createdmatter in the beginning, but He gave it the powerof evolving into all forms it has since assumed orever shall assume.But this is not all. In order to have an intelligible theory of Evolution, a theory that can meetthe exacting demands of a sound philosophy as wellas of a true theology, still another postulate is necesWesary. must hold not only that there was an actualcreation of matter in the beginning, that there wasa potential creation which rendered matter capableof Evolution, in accordance with the laws impressedby God on matter, but we must also believe thatcreative action and influence still persist, that theyalways have persisted from the dawn of creation,that they, and they alone, have been efficient in allthe countless stages of evolutionary progress fromatoms to monads, from monads to man.

REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSION. 433 This ever-present action of the Deity, this immanence of His in the work of His hands, thiscontinuing in existence and developing of the creaHetures has made, is what St. Thomas calls the Di"vine administration," and what is ordinarily knownas Providence. It connotes the active and constantcooperation of the Creator with the creature, andimplies that if the multitudinous forms of terrestrial life have been evolved from the potentiality ofmatter, they have been so evolved because matterwas in the first instance proximately disposed forEvolution by God Himself, and has ever remainedso disposed. To say that God created the universein the beginning, and that He gave matter thepower of developing into all the myriad forms itsubsequently exhibited, but that after doing thisHe had no further care for what He had broughtinto existence, would be equivalent to indorsingthe Deism of Hume, or to affirming the old pagannotion according to which God, after creating theworld, withdrew from it and left it to itself. Well, then, can we say of Evolution what Dr.Martineau says of science, that it discloses" themethod of the world, not its cause; religion, its causeand not its method." Evolution is the grand andstately march of creative energy, the sublime manifestation of what Claude Bernard calls "the first, *wecreative, legislative and directing Cause." In ithave constantly before our eyes the daily miracles, 1 See Essay on Science, Nescience, Faith. 2 En" resume, jil a dans un phenomene vital, comme danstout autre phenomene naturel, deux ordres de causes : d abord

EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.qnotidiana Dei miracula, of which St. Augustinespeaks, and through it we are vouchsafed a glimpse,as it were, of the operation of Providence in the government of the world.Evolution, therefore, is neither a " philosophy ofdenomnor beenmud," a hasof as" gospel dirt," itinated. So far, indeed, is this from being the casethat, when properly understood, it is found to be astrong and useful ally of Catholic Dogma. For if Evolution be true, the existence of God and an originalcreation follow as necessary inferences. detrue"Avelopment," as has truthfully been asserted, " impliesa terminus a quo as well as a terminus ad quern. If,then, Evolution is true, an absolute beginning, however unthinkable, is probable;"--! should say certain the" eternity of matter is inconsistent withscientific Evolution."somewherePascal" says, confounds" Nature,"the Pyrrhonist, and reason, the dogmatist." Evolution, we can declare with equal truth, confounds theagnostic, and science, the atheist. For, as an English positivist has observed : You makecannot" theslightest concession to metaphysics without ending ina theology," a statement which is tantamount to theune cause premiere, creatrice, legislative et directrice de la vie,et inaccessible a nos connaissances ; ensuite une cause prochaine,ou extcutire, du phenomene vital, qui est toujours de naturephysico-chimique et torn be dans le domaine de rexperimenta-tion. La cause premiere de la vie donne 1 evolution ou la creation de la machine organised mais la machine, une fois creee,fonctionne en vertu des proprietes de ses elements constituantset sous 1 influence des conditions physico-chimiques qui agissentLa Experimental,sur eux."" Science " p. 53.Moore1 Vid. andScience" the Faith," p. 229. s

REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSION. 435admission that once youIf" allow yourself to thinkof the origin and end of things, you will have toAndbelieve in a God." the God you will have tobelieve in is not an abstract God, an unknowable x\a mere metaphysical deity, defecated" to a puretransparency," but a personal God, a merciful andloving Father. As to man, Evolution, far from depriving himof his high estate, confirms him in it, and that, too,by the strongest and noblest of titles. It recognizes that although descended from humble lineage,he is the" beauty of the world, and the paragonof animals that ;" although from dust tracing hislineage back to its first beginnings he is ofthe " of dust." It teaches, and in quintessencethe most eloquent language, that he is the highestterm of a long and majestic development, and replaces him "in his old position of headship inthe universe, even as in the days of Dante andAquinas/ Evolution an Ennobling Conception. And as Evolution ennobles our conceptions ofGod and of man, so also does it permit us to detectnew beauties, and discover new lessons, in a worldthat, according to the agnostic and monistic views, isso dark and hopeless. To the one who says there isno God, the" immeasurable universe," in the Ian-guage of Jean Paul, has" become but a cold massof iron, which hides an eternity without form andvoid."

436 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.To the theistic evolutionist, however, all is instinct with invitations to a higher life and a happier existence in the future all is vocal with hymns ;of praise and benediction. Everything is a part ofa grand unity betokening an omnipotent Creator. AllWeis foresight, purpose, wisdom. have the entirehistory of the world and of all systems of worlds," gathered, as it were, into one original, creative act,from which the infinite variety of the universe hascome, and more is coming yet." And God s handis seen in the least as in the greatest. His powerand goodness are disclosed in the beauteous crystalline form of the snow-flake, in the delicate texture,fragrance and color of the rose, in the marvelouspencilings of the butterfly s wing, in the gladsomeand melodious notes of the lark and the thrush, inthe tiniest morning dew-drop with all its gorgeousprismatic hues and wondrous hidden mysteries.All are pregnant with truths of the highest order,and calculated to inspire courage, and to strengthenour hope in faith s promise of a blissful immortality. The Divine it is which holds all things together:xspteyit TO ftsluv Try olyv yvfftv* So taught the oldGreek philosophy as reported by the most gifted ofher votaries. And this teaching of the sages of dayslong past, is extended and illuminated by the far-reaching generalization of Evolution, in a manner 1 Vid. Bishop Temple s " The Relations Between Religionand Science," p. 116.2 Hapade dorai 6i ap^aiuvvir6 rwi> /cat irapirafatiurv ev fiitfov c\ii^.arion x ArisKciTatefaifjifjiei a TOLS vorcpov, epithet TO deiov TTJ-I> b/ijv fvfftv, vm.XI,"totle, Metaphysics,"

REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSION. 437that is daily becoming more evident and remarkable.But what Greek philosophy faintly discerned, andwhat Evolution distinctly enunciates, is renderedgloriously manifest by the declaration of revealedtruth, and by the doctrines of Him who is the Lightof the World. Science and Evolution tell us of the transcendence and immanence of the First Cause, of the Causeof causes, the Author of all the order and beautyin the world, but it is revelation which furnishes uswith the strongest evidence of the relations betweenthe natural and supernatural orders, and brings outin the boldest relief the absolute dependence of thecreature on its Maker. It is faith which teaches ushow God howbinds" all together into Himself;"He quickens and sustains "each thing separately,and all as collected in one."I can, indeed, no better express the ideas whichEvolution so beautifully shadows forth, nor can Imore happily conclude this long discussion than byappropriating the words used long ago by that noblechampion of the faith, St. Athanasius. the"Asmusician," says the great Alexandrine Doctor, in his" Oratio Contra Gentiles," " having tuned his lyre, andharmonized together the high with the low notes,and the middle notes with the extremes, makes theresulting music one so the Wisdom of God, grasp ;ing the universe like a lyre, blending the things ofair with those of earth, and the things of heavenwith those of air, binding together the whole andthe parts, and ordering all by His counsel and Hiswill, makes the world itself and its appointed order

438 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.one in fair and harmonious perfection ; yet He,Himself, moving all things, remains unmoved withthe Father."1 Oiov }up rl ris /.rpar GtK&st apuoaaurvos nal ra fiapfa roZf of<7l, u<nKdt ra uioa mis ciKftois, njj rtx vif owny wi rr rb oyfjuuvdpevov ut/.os }mi-art/air/. O VTUS Ka i // usQfov Zo^ta, ro b/.ov /i fTr/^tn raftav K1 < ,a// ro/f / Ti ^ //f awayay&v, ncii ra f^ avpavij rots h< at pi, nai ra u/.a(its Kara uffMS owa-rui nal rcepiayuv rJ) fatTov vo//uari Kin ,va ruv n6auov nal uiav r//- roi-rov raS-ir airore/.el, na/us *atlirbs utv aKii i/ruf utvuv rcapa ru ttarpi. Sec. XLII.

