EJournal

RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SILKWORM BREEDS Bombyx mori L. TO LATE LARVAL FLACHERIE 95with inoculated). In case of PM x CSR2, the per cent more (94.00%) at the light intensities of 4.20 lux (blackreduction in larval weight was significantly more cloth) followed by 86.00, 85.50, 85.00 and 84.00 per(23.00 %) at the light intensity of 4.20 lux (black cloth) cent were noticed at the light intensities of 10.25 luxfollowed by 17.21, 13.60 and 13.78 per cent were (white cloth), 18.34 lux (yellow cloth), 20.23 lux (gunnynoticed at the light intensities of 10.25 lux (white cloth), cloth) and 30.28 lux (uncovered with inoculated),18.34 lux (yellow cloth) and 20.23 lux (gunny cloth), respectively. Whereas, it was significantly lower (31.50respectively (Table I). The lowest of larval weight was %) at the light intensity of 32.24 lux which is uncoveredrecorded as12.12 per cent at the light intensity of 30.28 and uninoculated. In case of cross breed, PM x CSR2lux (uncovered with inoculated). TABLE II Among all breeds CSR2 showed highest per cent Effect of light intensity and late larval flacheriereduction in larval weight this may be due late larval on total larval mortality of different breeds offlacherie coupled with less intensity of light hasresulted in less synthesis of red fluroscent protein silkworm Bombyx mori L.which is essential in combating with flacherie.Narayanaswamy et al. (1985) reported that, the lethal Light Total larval mortality (%)time required for 50 per cent weight reduction in Treatments intensitykenchu virus stock culture was 9 days in PM, PM CSR2 PM x CSR211 days:12 hours in Hosa Mysore and 17 days:7 hours (Lux) 52.00 86.00 58.00in NB4D2, while, no weight reduction was noticed inNB7 and NB18 bivoltine breeds. White cloth 10.25 The present results can be corroborated with the Black cloth 4.20 65.00 94.00 73.00outcome of research conducted by Rajanna (1986).According to him the fifth instar larvae reared at light Yellow cloth 18.34 46.50 85.50 55.00duration (LD) (16:8 hr) of photoperiod exhibitedmaximum weight. The minimum larval weight has Gunny cloth 20.23 45.50 85.00 53.00been reported at photoperiod of LD 24:0 hr followedby LD 20:4 hr. The weight of larvae reared under Uncovered 30.28 44.00 84.00 51.50natural condition has been equalent larval weight at withLD 12:12 hr. The larval maturity has been delayed by inoculated1 to 1.5 days when reared at continuous darkness ascompared to larvae reared at continuous light in which Uncovered 32.24 11.00 31.50 15.00larvae matures early. uninoculated Total larval mortality (%) : The total larval F.test - - ** *mortality as influenced by light intensity during latelarval flacherie intensities exhibited significant results. SEm ± - - 1.323 1.184 1.074In case of Pure Mysore silkworm breed, the larvalmortality was significantly more (65.00%) at the light CD at 5 % - 3.930 3.519 3.190intensity of 4.20 lux (black cloth) followed by to 52.00,46.50, 45.50 and 44.00 per cent were noticed at the Fig. 1: Effect of light intensity and late larval flacherie onlight of 10.25 lux (white cloth), 18.34 lux (yellow cloth), total larval mortality of different breeds of silkworm20.23 lux (gunny cloth) and 30.28 lux (uncovered with Bombyx mori L.inoculated), respectively (Table II) (Fig 1). Total larvalmortality was significantly less (11.00%) when the lightintensity was 32.24 lux (uncovered uninoculated). Incase of CSR2, the larval mortality was significantly

96 MALASHREE MANKANI et al.revealed significantly higher total larval mortality TABLE III(73.00 %) at the light intensities of 4.20 lux (blackcloth) followed by 58.00, 55.00, 53.00 and 51.50 per Effect of light intensity and late larval flacheriecent were noticed at the light intensities of 10.25 lux on single cocoon weight of different breeds of(white cloth), 18.34 lux (yellow cloth), 20.23 lux (gunnycloth) and 30.28 lux (uncovered with inoculated), silkworm Bombyx mori L.respectively. Significantly lower (15.00 %) mortalitywas observed at the light intensity of 32.24 lux Treatments Light Single cocoon weight (g)(uncovered uninoculated). The results vindicates intensitymultivotines are comparatively tolerant to late larval (Lux) P M CSR2 PM x CSR2flacherie than bivoltine which are sensitive to late larvalflacherie pathogens. White cloth 10.25 1.01 1.12 1.22 Lower light intensity may favour the multiplication Black cloth 4.20 1.00 1.11 1.17of pathogen as it results in making worms to becomeweak and prolonged larval duration due to infection of Yellow cloth 18.34 1.01 1.17 1.27BmDNV and BmIFV causing Thatte disease.However, high intensity of light favoured the Gunny cloth 20.23 1.02 1.17 1.28regeneration of goblet cells and RFP which improvesthe growth and development of silkworm and Uncovered 30.28 1.02 1.18 1.27completes larval duration normally (Bhattacharya, with1992). inoculated Among 25 breeds screened against BmIFV, the Uncovered 32.24 1.05 1.25 1.33bivoltine breed viz., 5N, CSR19, H304 and B218 and uninoculatedmultivotine breeds viz., Mysore Princes, KollegalJawan, C-Nichi and BL69 were found more tolerant F.test ** *to BmIFV. The bivoltine breeds 61N and A210,multivoltine breeds 96A, BL65 and 96E were found SEm 0.003 0.004 0.012moderately tolerant. Further it is confirmed that CSR2and CSR4 were found more susceptible to BmIFV CD at 5 % 0.008 0.013 0.035infection (Selvakumar et al., 2011). The presentoutcome confirm with these results. Faruki and Kundu (2005) studied the sensitivity of the silkworm larvae to UV-radiation on some Single cocoon weight (g) : The maximum single commercially relevant traits when they exposed firstcocoon weight as influenced by light intensity and late three instars of the two multivotine strains, Nistari- Mlarval flacherie was found significant and recorded and Urboshi-1 of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. They1.05, 1.25 and 1.33 g per single cocoon in PM, CSR2 found that UV-rays reduced the weight of larvae,and PM x CSR2 breeds, respectively at the light pupae and cocoon of both the strains and sexes of B.intensity of 32.24 lux (uncovered uninoculated control). mori, also an increased larval mortality was recordedHowever, it was least (1.00, 1.11 and 1.17 g/) in PM, at all the doses of UV-rays.CSR2 and PM x CSR2 at the light intensity of 4.20 lux(black cloth), respectively (Table III). The present research communicates that when the silkworms were provided varied light intensity Hema et al. (2011) revealed that the single during their rearing period will definitely affects thecocoon weight is ranging from 0.98 (Pure Mysore) to larval growth and imparts their mortality. Infection at1.41 g (ND7) with cocoon shell ratio lowest of 11.31 the beginning of larval stage especially with referenceper cent in Nistari and highest of 18.83 for ND7 when to flacherie disease, will tend to have more negativesome of the multivotine and bivotine breeds are effect when they exposed varied larval intensity ofinoculated with BmIFV. light. Among the different breeds subjected for the study, multivotine (PM) and multivotine based cross breed (PM X CSR2) shows relative resistance against pathogens even under lower intensities of light when compared to bivoltine (BV).

RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SILKWORM BREEDS Bombyx mori L. TO LATE LARVAL FLACHERIE 97 REFERENCES NATARAJU, B., SIVAPRASAD, V. AND DATTA, R. K., 1998, Studies on the cause of Thatteroga in silkworms, BombyxBHATTACHARYA, J., 1990, Resistance in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric., 38 : 149 - 151. mori L. against infection of different diseases. Indian Silk, 28(12) : 37 - 38. PATIL, C. S., 1990, Silkworm diseases and their management in Japan. Indian Silk, 29(5): 31 - 34.BHATTACHARYA, J., 1992, Viral diseases in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian Silk, 31(1) : 45 - 46. PRASAD, N. R., KESHAVAREDDY, K. S. AND GOVINDARAJA, S. T., 1999, Thatte - the new silkworm disease in Karnataka.CHITRA, C., KARANTH, N. G. K. AND VASANTHARAJAN, Indian Silk, 38(4) : 13 - 15. V. N., 1975, Diseases of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. J. Sci. Indust. Res., 34 : 386 - 401. RAJANNA, S. P., 1986, Effect of photoperiod on silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)DORESWAMY, C., 2002, Etiology and epizootiology of late M.Sc.(Seri) Thesis (Unpub), Univ. of Agril. Sci., larval flacherie of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Ph.D. pp. 86. Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. ofAgril. Sci., Bengaluru, pp.185. SELVAKUMAR, T., NATARAJU, B., BALAVENKATASUBBAIAH, M.,FARUKI AND KUNDU, 2005, Sensitivity of the silkworm, SIVAPRASAD, V., BAIG, M., VIRENDRAKUMAR, SHARMA, S. Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae to D., THIAGARAJAN, V. AND DATTA, R. K., 2002, A report UV-irradiation. I.S. J., 2 : 75 - 81. on the estimated crop loss, In: Advances in Indian Sericulture Research. Proceedings ofHEMA, M., SUDHAKARA RAO, P., NASEEMA BEGAM, A. AND National Conference on Strategies for Sericulture RAKESH, B., 2011, Susceptibility status of Research and Development. popular silkworm breeds of Bombyx mori L. to infectious flacherie virus. Indian J. of Ani Res., SIROMANI, A. T., MEENA, P. AND VANITHA RANI, R., 1994, 45(2) : 109 - 114. Isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria species in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Sericologia,INOUE, H., 1974, Multiplication of infectious flacherie 34 : 97 - 102. virus in the resistant and susceptible strains of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Seric. Sci., Japan, SUDHAKARA RAO, P., SELVAKUMAR, T., SHARMA, S. D. AND 43: 318-324. JUSTIN KUMAR, J., 2011, Selection of resistance to infectious flacherie virus in the populationNARAYANASWAMY , T. K., SHYAMALA, M. B. AND of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Sericologia, GOVINDAN, R., 1985, Reaction of different breeds of 51(2) : 185-191. silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to Kenchu virus. Indian J. Seric., 24 : 66 - 73. WATANABE, H., 1986, Resistance of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to viral infections. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 15 : 131 - 139.(Received : November, 2016 Accepted : January, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 98-101, 2017 AMMI Model for Stability and Adaptability of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Genotypes H. R. CHAITHRA, K. N. KRISHNAMURTHY, P. RAVISHANKAR AND G. B. MALLIKARJUNA Department of Agricultural Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Computer Science College ofAgriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560 065 ABSTRACT Stability in performance is one of the most desirable properties of a genotype to be released as a variety forvaried regions. Genotype x environmental interactions and stability were investigated on grain yield with 16finger millet genotypes in 33 environment. The ANOVA for grain yield revealed highly significantdifference (p<0.01)for genotypes (G), environment (E) and their interactions (G x E). The first fourprinciple components were significant (p<0.01) and cumulatively contributed 60.28 per cent of the total G x Einteraction. The biplot technique used to identify appropriate genotypes across environments showed that thegenotypes KOPN 933, VL 149, VR 708 and GPU 78 had moderate grain yield with low interaction and henceconsidered as stable genotypes.THE genotype x environment interaction has a direct considered to be an effective tool to diagnose GEIeffect on genotypes stability and adaptability in different patterns graphically. The additive portion is separatedenvironmental conditions. In this sense, plant breeders from interaction by analysis of variance. The principallook for genotypes that has general adaptability, or component analysis (PCA), which provides athey look for genotypes that have specific multiplicative model, is applied to analyze theadaptability for specific environment.The crop interaction effect from the additive AMMI model. Thevarieties show wide fluctuations in their yielding biplot display of PCA scores plotted against each otherability when grown over varied agro-climatic provides visual inspection and interpretation of GEIconditions. Hence, there is a persistent demand for components. The integration of biplot display andidentifying suitable genotypes which can with stand genotypic stability statistics enables genotypes to beenvironmental variations and ensure reasonably good grouped on the basis of similarity in performance acrossyields. Testing breeding lines or advanced generation diverse environments.The analysis of G x E interactionprogenies under different conditions forms an integral of multi-location yield data through AMMI model havepart of breeding programme aimed at identifying stable been reported by Kulusum et al. (2013), Mukherjeegenotypes which can perform well under different et al. (2013) and Bose et al. (2014) for Rice, Misragrowing situations.The performance of a genotype et al. (2009), Adugna et al. (2011), Fentie et al. (2013)mainly depends on environmental interaction. The and Dagnachew et al. (2014) for finger millet, Srinivasaevaluation of genotype-environmental interaction gives Rao et al. (2012) for Sorghum and Sabaghpouran idea of the buffering capacity of the population et al. (2012) for Chickpea. All these workers foundunder study. The low magnitude of genotype significant GXE interaction for grain yield and stressedenvironmental interactions indicates consistent the usefulness of AMMI analysis for selection ofperformance of a population over variable promising genotypes for specific environmentalenvironments. conditions.The present study in finger millet was undertaken to analyse the G x E interaction using The AMMI model is a hybrid analysis that AMMI model and to evaluate stability andincorporates both the additive and multiplicative adaptability of genotypes in different environments.components of the two-way data structure. The linearregression model combines the additive and MATERIAL AND METHODSmultiplicative components and thus analyse maineffects and their interaction. AMMI biplot analysis The material for this study was taken from a multi-locational trial on 16 finger millet (Eleusine

