national action plan

MESSAGE FROM THE HONOURABLE DATO’ MUSTAFA KAMAL BIN BAHARUDDIN Director General Of Agriculture Malaysia Most countries are signatories to one or more international agreements that include provisions for the protection of biodiversity from the negative impacts of invasive alien species (IAS). Invasive alien species as define by the National Invasive Species Council as an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm to human health. IAS is an introduced species and established in areas outside its natural distribution of an area or country. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Malaysia as one of the signatory nation and is committed to develop national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity resources. In Malaysia, the spread of IAS had caused enormous economic and environmental losses such as reduce agricultural productions, harm to human health and destroyed of scenic view. Alien species introduced into the local habitats had caused threats to native species and its ecosystem and their occurrences ranged from various taxonomic groups that include viruses, bacteria, fungi, mosses, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. As globalisation and transportation becoming more rapid, expanded opportunities are being provided for plants, animal and microorganisms to move beyond their natural range. Some of the alien species do not harm species, habitats and ecosystem and instead provide significant benefits for farmers, traders and nation’s economy. However, some species may become invasive and can be costly for industries, competent authorities, site managers and society as whole. Some impacts on the biodiversity and ecological functions may be irreversible. Thus, the issue and threat of invasive alien species are very real and significant as exemplified by cases such as Papaya Ring Spot Virus, papaya Dieback, Coco Pod Borer, Diamondback Moth, Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) and Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) and many others. They have incurred losses to the agriculture industry amounting to millions of Malaysian Ringgits. The spread of invasive alien species is creating complex for reaching challenges that need to address through concerted effort among the competent authorities. The action plan proposed on IAS in Malaysia will provide continued efforts to increase the awareness and information to the various stakeholders on the importance of alien species and ways to tackle them in balancing conservation and management of the resources with continued economic growth. I wish to congratulate the National Working Group for coming up with the Action Plan for Invasive Alien Species and urge all players in this field to come forward and together strive towards achieving the targets and goal of the CBD Program of Work to ensure of the continued sustainable use of the national biological resources. Finally I look forward to the successful implementation of the action plan along with continuing and strong financial support from the Central Agencies of the Government of Malaysia. Thank you Dato’ Mustafa Kamal Bin Baharuddin Director General of Agriculture Malaysia Department of Agriculture Putrajaya 2013 3

FOREWORD MR. YUSOF BIN OTHMAN Team Leader for National Working Group (NWG) Invasive Alien Species The spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is now recognized as one of the greatest threats to the ecological and economic of the world. These species are causing enormous damage to biodiversity and the valuable natural agricultural systems upon which we depend. Direct or indirect health effects are increasingly serious and the damage to nature is often irreversible. Realizing the impact of IAS on the agriculture industry and national economy, a National Working Group (NWG) on IAS was established in Malaysia. This working group comprises of various departments, agencies and universities, through which the National Action Plan for Prevention, Eradication, Containment and Control of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Malaysia has been formulated. The National Action Plan was formulated to address issues related to the implementation in the prevention, early detection, containment, eradication, control and monitoring of IAS in Malaysia. The plan consists of four main elements and each element consists of several strategies and activities that will be implemented from year 2014 until 2018. The four elements includes, 1. Evaluation of the Implementation of Legislation, policies and regulation; 2. Enhance Public Awareness and Education; 3. Research and development on methodology of IAS management; and 4: Capacity buildings on IAS. We hope that this plan will provide some indebt information on IAS in Malaysia in order to balance conservation and management resources with increasing economic growth for the benefits of our future generation. On behalf of the NWG, I would like to this opportunity to sincerely thank the Honorable Dato Mustafa Kamal bin Baharuddin, the Director of Agriculture for his continued encouragement, support and guidance throughout the formulation of this action plan. Finally, I would like to thank the Malaysian National Working Group on IAS from various ministries, departments, agencies and the secretariat for their continued commitments and works in contribution to finalize this document. Thank You Yusof Bin Othman Leader of NWG - Invasive Alien Species Department of Agriculture 4