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AND44(> EVOLUTION DOGMA.MAUPERTUIS, PIERRE DE, French philosopher.MILL, J. STUART, British philosopher.MILNE-EDWARDS, H., French naturalist.MILTON, JOHN, "Paradise Lost."MIR, Padre, S. J.MIVART, GEORGE,ST. Genesis" of Species ; " "On Truth Lessons from"" ; Nature."MOLESCHOTT, JACOB, Dutch physiologist.MONSABRE, Pere P. J., O. S. D., French theologian.AUBREYMOORE, andL., "Science Faith."MULLER, F. MAX, German English philologist.MULLER, FRITZ, German ethnologist.MULLER, JOHANN, German physicist.[\JADAILLAC, MARQUIS DE, "Le Probleme de la "" Vie Progres de; 1 Anthropologie," etc., in Comptes Rendus.NAGELI, Prof. KARL VON, German botanist.NAUDIN, CHARLES, French botanist.NEWMAN, Cardinal HENRY, Lectures" on Univer sity Subjects."NOTT, JOSIAH C., American ethnologist.OKEN, LORENZ, German naturalist.OLIVI, of Cremona.OMAR "THE LEARNED," Arabian scholar.ORIGEN.FromOSBORN, " the Greeks to Darwin." H.,OVID, " Metamorphoses."OWEN, Prof. RICHARD, "Anatomy of Vertebrates ;" "Chimpanzees and Orangs."PALEY, Natural" Theology."PALISSY, BERNARD.

AUTHORS AND WORKS. 447PASCAL, BLAISE, "Pensees."PASTEUR, Louis, French bacteriologist.PLATO.PLINY, the elder.POUCHET, HENRI C, French naturalist.POUSSIN, C. DE LA VALLEE, Paleontologie et Bar- winisme."POWELL, BADEN, English apologist and scientist.PYTHAGORAS.Q UATREFAGES, J. L. DE, " Darwin et ses Prckurseurs HumanFrancais;" "The JourSpecies," \* nal des Savants.RAY, JOHN, " Historia Plantarum."REAUMUR, RENE DE, French physicist.REDI, FRANCESCO, " alia Gen- Esperienze intorno erazione degl Insetti."LRENAN, ERNEST, Avenir de" la Science."ROBIN, Dr. CHARLES P., French anatomist.ROBINET, J. F., French physician.ROMANES, Prof. GEORGE, Darwin" and After Dar win " " Scientific Evidence Evo; of Organic " Thoughts on" Religion." lution ;ROSMINI, " Prof., Psychology."RUSKIN, JOHN, "Aratra Pentelici."RiJTlMEYER, LOUIS, Swiss naturalist.gAiNT-HiLAiRE, E. GEOFFROY, Histoire" Generale et Particuliere des Anomalies de 1 Organiza- tion chez rHommes."SAYCE, The TheA. H., " Ver- Higher Criticism ;" " Monumentsdiet of the " People Bible;" s History."

448 B VOL U TION A ND DOGMA.SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH VON, German philosopher.SCHMANKEWITSCH, Russian naturalist.SCHOPENHAUER.SCHOUW, J. F., Danish naturalist.SCHULTZE, MAX, German biologist.SCHWANN, THEODOR, German physiologist.SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG A., German botanist.DeSCOTUS, ERIGENA, " Divisione Naturae."SECCHI, PADRE ANGELO, Italian astronomer.SENECA, De "" " Beneficiis ; NaturalesQuaestiones."SHAKESPEARE.SIEBOLD, K. VON, German zoologist.SPALDING, Rt. Rev. J. L., "Agnosticism."SPENCER, HERBERT,First" Principles ; " " Principles of Biology."SPINOZA.STENO, NICOLAUS, Danish anatomist.TEMPLE, FREDERICK, " Bampton Lectures."TERTULLIAN.THEOPHRASTUS.THOMAS, Aquin,ST., of "Summa;" "Opusculi."UEBERWEG, FRIEDRICH, "History of Philosophy.VARRO.VATICAN COUNCIL, "Dogmatic Constitution of the Catholic Church."VESALIUS, A., Belgian anatomist.VINCI, LEONARDO DA, Italian artist and scholar.VlRCHOW, Prof. RUDOLF, Address before Interna tional Archaeological Congress, at Moscow.

AUTHORS AND WORKS. 449LCLFEDWAGNER, MORITZ, German naturalist "Daminism*" " "Natural HiSt ry" f the InductiveWOLF, CHR. VON, German philosopherWOOD, Prof., Giants and Dwarfs."WOODWARD, HENRY, British geologist.ZAHM, andJ. A., "Bible, Science Faith."ZAHN, ADOLPH, German Biblicist.ZELLER, EDWARD, "Philosophy of the Greeks."ZIGLIARA, Cardinal.E.-g



GENERAL INDEX.Ana,Abiogenesis. believed in bv 10g US comPared with26;asatheory ftheancL&qnuott;la,VJT3r1immpDoorrtt I no homologoof its disniQc KMAnalogy Haeckel s quibbling with, 249. received by. Anarchists, Evolution kindly -----" t" theory loses standing Kant s brilliant suggestion on, 57 . , Anaxagoras, theory of life germs by 26 of the controversy affecting science, truitsi on, 50 : Ideological views of nature by, 380 Anaximander, views on origin of life by^; Lnotions of someSard Darwin1 ldCaS 321n> : s wish in Anaximenes, on the Ancients their part 327 ; as a corollary to Evo- Cause of all thfngs 20n ? ?H- Hseckel Positively believes in the Evolution idea 23; abiogenesis a common belief with 43- See also Antiquity. Anthropomorphism, excluded from Chris tian Evolution, 302. Anthropopithecus, views ofon Darwin onJ ?" the, s speculations""" "iiiiA aC er CUrious Philosophical romance Antiquity, species seen in the monuments or, 147 ; scientific errors and follies of byk 29Accad. science questions studied in, 13. 400.Administration, Divine, views of St AApnMteqiu-sveL,saitroHintao,enocrkneoefmlatmrhskaeiangrbelnseheuadplemesodacgineygnrteoeffrotfoh,me,,40123.4407- Ihomas on, 295.Africa, pygmies of as the missing link,A LZ> possible human relationship kinship with fthhfenory r UiS Critique on Darwin s ^^o3.44 ; bKy, * ; as an adversary of Evolu Apis, its identity with living species 65 Archeology, objections to Evolution froXtion, 74 ; on the origin of species 7Q 143 ; value of Asiatic research in, 179views on classification by, 90 : definition Archaeppteryx, as a transitional type, i species by, 96; on creation and its discovery predicted, 137.sjpfecies, ioi ; argument from coral reefs152; denunciation of Darwinism bv rchaeus, Paracelsus and the theory of,207. "Agates, argument from the figures in Archebiosis, as a term for abiogenesis, 327. Rn DAArgylMlAgnosticism, as an outcome of Evolution S1 n arwin on sPedes of. 160. ,P= sc e and nat "re of, 254 ; term del Duk-e rS?SL^f H Romanesnents of, of, saltatory Evolution fa vored by, 198 ; views on Agnosticism. , xle" 2 5S: late develop- on >: 2^6; views ofAgricola strange theory on fossils by, 32. Aristotle, conceptions of Evolution by a?Albertus Magnus, the Evolution idea dis saciosymopokanereisooonfnheoiasfrlEtyemaspccehidieonncgcesl,,e3s442w;i; tahdb,eiso2c8grie;bneeass continuity of species, 144 ; doctrine ofcussed by, 29. the four elements by, 286 ; on classifi Grant, survey cation of species, 323; scientific achieveW.A of transitional types ments of, 379 ; his influence on scholas r ticism, 382.Amoebae, theory of the, 247. AArstseamsias,m^v.al^uabElveoluetxipoenrihmeelndtsrewsiptohn,si1b0l2enAmphioxus, curious life history of, -tlaeckers exalted notion of, 344. 7 (450