AMMI MODEL FOR STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF FINGER MILLET 99coracana) genotypes in 11 locations (viz., Bengaluru, The AMMI modelCoimbatore, Hanumanamatti, Jagdalpur, Mandya,Paiyur, Perumalapalli, Ranchi, Rewa and The mathematical model for AMMI is,Vizianagaram) conducted under All India Coordinatedvarietal trials in different testing Centre’s in India during Nthe kharif seasons of 2010 to 12, together representing33 environments. The list of finger millet genotypes Yij = µ+ Gi + Ej + i n yin jn+ eijalong with their origin are shown in Table I. n= TABLE I where,Yij is the yield of ith genotype in jth environment,List of finger millet genotypes and their origin µ is the overall mean, Gi is the genotypic (ith) main effect, Ej is the environmental (jth) main effect, ën is Geno- Origin Geno- Origin the singular value of nth PCA axis., yin is the genotypic types types eigen vector values for nth PCA axis, äjn is the Vizianagaram Almora environmental eigen vector values for nth PCA axisVR959 Almora VL149 JagadalpurVL352 Ranchi BR 7 Ranchi and eij is the residual.BBM10 Almora BBM 11 BengaluruVL353 Ranichauri GPU 79 Bengaluru RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPRM9002 Kolhapur GPU 75 JagadalpurKOPN 933 Waghai BR 4 Bengaluru AMMI analysis of variance for grain yieldGN-4 Vizianagaram GPU 78 Peddapuram (Kg/ha) in 16 genotypes tested over 33 environmentVR708 PR 202 across the years. The results presented in Table II showed that the main effects of genotype(G), environment (E) and G x E interaction were found to be highly significant (p < 0.01). Further, the breakdown of G x E interaction in to 5 PCA’s (PCA I to PCA V) TABLE II AMMI analysis of variance of 16 finger millet genotypes for grain yield tested in 33 environments across yearsSource of variation df Mean square F ratio p valueGenotypes 15 1418152.03 3.333 <0.01Environments 32 11297390.16 26.55 <0.01G * E interaction 480PCAI 46 425465.27 2.488 <0.01PCA II 44 845400.90 2.196 <0.01PCA III 42 746017.35 1.921 <0.01PCA IV 40 652589.52 1.765 <0.01PCA V 38 599843.85 1.706Residual 200 579669.11 0.439Pooled residual 390 149327.36 Variance (%) 339769.55 Residual variancecontribution of PCA I 19.04 Cum.variance (%) 165318600contribution of PCA II 16.07 32492600contribution of PCA III 13.42 19.04 214738400contribution of PCA IV 11.75 35.12contribution of PCA V 10.79 48.54 60.28 71.07

100 H. R. CHAITHRA et al.accounted for 19.04, 16.07, 13.42, 11.75 and 10.79 Fig. 2: AMMI 2 biplot of G x E interaction of 16 fingerper cent of variation, respectively. Thus, the 5 principal millet genotypes for grain yield across 33components obtained by singular value decomposition environments.of environments explained 71.07 per cent of the totalG x E variation for finger millet grain yield. whereas, genotype GPU 78 was close to the origin and hence the genotype GPU 78 is non- sensitive to Ammi 1 Biplot Analysis : The scatter of genotype environmental interaction forces.The remainingpoints in AMMI1 biplot (Fig.1) showed 4 adaptive genotypes scattered away from the origin in the biplotgroups of genotypes. The genotypes VR 959, VL 353 indicating that the genotypes are more sensitive withand BR 7 formed an adaptive group with high yield specific environmental conditions.and high main (additive) effects showing high positiveinteraction. The genotypes VL 352 and GPU 75formed an adaptive group having high mean yield withmoderately negative interaction. While, the genotypesBR 4, PR 202 and GPU 79 formed an adaptive groupwith high mean but with high negative interaction. Thegenotypes PRM 9002, BBM 10 and VL 149 had lowmean with moderate positive interaction. Thegenotypes KOPN 933, GPU 78 and VR 708 hadrelatively negligible interaction. The genotype GN 4was scattered singly in the biplot with high positiveinteraction. The AMMI analysis for grain yield involving 33 environments across years showed high significant difference between genotypes, environments and G x E interactions indicating the stability of some of the genotypes across the environments. The 5 principal components obtained by singular value of decomposition of environments explained 71.07 per cent of the total G x E variation for finger millet grain yield.Fig. 1: AMMI 1 biplot of main effects and G x E Further, it was observed that the genotypes interaction of 16 finger millet genotypes for grain KOPN 933, VL 149, GPU 78 and VR 708 had high yield in 33 environment grain yield with low interaction as they are scattered very near to origin. Thus, these genotypes indicates Thus, from the analysis, the genotypes KOPN wider adaptability and hence considered as stable933, VL 149, VR 708 and GPU 78 had moderate grain genotypes.yield with low interaction and hence considered asstable genotypes. In order to find the association between PCA1 and PCA2, AMMI 2 biplot analysis was carried AMMI 2 Biplot Analysis : From AMMI 2 biplot out. From this analysis, it was observed that, onlyanalysis (Fig. 2), we observed that the genotypes PRM genotype GPU 78 was found to be stable as it was9002, GN 4, VR 708 and BBM 11 were more closer to the origin indicating non sensitivity toresponsive since they were away from the origin, environmental conditions.

AMMI MODEL FOR STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF FINGER MILLET 101 REFERENCES KULUSUM, U. M., HASSAN, J. M., AKTER, A., RAHMAN, H. AND BISWAS, P., 2013, Genotype-environment interactionADUGNA, TESFAYE TESSO, ERENSO DEGU, TAYE TADESSE, and stability analysis in hybrid rice: An application of FEYERA MERGA, WASIHUM LEGESSE, ALEMU TIRFESSA, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction. HAILESELASSIE KIDANE, ANDUALEM WOLE AND CHEMEDA Bangladesh J. Bot., 42 (1) : 73 - 81. DABA, 2011, Genotype-by-environment interaction and yield stability analysis in finger millet (Elucine MUKHERJEE, A. K., MOHAPATRA, N. K., BOSE, L. K., coracana L. Gaertn) in Ethiopia. Amer. J. Pl. Sci., 2 : JAMBHULKAR, N. N. AND NAYAK, P., 2013, Additive main 408 - 415. effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of G x E interactions in rice-blast pathosystem toBOSE, L. K., JAMBHULKAR, N. N. AND SINGH, O. N., 2014, identify stable resistant genotypes. African J. Agril. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction Res., 8 (44) : 5492 - 5507. (AMMI) analysis of grain yield stability in early duration rice. J. Anim. Pl. Sci., 24(6) : 1885 - 1897. SABAGHPOUR, S. H., RAZAVI, F., DANYALI, S. F., TOBE, D. AND EBADI, A., 2012, Additive main effect andDAGNACHEW LULE, MASRESHA FETENE, SANTIE DE VILLERS, multiplicative interaction analysis for grain yield AND KASSAHUN TESFAYE, 2014, Additive main effects of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran. and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and Intl. Scholarly Res. Network (ISRN) Agron., genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot pp. 1-6. analyses aid selection of high yielding and adapted finger millet varieties. J. Appl. Bio Sci., 76 : 6291 - SRINIVASA RAO, SANJANA REDDY, ABHISHEK RATHORE, BELUM 6303. VS REDDY AND SANJEEV PANWAR, 2011,Application GGE biplot and AMMI model to evaluate sweetFENTIE MOLLA, ALEMAYEHU ASSEFA AND KETEMA BELETE, 2013, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hybrids for genotype x AMMI analysis of yield performance and environment interaction and seasonal adaptation. stability of finger millet genotypes across different Indian J. Agril. Sci., 81 (5) : 438 -444. environments. World J. Agril. Sci., 9(3) : 231 - 237.(Received : November, 2016 Accepted : February, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 102-107, 2017 Effect of NSKE and IPM Module Treated Leaves on Rearing Performance of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. K. C. NARAYANASWAMY, S. HARISH BABU AND K. S. JAGADISH Department of Sericulture, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065 ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out by spraying NSKE (4%) on mulberry leaves at 40 and 45 days after pruningin order to know its effect on rearing performance of silkworm (PMxCSR2) under laboratory conditions. Theresults revealed that, the worms fed with NSKE (4%) treated mulberry leaves on 22nd days after spray recordedlowest larval mortality (2.11%) without affecting economic parameters of silkworm (PM × CSR2) when comparedto other concentrations. In another experiment carried out at two different locations in the farmers’ field i.e., oneat Chikkasadenahalli (Ramanagara district) and another one at Jangamaseegenahalli (Chikkaballapura district)the IPM module components, i.e., spray of NSKE (4%), DPNPV (10-1 dilution 27.65 x 105 PIBs / ml) and release ofegg parasitoids (Trichogramma chilonis) were implemented at 15, 25 and 35 days after pruning, respectively.The safety of this IPM module to the silkworm (PM × CSR2) rearing parameters was assessed by feeding themulberry leaves harvested at 65th days after imposing of IPM to the silkworms (PM × CSR2) and the observationson larval, cocoon, pupal and shell weights (3.08g, 1.84g, 1.53g, and 0.31g) were recorded and shell ratio (16.82%)was calculated. The leaves harvested from the mulberry plots treated with IPM module had no adverse impact ongrowth and productivity of silkworm (PM × CSR2) under farm conditions.MULBERRY (Morus sp.) is a native of the Himalayan threat to mulberry cultivation every year. Further,region. It’s cultivation spread to India from China, chemical means for managing the pest has the innatethrough Tibet during 140 BC. It is now being cultivated disadvantage of harming the health of the silkworm.in over 32 countries, all over the tropical, temperate Investigations on the occurrence of natural enemiesand sub-tropical regions of the world. Mulberry leaves of this pest led to identification of several parasitoids,serve as the sole food source for the silkworm, predators and pathogens, including NPV. Hence, it wasBombyx mori L. Scientific production of mulberry is felt necessary to evaluate the different managementessential for enhancing sericulture production on sound strategies of the leaf-roller and develop an eco-friendlyeconomic lines. There are several factors that influence IPM module with minimal hazards to silkworm healththe productivity as well as quality of mulberry leaves, and non-target species. However, whenever plantamong them incidence of pests and diseases acts as a protection interventions are made in mulberry, themajor constraint in leaf production. In mulberry, 300 safety of such interventions to the silkworm needinsect and non-insect pest species have been reported to be assessed before making any concreteto inflict damage (Biradar, 1989; Naik, 1997), of which recommendations. With this background, the presentthe leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson), bio-assay was conducted to assess the impact of Neemis a major pest which causes considerable reduction Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) (4%) and IPM modulein mulberry leaf yield, resulting in economic loss to on rearing parameters of Bombyx mori.sericulturists. The incidence of leaf-roller and mulberryleaf yield loss were recorded to be 70.30 and 25.20 MATERIAL AND METHODSper cent, respectively. The pest usually appears duringJune and persists upto February and the disappearance The effect of NSKE (4%) was studied onof this pest from March to May is attributed to pupal silkworm rearing parameters at the Department ofdiapause (Rajadurai et al., 1999). Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during 2011-12. A mulberry plot of 5 m x 5 m was selected for this At present, mechanical and chemical methods purpose. The variety V1 was chosen for the study.have been advocated to manage this pest. In spite of The NSKE (4%) was sprayed on the mulberry cropwhich, the incidence of the pest is posing a serious at 40 and 45 days after pruning.

EFFECT OF NSKE AND IPM MODULE TREATED LEAVES ON REARING PERFORMANCE OF THE SILKWORM 103 Effect of IPM module on silkworm rearing RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONparameters was studied at two locations in thefarmers’ field, i.e., one at Chikkasadenahalli village, Effect of NSKE on rearing parameters of silkKanakapura taluk, Ramanagara district and also at worm (PM×CSR2) under laboratory conditionsJangamaseegehalli village, Chintamani taluk,Chickballapura district. The sequence of imposition Larval mortality during fifth instar (%) : Theof IPM components was spray of NSKE (4%), worms fed with NSKE treated mulberry leaves onfollowed by DPNPV (@27.65x105 PIBs / ml) and 22nd day after spray recorded least larval mortalityrelease of egg parasitoid, T. chilonis at 15, 25 and 35 (2.11%) and was significantly superior over rest ofdays after pruning, respectively. The effect/safety of the treatments and it was also on par with untreatedNSKE and IPM module to the silkworm (PM × CSR2) control (0.00%). However, silkworms reared onas evidenced by rearing parameters was studied by NSKE treated leaves which were fed on 16th, 17th,feeding the worms (PM × CSR2) with treated 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st days after spray, recordedmulberry leaves which were harvested at 65th days significantly higher mortality of 36.24, 29.92, 26.45,after imposition. The observations on the silkworm 22.60, 26.15 and 8.41 per cent, respectively, whichrearing parameters viz., larval, cocoon, pupal and shell were all inferior treatments (Table I).weights (g) were recorded and shell ratio (%) wascalculated. The results were tabulated and subjected Fifth instar larval weight (g) : The worms fedto statistical analysis for further comparisons and with NSKE treated leaves on 20th, 21st and 22nd daysinterpretations. after spray recorded higher larval weights of 2.65, 2.67 and 2.63 all of which were also on par with each The chemical insecticide DDVP 76 EC other and with control (2.64 g). However, the worms(0.076 %) 1.00 ml / l (i.e., standard check) was fed with NSKE treated mulberry leaves at 16th,sprayed in each of the three replications. Observations 17th, 18th and 19th days after spray recordedwere recorded after first, second and third weeks significantly minimum larval weight of 2.55, 2.57,after spray. 2.59 and 2.62 g, respectively, which were all on par with each other (Table I). TABLE IEffect of NSKE on rearing parameters of silkworm (PM × CSR2) under laboratory conditionsNo. of days after spray Larval mortality during Larval weight during Fifth instar larval of 4% NSKE fifth instar (%) fifth instar (g) duration (days)16th day 36.24 e 2.55 a 7.6817th day 29.92 d 2.57 ab 7.7418th day 26.45 cd 2.59 abc 7.7519th day 22.60 c 2.62 abc 7.6920th day 26.15 cd 2.65 cd 7.6821st day 8.41 b 2.67 d 7.6922nd day 2.11 a 2.63 bcd 7.73Control 0.00 a 2.64 bcd 7.74F – test NSS.Em ± * *C.D. (Pd0.05) 1.98 0.02 -C.V. (%) 5.94 0.07 - 16.91 1.41 -Note: *5 per cent level of significance; NS: Non-significant Means followed by the same alphabet are not significantly different