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is creating complex and far-reaching challenges that threaten both the natural biological riches of the earth and the well being of its citizens. IAS impacts on agriculture, fisheries, aquacultures, livestock, human health and environment. Thus, some aspects of the problems require solutions tailored to the specific values, needs and priorities of nations while others call for consolidated action by the larger world community. In Malaysia, monetary evidence of the economic impact of IAS invasion has not been well studied. Realizing the impact of IAS to the economy and biodiversity, the Government of Malaysia had setup a working group to address this issue and formulate national strategies in combating IAS. The working group comprises of representative of the government departments, institutions and non-governmental organizations. The term of references of National Working Group on IAS are :- 1) to develop National Action Plan for IAS in Malaysia, 2) as focal point for any issues related to IAS in Conference of Parties (COP) and other International Organization such as APEC, IPPC and OIE, 3) to coordinate all activities related to IAS such as prevention, detection and monitoring, containment, eradication and control of IAS that had invasion potential or had been established in the country, 4) to assist in securing fund to finance IAS activities by the implementing Department and Agencies 5) to provide guidance to the implementing Department and Agencies on early detection and rapid response to the incursion of IAS under their preview, 6) to coordinate awareness and information program to stakeholders to empower them for detection, containment, eradication and control of IAS. As a result, the working group is well positioned to lead in the battle against IAS and come out with the National Action Plan which has four main strategies:- 1) Strengthen Legal framework in relation to IAS prevention, detection and monitoring, eradication, containment and control, 2) Intensify Capacity Buildings for the Implementation of the Action Plan, 3) Enhance Research and Development of IAS, 4) Increased Awareness of Stakeholders and Publics on IAS. Each strategy includes a description of success, accountability measures, a summary of the current program, and a list of strategic priorities. 5





2.2 Status of IAS in Malaysia There are several incidences IAS invading this country. These incidences had great impact to the agriculture economy affecting crop production, fisheries and livestock. However, the impact to the biodiversity is not well known judging from feedback of stakeholders. Some of the important IAS that had been establish in Malaysia are : A. AGRICULTURE 1. Diamondback Moth (Plutella Xylostella) Source : MARDI This insect pest was found in Cameron Highlands in 1934 once the cultivation of temperate vegetables started. By 1941, diamondback moth (DBM) became a major pest of cabbage in the Cameron Highlands by 1941. This pest had developed resistant to pesticides and biological control had to be introduced in the late 80’s. To date, farmers spray 4-7 rounds of insecticides to control this pest in the field to prevent losses. 2. Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopormopha Cramerella) Source : DOA The introduction of this species into Malaysia is suspected associated with mature pods that are brought in for planting materials from Indonesia. The first CPB infestation was detected in Sabah in August 1980. Mean while in the same period, the pest had also spread and established itself in Sarawak, the neighboring state of Sabah. In Peninsular Malaysia the pest was detected in a cocoa estate in Jasin Lalang, Melaka in the 1985. When it was first detected, the Federal Government initiated a containment and eradication program to prevent the pest from spreading to other cocoa growing areas. However after 3 years of implementation, the program was suspended as this pest had widely spread throughout the country. Presently, this pest is considered endemic in Malaysia. 8

3. Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) Source : DOA The beet armyworm is an important pest of wide range of economic crops and is widespread in the sub- tropical, tropical and temperate regions. This pest was first detected in 1996 attacking hot pepper in Ayer Hitam, Johor. Subsequently, sporadic small outbreaks of Spodoptera exigua were reported in other parts of Johor, Melaka, Selangor and Kelantan. Now S. exigua has become an important pest of various crops such as onions, brinjal, legumes, chilli and crucifers. It is a major pest to vegetables. 4. Leaf Miners (Chromatomyia Horticola And Liriomyza Huidobrensis) Source : DOA Both species are pests of economic importance on several vegetables and ornamentals in the temperate and tropical regions. In Malaysia, they occurred in Cameron Highlands where temperate and sub temperate vegetables and ornamentals are grown (Syed and Sivapragasam, 1999). It is believed that the introductions of temperate cut flower planting materials from Europe could have introduced the leaf miners into Cameron Highlands (Syed et. al, 2000). Pesticides are the major control used to suppress the populations. Sweet peas cultivation in Cameron Highlands stopped due to the heavy damage by these pests. 9