452 EVOLVTION AND DOGMA.Assurbanipal, tablets from Nineveh library Beneden, P. J. van, as student of the ani- malculae, 49 ; standing against Evolu of, 13. tion, 74.Assyria, cosmology as a study in, 13.Assyriology, proofs of paleontology helped Berzelius, conclusions on infusoria by, 49. Bible, The Holy, fanciful interpretations by. 179.Astronomy, questions of antiquity in, 14 ; of, 35 ; quoted to sustain abiogenesis, 47 ; Darwinism scored by friends of, new discoveries suggested in, 25 ; ad vanced by Secchi and others, 53 ; some 207 ; Dr. McCosh on Evolution and, pioneer ideas on, 391. 212 ; is not opposed by true Evolution,Atavism, facts of known to Aristotle, 27. 388 ; its cosmogony agrees with EvoluAthanasius, St., view of the Creator by, tion. See also Genesis. 361 ; on the order of creation, 437. Bichat, M. F. X., definition of life by,Atheism, an outgrowth of science specula Biology, powerful help to Evolution by, tions, 15 ; Evolution receives welcome 54 ; the question of species in, 315. See from, 209 ; agnosticism only a disguise also Life. for, 264. Birds, differences and blendings of speciesAtomic Theory, its revival in monism, 236. in, 104. Births, the theory of extraordinary, 197.Atoms, chemically and philosophically Blanchard, Emile, challenge to evolution viewed, 236 ; the chemist s jugglerywith, 334. j ists by, 141.Augustine, St., Kant revises teachings of, Bohemia, valuable geological facts from,j57 ; on potential creation, 71 ; on the 154-natural forces, 220 ; the theistic Evolu j Botany, outcome of recent progress in, 51 ;tion of, 280 ; strictures on anthropo difficulties regarding species in, 97.morphism, 302 ; on the generation of Brazil, evidence from the cave-birds of,life, 322 ; on the soul s origin, 347. 126.Authorities, the author s gratitude to, Brongniart, Adolphe, T., geological inves xxiii ; list of books and, 439. tigations by, 38.Avempace, Arabian ideas on Evol ution, 28. Brunetire. Ferdinand, on the bank" ruptcy of 404science," ; verdict on sciBabylonia, study of cosmology in, 13 ; ence and religion, 407. species as shown in monuments of, 148. Bruno, Giordano, Haeckel as an imitatorBacon, Francis, a believer in organic Evo of, 236. lution, 56 ; satire on natural history by, Biichner, Ludwig, the doctrine of mate 383 ; on relations of science to the Deity, rialism by, 217 ; some atheistic notions 410.Bacteria, Pasteur s valuable studies in, of, 221 ; on design in nature, 370. Buckle, H. T. on effects of exclusive stud ,50 ; evidence from further research in, ies, 311.52; difficulty in noting species of, 100. Buffon, Georges L., wrong views on ani Set also Infusoria. malcules by, 48 ; notions on environBaer, Karl E. von, wonders found in cm- ment held by, 194. bryology by, 115. Burnotif, E. H., value of oriental researchBaird, Spencer F., on species in American by. 179. birds, 104. Cabanis, Pierre J., views on thought by,Balfour, Arthur, J., on science and faith, xxi ; work on foundations of belief by, 278. 238.Barrande, Joachim, as an anti-evolution Cairo, plant specimens of at, 150. ist, 74 ; studies in Silurian strata by, Calmet, Dom, discussion of Noah s arkBarry, Dr. Alfred, views on creation by, by, 60. 368. Candolle, A, de, position on the speciesBasil, St., views on generation by, 321.Basilisk, as creature of science-fable, 400. problem, 79 ; a definition of species by, 95 ; study of the oak by, 103.Bastian, H. C., opposition to Pasteur s Caro, Prof, on attitude of Evolution to views by, 52 ; term used for abiogenesis faith, 210; views on materialism, 216; by, 327. rsum of Haeckelism by, 238.Bateson, Prof., theory of discontinuous Carruthers, William, as an anti-evolution ist, 74 ; lessons from Egyptian botany variations by, 198. by, 149. its attitude to atheism and Catholicity,Bathybius, Huxley and Haeckel on, 246. materialism, 223 ; question of the missBees, a native variety crowded out, 164 ; ing link in, 344 ; Evolution among noted adherents of, 425. See alto Church, Virgil on the generation of, 320.Bellinck, Father, on faith and Evolution, Dogma, Religion. 426.