104 K. C. NARAYANASWAMY et al. Fifth instar larval duration (days) : No were on par with untreated control (1.58 g). However,significant differences could be observed between worms fed with NSKE treated leaves on 16th, 17th,fifth instar larval duration when worms were fed 18th and 19th day after spray recorded significantlywith mulberry leaves treated with NSKE after 16th, lower pupal weights of 1.50, 1.52, 1.54 and 1.56 g,17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd days after spray, respectively. Notably, worms fed with leaves treatedwith the corresponding fifth instar durations being after 19th and 20th days after spray were also found to7.68, 7.74, 7.75, 7.69, 7.68 7.69 and 7.73 days, be on par with each other (Table II).respectively, (Table I). Shell weight (g) : The worms fed with NSKEEffect of NSKE on cocoon parameters of silk treated leaves on 20th, 21st and 22nd days after sprayworm (PM×CSR2) under laboratory conditions recorded significantly higher shell weight of 0.38, 0.39 and 0.38 g, respectively as compared to worms fed Cocoon weight (g) : The worms fed with NSKE with NSKE treated leaves after 16th, 17th, 18th, 19thtreated mulberry leaves on 20th, 21st and 22nd days day after spray which recorded significantly lower shellafter spray recorded significantly higher cocoon weights of 0.30, 0.32, 0.33 and 0.35 g, respectively.weights of 1.96, 1.98 and 1.95 g, respectively and all However, shell weights in worms fed with treatedthese three treatments were on par with untreated leaves on 19th and 20th days after spray were found tocontrol (1.96 g). However, worms fed with NSKE be on par with each other (Table II).treated leaves fed at 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th days afterspray recorded cocoon weights of 1.80, 1.84, 1.87 and Shell ratio (%) : The worms fed with NSKE1.91 g, respectively, which differed significantly from treated leaves on 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd day afterthat recorded in untreated control (Table II). spray recorded significantly higher shell ratios of 17.66, 18.14, 19.58, 19.58 and 19.31 per cent, respectively Pupal weight (g) : The worms fed with NSKE and these five treatments were found to be on partreated leaves on 20th, 21st and 22nd days after spray with untreated control (19.38%). Further, feeding therecorded significantly maximum pupal weights of 1.57, worms with NSKE treated leaves on 16th day1.59 and 1.58 g, respectively and these three treatments (16.62%), 17th day (17.28%), 18th day (17.66%) and TABLE IIEffect of NSKE on cocoon parameters of silkworm (PM × CSR2) under laboratory conditionsNo. of days after spray Cocoon weight (g) Pupal weight (g) Shell weight (g) Shell ratio (%) of 4% NSKE16th day 1.80 e 1.50 e 0.30 c 16.62 c17th day 1.84 de 1.52 de 0.32 c 17.28 bc18th day 1.87 cd 1.54 cd 0.33 bc 17.66 abc19th day 1.91 bc 1.56 bc 0.35 abc 18.14 abc20th day 1.96 a 1.57 ab 0.38 ab 19.58 a21st day 1.98 a 1.59 a 0.39 a 19.58 a22nd day 1.95 ab 1.58 ab 0.38 ab 19.31 abControl 1.96 a 1.58 ab 0.38 ab 19.38 abF – test * * **S.Em ± 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.65C.D. (Pd0.05) 0.04 0.02 0.05 1.96C.V. (%) 1.26 0.81 7.90 6.16Note: *5 per cent level of significance; Means followed by the same alphabet are not significantly different

EFFECT OF NSKE AND IPM MODULE TREATED LEAVES ON REARING PERFORMANCE OF THE SILKWORM 10519th day (18.14%) were also found to be on par with weight was higher in healthy leaves fed worms (1.466each other (Table II) as far as their shell ratios were g) and this was followed by Vinca rosea (1.398 g),concerned. Notchi (1.352 g), Illupai oil (1.337), Propoxur (1.145), Neem oil (1.272 g), Dichlorvos (0.847 g) and Carbaryl The study thus demonstrated that the worms fed (0.626 g) treated leaves, respectively. Shell weight waswith NSKE 4 per cent treated mulberry leaves on 22nd recorded higher in healthy leaves fedday after spray was the safest to the silkworm health silkworms(control) (0.246 g) and this was followedby virtue of registering significantly lowest silkworm by Vinca rosea, Illupai oil, Notchi oil, Neem oil,mortality, significantly higher cocoon weight, pupal Propoxur, Dichlorvos and Carbaxyl with mean shellweight, shell weight and shell ratio. On the contrary, weight of 0.221, 0.215, 0.215, 0.192, 0.140, 0.108 andfeeding the silkworm with NSKE treated leaves after 0.072 g, respectively.16, 17, 18 and 19 days after spray were found to beunsafe for most of the silkworm rearing parameters. Effect of imposing IPM module under field conditions on rearing parameters of silkworm Similar findings have been reported by Seelan (PM×CSR2) under laboratory conditions(1999) who studied the residual toxicity of insecticidesand botanicals against B. mori by drawing leaves from Fifth instar larval weight (g) : The resultsthe plots on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th day after spray revealed that there were no significant differences inand found that Anona Seed Kernel Extract (ASKE), the larval weights when worms were fed with mulberryVitex negundo leaf extract and untreated leaves fed leaves harvested from plots in which the IPM moduleworms showed maximum (90%) effective rate of and chemical control treatments were imposed.rearing (ERR), followed by Neem oil, Pongamia oil However, larval weight was found to be higher whenand NSKE (75 to 85%) and the lowest (50%) was in fed with leaves from chemical control plot (3.20 g),Dichlorvos and Malathion treated leaves. However, followed by those fed with leaves from absolute controlwhen the silkworms fed with leaves treated with plant (3.18 g) and it was least in case of IPM moduleproducts, moderate antifeedant effect was observed imposed plots (3.08 g) (Table III).and the larvae consumed less quantity of leaves. But,it did not register higher antifeedant effect on tenth Cocoon weight (g) : Significant differences wereday after spray when compared to Dichlorvos and observed between the cocoon weights of worms fedMalathion. The ERR was also significantly higher in with mulberry leaves harvested from plots in whichASKE, followed by Vitex negundo leaf extract and the different treatments were imposed. Cocoon weightuntreated control. The phosalone treated leaves was significantly higher in chemical control treatmentcaused cent per cent mortality of the silkworm. The (1.89 g), followed by absolute control (1.88 g), both ofERR was less than 50 per cent in Dichlorvos and which were on par with each other. However, leastMalathion treatments. Neem products (Neem oil 3.0 cocoon weight was recorded when worms were fed%, NSKE 5 %) recorded the ERR of 80 per cent. with leaves from IPM module plot (1.84 g) (Table III).Similarly, Gandhi Gracy (2000) reported that all theplant products, Vinca rosea leaf extract (10%), Illupai Pupal weight (g) : The results revealed that theoil (3%), Neem oil (3.0%) and Notchi leaf extract worms fed with mulberry leaves from different(10%) were safer to B. mori from seventh day after treatments recorded significant differences in the pupalspray. However, Baskar (1997) reported that weight. Maximum pupal weight was recorded in caseDichlorvos and Malathion were found to be non-toxic of chemical control treatment (1.56 g), followed byto silkworm on tenth day after spraying, whereas, larval absolute control (1.55 g), while, significantly minimummortality due to botanicals (NSKE, Neem oil, Pongam pupal weight (1.53g) was recorded in IPM moduleoil) were not observed even on the fifth day after treatment (Table III). Moreover, all these threespray. The total mortality of the silkworms were not treatments were statistically on par with each other.observed in the NSKE 4 per cent sprayed leaves.Gandhi Gracy (2000) reported that single cocoon Shell weight (g) : Significant differences were observed in the shell weight of the worms when they

106 K. C. NARAYANASWAMY et al. TABLE IIIEffect of imposing IPM module under field conditions on rearing parameters of silkworm (PM × CSR2) under laboratory conditionsTreatment Fifth instar larval Cocoon weight (g) Pupal weight (g) Shell weight (g) Shell ratio (%) weight (g)IPM module 3.08 1.84 a 1.53 a 0.31 a 16.82 aChemical control 3.20 1.89 b 1.56 a 0.34 a 17.96 aAbsolute Control 3.18 1.88 b 1.55 a 0.33 a 17.41 aF-test NSS.Em ± * * * *C.D. (Pd 0.05) - 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01C.V. (%) - 0.04 0.04 0.04 1.69 - 0.27 0.78 0.81 5.89Note: *5 per cent level of significance; NS: Non-significant; Means followed by the same alphabet are not significantly differentwere fed with mulberry leaves harvested from treated reveal that IPM module was more or less on par withplots. Maximum shell weight was recorded in case of both chemical control and untreated control, implyingchemical control (0.34 g) followed by absolute control that it did not have any adverse effects on the health(0.33 g) and minimum shell weight was recorded in of B. mori.case of IPM module (0.31 g) (Table III). Further, allthese three treatments were statistically on par with Likewise, earlier workers like Muthuswamieach other. (2004) and Anonymous (2008) have also reported that an IPM module consisting of irrigation of mulberry Shell ratio (%) : There was significant garden (on the day of pruning), release of Tetrastichusdifferences between the treatments with respect to howardii @ 50,000 / ha (one day after pruning) andshell ratio of cocoons obtained from worms fed with T. chilonis @ 5cc / ha (10 days after pruning), sprayingmulberry leaves from the three different treatments. of dichlorvos @ 1ml / l (30 days after pruning),However, maximum shell ratio was recorded in mechanical clipping and burning of affected shootschemical insecticide (DDVP) treated plots (17.96%), (40 days after pruning) was effective in leaf rollerfollowed by those obtained in absolute control treatment management). Similarly, demonstration of IPM against(17.41%). IPM module treated plots recorded minimum D. pulverulentalis was taken up in the farms ofshell ratio (16.82%) (Table III). Karnataka by adopting the IPM package viz., spray of DDVP, release of egg parasitoid and pupal parasitoid The earlier work by Harish Babu (2015) has resulting in suppression of pest incidence by 47 to 53revealed that the cost of IPM intervention against per cent over control. On-farm trails of IPM againstD. pulverulentalis in mulberry (i.e., spray of NSKE leaf webber by Regional Sericultural Research Station,(4%), followed by DPNPV (@27.65x105 PIBs/ml) Chamarajanagara and Regional Sericultural Researchand release of egg parasitoid, T. chilonis at 15, 25 Station, Salem indicated 2.54 to 7.35 per cent and 3.00and 35 days after pruning, respectively was found to to 16.22 per cent reduction in the pest incidence,be `350 per acre/crop in comparison with the chemical respectively (Anonymous, 2000). Morever, Gururajcontrol (`500 per acre / crop). The net gain in case and Choudhury (2001) reported that percentage ofof IPM module was found to be `2,500 per acre / reduction was significantly highest in IPM (79 %)crop as compared to the chemical control (` 2,350 followed by chemical control (67 %) and least inper acre / crop). Therefore, the cost : benefit ratio physical control (35 %) and they opined that IPMwas found to be maximum in case of IPM module module can be advocated for management of leaf roller(1:7.14) as compared to the chemical control (1:4.70). of mulberry.In continuation of these findings, the present results