7. Papaya Dieback (Erwinia papayae) Source : DOA Bacterial Crown Rot disease (Erwinia papayae) is known to be present in Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Indonesia and Malaysia. The first report of this disease in S.E. Asia was in Java in (von Rant, 1931). E. papayae was also reported as causing bacterial canker of papaya in the Caribbean by Gardan et al. (2004). In Malaysia, this disease was detected in 2003 in Johor and later it was confirmed that E. papayae is responsible for the papaya dieback symptoms (Maktar et.al, 2008). This disease has spread all over the Peninsular Malaysia thus affecting the papaya industry seriously leading to significant reduction in production and losses in export market. 8. Virus Disease of Honeybees Source : http://beeinformed.org Sacbrood is a virus infectious disease that affects the brood of honeybees. Before 1994, indigenous bee, Apis cerana indica has been reared in wooden boxes to produce honey and there was no incidence of sacbrood disease reported. However in early 1994, Apis cerana cerana which is more productive than the native bee was imported from Southern China as a way to improve local honey production. The importation has indirectly introduced sacbrood disease among the indegenious bee. It caused the colonies to collapsed. Loss of bees and colonies could lead to loss of income and pollination of plant species. 11

9. Water Hyacinth (Echhorrnia crassipes) Source : DOA This plant is a native of Amazonian, Brazil. It was first brought into Singapore from Hong Kong in 1963. In Malaysia this weed thrive in still or slowly moving waters. It propagates very rapidly by seeds and offsets and now a serious threat to irrigation and drainage canals and all aquatic environments. It is the world’s most serious water weed and its dominance could bring about reduction or elimination of other species. 10. Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Source : DOA & www.wnmu.edu Barnyard grass, locally known as rumput sambau is said to be a native of Europe and India. It was detected in 1925 and suspected to be introduced unintentionally through contaminated seed. Since then, the weed has spread and becomes the most important weed in all rice growing areas. Barnyard grass is the most serious weed in all rice growing areas. In direct-seeded rice field, both weed and rice seeds germinate at the same time, but this weed grow faster and mature earlier. In dense stand of the weed, the rice tillers are reduced by up to 50%, thus the yield will severely reduced. 12

11. Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Source : DOA The siam weed, Chromolaena odorata is native to Central America and tropical South America. It is a weed throughout Southeast Asia. The species was introduced into Malaysia from Thailand, since then it has become widespread in coconut growing areas in Peninsular. Presently, the weed is widely distributed in all crops growing areas. However, the presence is not extensive and posing no threat to the crop as they are easily removed by digging, uprooting or slashing. 12. Itch Grass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) Source : DOA In Malaysia, it is believed to have been introduced from Thailand. It was first detected in the state of Perlis in 1980 bordering Thailand. The weed was observed to be abundant along a small stream, around swampy areas and ponds in the plantation. In 1985, the weed had spread to about 80 ha of sugarcane and spread throughout the plantation by 1992. It could establish in other crops such as groundnuts, cassava, citrus, rice, papaya and pineapples. Its rapid growth and spread makes it a very competitive and difficult to control. At present, it is a serious weed of sugarcane cultivation. 13

13. Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) Source : DOA Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), an invasive and obnoxious weed, is native to Mexico. It has invaded many countries including India, Australia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka and caused disastrous ecological and economical losses. In India, the weed has been rated as the “worst weed” of the century. Lately, this weed has been discovered in Hulu Yam, Batang Kali, Selangor. The weed was found growing in open places, areas adjacent to the wall of some vegetable farms or in small bushes and along the Sungai Liam river. The presence of this weed was first reported by Dr S. M. Rezaul Karim, professor, Faculty of Agro-based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan in September 2013. 14. Golden Apple Snail, (Pomacea canaliculata) and Black Apple Snail (Pomacea insularus) Source : MARDI Apple snails (Pomacea spp.) is indigenous to South America, first introduced to Taiwan in 1980, Japan in 1981, Philippines in 1982 and Thailand in 1986 for commercial purposes. It has been illegally brought into Malaysia for the same purpose. It was first detected in fishponds in Puchong and Subang, both in Selangor in 1991. The snail species found in Puchong identified as P. insularus, while in Subang as P. canaliculata. Initial control measures aimed to contain and eradicate the snails were unsuccesful . Currently these pests has spread throughout the country. 14