GENERAL INDEX. 453Catholic Congresses, scientific discussions the order of, 281 ; the Genesiac narra ^of, 362.Causa Causarum, St. Augustine s state tive of, 290 ; God as the first cause in 297 ; summing up of views. 302 ; science ment of, 282. fails to explain, 306 ; various CatholicCereals, as raised in prehistoric times, teachers on, 360.Chaldea, cosmology as a study in, 13 ; Creationism, choice between Evolution species identified by monuments, 148 and, 75 ; the soul s relation to theory of, 348 ; its attitude toward Evolution, 8Chambers, Robert, a famous science trea Use by, 63. Creatures, as endowed with causalityChampollion, value of researches by, 179. 297.Chemistry, its phenomena sustain Evolu Crustacea, curious experiments on species tion, 53 with, 192.Church, The, its teachings on creation and Cuttle-fish, development of the eye in 120. Providence, 296 ; Evolution and the Cuvier, Baron Georges, as founder of pa doctrines of, 312 ; never inimical to leontology, 37 ; effect of his discoveries, true science, 396. See also Dogma, 38 ; discussion with Saint-Hilaire, 39 ; Religion, etc. system of classification by, 85 ; Agassiz estimate of, 86 ; great scientific work ofCicero, on the transitory value of opinion,Civil War, American, the myriad writings 87 ; views on species by, 92 ; on evi dence from Egyptian mummies, 146 ; on, 20. on animal figures of antiquity, 147.Clarke, Father, S. J., analysis of term Cuvier, Frederick, views on hybrids by, agnostic by, 256. 182.Classification, various systems of, 04 , Aristotle s ideas on, 85 ; elements of Darwin, Charles, Evolution not founded study in, 89 ; is it real or a myth, 90 ; ancient and mediaeval views on, 91 ; a by, 23 ; antiquity of pet theory of, 26 leading evidence for Evolution, 105 ; forestalled by Buffon, 60; publishes the tree-like system of, 107 ; blunders "The Origin of Species," 66 ; his chief in, 108. disciples, 68 ; difficulty of noting species by, 98 ; on rudimentary organs, 113 ; on ^ distribution of species, 123 ; on succes sion of types, 126 ; on predictions in EvoClement of Alexandria, St., cause of error lution, 137 ; on species of Arctic regions, 160 ; on paucity of transitional forms, stated by, 204. 162, 163; on gradation of fossilClimate, relations to permanence of deposits 165; on fossil bird forms, 172; views on geological research by, species, 158. 181 ; on the problem of hybrids, 190; natural selection defended by, 194 ; ad ^ mits a weak point, 195 ; the theory andCockroach, victory of Asiatic species, 164. 2ncriti_c,s of,, 2fc0v7/ ;r iAjs.a G\jriaayy umladkK.eCsS UdCelfCeInlaseColeridge, Samuel T., on errors in nomen of, ; nature as personified by, 226; clature, 319.Compsognathus, an intermediate fossil type, 132.Comte, an erroneous prediction by, 53 ; the philosophic creed of, 276.Concordistic theory, Cuvier as father of, 93- out-Heroded by Haeckel, 231 ; estimate of Herbert Spencer by, 257; his conDContents, table of, 7. fused ideas on creation, 306 ; unfitness for abstract studies, 309 ; theory of priCope, Edward , as adherent of the mordial germ by, 326 ; in conflict with Evolution idea, 68 ; researches in fossils teleology, 369 ; Prof. Gray s tribute to his work, 372. by, 174 ; as champion of neo-Lam- Darwin, Erasmus, services to the Evolu arckism.Coral, Agassiz on the reefs of, 153.Corluy, Rev J., on effects of Darwinism, 213. tion idea, 384.Corruption, as understood by scholastics Darwinism, as distinguished from Evolu 285.Cosmology, antiquity of speculations in, tion, 206 ; various opinions on, 207 ; a great problem evaded by, 342 ; man sCreation, questions of antiquity concern origin viewed by, 350 ; not to be held as Evolution, 384. ing, 14 ; fanciful views on, 35 ; the Mil- Davidson, Prof., as an anti-evolutionist, tonic view of, 76 ; Agassiz on the plan 74 ; researches in British fossils by, of, 101 ; the more noble conception of, 156.122 ; derivative as against special, 135 ; Dawson, Sir J. W., as an anti-evolutionmisunderstandings of the term, 215;definition in Catholic theology, 220; ist, 74 ; pronounces Evolution atheistic, 209.various meanings of, 221 ; relation of Deity, Hseckel s concept of, 236 ; relaagnosticism to, 255 ; St. Augustine on tions of time and space to, 270 ; as the

454 E VOL UTION AND DOGMA. primary cause. 297 ; attributes of. 304 ; a guess at Evolution by, 28 ; as precur errors of scientists on. 308 ; science pro sor of Darwin, 380. motes just views of. 401 ; a necessary Environment, Buffon a teacher of. 60 : postulate of Evolution, 432. noted adherents of theory, 72 ; permaDe Lapparent, Prof. A , attitude on crea- nence of species affected by, 158 ; as a factor of Evolution, 193 ; curious changes tionism, 363. from, 195.Deluge, Noah s, supposed relation to fos Epicurus, on the generation of life, 321. Epigenesis, as foreshadowed by Aristotle, sils, 35 ; controversy on duration and extent of, 420.Denudation, fossil deposits affected by, 7- 170. Evolution, can Christians accept theory. xiv ; the odium cast upon, xviii ; its disDescartes, RenC-. tendencies toward Evo lution, 56 ; on relations of science to cussion opportune, xxv a resource of God, 410. ;Deslonchamps, dictum on species by. 98.Diercks, S.- J., Father, discussion of crea- baffled science, 16 ; wide-spread use of term, 17; Spencer s definition of, 18; discussion and vast literature of, 20; tionism, 362. bitterness aroused by, 21 ; used by foesDiogenes of Appolonia, theory of animal of religion. 22 : not begun by Darwin,life by, 26. 23; discerned among the Greeks, 25;Discussions, counsel of I,eo XIII. regard Aristotle s conception of, 27 ; among ing, xxii ; by the ancients on creation, mediaeval schoolmen, 29; Saint-Hilaire s15; those of antiquity still fresh, 16 championship of, 40 : relation of abio- ;between Cuvier and Saint-Hilaire, 39. genesis to, 41 ; sustained by advancingDivine Administration, meaning of the science, 51 ; astronomy and chemistry term, 205. sustain, 53 ; biology a supreme aid. 54 ;Doctors, Evolution and teachings of the, its later champions, 55 ; Goethe as a312. herald of, 61 ; Robert Chambers argu ment for. 63 ; Darwin s first book on,Dog, long identity of the species, 147 ; the numerous varieties of, 186. 65 ; the high-water mark of, 67 ; twoDogma, science can never contradict, xv ways of regarding, 69 ; the pervading ;how affected by Evolution, 206 ; not an idea of, 72 ; its noted antagonists. 73 ; no middle course in, 75 ; Darwin stagonized by this science, 300 ; abiogen-esis not opposed to, 331 ; standing as to changes on, 82 ; atheistic disciples of,the missing link, 344 ; zeal of certain 83 ; bearings of classification on, 91 ;scientists against, 370 ; not contradicted solves the mystery of species, 102 ; by Evolution, 388, 426. leading evidences for, 105 ; the whaleDragons, a myth of ancient science, in support of, in ; explains rudimen400. tary organs, 114; solves embryologicalDredging, contributions to science from, problems, 122; the demonstrative evi dence of, 127 ; proof from gradation ofDryopithecus, as the supposed missing fossils, 133 ; summing up of proofs, 134 ; link, 351. special creation and, 135 ; prediction ofDualism, contrast of materialism with, discoveries in, 136 ; objections made 21 5- against, 140; challenge from opponents of, 141 ; what history offers against, 140;DufnT-noy, Pierre A., on the mating of species, 182. nature of misapprehended, 157 ; La marck to objectors against, 158 ; sterilityEarth s age, review of controversy on, of hybrids against, 182 ; standing of 420. species in, 191 ; the array of factors in.Egypt, testimony from monuments of, 144; 193 ; some difficult theories of, 196 ; the ancient vegetation of, 149. role of extraordinary births in, 197 ;Egyptology, paleontology sustained by, friends of saltatory theory, 198; as a 179. fact beyond dispute, 203 ; distinction ofElements, Simple, argument from rela tionship of, 53 ; scholastic and scientific Darwinism from, 206 adverse criti views on, 286. ;Emanation, an unsound theory, 76. cisms of, 208 atheism gives welcomeEmanation ism, outgrowth of science spec ; ulations, 15. to, 210; sundry judgments on, 213;Embryology, facts of noted by antiquity, ignorance of terms in, 214; relation of 28 ; Evolution theory sustained by, 54 ; a leading evidence for Evolution, 105 : its agnosticism to, 254 ; the agnostic form argument set forth, 115 ; status in Evo unsound. 278 ; analogy of tree growth lution, 250. to, 283 ; as revealed in creation, 293;Empedocles, as father of Evolution, 26 ; the Catholic idea of, 300 ; occasional ism excluded from, 301; anthropomorph ism dispelled by, 302 ; no Divine inter ference in, 304 ; Dogma in relation to, 312 : unaffected by notions on species,