EFFECT OF NSKE AND IPM MODULE TREATED LEAVES ON REARING PERFORMANCE OF THE SILKWORM 107 Velavan et al. (2001) reported that when BIRADAR, N. A., 1989, Faunistic study of arthropods infestingthe parasitoids, Tetrastichus howardii and mulberry (Morus spp.) and biology of EuproctisTrichogramma chilonis were integrated with spray fraterna (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae) M.Sc. (Seri.)of propoxur (0.1%), the larval population of Thesis (Unpub), Univ. of Agril. Sci., Bengaluru.D. pulverulentalis was reduced to 2.46 larvae perplant as against 60.37 in the control. Integration of GANDHI GRACY, 2000, Management of mulberry leaf webber,natural enemies, egg parasitoids at 5 cubic centimeter Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera:per ha (30 days after pruning) and pupal parasitoid at Pyralidae). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil NaduAgricultural0.25 million adults per ha (53 days after pruning) with University, Coimbatore.chemical propoxur 20 EC at one per cent (45 daysafter pruning) showed significant reduction in leaf GURURAJ. R. AND CHOUDHURY. C. C., 2011, Epidemiology ofwebber larval population by 61.38 per cent as well as leaf roller (Diaphania pulverulentalis) and itsshoot damage by 41.39 per cent over control. Similarly, management through IPM in mulberry at farmers field.Manjunath Gowda et al. (2005) reported that clipping Natl. Sem. Mulb. Seri. Res. India.and burning of affected plant parts and spraying 0.2%Dichlorvos (76% EC) reduces the larval population of HARISH BABU, S., 2015, Development and evaluation ofleaf roller. Installation of light traps and providing bird integrated pest management (IPM) interventionsperches in mulberry garden has been recommended against mulberry leaf roller, Diaphaniafor the suppression of the pest. Other insecticides like pulverulentalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae),Monocrotophos (0.072%), NSKE and Neem oil have Ph.D. (Seri.) Thesis (Unpub), Univ. of Agril. Sci.,also been found to be effective against the pest. Bengaluru. MANJUNATH GOWDA, NARAYANASWAMY, K. C. AND NINGE GOWDA, K. N., 2005, Status of leaf roller pests of mulberry. J. Ecobiol., 17(3): 201 - 216. None of these earlier reports have brought the MUTHUSWAMI, M., 2004, Management of major pests ofcomparison between IPM module and chemical control mulberry and silkworm. Proceedings of the UGCmethods of D. pulverulentalis on the rearing Sponsored State Level Seminar / Workshop onperformance of B. mori in relation to their safety. The Sericulture Technology Transfer to farmers of the SC/present findings revealed that NSKE (4%) treated ST Population, Coimbatore.mulberry leaves can be fed to silkworm by adopting asafety period of 22 days. Similarly, IPM module treated NAIK, S. L., 1997, Bio-ecology of thrips infesting mulberry,mulberry leaves also have no adverse impact on the M.Sc. (Seri.) Thesis, (Unpub), Univ. of Agric. Sci.,pupal weight, shell weight and shell ratio of B. mori. Bengaluru. REFERENCES RAJADURAI, S., MANJUNATH, D., KATIYAR, R. L., PRASAD, K. S., SEN, A. K., SHEKAR, M. A., AHSAN, M. M, AND DATTA,ANONYMOUS, 2000, Studies on the leaf roller, Diaphania R.K., 1999, Leaf roller-a serious pest of mulberry. pulverulentalis. Annual Report, Karnataka State Indian Silk, 37(12) : 9 - 12. Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bengaluru. SEELAN, V., 1999, Biology and management of leaf webber, Glyphodes pulverulentalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera:ANONYMOUS, 2008, Insect pests of mulberry and their Pyralidae) on mulberry. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Tamil management. In: Sericulture Technology. Department Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. of Sericulture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. VELAVAN, S. S., SUBRAMANIAN, S. S. AND MUTHUSWAMI, M., 2001, Integration of biocontrol agents with chemicalBASKAR, P., 1997, Bio-ecology and management of California method for the management of mulberry leaf webber, red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) in mulberry. Glyphodes pulverulentalis (Hampson) at Coimbatore. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil NaduAgricultural University, National Seminar on Emerging Trends in Pests and Coimbatore. Diseases and their Management, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.(Received : November, 2016 Accepted : February, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 108-112, 2017 Effect of Seed Film Coating Polymers on Growth and Yield of Maize Hybrid Hema B. SUMALATA, PARASHIVAMURTHY AND R. SIDDARAJU AICRP on Seed Technology, NSP, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru- 560 065 ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at the National Seed Project, UAS, GKVK Bengaluruto study the effect of seed film coating polymers on field performance and yield in maize hybrid Hema. Theexperiment was laid under RCBD with four replications. Significant enhancement in growth and yield attributeswas observed among various treatments as compared to control. The results revealed that, seeds film coatedwith Polymer (DISCO AG SP RED L-200) + Thiram @ 3g/kg +Genius coat GC172 was found to be significantlysuperior with respect to growth and yield parameters viz., field emergence (88.75%), speed of germination (0.88),plant height@ harvest(210.2cm), internode length (102.85cm), cob length (22cm), girth of cob (17.33cm), cobweight (312.55g), number of seeds / cob (663), seed yield / plant (229.40g) and seed yield per hectare (81.81q) ascompared to untreated control (80.50%, 201.6cm, 96.55cm, 21.21cm, 16.87cm, 293.30g, 646, 213.90g and 75.36q,respectively). Seed coating with polymer in combination with fungicides may be a potent tool for effectivedisease management against seed and soil-borne pathogens.MAIZE (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important advantages of maize, the yield per unit area of thecereal crop of the world. It has worldwide significance crop is low in India. Delay in germination and lowas human food, animal feed and as a raw material for seed viability is among the serious problems limitinglarge number of industrial products. Zein is a class of the production of maize. Highly vigorous seedsprolamine protein found in maize. Maize is a high germinate rapidly, uniformly and are able to withstandyielding, easy to process, readily digestible and cheaper environmental adversity after sowing. However, thethan other cereals used as a basic raw material for use of maize seeds of low physiological quality is athe production of starch, oil, protein, alcoholic common practice under tropical and subtropicalbeverages and food sweeteners and more recently as production conditions, leading to inadequate plantbiofuel. It is a versatile, miracle crop and thus termed population in the field.as Queen of Cereals. It is sown in total area of 146million hectares of maize grown globally and Seed coating technology has developed rapidlyapproximately 102 million hectares covered in during the past two decades and provides andeveloping world (Anon., 2014a). In India during 2013- economical approach to seed enhancement. An14, maize was grown in an area of 7.27 m ha with a advantage of seed coating is that the seedproduction of 15.86 mt with productivity of 2181 kg enhancement material (fungicide and insecticide) isha-1. In India Karnataka, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, placed directly on the seed without obscuring the seedMadhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and shape. Seed coatings with natural or synthetic polymersMaharashtra are the major maize growing states. have gained rapid acceptance by the seed industry as(Anon. 2014b). In Karnataka, maize occupies an area a much safer coating material. Tekrony (2006) reportedof 11.49 lakh ha. with a production of 29.52 lakh t. that by polymer coating the improvement in seedThe average yield is 2705 kg ha-1 which is higher than weight ranges from 1-10 per cent only since it is of anaverage yield of country. It is grown throughout the extremely thin coating and allows multiple layers onyear under kharif, rabi and summer season. the seed. It is one of the most important developments that help in rapid and uniform germination, emergence Maize area is increasing over the years because of seeds and increase seed tolerance to adverseof potential market and less risk involved in recent environmental conditions. Seed coating has presentedyears. Despite the high yielding potential and various promising and even surprising results, for many seeds including cereal seeds (Bradford, 1986).

EFFECT OF SEED FILM COATING POLYMERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE HYBRID HEMA 109 Polymer is a chemical compound that is made of between rows and 30cm between plants. Five plantssmall molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating were selected randomly and tagged in each treatmentstructure to form a larger molecule. The polymer for recording plant growth and yield parameters. Thecoating with the negligible thickness of 84 micron over research data was statistically analyzed forthe seed coat provides protection from the imposed interpretation. Cultural operations, application ofaccelerated ageing, which include fungal invasion. The fertilizer, method of sowing, plant protection,polymer coating is simple to apply, diffuses rapidly and harvesting, threshing and cleaning was carried out asnon- toxic to the seed during germination. It reduces per the package of practice.chemical wastage, helps to make room for includingall required ingredients, protect the nutrients, oxygen RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONsuppliers and protect seed from fungal invasion and Effect of seed film coated polymer on growthinsects attack. By encasing the seed with thin film of parameters of maize hybrid Hema : Perceptiblebiodegradable polymer, the adherence of seed differences were observed among the film coatedtreatment to the seed is improves, ensures dust polymer treatments with regard to growth yield andfree handling, making treated seed both useful seed quality parameters. The field emergence (%)and environment friendly. Hence, the present study recorded on 16th day after sowing was foundwas undertaken to study the effect of the polymer significantly highest in Polymer (DISCO AG SP REDtreatments on the growth and yield of maize L-200) + Thiram @ 3g / kg + Genius coat T3 (88.75%)hybrid Hema. which was statistically on par with Polymer (DISCO AG SP RED L-200) + Thiram @ 3g / kg + Carboxine MATERIAL AND METHODS T2 (88.50%) and lowest was recorded in control T1 (80.50%) (Fig.1). Polymer coating enables accurate The field experiment was conducted during and even doses of chemicals and reduces the chemicalkharif, 2015 at National Seed Project, University of wastage; it also makes room for including all theAgricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, which is required ingredients like inoculants, protectants,situated at 120 151 North Latitude and 77o 351 East nutrients, herbicides, oxygen suppliers etc. Theselongitude and at an altitude of 930 meters above mean results are in conformity with Chandrashekhar (2008)sea level. Freshly harvested maize hybrid Hema seeds and Chikkanna et al. (2000) in Pigeonpea.were procured and sent to INCOTEC Pvt. Ltd. forpolymer treatment. The experiment consisted of five Fig.1. Influence of seed film coating polymer on fieldtreatments and was laid under RCBD with four emergence (%) and speed of germination in maizereplications. The treatments included untreated control hybrid hema(T1), Polymer (DISCO AG SP RED L-200) + Thiram@ 3g / kg + Carboxine (T2), Polymer (DISCO AG SP Speed of germination was significantly influencedRED L-200) + Thiram @ 3g / kg +Genius coat GC172 by seed film coating with polymer. Significantly(T3), Polymer (DISCO AG SP RED L-200) + Thiram maximum speed of germination was recorded in seeds@ 3g / kg +Quick roots BS154 (T4) and Water soaking coated with Polymer (DISCO AG SP RED L-200) ++ Thiram @ 3g / kg (T5). The product genius coat GC Thiram + Genius coat (0.88). While, untreated control172 used in treatment T3 is a combination of balancedlevel of organic and naturally occurring substances.The product tends to activate metabolic processes inthe developing embryo of the plant. Similarly, theproduct quick roots BS154 (T4) is a biological productprepared with a combination of Trichoderma virensand Bacillus subtilis var. amyloiquefaciens. The productcolonized roots in symbiotic relationship, producesenzymes which release soil nutrients. Maize seedswere sown by hand dibbling with spacing of 60 cm

110 B. SUMALATA et al.(0.66) seeds showed significantly less speed of influence on days to 50% flowering, completegermination (Fig. 1). The probable reason for rapidgermination in polymer coated seeds could be increase flowering and plant stand at maturity. But, howeverin the rate of moisture imbibition where the fineparticles in the polymer coating act as a wick or the lowest no. of days for 50 % flowering (53.75),moisture attracting material or perhaps improves theseed surface area (Vanangamudi et al., 2003). These complete flowering (61.75) and highest plant stand atresults are in agreement with the findings of Sherinand John (2005) in maize with polymer @ 3 g per kg maturity (87.25 %) was recorded in T3.of seed and Imran Baig (2005) in soybean withpolymer @ 5 g per kg of seed. Effect of seed film coated polymer on seed yield and yield attributing parameters The maximum plant height, at 30 DAS and of maize hybrid Hema : Significant differences wereharvest was recorded in T3 (44.45cm & 210.2 cm,respectively) which was statistically on par with T2 observed among the treatments with respect to girth(43.86 cm & 209.5 cm, respectively) while, lowestwas recorded in control (36.40 cm & 201.6 cm) of the cob, cob weight, no. of seeds / cob, grain yield(Table 1). The treatment T3 Polymer (DISCO AGSPRED (L-200) + Thiram + Genius coat took least per plant, grain yield (q / ha) and harvest index (Tableno. of days (62.25) for complete silking and highestno. of days was noticed in control T1 (64.75). The II). The girth of the cob (17.33 cm) and cob weightpolymer treatment combinations improve the stresstolerance and crop vitality thus leading to enhanced (312.55 g) was recorded highest in T3 followed by T2growth and biomass during the vegetative stages. (17.20 cm and 302.10 g respectively), while lowestSimilarly, the internode length was recorded highest inT3 (102.85 cm) closely followed by T2 (100.25 cm) was recorded in T4 (16.59 cm and 281.97 g,and T5 (100.0 cm) and lowest in T4 (95.85 cm) (Table respectively). Maximum no. of seeds / cob was noticedIa). The polymer treatment did not had any significant in T3 (663) followed by T2 (657) and lowest was noticed in control T1 (646). Similarly, significantly highest grain yield per plant was recorded in T3 (229.40g) which was statistically on par with T2 (225.75g) and T5 (224.65g) and lowest was recorded in control T1 (213.90g) and T4 (214.50). Similarly the grain yield per hectare was found highest in T3 (81.81q) closely followed by T2 (79.19q) and lowest was recorded in control T1 (75.36q). The harvest index was found superior in T3 (0.43) closely followed by T2 & T5 (0.40) and lowest was recorded in T4 (0.38) TABLE I Effect of seed film coated polymer on growth parameters of maize hybrid HemaTreatments Plant height Plant height Days to Days to Days to Inter node Plant stand at 30 DAS at Harvest 50 % flowering Silking length (cm) at maturity (cm) (cm) flowering (%)T1 36.40 b 201.6 b 54.50 62.25 64.75 b 96.55 bc 81.25T2 43.86 a 209.5 a 54.00 62.00 64.00 ab 100.25 ab 84.50T3 44.45 a 210.2 a 53.75 61.75 62.25 a 102.85 a 87.25T4 37.62 b 204.0 b 53.75 62.25 64.00 ab 95.85 c 82.50T5 43.07 a 206.0 ab 54.50 61.75 63.25 ab 100.0 abc 82.50SEm± 1.32 1.508 0.531 0.575 0.596 1.409 2.64 4.07 4.65 1.84CD (P=0.05) 7.16 6.64 NS NS 2.09 4.34 NS 2.19 2.07 3.18 7.05CV (%)NS : Non significant; Means followed by the same alphabet are not significantly different.