3. Peacock Bass (Cichla ocellaris) Source : DOF The Peacock Bass, or Peacock Cichlid, is a native of South America. It has been introduced deliberately by anglers as a popular game fish into several small ponds and in mining pools at Batu Gajah and Air Kuning in Perak. It has been reported to be seen in Lake Chenderoh among the fishing enthusiast. This lake is interconnected to Lake Air Ganda, Bersia and Temenggor. This species is very aggressive, a fast breeder and preys on smaller native fishes. It has been identified as a potential cause for ecological imbalance in its adapted habitats. 4. Flower Horn (Cichlasoma spp.) Source : DOF Flower horn or Luo Han or Lump Head Cichlid is a very aggressive and hardy fish. It has been introduced into Malaysia from Taiwan in early 1990s. It can survive under harsh conditions even in drains. It breeds easily and together with its voracious appetite, has the potential to wreak the ecosystem. High price flower horn were kept in aquarium tank while the low quality fish were disposed at nearest pond or waterway causing more damage to the ecosystem. 16

C. LIVE STOCK 1. Avian Influenza Source : DVS Avian influenza is a viral disease cause by H5N1. In early August 2004, Malaysia reported its first outbreak of H5N1 in poultry. The other incidences were also reported in February/March 2006 in the states of Perak and Pulau Pinang. Presently, Malaysia has successfully controlled the disease in the poultry sector and is now considered free of Avian Influenza. There is no report indicating that this disease had infested human in Malaysia. 17



Table 2: Ministries, Departments and Agencies responsible on IAS. 19

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4. Mission of the National Action Plan The National Working Group has set four missions to implement National Action Plan strategies that are:- a) To address the issues of IAS in Malaysia b) To fulfilled the obligation to CBD especially on the decision under Article 8(h) c) To provide coordination platform among different Ministries and Agencies related to IAS activities d) To assist in securing fund in implementing the National Action Plan 5. Objectives of the National Action Plan Malaysia is the 65th member’s of CBD and ratifies it’s on the 24 June 1994. In CBD, IAS was discussed as one of the items under the agenda on cross-cutting issues that are relevance to five thematic areas: i.e. Agricultural Biodiversity, Forest Biodiversity, Marine and Coastal Biodiversity, Island Biodiversity and Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems. The CBD Plan of Work (POW) requires parties under Article 8(h) as far as possible and as appropriate prevent the introduction, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystem, habitats and species. The Conference of Parties (COP) under a three-stage hierarchical approach has been set as the basis for all action on IAS. This CBD guiding principle decision state that: a) Prevention of IAS introduction between and within states is generally far more effective and environmentally desirable than measures taken after IAS introduction and established. 21