GENERAL INDEX. 455318 ; man s creation viewed by, 350 Francis of Assisi, St . friendship for the far Catholics may accept, 351 birds, 430.how French Academy, scientific controversyGonzales on the Scripture and, 359 ; in, 39; Cuvier s classification announcedpoint of harmony with Dogma, 364story of creation viewed by, 367; a to, 86.affected by teleology, 369 ; Asa Gray-summary of, 372 ; corroborated by tele Froschammer, on the origin of the soulology, 37 1 : teleology ennobled by, 376 ^347- Fruits, identity of ancient with modern,witnesses to the God of Scripture, 377 149-r<5sum6 of the history of, 378 ; its futur Galen, species described by, 144.standing, 386 ; not inimical to religion Galileo, world s reception of discoveries388; attitude ot creationism toward, 398insufficiency for moral man, 402 ; Scrip by, 392-ture and theology reconcilable with Gastrula, place in the scale of life, 247.414; Doctors of the Church on, 416 ; a Gaudry, Albert, studies in paleontology,theory not a doctrine, 417 ; viewed frommany standpoints. 423 ; eminent Cath 132; views on elastic types,- 159; studohc adherents, 425 ; faith need feai ies in fossil forms, 174 ; theory on miss ing types by, 175 ; as a Catholic evolunothing from, 428 ; the Creator a nee tionist, 425.essary postulate of, 432 ; an ennobling Generation, the scholastic view of, 285.conception. 435 ; is a witness for the Generationism, as a doctrine on the soul sDeity, 437. origin, 347.Evolutionists, several schools and classes Generelli, right views on creation by, 35. of, 206 ; variety of theories among, 229. Genesis, account of man s creation in, 350 ;Eye, cases of evolutionary development scientists on creation narrative, 365 ;119 lends itself to Evolution, 414 ; contro versy on six days of, 419. Falloppio, amusing theory of fossils by, jenus, true relation of the term, 317. Geography, physical, Evolution sustained Father of Evolution, two Greek claimants by, 51 ; relation of to organic life, 123. Geology, first regular investigations in, as, 28. 39 ; Evolution theory aided by, 51 ; Agassiz argument from, 80 ; relation of Fathers of the Church, helped to build concordistic theory to, 93 ; distribution of species as witnessed by, 125 ; testimony Evolution theory, 23 : common belief as to permanence of species from, 154 ; in abiogenesis, 44; Evolution and the comparative limit of researches in, 173 ; imperfection of record in, 176; Darwin teachings of, 312. on the value of research in, 181. Fish-Men, Anaximander s curious theory jerm theory, 326. jiants, supposed relation of fossils to, 36. of, 26. Gladstone, W. E., on relations of science Fiske, Prof. John, converted by classifica tion, 109 ; views on intermediary fossils, to Bible, 427, 429. 174 ; theories resemble occasionalism, Gnostics, views on creation by, 217. 301 ; on the origin of life, 327 ; on crea tion and Evolution, 390. Goethe, Johann W., vast number of books written on, 19 ; anecdote regarding, 39 ;Florida, study of coral reefs in, 153. scientific rank of, 62.Flourens, M. J., definition of species by, jonzales, Cardinal, on process of creation, 95 ; views on Darwin and his work, 208. 358.Flowers, curious merging of species in, ore, Canon, on Romanes, 261. 188. Jrand Eury, as an anti-evolutionist, 74. "ray, Asa, views on defining species, 96 ;Fontenelle, eulogy of Bernard Palissy by, on species in British flora, 98 ; onFossils, early notions regarding, 31; Agric- triumph of teleology, 378 : on Evolu ola and other ancients on, 32 ; Bernard tion and theism, 211. Palissy s views on, 34 : the Deluge sup posed to explain, 35 ; fabled giants in reece, science in, 14, 379. relation to, 36 ; true significance appre Jregory of Nyssa, St., believer in one hended, 37 ; world s age measured by, primordial element, 54 ; prophet of 38; Huxley on the evidence of, 128 ; nebular hypothesis, 71 ; theistic Evo generalized types among, 131 ; evidence lution of, 280. on vegetable species in, 152 ; process of deposit, 165 ; Darwin on gradations of, uillemet, Abb, on theory of fixism, 167; Romanes on fewness of, 170; low 417, 419 : on common ancestral types, percentage of forms in, 171 ; types miss ing from, 172 ; intercalary forms in, 174 ; littler, Dr. C., views on Darwin by, reviewing the arguments from, 420.Fracostorio, teachings on fossils by, 32. 213.France, vast historic literature of, 19.

456 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.Haeckel, ai spokesman of atheistic Evo conceived by, 277 ; confused ideas on creation, 307 ; on originating life artifilution, 83 ; on variability of species, cially, 330 ; Evolution and teleology in99 ; on perigenesis, 199 ; the five prop harmony, 374 ; admits inadequacy of science, 407.ositions of, 235 ; on soul and mind, Hybrids, teachings from sterility of, 182. Hylozoism, outgrowth of science specula237 ; on abiogenesis, 329 ; on purpose innature, 370 ; the monism of, 230 ; on tions, 15.origin of life, 246 ; cynicism of, 251 ; a Infusoria, believers in spontaneous origin of, 48 ; scientists begin special study of,type, 252 ; on missing link, 344, tributeDto Mosaic cosmogony, 415. 49Halloy, Omalius d as Catholic and Inscriptions great students and interpre , ters of, 179 evolutionist, 425. Introduction the author s, xm-xxx.Hamard, Canon, on the Bible and trans lonians, science and teachings of, 14, 380 ; form ism, 415. materialism of the, 216.Hamilton, Sir William, as precursor of Huxley, 256.Harper, Father, explains the term genera tion, 285 ; on order of creation, 293 ; value of his work on scholasticism, 295.Harvey, William, teaching foreshadowed onJiiger, notions by,"soul stuff" 199. by Aristotle, 27. Jussieu, A. L. de, definition of species by,Hawkweed, the numerous species of, 98.Hebraists, literary fiasco of, 405. 96.Heliopolis, a scientific priesthood at, 14. Kant, Immanuel, many Evolution princiHellenists, absurd pretensions of, 405. ples of, 57 ; a brilliant generalization by,Helmont, J. B. van, amusing notions on 58 ; on the use of reason, 256. abiogenesis, 45 ; a theory of life, 323. Kelvin, Lord (Sir W. Thomson), on theHeraclitus, as precursor of Darwin, 379.Herbert, Rev. W., on proofs from horti origin of life, 325 ; on design in nature, culture, 63 44Herculaneum, testimony from the ruins, Kepler, Johann. true basis of laws by, 25 ; 149. reception of discoveries by, 393.Heredity, phenomena known to Aristotle, Kircher, Father A., curious recipe in ab 27 ; principle discussed by Buffon. 60 ; iogenesis, 45. as a factor of Evolution, 195. Kolliker. Rudolf A , an adherent of saltaHerschel, Sir W., theories forestalled by tory Evolution, 198.Kant, 57.Hewit, Rev. A. F., authority on Christian Lamarck, J. B. de, scientific achievements Agnosticism, 276. of, 61 ; blunders in classification, 108 ;Hieroglyphics, previous science disclosed reply to anti-evolutionists, 158; Evolu by, 179. tion factors held by, 193 ; reverent ideasHildebrand, J. M., on floral species, 189. of the Creator, 389.Hindus, early science studies of, 14. Lanessan, estimate of Buffon s work by,Hippocrates, on the vital processes, 324. 60.History, objections to Evolution from, 143. Languages, pedigree of the Romance,Hobbes, Thomas, urges the principle of 107 ; relations of certain groups, 108.struggle, 71. Law, Paley on true nature of, 376.Holbach, P. H. d , Haeckel conforms Layard, Sir Austin, evidence from Baby with, 237. lonian researches of, 148 ; value of Assyrian discoveries by, 179.Holmes, Oliver W., definition of life by, Le Conte, Joseph, views on Evolution, 324. 214.Homology, examples of in nature, no,114. Leeuwenhoek, A. von, as student of inHorse, proofs of Evolution from the, 127. fusoria, 49.Houdin, Robert, the secret of legerde Legends, suggested by fossil remains, 36. main, 245. Leibnitz, G. W. von, Evolution ideas heldHugo, Victor, agreement of Haeckel with, by, 56 ; on origin of the soul, 347.238. Lenormant, Charles, on the creation ofHuxley, Thomas H., review of Darwin s man, 365. 66 ontheory by, ; paleontology, 128 Leo XIII, on scientific discussion, xvu ; ;considers defects of classification, 133; author s stand on teachings of, XXI.on predictions in horse species, 137 ; on Leroy, Pre M. D., work on Evolution by,species variations, 161 ; on saltatory 212; his theory of creation, 363: ontheory, 198 ; Evolution harmless to faith, species and genus, 317313; nature personified by, 226; coin Leuckart, Karl G., as authority on inage of term agnostic, 255 ; the Diety as i fusoria, 49.