EFFECT OF SEED FILM COATING POLYMERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE HYBRID HEMA 111 TABLE II Effect of seed film coated polymer on seed yield and yield attributing parameters of maize hybrid HemaTreatments Cob lenght Girth of Cob Cob weight No of 100 Seed Grain yield / Grain Harvest (cm) (cm) Seeds / cob weight (g) plant (g) yield IndexT1 21.21 16.87 ab 293.30 b 646 c 33.04 213.90 b 75.36 c 0.37 bT2 21.76 17.20 ab 302.10 b 657 ab 33.66 225.75 a 79.19 ab 0.40 abT3 22.00 17.33 a 312.55 a 663 a 35.20 229.40 a 81.81 a 0.43 aT4 21.25 16.59 b 281.97 c 649 bc 33.99 214.50 b 77.08 bc 0.38 bT5 21.25 17.28 a 297.40 b 654 abc 35.26 224.65 a 78.07 bc 0.40 abSEm± 0.456 0.211 3.382 2.72 0.645 0.954 0.014CD (P=0.05) 0.65 10.42 8.38 2.49 2.94 0.043CV (%) NS 2.77 4.93 NS 7.67 3.72 7.84 4.74 2.54 4.22 3.52NS : Non significant; Means followed by the same alphabet are not significantly different.and control (0.37).There was no significant differences Similar results were also obtained by Shushma et al.observed for cob length, however T3 recorded higher (2014) who reported that the seed coating withcob length (22.00cm). The polymer treatment polymers increased the yield from 0.93 to 1.62 tonnescombinations tend to enhance the metabolic processes per ha in wheat.in the developing embryo thus increasing the rootdevelopment and enhancing the plants ability to utilize Benefit Cost Ratio as influenced by seed filmnutrients. Also the uptake of NPK enhances which coated polymers on yield of maize hybrid (Hema):ultimately lead to increase in volume of roots. The B: C ratio was recorded highest in T3 (0.54) closely followed by T2 (0.49) and T5 (0.48) and lowest was Seed coating with polymer in combination with recorded in control (0.43) (Table III). Among thefungicides acts as a potent tool for effective disease treatments, seed treated with polymer (DISCO AGmanagement against soil-borne pathogens and enables SP RED (L-200) + Thiram + Genius coat and Polymerefficient release of chemicals to the root zones thus (DISCO AG SP RED (L-200) + Thiram + Carboxineenhancing the growth and productivity of the crop. were found to be very effective in enhancing the seed TABLE IIIBenefit Cost Ratio as influenced by seed film coated polymers on yield of maize hybrid (Hema)Treatments Cost A Cost B Cost C Other Total Net *B:C (`) Total Cost Yield (q/ha) returns returns Ratio (`) (`) (`)T1 48,330 7529 6636 500 62,995 75.36 90.432 27.437 0.43T2 48,330 7835 6731 500 63,396 79.19 95.028 31.632 0.49T3 48,330 8045 6689 500 63,564 81.81 98.172 34.608 0.54T4 48,330 7666 6798 500 63,294 77.08 92.496 29.202 0.46T5 48,330 7746 6636 500 63,212 78.07 93.684 30.472 0.48*B: C ratio expressed in net returns per Rupee of expenditure

112 B. SUMALATA et al.yield and quality. Also, the hydro-priming along with CHANDRASHEKHAR, S. S., 2008, Morphological and molecularThiram treatment @ 3g/Kg proved to be better and characterization and effect sowing dates and seedcost effective treatment with B: C ratio (0.0.51) for pelleting on seed production of french beangrain yield and quality enhancement. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Ph. D Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci. Dharwad. The present study reiterated the importance offilm coated polymers on growth and yield of Maize. CHIKKANNA, C. S., THIMMEGOUDA AND RAMESH, R., 2000,The growth, yield and yield attributing characters Hydrophilic polymer seed treatment on seed qualitysignificantly increased in seed coated with polymer and yield in groundnut. Seeds and Farms, pp. 39 - 45.(DISCO AG SP RED (L-200) + Thiram + Genius coatand Polymer (DISCO AG SP RED (L-200) + Thiram IMRAN BAIG., 2005, Effect of grading methods, fungicides+ Carboxine and also with hydro-priming. The and polymer coating on storability of soybeantreatments are found to be cost effective and eco [Glycine max (L.) Merill]. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Univ.friendly hence can be used for enhancing the growth Agric. Sci, Dharwad.and yield of crops. SHUSHMA, P. P., VYAKARANAL, B. S. AND VINODKUMAR, S. B., REFERENCES 2014, Influence of polymer coat and seed treatment chemicals on chickpea seed quality during storage.ANONYMOUS, 2014a, The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture, Environ. and Ecol., 32 (4A) : 1592 - 1597. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 5 : 64. TEKRONY, 2006, Seed film coating technology for maximizing the growth and productivity of maize. Karnataka J.ANONYMOUS, 2014b, Indian Agriculture, 5 : 305 - 313. Agric. Sci., 18 (2) : 349 - 356.BRADFORD, 1986, Effect of seed coating with polymer, VANANGAMUDI, K., SRIMATHI, P., NATARAJAN, N. AND fungicide and insecticide on seed quality in cotton BHASKARAN, M., 2003, Current scenario of seed coating during storage. Karnataka J. Agric. sci., 20 (1) : polymer. ICAR - Short Course on Seed Hardening 137 - 139 and Pelleting Technologies for Rain Fed or Garden Land Ecosystems, 4 : 80 - 100.(Received :November, 2016 Accepted : February, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 113-119, 2017 Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Ragi for Development of Multipurpose Mix D. SHOBHA AND C. R. RAVISHANKAR Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya - 571 405 E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT A study was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya during 2013-14, to evaluate the nutritional composition of late kharif ragi variety, KMR-204 (Achala) and to evaluate the feasibility of ragi flour incorporation in the preparation of ready-to-cook mix which can be used for the preparation of conventional products such as vada, thalipattu and dosa. The nutritional composition of the variety indicated that it contains ash (2.87 g), calcium (344.59 mg), magnesium (353.94 mg), phosphorus (292.95 mg) and potassium (191.05 mg), which were significantly more compared to check variety (GPU-48). Among the different levels of ragi flour incorporation, the 50 per cent ragi flour incorporated multipurpose mix was found to be statistically superior in sensory scores of products such as vada, dosa and thalipattu. The developed mix was found to contain protein (13.87g), crude fiber (3.21 g), ash (4.52 g), calcium (260.80 mg) and iron (4.22 mg). The rating of products in terms of their liking indicated that children and adolescents (43.34 and 43.12 %) liked the product vada followed by thalipattu (33.33 and 36.20 %) and dosa. On the contrary, in case of adults thalipattu was liked by maximum number of consumers (37.31 %) followed by vada (32.84 %) and dosa (29.85 %).RAGI or Finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn) is security. Cereals along with pulse combinationsa major food crop of the semi arid tropics of Asia as constitute an important part of human diet in manywell as Africa, and has been an indispensable parts of the world because of easy availability, lowcomponent of dry farming system. On account of cost, long shelf life and nutritional balance. Finger milletvarious advantages of finger millet due to its is usually used for preparation of flour, pudding,composition, can be exploited for nutritional and other porridge and roti (Chaturvedi and Srivastava, 2008).health benefits. Ragi has best quality protein along with With the change in scenario of utilization of processedthe presence of essential amino acids, vitamin A, B products and awareness of the consumers regardingand phosphorus (Gopalan et al., 2004). Thus, ragi found health benefits of finger millet, tremendous potentialto be a good diet for growing children, women, old exists finger millet attracts urban as well as ruralage people and patients. Ragi is considered to be ideal consumers in the way of convenience foods. Today’sfood for diabetic individuals due to its low sugar content women find it difficult to cook many of our traditionaland slow release of glucose/sugar in the body (Kang recipes due to shortage of time. Hence, convenienceet al., 2008 and Lakshmi and Sumathi, 2002). Finger foods such as ready-to- cook or ready to serve (instantmillet has gained importance in the recent past mixes) normally in dry form need to be mixed withmainly because of its functional components such water before consumption and require only fewas slowly digestible and resistant starch (Wadikar minutes of cooking in boiling water or steaming oret al., 2007). frying can suitably serve the purpose. Hence, an attempt has been made in this regard to analyze the Malnutrition is considered as an impediment in nutritional composition of newly released ragi varietynational development and hence assumes the status KMR-204 and to assess the feasibility of ragi flourof national problem. For solving the problem of incorporation for the preparation of ready-to-cook mix,deep-rooted food insecurity and malnutrition, dietary which can be used for the preparation of conventionalquality should be taken into consideration. products such as vada, thalipattu and dosa with aDiversification of food production must be encouraged prime objective to spread the awareness regardingboth at national and household level in tandem with nutritional qualities of ragi and to popularize the recipesincreasing yields. Growing of traditional food crops that can be easily prepared and marketed by rural andsuitable for the area is one of the possible potential urban mass using available resources.successful approaches for improving household food

114 D. SHOBHA AND C. R. RAVISHANKAR MATERIAL AND METHODS Ragi (Dry roast for 5 min at 80 o C ) Analysis of Nutritional Composition : The grains of ragi variety KMR-204 (Achala) andGPU-48 (Check) were supplied from AICSMIP Ragi flour (50 g)(Small millets), Zonal Agricultural Research StationV. C. Farm. The varieties as well as developed mix were analyzed for proximate composition(Anon., 1995). Carbohydrate content was estimated Semolina or suji (20 g- dry roast for 3 min at 60 0 C)by difference (Livesey, 1995). For mineral estimationthe samples were prepared by dissolving the ash obtained after ashing the samples in a Muffle furnacein dilute hydrochloric acid (1:1 v/v). Calcium and Soya flour (10 g- dry roast for 2 min at 60 0 C)phosphorus contents were estimated according tostandard procedure of Anon. (1995), iron by Wong’s method (Wong, 1928), while, magnesium andpotassium were estimated by the methods of Wheat flour (10 g- dry roast for 2 min)Versanate titration and Ranganna (1986), respectively.  Development of Multipurpose mix: Wheatsemolina (suji,) wheat flour, soya flour, onion, red chilli, Onion (dehydrated)-5 gcoriander and curry leaves were purchased in bulkfrom local market. Ragi flour (KMR-204) in the ratio of 50, 60 and 70 per cent was mixed with otheringredients such as red chilli, onion, curry leaves which Red chilli (roasted) - 3 gwere used for mixing after dehydration. Thedehydration of vegetables includes water blanching of curry, coriander leaves and onion for three min,and were dehydrated at a temperature of 500 C in a Pepper+ cumin seed powder (1:1)-1ghot air oven and powdered as described by Singh andKulshrestha (2008) with slight modification. The flours and suji were dry roasted at 800 C for five min(Fig. 1). Three different levels of ragi flour were mixed Curry leaves (dehydrated)-1gwith other ingredients and the multipurpose mix wasreconstituted according to Premavalli (2000) with suitable modifications. For vada preparation, developedmix (100 g) in three different levels was reconstituted Thoroughly mix all the ingredients and pack in LDPE poucheswith 10 grams of warm oil along with 60 ml of waterso as to get hard dough consistency. The dough was Fig. 1 : Standardized recipe of ragi multipurpose mixconditioned for 5 minutes; made into small balls,pressed on a papad presser to get round shaped vadas for five minutes. The small pieces from this ball wereand were deep fried in cooking oil on a medium flame taken and pressed on a papad presser using polythenetill they turned to brown colour. For dosa preparation, cover to get round shaped thallipattu (can be rolled100 g of the mix was added with 160 ml of water and using pin and rolling board or can be pressed by hands)conditioned for 3 hrs and baked on a heated thava and baked on iron thava using oil.with 3-4 ml of oil. For thallipattu preparation, 100 gof mix was added with 60 ml of water in order to Sensory evaluation: The developed productsprepare a ball of hard dough followed by conditioning were evaluated for their acceptability by a panel of 21 semi trained judges using 5-point Headonic scale(Ranganna, 1986). Scores were allotted to appearance, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability (OAA) in all the products in order to judge the best level of ragi flour incorporation. Consumer acceptability: The general acceptability of the products such as vada, thallipattu and dosa prepared out of multipurpose mix was carried out by serving three products to different age group people such as children (6-12 years), adolescents (12-21 years) and adults (>21 years) and asked to put () mark below the product which they liked the most among three products. Statistical Analysis: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to know the significant differences among different levels of ragi flour incorporation.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAGI FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPURPOSE MIX 115 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION to be in the range of 72 to 79.5 g (Pore and Magar, 1979; Hulse et al., 1980; Joshi and Katoch, 1990; The Table I revealed the nutritional composition Bhatt et al., 2003). The fat content of KMR - 204of two ragi varieties. Among the two varieties, KMR was 2.04 g which was more than check as well as204 is relatively good in terms of ash (2.87 g), calcium Indaf and MR series. Higher fat content (2.1 g) in(344.59 mg) magnesium (353.94 mg) and iron contents finger millet was also reported byAntony et al. (1996).(5.16 mg) compared to check variety (GPU-48). Total ash content is higher in finger millet grainsSimilar variation in nutritional composition of malted compared to commonly consumed cereal grains. Theand unmalted ragi flour was reported by Desai et al. ash content has been found to be nearly 1.7(2010), wherein the values for protein, ash and (Rao, 1994) to 4.13 g (Rao et al., 1973) in finger millet.phosphorus contents for unmalted ragi flour were found Our study indicated that the ash content of KMR-204to be less compared to KMR-204. The protein content was 2.87 g, which was more than the check (2.29 g).of KMR - 204 (10.08 g) was found to be more than Most of the studies have showed that the ash contentthe Indaf (5,7,8,9,11,15) and MR series (1,2,5,6) as was in the range of 2.1 to 2.7 g (Samantaray andreported by Ravishankar et al. (2005). Further, Vadivoo Samantaray, 1997; Bhatt et al., 2003; Mushtari begum,et al. (1998) analysed 36 genotypes of finger millet 1998; Malleshi and Desikachar, 1986; Lupien, 1990).and reported their protein content in the range of Even the studies of Singh and Srivastava (2006)6.7 to 12.3 g with a mean of 9.7 g / 100 g and the showed that the total ash content of sixteen varietiesauthors even reported that the protein content of brown of finger millet varities ranged between 1.47 to 2.58 gseeded types was higher than white seeded type. with a mean value of 2.11 g / 100 g.Similar findings were reported by Samantaray andSamantaray (1997). The carbohydrate content of The Calcium content of KMR-204 was 344.59KMR-204 was 72.03 g which was more (70.81 g) mg which was on par with check (331.53 mg). Thethan the check (GPU-48). Similar variation in calcium content reported by Bhatt et al. (2003) wascarbohydrate content of finger millet has been reported as high as 344 mg / 100 g. The average calcium content (329 mg) in white varieties was considerably higher TABLE I than the brown (296 mg) varieties as reported byAnon. Nutritional composition of KMR-204 (2001). Iron content of KMR-204 was 5.16mg, while it was 4.09 mg in check variety. Singh and Srivastava compared to check (2006) reported the iron content of 16 finger millet varieties ranged from 3.61 mg to 5.42 mg with a meanParameters KMR 204 GPU 48 value of 4.40 mg / 100 g. Variations in iron content of finger millet varieties ranged from 3.3 to 14.8 mg (BabuMoisture (%) 10.25 ± 0.043 a 10.05 ± 0.05 b et al., 1987). According to Vijayakumari et al. (2003), finger millet is the richest source of calcium and iron.Protein (g) 10.08 ± 0.06 a 10.28 ± 0.05 a Calcium deficiency leading to bone and teeth disorder, iron deficiency leading to anemia can be overcome byFat (g) 2.04 ± 0.14 a 1.95 ± 0.04 a introducing finger millet in our daily diet. However the mineral composition of millet grains particularly fingerCarbohydrate (g) 72.03 ± 0.50 a 70.81 ± 0.044 b millet is highly variable. The genetic factors, environmental conditions prevailing in growing regionEnergy (k.cal) 344.9 ± 0.84 a 340.12 ± 0.32 a and fertilizer application affect the mineral content of food grains.Fibre (g) 3.23 ± 0.06 a 4.39 ± 0.01 a The standardized multipurpose mix at three levelsAsh (g) 2.87 ± 0.05 a 2.29 ± 0.02 b of ragi flour incorporation (50, 60 & 70 %) was subjected to sensory evaluation. The results of theCalcium (mg) 344.59 ± 0.49 a 331.53 ± 0.50 b sensory evaluation of three products (Thalipattu, vada, and dosa) are depicted in Table II, III and IV,Phosphorous (mg) 292.95 ± 0.31 a 283.92 ± 0.27 aMagnesium (mg) 353.94 ± 0.58 a 307.5 ± 0.5 bPotassium (mg) 191.05 ± 0.41 a 177.10 ± 0.50 bIron (mg) 5.16 ± 0.45 a 4.09 ± 0.40 bValues indicate mean of three replications ± SD, valueswith different letters differed significantly.