b) If an IAS has been introduced, early detection and rapid action are crucial to prevent its establishment, the preferred response is often to eradicate the organism as soon as possible c) Where eradication is not feasible or resources are not available, containment and long-term control measures should be implemented. With these guiding principles the overall objectives of the National Action Plan for prevention, containment, eradication and control of IAS in Malaysia are: a) To identify gap in the existing legislation, regulation, ordinance, guidelines and procedures to counteract the introduction and establishment of IAS. b) To develop country invasive species list and study the cause of introduction of the alien species and the impact of such introduction on biological diversity. c) To gather information and conduct research to address the problem of IAS for the development of scientific-based strategies and rapid respond in dealing with prevention, eradication, containment and control of those IAS that threaten the five ecosystems. d) To intensify capacity building among the implementer to effectively implements this action plan. e) To promote awareness of IAS issues among senior level officers, policy makers, community stakeholders, industry and general public through media, educational, curricula and other communication means. 6. Legislation and Guidelines Currently, several acts and regulation are in place to prevent, detect and monitor, containment and eradication, and control of invasive species. The Plant Quarantine Act 1976 and Plant Quarantine Regulation 1981 control the importation of plants, plant pests and others products that harbor these pests. The Plant Quarantine Regulation 1981 had listed 240 species of insects, fungus, viruses and weeds that are prohibited from importation, possession or keeping. This list is gazette in the fourth Schedule of the regulation and thus all goods that harbor these pests will be treated or destroyed immediately. This list of alien invasive pest species is not exhaustive. When new alien invasive pest species is detected or known, it can be added to the list and notification can be given to the public. The Fisheries Act 1984 mainly controls the importation of fishes. Section 40 of this Act provides for the control of live fish for export and import. Movement of live fish required a permit issue by the Department of Fisheries under the quarantine measures on fish health and diseases control policy. Animal Ordinance 1953, Animal Rules 1962, Animal Importation Order 1962 and Federal Animals Quarantine Station (Management and Maintenance) by law 1984 are legislation that coordinates the prevention, detection & monitoring, containment & eradication and control of invasive species related to animals. All importation of animals and animal products are control through import permits where inspection, treatment and destruction of infested or non-permitted products were conducted at entry points. In addition, prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act, 1988 and destruction of disease-bearing Insects Act 1975 (amended 2002) regulate the organism that affect human health. This activity is been implemented by the Ministry of Health. The enforcement of these legislations is separately implemented by each agency. However, inter-agency committee had been setup to address certain issues and coordinate related activities such as bird flu, SARS and nipah virus. This coordination committee seems to work well in addressing the above problems. The inspection of goods at entry points is the first line of defense against the introduction of invasive pest species. Officers are station at entry/exit points to inspect produces. Produces that are prohibited or infested will refuse entry, Apart from prevention of entry, there are provisions under the various Acts to contain, eradicate or control of any dangerous pest either foreign or endemic found in the country. This provision also provides adequate authority to the implementation agencies to call the relevant bodies or other agencies to collaborate and enforce any action to eradicate or control these IAS. Among the laws in Malaysia that directly or indirectly address certain issue related to IAS are: 22

a) Related Acts • Fisheries Act 1985 • Plant Quarantine Act 1976 • Malaysian Quarantine And Inspection Services Act 2011 (Act 728) • Animal Act 1953 (Revised 2006) • Feed Act 2009 • Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 • Destruction of Disease - Bearing Insects Act 1975 • Customs Act 1967 • Food Act 1983 • Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act, 1988 and • Destruction of Disease-Bearing Insects Act 1975 (Amendment) 2002 b) Ordinance • Animal Ordinance, 1953 • Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 Sarawak • Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 (Amendment) 2007 c) Related Subsidiary Laws • Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Fees And Charges) 2013 • Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Quarantine and Inspection) 2013 • Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Registration of Importer, Exporter and Agent) 2013 • Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Issuance of Permit, License and Certification) 2013 • Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Quarantine Procedures) 2013 • Plant Quarantine Regulations 1981 • Animal Rules, 1962 • Animal importation Order, 1 962 • Federal Animals Quarantine Station (Management and Maintenance) By-Law 1984 7. Activities of the National Action Plan The National Action Plan was formulated to address issues related to the implementation in the prevention, early detection, containment, eradication, control and monitoring of IAS in Malaysia. The plan consists of four main elements. Each element consists of several strategies and activities that will be implemented from year 2014 until 2018. The four elements are as below: Element 1. Evaluation and Implementation of legislation, policies and regulation, Element 2. Enhance Public Awareness and Education, Element 3. Research and development on methodology of IAS management and Element 4. Capacity buildings. Monitoring and evaluation of all the activities of the National Action Plan will be coordinated by a secretariat of the National Working Group on IAS. This working group will seek funding in running the National Action Plan of IAS. Based on the need to address the issue of IAS, it is important that the National Working Group of IAS has a permanent secretariat under a special unit (Unit Pengurusan IAS) to coordinate, monitor and have adequate fund to implement the action plan. The strategies and activities of the National Action Plan for the prevention, detection, containment, eradication and control of IAS in Malaysia and the responsible agencies for the implementation of such activities are given in the table 3. 23