GENERAL INDEX. 457GLeverrier, U. J., suggesting discovery Mariette, A. E., value of oriental re- searches by, 179. Neptune, 25.Lewes, W., on special creation, i 2I Marsh, Prof. G. P. discovery of a missing type, 138 ; intermediate fossils foundLiebig, Baron, valuable studies of fusoria, 49. by, 174-Life, Greek ideas on origin of, 25 ; t Marshall, A. M., on organic development 119 ; on the ancestral equine forms. 128.antiquity of, 177; discussion of natuand origin, 320 ; various attempts to dfine, 324 ; on Marsupials, place of in Hjeckel s lifeDawin s idea of the germ of, 325 ; scale, 247. primordial, 326 ; scienfails as to origin, 327 ; possible artific Martineaii, Rev. James, judgment on specialists, 31 1 on science and reliproduction of, 230 ; the most science c gion, 433.say on, 333 ; Huxley s "physical bas.ot, 334 : a scientific origin found im Martins, Charles, views on Evolution, 214. Maspero, G. C., value of oriental repossible, 336 ; collapse of mechanic searches by, 179.theory, 337 ; Evolution fails to expla" Mastiff, as depicted in Babylonian ruins,Lilly, W. S., work on 148. Karl von, asLinnaeus, agnosticism by, 27 Materialism, product ot science discus a believing scientisxxviii views on sions, 15 ; Evolution hailed by its dis ; special creation, 59 ciples, in contrast withproduced a reasonable classification, 86 - 209 ; dualismideas on species, 92 ; his binomial n 5: as voiced by Hugo and others, 238 \menclature, 94 ; on immutabilityspecies, 142.Litterateurs, careless use of term nature the Schoolmen on, 286 fails at the ;225. brink of life, 338.Locke, John, views on continuity o species, 71. Mattioli, singular theory on fossils, 32. Memphis, science of Egyptian priests at,Logan, Sir W., on the antiquity of life177- Mercier, Mgr , in review of Balfour sLohgo, eye curiously developed of, 119. work, 278.Lucas, Dr. G. J., work on agnosticism by Mesopotamia, exhumed records of, 13. Metaphysics, question solvable only by,Lucretius, statement on abiogenesis from 43 ; on dabblers in science, 253. Microbes, multiplicity of species in, 99.Lyell, Sir Charles, biology brings convic Microscopy, results of progress in, 52. Middle Ages, Evolution in the Schools tion to, 54. of, 23, 28. McCosh, Dr. James, on Evolution and lill, J. Stuart, on God and matter, 217. Scripture, 212. [ilton, John, poetical record of species, 76 ; influence of his views, 318. Maimonides, on creation of man, 365. !ind, Darwin s bewilderment on, 310. Maisonneuve, Dr., on rudimentary or ir, Padre, on problem of creation, 358. gans, 115. Vlissing link, discussion of, 340; explora tions in quest of, 351 ; a conceivable Mammalia, type gradations in extinct, theory, 352. 130. iyart, St. George, as disciple of Evolu Man, embryonic development of, 116 tion, 68; on saltatory theory, 198; on Hseckel s genealogy of, 245 ; Wallace on our simian ancestry, 344 ; on genesis of origin of, 247 ; comparing attributes of, nian, 352 ; is severely criticised, 353 ; 305 ; question of simian origin, 340; Vir- views not opposed to theology, 358 ; modified creation theory of, 359 ; on de chow on descent of, 341 ; Dogma and sign in nature, 374; on the purpose in the animal origin of, 344 ; relation to creation, 411. apes not proven, 351 ; Mivart s specula tions on, 352 ; modified theory of crea ollusca, development of the eye in, 119 ; tion, 359 ; extravagant notions on ori curious pedigree of planorbis, 129. oneron, Hasckel s theory of the, 246. gin, 365 ; question of pedigree reviewed, onism, as outcome of Evolution, 229, 430 ; headship in created universe, 435. 230; formulated by Haeckel, 231 ; coinMandeville, Sir John, as a tale-weaving traveler, 401. age of the term, 233 ; results of theory,Manicheans, views on creation by, 217 ; 252 ; Agnosticism compared with, 254; ideas on creation of soul, 346. abiogenesis necessary to, 329Mansel, Dean, an Anglican teacher of agnosticism, 258 ; a variety of atheism onkeys, long identity of species, 144. onsabrt1, Father, on creationism, 363. by, 259. onuments, evidence on species from, 147.Maoris, curious proverb of $he, ^7,