116 D. SHOBHA AND C. R. RAVISHANKAR TABLE II Sensory evaluation of thalipattu prepared out of ragi multipurpose mix Ingredient variations Statistical analysis Sensory Characteristics 50 % 60 % 70 % f-Value SEm ± CD at 5 % NSAppearance 3.40 3.30 3.00 1.11 NSColour 8.14Texture 3.60 3.20 2.60 10.23 0.25 0.51Flavour 1.67Taste 3.70 3.10 2.50 13.68 0.27 0.54OAA 18.90 3.50 3.20 3.10 NS NS 3.60 2.60 2.50 0.23 0.48 3.60 2.50 2.30 0.23 0.47Score pattern: 1- poor; 2 - fair; 3 - good; 4 - very good; 5 - excellent Table III Sensory evaluation of vada prepared out of ragi multipurpose mix Ingredient variations Statistical analysisSensory Characteristics 50 % 60 % 70 % f-Value SEm ± CD at 5 %Appearance 4.40 2.70 2.30 50.86 0.22 0.45Colour 4.50 2.80 2.70 27.09 0.27 0.56Texture 3.80 3.20 2.70 7.25 0.29 0.59Flavour 4.20 2.90 3.20 12.39 0.27 0.56Taste 4.20 3.30 2.80 12.03 0.29 0.59OAA 3.80 2.70 2.50 12.97 0.27 0.56Score pattern: 1- poor; 2 - fair; 3 - good; 4 - very good; 5 - excellent TABLE IV Sensory evaluation of dosa prepared from ragi multipurpose mix Ingredient variations Statistical analysis Sensory Characteristics 50 % 60 % 70 % f-Value SEm ± CD at 5 %Appearance 4.00 3.90 4.30 0.90 NS NSColour 4.10 3.70 3.80 1.10 NS NSTexture 4.20 2.40 2.20 40.79 0.24 0.49Flavour 3.20 2.80 3.50 3.43 0.27 0.55Taste 4.20 2.50 2.20 40.79 0.24 0.49OAA 4.00 2.40 2.30 28.91 0.25 0.51Score pattern: 1- poor; 2 - fair; 3 - good; 4 - very good; 5 - excellent

QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAGI FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPURPOSE MIX 117respectively. The sensory scores of thalipattu as texture (4.20, 2.40 and 2.20) and taste parametersindicated that (Table II) significant difference was (4.20, 2.50 and 2.20) differed significantly. The overallfound with respect to taste, texture and colour of the acceptability scores of dosa (OAA) indicates thatproducts. The overall acceptability (OAA) of the 50 per cent ragi flour incorporated dosa was verythalipattu indicated that 50 per cent ragi flour good (4.0) compared to 60 and 70 per cent ragi flourincorporated product scored between good to very incorporation. Study indicated that all the three productsgood (3.60) compared to 60 (2.50) and 70 per cent prepared with 50 per cent ragi flour incorporated(2.30). Similar trend was observed with respect to multipurpose mix were organoleptically acceptable byvada (Table III). No significant difference was noticed the semi trained judges.with respect to appearance and colour of the dosawas observed, while other sensory characters such Nutritional composition of the ragi multipurpose mix: The perusal of Table V indicated TABLE V that the multipurpose mix prepared using 50 per cent Nutritional composition of ragi ragi flour incorporation was good in terms of protein multipurpose mix (50% of ragi flour) content (13.87 g) which may be due to addition of soya protein might have improved the nutrientNutritional Parameters Quantity / 100 g composition of the mix, particularly protein. The mix was also good in terms of fiber (3.21 g), ash (4.52 g),Moisture (%) 9.81 ± 0.03 calcium (260.8 mg) and phosphorus (290.8 mg) contents. Addition of ragi has increased the calciumProtein (g) 13.87 ± 0.05 content of the mix which basically contains 344 mg of calcium (Gopalan et al., 2000). Phosphorous contentFat (g) 4.48 ± 0.28 of the mix was 290.8 mg; it was obviously because KMR - 204 contains 292.95 mg of phosphorus.Carbohydrate (g) 74.0 ± 0.50 Potassium and iron contents were comparatively more in ragi mix (320, 4.22 mg) which might be due to theEnergy (K cal) 388.8 ± 0.62 high ash content of the mix (4.52 mg) and the kind of ingredients such as wheat semolina, soya flour, wholeFibre (g) 3.21 ± 0.38 wheat flour must have contributed to the more ash and in turn to more minerals.Ash (g) 4.52 ± 0.34 The consumer ratings (Table VI) of the productsCalcium (mg) 260.8 ± 0.76 among different age group people such as children(60), adolescents (58) and adults (67) indicated that thePhosphorus (mg) 290.8 ± 0.76Magnesium (mg) 150.5 ± 0.5Potassium (mg) 320.5 ± 0.5Iron (mg) 4.22 ± 0.29Values indicate mean of three replications ± SD TABLE. VI Consumer acceptability (rating) of products prepared out of ragi multipurpose mix Children Adolescents Adults Products Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per centVada 26 43.34 25 43.12 22 32.84Thalipattu 20 33.33 21 36.20 25 37.31Dosa 14 23.33 12 20.68 20 29.85 60 100.00 58 100.00 67 100.00

118 D. SHOBHA AND C. R. RAVISHANKARmaximum number of children and adolescents (43.34 DESAI, A. D. KULKARNI, S. S., SAHOO, A. K., RANVEER, R. C.and 43.12 %) liked the product vada followed by AND DANDGE, P. B., 2010. Effect of supplementation ofthalipattu (33.33 and 36.20 %) and dosa (23.33 and malted ragi flour on the nutritional and sensorial20.68 %). On the contrary, in case of adults thalipattu quality characteristics of cake. Adv J. Food Sci. andwas liked by maximum number of consumers Technol. 2 : 67 - 71.(37.31 %) followed by vada (32.84 %) and dosa(29.85 %) which might be due to the health GOPALAN, C., RAMASHASTRI, V. B. AND BALASUBRAMANIAN,consciousness among adult group. However, the S. C., 2004, Nutritive Value of Indian Foods,multipurpose mix prepared by ragi flour incorporation Hyderabad, National Institute of Nutrition, Indianfound to be suitable for preparation of all the three Council of Medical Research.products. HULSE, J. H., LAING, E. M. AND PEARSON, O. E., 1980, Sorghum Hence, the study indicated that the multipurpose and the millets: their composition and nutritive value.mix prepared from ragi can be prepared by London, Academic Press.incorporating ragi flour at 50 per cent level was foundto be suitable for preparation of conventional dietary JOSHI, H. C. AND KATOCH, K. K ., 1990, Nutritive value ofitems such as vada, thalipattu and dosa. The millets: Acomparison with cereals and pseudo cereals.nutritional composition of the mix was good in terms Himalayan Res. Dev., 9 : 26 - 28.of protein, ash, calcium and phosphorus contents. Therating by consumers was maximum for vada followed KANG, R, K., JAIN, R. AND MRIDULA, D., 2008, Impact ofby thalipattu and dosa. indigenous fiber rich premix supplementation on blood glucose levels in diabetics. Am. J. Food REFERENCES Technol., 3 (1) : 50 - 55.ANONYMOUS, 1995, Official methods of analysis. Association LAKSHMI, K. P. AND SUMATHI, S., 2002, Effect of consumption of official Analytical Chemists, International of finger millet on hyperglycemia in non-insulin 14th Edn, Washington DC, 22 : 113 - 208. dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) subjects. Food Nutr. Bull, 23 (3) : 241 - 245.ANONYMOUS, 2001, Annual Report, All India Coordinated Small Millets Improvement Project, Bangalore. LIVESEY, G., 1995, Metabolizable energy of macro nutrients. Am. J.Clin.Nutr, 62 (suppl) :1135 - 1142.ANTONY, U., SRIPRIYA, G. AND CHANDRA, T. S., 1996, Effect of fermentation on the primary nutrients in finger LUPIEN, J. R., 1990. Sorghum and millets in human nutrition. millet (Eleusine coracana). J. Agric. Food Chem., FAO, ICRISAT. At : fao.org. p. 86. 44 : 2616 - 2618. MALLESHI, N. G. AND DESIKACHAR, H. S. R. 1986, Influence ofBABU, B. V., RAMANA, T. AND RADHAKRISHNA, T. M., 1987, malting conditions on quality of finger millet. J. Inst. Chemical composition and protein in hybrid varieties Brew, 92 : 81 - 89. of finger millet. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 57 (7) : 520 - 522. MUSHTARIBEGUM, J., 1998, Nutritive value of Ragi (Eleusine coracana Gaertn) before and after malting. BeverageBHATT, A, SINGH V, SHROTRIA, P. K. AND BASKHETI D. C., 2003, Food World, 25 (5) : 38 - 42. Coarse Grains of Uttaranchal: Ensuring sustainable Food and Nutritional Security. Indian Farmer’s Digest. PORE, M. S. AND MAGAR, N. G., 1979. Nutrient composition of hybrid varieties of finger millet. Ind. J. Agric. Sci.,CHATURVEDI, R. AND SRIVASTAVA, S., 2008, Genotype variations 49 (7) : 526 - 531. in physical, nutritional and sensory quality of popped grains of amber and dark genotypes of finger millet. J. PRATIBHA, S. AND KALPANA, K., 2006, studies on the effect Food Sci. Technol., 45 (5) : 443 - 446. of Pretreatments on the preparation of carrot powder. J. Food Sci. Technol, 43 (2), 145 - 147. PREMAVALLI, K. S., 2000, Convenience foods for defense forces based on traditional Indian foods. Defense Sci. J., 50 (4) : 361 - 369.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAGI FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPURPOSE MIX 119RANGANNA, S., 1986, Hand book of analysis and quality SINGH, P. AND SINGH, R. R., 2012 , Finger millet for food control for fruit and vegetable products. Tata Mc Grew and nutritional security African J. Food Sci, 6 (4), Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 77 - 84.RAO, K. B., MITHYANTHA, M. S., DEVI, L. S. AND PERUR, N.G., VADIVOO, A . S., JOSEPH, R. AND GARESAN, N. M., 1998, Genetic 1973, Nutrient content of some new ragi varieties. variability and calcium contents in finger millet Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 7 : 562 - 565. (Eleusine coracana L.Gaertn) in relation to grain colour. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr, 52 (4) : 353 - 364.RAO, P. U., 1994, Evaluation of protein quality of brown and white ragi (Eleusine coracana) before and after VIJAYAKUMARI, J., MUSHTARI BEGUM, J., BEGUM, S. AND GOKAVI, malting. Food Chem., 51 : 433 - 436. S., 2003, Sensory attributes of ethinic foods from finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Recent Trends in MilletRAVISHANKAR, C. R., RAMAPPA, H. K. AND PRAKASH, P., 2005 Processing and utilization. In: Proceeding of National Ragi research at Mandya, published by University of Seminar on Processing and Utilization of Millet for Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, pp 47 - 48. Nutrition Security held on October 7-8, 2003, RNPSI (NATP) at CCSHAV, Hisar.SAMANTARAY, G. T. AND SAMANTARAY, B. K., 1997, X-ray Diffraction Study of Ragi (Eleusine coracana) Starch. WADIKAR, D. D. PREMVALLI, R. S., SATYANARAYANSWAMY, J. Food. Sci. Technol., 34 (4) : 343 - 344. Y. S. AND BAWA, A. S., 2007, Lipid profile in finger millet, J. Food Sci. Technol., 44 (1) : 79 - 81.SINGH, P, SRIVASTAVA, S., 2006. Nutritional composition of sixteen new varieties of finger millet. J. Com. Mob. WONG, S. Y., 1928, The colorimetric determination of Iron, Sust . Dev., 1 (2) : 81 - 84. J. Biol. Chem., 77 : 409.SINGH, P. AND KULSHRESTHA, K., 2008, Nutritional quality of food supplements based on carrot powder and grits. J. Food Sci. Technol , 45 : 99 - 101.(Received : December, 2016 Accepted : February, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 120-125, 2017 Consequences of Involving Children in Labour Activities : A Study in Mahabubnagar District of Andhra Pradesh M. PRASUNA AND M. SUDARSHAN REDDY Agricultural Information Centre, Administrative Building, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad ABSTRACT It is believed that a child has all the potentialities which if properly developed, will make him into a better man for any walk of life. The individual differences among the grown-up people is the result of the environment in which they are groomed. Keeping in view the objectives of Analyzing the Consequences of Involving children in labour activities in Mahabubnagar District of Andhra Pradesh, a Descriptive research design was used for conducting the study. Regarding the basic need satisfaction, food was moderately satisfactory for majority of girls and boys, whereas shelter was moderately satisfactory and unsatisfactory for girls and boys, respectively. The psychological needs like security, protection, recognition, praise, adequacy contentment and creative expression were unsatisfactorily met for majority of both girls and boys. Untidy physical appearance, unclean teeth, dispigmented hair and weak appearance was observed in most of the girls and boys. As per the nutritional status, most of the girls and boys were found to be undernourished to moderately nourished. Most of the girls and boys were unsatisfied with the sociological needs. Regarding the psychological bearings/ personality traits, majority of girls and boys were social in their behaviour, submissive in nature, and had the feeling of inferiority. The family relations of both girls and boys were such that they had average relationship with their father and also the sense of responsibility by both the parents towards the child was average. Most of the girls and boys had three friends with whom they frequently involved in activities like playing games/ sports and gossiping. Most of the child labourers had low self perception.CHILD labour is a concrete manifestation of violations METHODOLOGYof a range of rights of children and is recognized as aserious and enormously complex social problem in A descriptive research design coupled withIndia. Working children are denied their right to survival selected case studies was used for conducting theand development, education, play, opportunity for study. Mahabubnagar district in Andhra Pradesh wasdeveloping personality, talents, mental and physical purposively selected for the study. Out of the 64abilities and protection from abuse and neglect. Not mandals, five mandals were selected fromwith standing the increase in the enrolment of children Mahabubnagar district through simple randomin elementary schools and increase in literacy rates sampling method. From the five selected mandals,since 1980s, child labour continues to be a significant three villages from each mandal were again randomlyphenomenon in India. Children undertaking heavy selected, thus making a total of 15 villages. In eachworks, carrying heavy loads and maintaining awkward village ten child labourers comprising of five girl childbody positions for a long time, can develop deformation labourers and five boy child labourers were selectedof the spinal column and skeletal damage or impaired randomly and therefore, a total of 150 child labourersgrowth. Heavy work at an early age also has direct were selected as a sample for the study. A pre-testedconsequences on the child’s physical and mental interview schedule was used for collecting the requireddevelopment. Physically, children are not suited to long data through personal interview method.hours of strenuous and monotonous work. Their levelof concentration is also lower than that of adults. Their The consequences due to the children involve-bodies suffer the effects of fatigue faster than adults, ment in labour activities were studied in terms ofand most suffer from malnutrition, which lowers their various aspects of life such as : a) Extent of Basicresistance to disease. Against this background, the need satisfaction (health status and physicalpresent study was undertaken to analyse the appearance, b) Psychological bearings, c) Familyconsequences of involving children in labour activities. relations, d) Social behaviour (number of friends passed