Table 3: Strategies and Activities of the National Action Plan of IAS 24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

8. Implementation Schedules The national working group on IAS had agreed on the implementation schedules of the national action plan for the prevention, containment, eradication and control of IAS in Malaysia as shown in Table 4: Implementation Schedules. Table 4: Implementation Schedules. 1.1 Strategies/Goal: Strengthen legal framework 1.2. Strategies/Goal: Developing policies and regulations 32

1.3. Strategies/Goal: Strengthening the implementation of enforcement 2.1. Strategies/Goal: Strengthen Awareness in Public and Stakeholders on IAS 33

2.2. Strategies/Goal: Increase the information capacity of stakeholders 3.1. Strategies/Goal: Upgrade Institutional Frameworks and Collaboration 3.2. Strategies/Goal: Assessment and prediction 34

3.3. Strategies/Goal: Upgrade IAS Managements Practises (prevention, detection, eradication, containment and control) 4.1. Strategies/Goal : Preventive 4.2. Strategies/Goal: Enforcement 4.3. Strategies/Goal: To develop core experts and trainers 35

4.4. Strategies/Goal: Strengthen expertise in surveillance and database 9. Conclusion The National Action Plan is not to ban the importation of goods that harbor or associate with IAS but more towards having risk assessments and to evaluate the benefits associated with their use. Appropriate regulation of their movement will be in place and review to strengthen the implementation for prevention, eradication, containment and control. It is envisage that the action plan will produce a comprehensive list of IAS and their status in Malaysia will be documented. Introduction of IAS through all vectors will be reduced. More officials will be trained to prevent and manage IAS and to implement domestic, regional and international requirements; and cooperation to establish scientific network and information exchange. Communication among the public is relevant in addressing IAS will be increased. Educational materials would be developed to inform public of the dangers posed by the species. These materials would be in cooperated into public out-reach programs (e.g; for schools, youth groups), news coverage (e.g; in newspapers, local publication), and in science-oriented events (e.g; at nature centers and natural history museums) 36

10. Glossary 37

11. List of Abbreviation AGC Attorney General Chamber APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation BSL 3 BioSafety Level Containment 3 BSL 4 BioSafety Level Containment 4 BUU Legal Division CBD The Convention on Biological Diversity CHM Clearing House Mechanism COP Conference of Parties DBM diamondback moth DCA Department of Civil Aviation DDI Department of Drainage and Irrigation DoA Department of Agriculture DoA Sabah Department of Agriculture, Sabah DoA Sarawak Department of Agriculture Sarawak DoE Department of Environment DoF Department of Fisheries DoF Sabah Department of Fisheries Sabah DPH Department of Public Health DVS Department of Veterinary services DVSAI Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Park Peninsular Malaysia FDPM Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia FDS Sarawak Forest Department FRIM Forest Research Institute of Malaysia H5N1 Avian influenza IAS Invasive alien species IMO International Maritime Organization IMR Institute for Medical Research IPPC International Plant Protection Convention ITTP Crop, Livestock & Fishery Industries Division LGM Malaysian Rubber Board MAQIS Malaysian Quarantine & Inspection Services 38

MARDI Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute MACRES Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency MCB Malaysia Cocoa Board MD Marine Department MENGO Malaysian Environmental NGOs MIMA Maritime Institute of Malaysia MoA Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry MoF Ministry of Finance MoH Ministry of Health MoHE Ministry of Higher Education MoHL Ministry of Higher Learning MORPE Ministry of Resource Planning and Enviroment MOSTI Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation MoT Ministry of Transport MoU Memorandum of Understanding NATC National Agriculture Training College NGOs Non-governmental Organizations NRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NOD National Oceanography Directorate OIE World Organization for Animal Health PEQ Post Entry Quarantine POW Plan of Work PRSV Papaya Ring Spot Virus PSA Strategic Planning and International Division RCED Royal Customs and Excise Department RnD Research and Development SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome SFD Sabah Forestry Department SFD Sarawak Forest Department SOP Standard Operating Procedure TOT Training of trainers TUMEC Turtle And Marine Ecosystem Center UiTM University Technology MARA 39