458 E VOL UTION A XD DOGMA.Morphology, in evidence for Evolution, Osborn, Prof., on the factors of Evolution,no105 ; the argument set forth, 201. ; proofs Osteology, its tribute to Evolution theory,on species from, 186. 54-Moses, account of creation by, 293 ; as Ovid, abiogeneses as stated by, 43.ancestor of the evolutionists, 415; Owen, Prof. Richard, on succession ofHaeckel s tribute to, 416. types, 126; Darwin quotes researches of, 172; on the integrity of species,Mountains, as barriers to spread of species, 191 ; as adherent of saltatory Evolution, 198 ; his devotion to teleology, 373.M 123. tiller, Max, on legitimate agnosticism, 273.Mummies, evidence on species from, 144.Nadaillac, Marquis de, attitude on Evolu Paleobotany, evidence on species from, tion, 75 ; views on hybrid species, 185; 148. on modem unbelief, 253. Paleontology, the science founded byNiigeli, Karl von, as disciple of Evolu tion, 68; on progression in species. 199. Cuvier, 38; Evolution theory sustainedNatural selection, ancient germ of theory, by, 51 as a foremost proof of Evolution, 26. ;Nature, ancient speculations on, 15 ; Im- 105; demonstrative evidence furnished manuel Kant on unity in, 58 ; miscon ceptions of the term, 215 ; relations to by, 128; discoveries at Mt. Pentelicus, the Deity, 227 ; its mysteries a source of skepticism, 272 ; summing the argu 132 ; the limited field of study in, 173; ment on design in, 375. Egyptology compared with, 179 .illusNature-Man, Abubacer s curious theory trious workers in, 180. of, 29. Paley, Dr., Evolution affected by teachNaudin, Charles, a theory on species by, ings of. 369 ; defines true nature of law, 376; a herald of Evolution, 412. 64. Palissy, Bernard, correct judgment onNebular hypothesis, Kant s relation to, fossils, 34.Needham. Prof., wrong views on in Paludma, succession of molluscan group fusoria, 48. of, 130.Neo-Lamarckism.the Evolution so termed, Pantheism, as outgrowth of science dis cussions, 15; definition and doctrines *95 of, 218.Newman, Cardinal, on narrowness of Pantheists, views of the more famous, 218. specialists, 310. Paracelsus, on the principle of life, 323. Pariahs, evidence from dog family called,Newton, Sir Isaac, foundation of great Paris Commune, Evolution held respon discovery by, 25.Nineveh, writings on cosmology at, 13. sible for, 210.Nomenclature, Linna-us great work on, Pascal, Blaise, on the teaching of religion, 94 ; protoplasm a vanished term in, XXIX. 335- Pasteur, Prof Louis, on science confirmOak, study of species in the, 103 ; great ing faith, xxix valuable studies on antiquity of the type, 104. ;Occasionalism, excluded from Christian infusoria, 50; his great work and its Evolution, 301. opponents, 52, 397.Oken, theory of primordial slime by, *6.Olivi of Cremona, curious theory on Paul, St, allusion to unknown God, 255 ; on knowledge of things unseen. 275. fossils by, 33. Pentateuch, controversy on authorship of,Omar the Learned, an Arabian evolu XVI. See also Bible, Genesis. tionist, 29. Pentelicus, Mount, discoveries in paleonOntogeny, its bearings on Evolution, 115; tology at, 132 ; significance of fossils Haeckel s argument from, 240. found at, 175.Opinion, the transitory value of, xv.Organisms, geographical distribution of, Perigenesis, Haeckel s theory of, 199. 123 ; what paleontology tells about, Philology, an illustration taken from, 106 180 ; a class without organs, 246. ;Organs, lesson from the rudimentary, 113; instances of development of, 118. comparison on species from, 163.Orientalists, failure to degrade the Gospel, Phoenix, as myth of ancient science, 400. 405. Phylogeny, what is proved for EvolutionOrigen, on the creation of soul, 346. by, 115; its relation to Haeckel s sys tem, 249. Physics, stellar, significance of recent progress in, 53 ; mediaeval notions on, 385. Physiologus, curious fables ol the, 401. Physiology, ranked among helps to Evo lution, 54 ; evidence regarding species from, 187.

GENERAL INDEX. 459Picard, Abbe, work related to Newton Romanes, Prof. Geo. J., latest testimony note on law, 25. xix ;Pigeons, numerous varieties of, 185 of, species by, I02 onPius IX, treatment of an abused scient ; distribution of organisms, 127 ; on diffi culties suggested byby, 353. tains physiological fossils, 168 ; main selection. i Q4 a e-Planets, amusing theory on number o nostics classed and defined by 260- 394- later views on religion, 26 1 ; claims harmony of Bible and Evolution,P anorbis, evidence from shells of, 120 Rome. Evolution held by sages of 415. 28Plants, evidence derived from 148 S Rosmmi, Antonio, on the origin of soul Augustine on creation of, 281 347 : views on materialism, 427. Botany, Trees, etc. Kudimentary organs, summary of arguPlato, methods compared with Aristotle ment on, 413. 27 ; views on Divine ideas by, 91. Rupprecht, on authorship of Pentateuch,Pliny, as believer in abiogenesis, 41Pohle, Rev. Dr., on Darwimsm an Ruskin, John, on pedigree of man, 430. 1 neism, 212. Saint-Hilaire, E Geoffroy de, discussionPompeii, evidence against transmutatio mwith Baron Cuvier, 39 ; valuable collec from, 144. tions Egypt, 146; proclaims the salPositivism, analysis of the creed of, 276 tatory theory, 198 ; on the creation ofPouchet, Henri C. adverse to Pasteur man, 363 ; as Catholic and evolutionist 425conclusions, 52. Salisbury, Lord, attitude on science andPredictions, as a test of accurate science religion, 407.136. saltation, as theory in Evolution, 198. Savages, races regarded as missing link,Protoplasm, the chemical aspects of, later studies in, 335.Psychology, some false ideas exposed269.Pterodactyl, as a generalized type, 132.Quo9a5ntr;ceofonangsettsah,necJy. toLhf.esodpreey,cisoepfse,cEi1ve8o2sl.udteifoinn,ed14b0y Sayce, Prof., on the credibility of Moses xvi. Schizomycetes, multiplicity of species in 99.Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., value of re Scholasticism, abiogenesis as viewed by, 321. See Schoolmen. searches by, 179.Ray, John, definition and views of species choolmen, Evolution theory helped by, 23; writers on Evolution among, 29 ; by, 94, 318. belief in abiogenesis among, 44 ; agnos ticism of the Doctors and, 274.Reaumur, Rene A. de, as student of infusoria, 49. Gchouw, Prof, on origin of species, 79.Redi, Francesco, disproves abiogenesi chweinfurth, A., studies in Egyptianexperimentally, 46 ; accused of unscrip flora, 149.tural views, 47. ciences, taith not endangered by, xxviiReligion, modern ; weapons for defense of,xx Evolution used by enemies of, 22 ; growth of theories and discoveries in, ; 24 ; unite on the trail of Evolution, 40 ;Darwinism in relation to. 207 ; Hseckel s anticipated discoveries in, 70; value ofidea of a future, 239 ; relation of imma Evolution theory to, 136; incompetentture science to, 252; Romanes later to explain creation, 306; failure onviews on, 261 : wrong ideas of scientists some vital points, 327 ; censure of leadon, 311 ; not antagonized by Evolution, ers in, 353 ; stages and progress of, 387 ;388 ; all science but serves to exalt, 409. treatment of pioneers in, 391 ; conservaSee Church, Dogma, etc. tism in the, 395 ; errors in infancy of,Renan, Ernest., absurd estimate of sci- 399; absurd claims of, 402; bankruptcyence, 402. of. 404 ; review of conquests of, 408.Reversion, its phenomena known to Aris cotus Erigena, views on dialectics by, 91. a Shells, succession of types shown in,totle, 27.Rhynconella, as elastic type of species, 127.Richter.Jean P., on the folly of unbelief, lection, as a factor in Evolution, 193 ; Spencer s preferred term for, 195.Richter, Prof., curious theory of life by, 3 2 5- minales Rationes, St. Thomas AquinasRobin, Dr. Charles, harsh estimate of theory of, 289. nses, effects of use and disuse, 195. Evolution, 141. rpents, mediaeval recipe for generating,RobinetJ. F., agreement of Haeckel with, 45- 237- ebold, Karl von, as student of infusoria, 49-