CONSEQUENCES OF INVOLVING CHILDREN IN LABOUR ACTIVITIES 121and activities involved with friends) and e) Self point of basic need satisfaction is most disappointing.perception. As the children come from extremely poor families the parents had to force their children to work and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION supplement the family income. It is clear that the income provided by the working children is critical to Distribution of child labourers based on their their survival.extent of basic need satisfaction : The consolidatedresults furnished in Table I indicate that majority a) Health status of child labourers : The health(70.00%) of the child labourers basic needs were status of child labourers was studied in terms of their:unsatisfied. Out of which, girls were 69.33 per cent (i) physical appearance, and (ii) nutritional status.and boys form 70.66 per cent, followed by a smallnumber of total child labourers (23.34%) with 22.66 i)Physical appearance of child labourers :per cent girls and just less than a quarter per cent of Table II indicates that out of the total child labourers,boys (24.00%) had moderate satisfaction of basic a huge majority (87.33%) had dispigmented hair ofneeds. As for satisfaction of basic needs were which 82.66 per cent were girls and boys accountedconcerned, a meager number of girls (8.00%) and to 92.00 per cent. A large majority of girls (89.33%)boys (5.33%), both combinedly constituted to 6.66 and boys (80.00%) together constituting to 84.66 perper cent of the total child labourers. Similar results cent of child labourers had weak appearance. Untidywere observed earlier by Lieten (2000). appearance was noticed in 82.00 per cent of the total child labourers, which include both girls (78.66%) and The basic reason for this situation is the grave / boys (85.33%). A good majority (70.00%) of childacute poverty of the families and the vulnerable labourers were observed to have possessed uncleanconditions in which the child labourers live. Hence,the situation of the child labourers from the stand TABLE I Distribution of child labourers based on their extent of basic need satisfactionExtent of basic need satisfaction Girls (n=75) Boys (n=75) Pooled (n=150) No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centSatisfaction of basic needs 6 8.00 4 5.33 10 6.66Moderate satisfaction of basic needs 17 22.66 18 24.00 35 23.34Dissatisfaction of basic needs 52 69.33 53 70.66 105 70.00Total 75 100.00 75 100.00 150 100.00 TABLE II Distribution of child labourers based on their physical appearanceCategory Girls (n=75) Boys (n=75) Pooled (n=150) No Per cent No Per cent No Per centUntidy appearance 59 78.66 64 85.33 123 82.00Unclean teeth 47 62.66 58 77.33 10 70.00Dispigmented hair 62 82.66 69 92.00 131 87.33Bleeding gums 18 24.00 16 21.33 34 22.66Weak appearance 67 89.33 60 80.00 127 84.66*Multiple responses

122 M. PRASUNA AND M. SUDARSHAN REDDYteeth who include both girls (62.66%) and boys cent of child labourers. More than one fourth number(77.33%). The food that the child labourers consume of girls (29.33%) and a quarter number of boysdoes not provide for enough nutrients and were unable (25.33%) together making 27.33 per cent of childto meet the nutritional requirements of their bodies labourers were appeared to be severely underand were undernourished. Physical deterioration results nourished (with severe visible symptoms of vitaminfrom keeping late hours, excessive fatigue, exposure deficiency). Poor nutrition, long hours of strenuousto the elements, irregularity of sleep and meals made work, and poor working conditions have a cumulativea large majority (84.66%) of child labourers appear deterious effect on children. They are deprived ofweak. normal growth and development and suffer the ill effects. ii) Nutritional status of child labourers:Fromthe Table III it is clear that a large (32.00%) number b) Psychological traits of child labourers : Onof child labourers with an equal per cent of girls careful observation of psychological traits of child(32.00%) and boys (32.00%) were observed to be labourers, it is evident from Table IV that a goodundernourished (with moderately visible symptoms of majority (78.00%) of the total child labourers werevitamin deficiency). While, 24.00 per cent and 33.33 social in their behaviour of which 72.00 per cent ofper cent of girls and boys, respectively were noticed girls and boys at 84.00 per cent were social in theirto be moderately nourished (with few visible symptoms behaviour. Ahuge majority (82.66%) of girls and 68.00of vitamin deficiency) both comprising to 28.66 per per cent of boys formed a sizeable majority (75.33%) TABLE IIIDistribution of child labourers according to their nutritional statusCategory Girls (n=75) Boys (n=75) Pooled (n=150) No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centWell nourished (Without any visible 11 14.66 12 16.00 23 15.33symptoms of vitamin deficiency)Moderately nourished (With few 18 24.00 25 33.33 43 28.66visible symptoms of vitamindeficiency)Under nourished (With moderately 24 32.00 24 32.00 48 32.00visible symptoms of vitamin deficiency)Severely under- nourished (With severe 22 29.33 19 25.33 41 27.33visible symptoms of vitamin deficiency)*Multiple responses TABLE IV Distribution of child labourers according to their psychological bearingsPersonality traits* Girls (n=75) Boys (n=75) Pooled (n=150) No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centAnxious 27 36.00 36 48.00 63 42.00ComposedAggressive 48 64.00 39 52.00 87 58.00SubmissiveUnsocial 13 17.33 24 32.00 37 24.66SocialFeeling of inferiority 62 82.66 51 68.00 113 75.33*Multiple responses 21 28.00 12 16.00 34 22.66 54 72.00 63 84.00 117 78.00 64 85.33 45 60.00 109 72.66

CONSEQUENCES OF INVOLVING CHILDREN IN LABOUR ACTIVITIES 123of child labourers were observed to be submissive in average relationship with their fathers. Half the numbernature. Majority (85.34%) of girls and boys (60.00%) of total girls (50.66%) possessed a good relationshipwere observed to have a feeling of inferiority, making with their mothers, whereas, 44.00 per cent of boys72.66 per cent of total child labourers. Composed had an average relationship with their mother.behaviour was seen in 64.00 per cent of girls and 52.00 Regarding relation with siblings, a sizeable majorityper cent boys together figuring to 58.00 per cent of (52.00%) of boys and girls (44.00%) expressed goodchild labourers. More than one third of girls (36.00%) and average relation with their siblings, respectively.and nearly half of the boys (48.00%) were found to A good majority (47.33%) of child labourers havingbe anxious in nature. While a less number of girls both girls (46.66%) and boys (48.00%) felt an average(17.33%) and boys (32.00%) were identified as sense of responsibility by parents towards theiraggressive who formed 24.66 per cent of total child children. The responses show that children recognizelabourers. These results were in accordance with the the care shown by their parents and even if they feelfindings of Bhargava (2003). Only 28.00 per cent of overworked or deprived of schooling, they do notgirls and 16.00 per cent of boys making a total of 22.66 directly blame their parents for it. Most of the childrenper cent of child labourers were observed to have felt that they were loved by both parents and mostunsocial behaviour. One of the most salient children loved their parents in return and got emotionalcharacteristics of much exploitative child work is its support from their family members. The childrenrepetitive dullness and sameness. In short, its lack of expressed that their siblings play a very loving andstimulating variety of creativity. It has been widely supportive role in their lives.observed in different settings, that children confinedto this sort of work, or who are isolated from free and d) Social behavior of child labourersspontaneous contact with others - especially otherchildren - show unmistakable symptoms of stunted i) Number of friends the child labourerspsychological development. possessed : It is apparent from Table VI that out of the total child labourers a considerable majority c) Family relations of child labourer: (35.33%) of them had three friends who constitutedObservation of the Table V revealed that a conside- 36.00 per cent of girls and 34.66 per cent of boys,rable nomber (45.33%) of total child labourers who followed by 27.34 per cent with both girls (16.00%)include girls (42.66%) and boys (48.00%) had an and boys (38.66%) who had friends numbering four TABLE V Distribution of child laborers according to their family relationsRelations Good Average Girls Poor Girls Boys Total Girls Boys Total Boys TotalRelation with 29 19 48 32 36 68 9 13 22Father (38.66) (25.33) (32.00) (42.66) (48.00) (45.33) (12.00) (17.33) (14.66)Relation with 38 25 63 27 33 60 5 9 14Mother (50.66) (33.33) (42.00) (36.00) (44.00) (40.00) (6.66) (12.00) (9.33)Relation with 33 18 51 22 39 61 16 18 34Siblings (44.00) (24.00) (34.00) (29.33) (52.00) (40.66) (21.33) (24.00) (22.66)Sense of 29 22 51 35 36 71 4 8 12 (29.33) (34.00) (46.66) (48.00) (47.33) (5.33) (10.66) (8.00)responsibility by (38.66)parents towards the childGirls : n=75; Boys : n=75; Total; N = 150; Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

124 M. PRASUNA AND M. SUDARSHAN REDDY TABLE VIDistribution of child labourers according to the number of friends possessed Category Girls (n=75) Boys (n=75) PooledNo friends No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centOne friend 15 10.00Two friends 11 14.66 4 5.35 15 10.00Three friends 9 12.00 6 8.00 26 17.33Four and above 16 21.34 10 13.33 53 35.33Total 27 36.00 26 34.66 41 27.34 12 16.00 29 38.66 150 100.00 75 100.00 75 100.00and above. While only two friends were possessed Gossiping was frequent among a large majorityby both girls (21.34%) and boys (13.33%) together (70.66%) of child labourers who included both girlsfiguring to 17.33 per cent of child labourers. An equal (62.66%) and boys (78.66%), whereas, a considerableper cent of child labourers had no friends (10.00%) majority (62.66%) of girls rarely, and boys (69.33%)and only one friend (10.00%) for another one tenth frequently roamed around along with their friends.of them. Out of which, 14.66 per cent girls and 5.35 Strict control was exercised on the child labourers byper cent of boys had no friends and a small percentage their elders. It was observed that most of the childof girls (12.00%) and boys (8.00%) had only one laboures ‘watched television’either in their employer’sfriend. This implies that most of the child labourers home or in the neighborhood houses. ‘Gossiping’ waswere friendly in nature and maintained satisfactory the frequent activity of child labourers with their friendssocial relations with others. It may be noted that one when there was collective work, or when theytenth of the total child labourers did not possess any accompany while going to work or in the way backfriends. This shows that these children had home.unsatisfactory social adjustment such as lack ofconfidence in several social situations, not able to take e) Self perception of child labourers : It wasinitiative in social occasions, feeling of self quite obvious from Table VIII that a sizeable majorityconsciousness, hostility and so on (46.68%) of child labourers had low self perception which comprised of 52.00 per cent and 41.33 per ii) Activities involved with friends : It could be cent girls and boys, respectively. Medium selfinterpreted from the Table VII that a large majority perception was exhibited by 32.00 per cent of girls(70.00%) of total child labourers frequently play games/ and considerable number of boys (45.33%) figuringsports with friends, Of which girls were 64.00 per cent to 38.66 per cent of total child labourers. Whereas theand boys forming 76.00 per cent. While a huge majority remaining 14.66 per cent of child labourers with 16.00of girls (97.33%) and boys (93.33%) together making per cent girls and 13.34 per cent boys had shown a95.33 per cent of total child labourers rarely involved high self perception, Similar findings were reportedin studying activity. Regarding involvement in by Reddy (2002) and Reddy (2007). The lack ofrecreational activities, going to movies was a rare adequate opportunities by way of recreation, denial ofphenomenon among a huge majority of girls (96.00%) education, love, inadequate nutrition and the low socio-and boys (62.66%) who formed 79.33 per cent of child economic status of the family has an impact upon thelabourers. Majority of boys (54.66%) and girls child’s self perceptions and this effected the(52.00%) were involved in watching television with opportunities for them to broaden their experiencestheir friends ‘frequently’and ‘sometimes’, respectively. and their development.