UKM University National Malaysia UM University Malaya UMS University Malaysia Sabah UMT University Malaysia Terengganu UNIMAS University Malaysia Sarawak UPM University Putra Malaysia USM University Science Malaysia USM University Science Malaysia 12. References Asna, B.O., Mazlan, S. and Ho, H.L. 2001. Plant quarantine regulations and issues pertaining to the prevention of invasive arthropod pests. Paper presented at the Seminar on Invasive Arthropod Pests of Vegetables and Economic Food Crops, Kuala Lumpur, 13-14 March, 2001. Baillie, J.E.M., C. Hilton-Taylor and S.N. Stuart. 2004. 2004 IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. A Global Assessment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 217 pp. D, Antonio, C.M. and S. Kark, 2002. Impacts and extent of biotic invasions in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 202 – 204. Gardan L, Christen R, Achouak W, Prior P, 2004. Erwinia papayae sp. nov., a pathogen of papaya (Carica papaya). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 107-113 Gray, B.S. and Hew, C.K. 1968. Cover crops experiences in oil palms in west coast of Malaya. In Oil Palm Developments in Malaysia (Turner, O.D., ed.). N.H. Maktar, S. Kamis, F.Z. Mohd Yusof and N.H. Hussain (2008). Erwinia papayae causing papaya dieback in Malaysia, New Disease Reports (2008) 17, 4. The British Society for Plant Pathology. Roger, D. 2003. Invasive alien species: Global perspectives. In. proceedings of the National workshop on invasive alien species; 20th October 2003, Kuala Lumpur. Organized by the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia in collaboration with ASEANET and CAB International –SEA Regional Office. Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin III, J.J. Armesto, R. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R.Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R. Leemans, D. Lodge, H.A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N.L. Poff, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker and D.H. Wall, 2000. Global biodiversity scenerios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770 – 1774. Syed, A.R. and Sivapragasam, A. (1999). The problem and management of Agromyzid leafminers on vegetables in Malaysia. CABI-FAO Workshop on leafminers of vegetables in Southeast Asia. 2-5 Feb. 1999, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Syed, A.R., Sivapragasam, A., Loke, W.H. and Mohd Roff, M.N. (2000). Whiteflies infesting vegetables in Malaysia. Proc. Resource Management Conference. 23-24 Nov. 2000. Kuching, Sarawak, MAPPS,SIAS and DOA Sarawak: 38-43. Von Rant, A, 1931. Ãœber eine Bakterienkrankheit bei dem Melonenbaume (Carica papaya L.) auf Java. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 84, 481- 487. Wong, P.W. 1964. Evidence for the presence of growth inhibitory substances in Mikania cordata, J. Rubber Resarch. Inst. Malaysia 18(5), 231. Yusof Othman, Wong, W.C., Lai, K. F. and Yip, K.S. 2007. Invasive Alien Species and their management in Malaysia. Paper presented at workshop on Invasive Alien Species Workshop in the Asia Pacific, MARDI, Serdang. 40