460 EVOLUTION AND DOGMA.Sirens, position in life scale of, 247. Evolution, 67 ; Creator left out of creaSizzi, curious theory of planets by, 394.Slime, theory of the primordial, 26. tion by, 70; on structural homologies,Smith, George, valuable oriental studies 114 ; his term for natural selection, 195 ; as scientist of the " unknowable," 257 ; by, 179. led by Anglican churchman, 258 ; onSoul, as a corollary of monism, 237; the creation, 264 ; dicta on the unknowable, ories on origin of, 345 ; various heretical 267 ; notions of the Deity, 277 ; defines views on, 346 ; St. Thomas on creation of, 356 ; Doctors and Schoolmen on life, 324 ; confesses weakness of Evolu same, 357. See Spirit. tion, 407.Space, false philosophical notions of, Spirit, as understood in Hacckelism, 234 ; the unfathomable mystery, 272 ; Plato s 271. ideas on, 323 ; positive claims for, 345. See Soul.Spalding, Bishop J. L., as writer on ag nosticism, 278. Sponges, Haeckel on the species of, 99 ;Spallanzani, Abbate, researches on the curious investigations in, 232. infusoria, 49. Stalactites, ideas from the growth of, 33. Stammbaum, classification on principleSpecialists, mental short comings of, 309, of, 88, 109. 311. Steinheim, discoveries in lake-bed at, 129.Species, ascertained vast numbers of, 57 ; Steno, Father Nicholas, true idea of fosbelievers in mutability of, 56 ; Buffonteaches mutation of, 60, difficulty of sils, 34.noting, 63 ; views ot Naudin and Succession of types, Darwin s advocacyD Halloy on, 64; Darwin s great work of. 126.on, 65; believers in continuity of, 71; Sumer, sciences anciently studied in, 13.evolutionary ideas on, 72 , views of Survival of fittest, germ of the theory angreat thinkers on, 76, Miltonic hy cient, 26 anticipated by Buffon, 60. ;pothesis of, 77 ; Linnaeus on, 78 ; Prof. Swallow, extension of species in UnitedAgassiz on, 79, 101 distribution of, 80 States, 164. ; ; Swammerdam, Prof., studies of infusoriaattempts to give definition of, 94 ; difficulties regarding, 97 ; the old doctrin by. 49- Sycamore, specimens as old as Athens,aires of, 100; in the making, 102; casesshowing mutation of, 103 ; geographical 150.distribution of, 123 ; geological succes Taxonomy, regarded as a science, 88. Teleology, the old and new sciences of,sion of, 125; Romanes on distribution, 369 ; late developments of, 371 ; tributes1 27 ; revelations of the Tertiary on, 1 29 ; of various scientists to, 373, 374 ; is enadvocates of immutability in, 142; evi nobled by Evolution, 376 ; as held by Greek sages, 380.dence from antiquity, 143 ; identity with Temple, Bishop F., on creation and Evoantique forms, 145 ; what Egypt s vegeta lution, 436.tion tells of, 149; evidence from fossil Tertullian, on origin of the soul, 346.flora, 152; Agassiz strong argument Thales, teachings on genesis of life, 25. Theism, Pohle s views on, 212; as relatedon, 153; evidence from Silurian strata,154; what the trilobite proves on, 155; to Evolution, 229; Evolution blended with, 279 ; Prof. Fiske s attempt to classconditions promoting permanence of, ify, 301.158; elastic types of, 159; fewness of Theology, Haeckel s defects as student of,transitional forms, 162; an illustration 243; Mivart s relation to, 353; thefrom philology on, 163 ; cases of crowd how"Great Architect" theory in, 361 ;ing out, 164 ; gradation of fossil forms of, affected by man s derivative creation, 364 ; true and false science in relation167 ; sterility of hybrids in, 182 ; morph 10,376; Evolution not in conflict with,ology as test of, 185 ; the physiolog 388.ical test of, 187 ; relation of reproduction Theophrastus, ideas on fossils by, 31.to, 190; Prof. Owen on integrity of, 191 ; Thomas Aquinas, St., a teacher of evolucurious experiments in Russia, 192; as tionary ideas, 29; accepts contemporarya hopeless problem, 193 ; heredity and views on abiogenesis, 44 Kant adopts opinions of, 57 ; as teacher of potentialvariation in, 197 ; saltatory theory re creation, 71 ; evolutionary views of creagarding, 198; Niigeli on progress in, tion, 284 ; on causality in creatures, 297 ; the doctrine of species, 314; species as199; Haeckel s chain of, 246; argument defined by, 315 ; on the creation offrom analogy in, 249 ; scholastic doc Adam, 354trine of, 313 ; three aspects of the term, Time,"ime, phhiillosophic conceptions of, 270.315; term genus compared with, 317;Milton s doctrine of, 318 ; teleology asmanifest in, 373.Spectroscope, value of revelations by, 53Spencer, Herbert, defines Evolution, 18;not original with him, 23 ; antiquity ofhispet idea, 26; as "philosopher" of

GENERAL INDEX. 4(51Tournefort, J. P. de, pioneer in denning irchow, Prof. R., makes charges against Evolution, 210 his theory of life fails, ; species, 94. as outgrowth of science 338 ; on the physical descent of man,Traducianism, 15; its belief as to souls 341 ; on origin of life, 342.speculations, famous modern adherents irgil, instances of abiogenesis from, 320.creation, 346 ; ision, Evolution of the organ of, 119. 4 ogt, Carl, of one mind with Hseckel,Trees^ Jariability of species in, 99 ; studies 238 ; a theory of life by, 341. of the oak, 103 ; organic life comparedTreviranus, ranked among evolutionists, Wagner, Moritz, as adherent of Evolu tion, 68 ; theory of isolation by, 197.Trifobites, valuable facts on species from, Wallace, Dr. Alfred R., as co-discovererTycho Brahe, relation to Kepler s laws, with Darwin, 65 ; on the origin of man, 247 ; on design in nature, 373- . Watch, simile from the constructsTyndall, Prof. John, views on design in Weeds, studies of ancient Egyptian, 150. nature, 373. Weismann, as disciple of the EvolutionUnbelief, Jean Paul on the folly of, 435 idea, 68 ; theory of heredity by, 199. See Atheism, etc. Whale, classification illustrated by tne, 108 ; evidence from anatomy of, 111.Universe, questions of antiquity regard Whewell, Dr. William, on the fate of newUnknowable! The.philosophy and philoso discoveries, xxvn ; on species and crUr^w ohYe r s artificial production of 7 the movement of the age,uShleim, Oken s theory of anticipated wtegand, on Uretoff, the supposed primitive element Williamson, researches in vegetable fos- 53- W6Wer?F., artificial making of urea, by, W3 3 term monism by, o lf>. A., coinage ofVallisneri, as student of infusoria, 49- Woods, identity of ancient and modern,Variation, as a factor of Evolution, 196 Worms, order in the scale of life, 247- Bateson s theory of discontinuous, 198Vatican Council, creation denned oy Yung, a pioneer in defining species, 94. Zoology, a result of recent progress in, 51Vertebrates, transitional fossil forms o services of Linnaeus to, 85.Vinci Leonardo da, discussion on fossil







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