14. Members participated in the final preparation of the document Name Agency En. Yusof Bin Othman Department of Agriculture En. Mokhtarud-din Husain Department of Agriculture En. K. Palasuberniam Department of Agriculture Tn. Hj. Nasir Meor Ahmad Department of Agriculture En. Ho Haw Leng Department of Agriculture En. Ghazali Zakaria Department of Agriculture Pn. Asmah Bt Abas Department of Agriculture Datin Jatil Aliah Bt Timin Department of Agriculture Pn. Wong Wan Cheng Department of Agriculture Pn. Aisyah Jaafar Department of Agriculture En. Hishamuddin Ahmad Department of Agriculture En. Rivoldiantoe Bin Basran Department of Agriculture Cik Lailatul Jumaiyah Saleh Huddin Department of Agriculture Pn. Muhaida Bt. Mohammad Department of Agriculture Pn. Umi Jainab Mohamad Supaih Department of Agriculture En. Mohd Sanusi Mohd Kassim Department of Agriculture En. Muhamad Zulhisham Jusoh Department of Agriculture Pn. Madora Ab Manan Department of Agriculture En. Ikhwan Harris Bin Ramli Department of Agriculture Pn. Norhaniza Bt Hashim Department of Agriculture Pn. Shuerni Bt. Mohamad Razi Department of Agriculture Pn. Faridah Md Nor Department of Agriculture Cik Simaa Fairus Sulaiman Department of Agriculture En. Yip Kin San Department of Agriculture Sabah Pn. Masliah Hj. Suhaimi Department of Agriculture Sabah En. Michael Ranges Nyangob Department of Agriculture Sarawak Pn. Asmah Saloui Department of Agriculture Sarawak En. Gasing Nyalau Department of Agriculture Sarawak Dr. Rosliza Bt Jajuli MARDI Dr. Mazidah Mat MARDI 42

Name Agency Pn. Suhana Yusof MARDI Pn. Faazaz Bt Abd. Latiff En. Zulkapli b. Rashid Department of Fisheries En. Mohd Zaini b. Suleiman Pn. Yeo Moi Eim Department of Fisheries YM Raja Yana Mellessa bt. Raja Haroon Arashid Department of Fisheries Pn. Nik Rohimah bt. Kadir Pn. Nik Asma Anita bt Makhtar Department of Fisheries En. Abdul Khalil b Abdul Karim Tn. Hj. Ahmad Saktian b. Langgang Department of Fisheries Dr. Saipul Bahari b. Hj. Abdul Ree En. Mohd Hafiz Abd Rahman Department of Fisheries Cik Zamzurina bt Zulkifli Department of Fisheries Pn Norazeyan Dzul Kornain Department of Fisheries En. K Nagulendran Department of Fisheries En. Cheah Hock Kooi Department of Veterinary services Pn. Wan Hasmah Wan Mohd Department of Veterinary services Pn. Therese Tiu Kok Moi Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Pn. Adzlina Ibrahim Industry Pn. Noor Haliza Abdul Halim Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry En. Niran Tan Kran Ministry of Natural Resources and En. Tee Meng Yong Environment Pn. Nur Akmal Mohamad Azri Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry 43

Name Agency Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based En. Cheah Hock Kooi Industry Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia En. Hamdan b Napiah Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia Pn. Yap Yee Hwai Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia En. Mohamed Zin Yusof Forestry Department of Sabah En. Ahmad Harun Forestry Department of Sarawak En. Mohamad Kombi @ Kohdi Jabatan Laut Malaysia En. Mohd Fairoz Rozali Jabatan Laut Malaysia En. Norjipin Saidi Jabatan Laut Malaysia En. Nordin Mohamadin Jabatan Taman Laut En. Muhamad Nizam b. Ismail Jabatan Taman Laut Datin Shahima Ab. Hamid Jabatan Taman Laut En. Muhamad Nizam b. Ismail Jabatan PERHILITAN En. Loo Kean Seong Jabatan PERHILITAN En. Burhanuddin Mohd Nor FRIM Dr. Lee Su See FRIM Dr. Mohd. Farid MAQIS Pn. Fauzidah Othman MAQIS Dr. Naseem Malik Maritime Institute of Malaysia Cik Cheryl Rita Kaur TUMEC En. Abdul Razak Latun TUMEC En.Abdul Wahab Abdullah Ministry of Transport En. Mohd Saiful Redzuan Jamil UPM Prof. Dr. Kamarulzaman b Sijam UKM Prof Dr. Idris Bin Abd Ghani UiTM Dr. Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip UMT Dr. Sandra Catherine A/P Zainathan IMR Pn. Saraswathy MENGOs (NGO) En. Awang Muzaiddin KAGUM (NGO) Capt Kamarul Zaman Hj. Bachik 44