CONSEQUENCES OF INVOLVING CHILDREN IN LABOUR ACTIVITIES 125 TABLE VII Distribution of child laborers based on their activities involved with friendsActivities Frequently Sometimes Rarely Girls Boys Total Girls Boys Total Girls Boys TotalPlays games / sports 48 57 105 14 12 26 13 6 19 (76.00) (70.00) (18.66) (16.00) (17.33) (17.33) (8.00) (12.66)with friends (64.00) - 2 - 5 5 73 70 143Studying 2 (1.33) (6.66) (3.33) (97.33) (93.33) (95.33) (2.66) 16 (21.33) 16Involvement in recreational (10.66)activities like 41 (54.66) 59a) Movies - (39.33) 3 12 15 72 47 119 59 (4.00) (16.00) (10.00) (96.00) (62.66) (79.33)b) Watching T. V. 18 (78.66) 106 (70.66) 39 28 67 18 6 24 (24.00) 52 (52.00) (37.33) (44.66) (24.00) (8.00) (16.00) (69.33) 62c) Gossiping 47 (41.33) 17 11 28 11 5 16 (62.66) (22.66) (14.66) (18.66) (14.66) (6.66) (10.66)d) Roaming around 12 18 14 32 47 9 56 (13.33) (24.00) (18.66) (21.33) (62.66) (12.00) (37.33)Girls : n=75 ; Boys : n=75 ; Total : N = 150; Figures in parenthisis indicate percentage TABLE VIII Distribution of child labourers according to their self perception Category Girls (n=75) Boys (n=75) Pooled (n=150) No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centLow (4-8 score) 39 52.00 31 41.33 70 46.68Medium (9-13 score) 58 38.66High (14-18 score) 24 32.00 34 45.33 22 14.66Total 150 100.00 12 16.00 10 13.33 75 100.00 75 100.00 Government should adopt measures designed to REFERENCESafford genuine protection to child labourers. They couldprovide tax reductions, subsidies and other kinds of BHARGAVA, G., 2003, Child Labour, Kalpaz Publications, Delhi,bonus for those employers who displaces the child Vol-II, 358-391.labour with adult labour. Campaings needs to beconducted by Govrernment and Non-Government LIETEN, G. K., 2000, Children, Work and Education-I, Generalorganisations for creating awareness on the ill effects parameters, pp. 20-37.and adverse consequences of Child labour. Intensiveand meaningful training programmes to be organized REDDY, S. B., 2002, Girl Child Labour, A World of Endlessfor all departmental officers working with child labour Exploitation, Dominant Publishers and Distributors,in order to bring an attitudinal change and focus their New Delhi.efforts to implement these legislations. REDDY, C. D., 2007, Child labour – A Study, Serials Publications, New Delhi. (Received : October, 2016 Accepted : January, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 126-132, 2017 Gender Participation in Sugarcane Cultivation Activities K. NISHITHA, M. T. LAKSHMINARAYAN AND B. KRISHNAMURTHY Department ofAgricultural Extension,College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560 065 ABSTRACT The study was conducted in ten villages of two taluks in Mandya district of Karnataka State during 2014- 15 to analyze the extent of participation of farm men and women in sugarcane cultivation activities. One hundred and twenty respondents (60 farm men and 60 farm women) were selected as sample for the study. Small and marginal sugarcane farmers were interviewed using a pre-tested interview schedule. The results revealed that a majority (75.00%) of the farm men were having high to medium level of participation, whereas a majority (76.66%) of farm women had medium to low level of participation in sugarcane cultivation activities. There was a signifi- cant difference between farm men and women with respect to their participation level in sugarcane cultivation activities. The results further revealed that majority of farm men perceived drudgery in performing task like mixing and application of plant protection chemicals (64.00%). While, majority of farm women perceived that hand weeding (83.33%) and planting setts (60.00%) were the activities which involved drudgery.HISTORICALLY, it is believed that it was women who by women is drastically lesser than the male counterfirst domesticated crop plants, and there by initiated parts. Unfortunately, the study on farm women’sthe art and science of farming. While, men were out participation in sugarcane cultivation activities is veryhunting in search of food, women started gathering meager. Hence, it is essential to know the participationseeds from the native flora and began cultivating plants of farm men and women in various activities offor the sake of food, feed, and fuel. Even today, this sugarcane cultivation. Against this background, thetradition has continued in many parts of the developing present study is taken up with the following specificworld. Women are regarded as “the creators of all objectives:the green things in the world”. Rural women shareabundant responsibilities and perform a wide spectrum 1. To study the extent of participation of farmof activities like running the family, maintaining the men and women in sugarcane cultivation activities.household, attending to farm labour, performing severalfarm activities, attending domestic animals and 2. To identify the drudgery related activities inextending a helping hand in rural artisanship and sugarcane cultivation as perceived by farm men andhandicrafts; but their contribution in economic terms women.has not been recognized. This situation prevails inalmost all the developing countries (Veena et al., METHODOLOGY1990). The study was conducted in Mandya district of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an Karnataka State during 2014-15. Mandya district wasannual crop engaging around 50 million farmers of purposively selected for the study, since it is consideredwhich approximately half of them are women to be one of the agriculturally progressive district in(Zaidi and Munir, 2014). Even though women form Karnataka. Out of the seven taluks of the Mandyathe backbone of sugarcane cultivation, they still tend district, two taluks namely, Mandya (7,655 ha) andto exist as “the hidden farmers” with almost negligible Maddur (5,135 ha) were purposively selected for theaccess to land, resources, technologies, financial study, since these taluks have recorded highest areaservices, markets and even education. Despite their under sugarcane cultivation during the year 2013-14exclusive inputs in sugarcane farming viz., planting (Anon, 2013-14). Sugarcane is cultivated as a cashsetts, manure application, hand weeding, and detopping crop in all the villages of the sampled two taluks. Fiveand cleaning the cane, the output of the land controlled villages were randomly selected for the study from each of the two sampled taluks. Small and marginal farmers were interviewed for the study since farm

GENDER PARTICIPATION IN SUGARCANE CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES 127women from small and marginal farmers are more RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONinvolved in the participation in sugarcane cultivationactivities. From each village, six farm households Overall participation of farm men and womencultivating sugarcane were randomly selected. in sugarcane cultivation activities : A cursoryRelevant data was collected from the head of the perusal of Table I reveals that a greater number offamily and his spouse. Thus, the final sample farm men (40.00%) had high level of participation,constituted 120 respondents (60 farm men and 60 farm while 35.00 and 25.00 per cent of the farm men hadwomen) from ten villages of Mandya and Maddur medium and low level of participation in the sugarcanetaluks. cultivation activities, respectively. It can be concluded that three-fourth (75.00%) of the farm men had high Ex-post facto research design was employed in to medium level of participation. Farm men had eitherthe present study. Personal interview method was ‘exclusively’ or ‘jointly’ participated in all the sugarcaneadopted to collect the data from farm men and cultivation activities, hence three- fourth of the farmwomen. The collected data was analyzed using men had medium to high level of participation in thefrequency, percentage, mean and student ‘t’ test. sugarcane cultivation activities. Participation in the present study is operationally It is also observed from Table I that an equaldefined as degree to which the farm men and women percentage of the farm women (38.33% each) hadare carrying out various sugarcane cultivation activi- medium and low level of participation, whereas 23.34ties. It was measured using the procedure followed per cent of the farm women had high level ofby Rajulashanthy (2010) with slight modification. participation in the sugarcane cultivation activities. It A list of 25 sugarcane activities were presented TABLE Ito the farm men and women to know their extent ofparticipation. To analyze the extent of participation of Overall participation of farm men and womenfarm men, a score of 3, 2 and 1 was assigned to ‘farm in sugarcane cultivation activitiesmen alone’, ‘farm women alone’ and ‘both’,respectively. The extent of participation of farm Category Farm men Farm womenwomen was analyzed by assigning score of 3, 2 and 1 (n=60) (n=60)to ‘farm women alone’, ‘farm men alone’ and ‘both’,respectively. Based on the total score obtained for No. % No. %the 25 sugarcane cultivation activities by therespondents, the farm men and women were classified Low 15 25.00 23 38.33into low, medium and high participation levelconsidering mean and half standard deviation. Medium 21 35.00 23 38.33 High 24 40.00 14 23.34 Total 60 100.00 60 100.00Participation Score can be inferred that a vast majority (76.66%) of farm category women had medium to low level of participation in Farm men Farm women sugarcane cultivation activities. Majority of farm women had medium to low level of participation isLow { Less than Below 47.13 Below 35.19 due to non-participation in the cultivation activities such(Mean - ½ SD)} as ploughing, forming ridges and furrows, cleaning irrigation channels, spraying plant protection chemicals,Medium {Between 47.13 to 55.11 35.19 to 41.29 transporting harvested cane from field to vehicle and(Mean ± ½ SD)} shoulder breaking operations in ratoon crop. Women in addition to carrying out farming activities, they haveHigh {More than Above 55.11 Above 41.29 also devoted time in doing domestic task (household(Mean +½ SD)} work, cooking, child care etc.), hence, a vast majority of farm women were having low to medium level ofMean 51.12 38.24 participation in performing sugarcane cultivationStandard deviation 7.98 6.10

128 K. NISHITHA et al.activities. The reported results are in line with the filling (3.33%), application of farm yard manurefindings of Nethravathi (2008) and Sujaykumar (2012). (5.00%), hand weeding (8.34%), spraying weedicide (6.66%), guiding irrigation water (3.34%), earthing up Activity-wise participation of farm men and (3.34%), detrashing and mulching (3.34%), mixing plantwomen in sugarcane cultivation : A total of 25 protection chemicals (6.00%), rouging the affectedsugarcane cultivation activities were selected for the clumps (5.00%), cutting the cane (5.00%) detoppingstudy to know the extent of participation of farm men and cleaning the cane (30.00%) and stubble shavingand women and the same is presented in Table II. operations in ratoon crop (16.67%). The results in Table II reveals that the sugarcane It could be observed from the results that settcultivation activities like ploughing, forming ridges and planting and application of basal dose and top dressingfurrows, cleaning irrigation channels, spraying plant of fertilizer, hand weeding and detopping and cleaningprotection chemicals, transporting the harvested cane the cane are women dominated activities. Hence, morefrom field to vehicle and shoulder breaking operations than 25.00 per cent of the farm women have ‘jointly’in ratoon crop were performed exclusively (100.00%) participated along with their spouses in performing theby farm men. Whereas, a vast majority of farm men above activities.The findings are in consonance withparticipated in the activities such as gap filling the findings of Rajeshkumar et al. (2005),(96.67%), spraying weedicide (93.34%), guiding Rajulashanthy (2010) and Vishwanath (2013).irrigation water (96.66%), earthing up (96.66%),detrashing and mulching (96.66%), mixing plant Test of significance between farm men andprotection chemicals (94.00%), rouging the affected women with respect to their participation inclumps (95.00%) and cutting the cane (95.00%). sugarcane cultivation activities : Results in TableThe above activities are laborious, tough and III reveals that the mean participation score of farmcumbersome and hence being performed exclusively men (51.12) is greater than the mean participationby farm men. More or less similar findings was score of farm women (38.24). The ‘t’ value (9.98)observed by RajulaShanthy( 2010). was found to be highly significant at one per cent level of probability indicating significant difference exist It is also observed in Table II that a majority of between farm men and women with respect to theirfarm women participated in the sugarcane cultivation participation level in sugarcane cultivation activities.activities such as sett cutting (60.00%), sett treatment Farm men have either ‘exclusively’ or ‘jointly’(61.66%), sett transport (55.00%), spreading setts participated in all the sugarcane cultivation activities.(63.34%), sett planting (60.00%), application of farm Farm women in addition to carrying out farmingyard manure (53.33%), basal dose of fertilizer activities, have also devoted time in doing domestic(51.66%), top dressing of fertilizer (53.34%), hand task (household work, cooking, child care etc.), henceweeding (90.00%), and detopping and cleaning the there is a significant difference between the farm mencane (61.66%). These activities are also laborious but and women with respect to their participation level indo not demand much physical energy as required by sugarcane cultivation activities.the activities done by farm men. Drudgeries in sugarcane cultivation activities Over one-fourth of ‘farm men and women have as perceived by farm men and women : A perusal‘jointly’ participated in the sugarcane cultivation of Table IV reveals that over one-third of the farmactivities like sett planting (26.66%), application of men experienced ‘backache’ while irrigating thebasal dose (35.00%) and top dressing of fertilizers sugarcane crop (45.00%) and harvesting the cane(35.00%), and detopping and cleaning the cane (36.66%). Whereas, majority of farm women(30.00%). Whereas, less number of both farm men experienced ‘backache’ while performing operationsand women have ‘jointly’ performed the activities like like hand weeding (83.33%) and planting settssett cutting (23.34%), sett treatment (21.68%), sett (60.00%). The drudgeries can be reduced with respecttransport (20.00%), spreading setts (20.00%), gap to the above activities if suitable farm implements such

GENDER PARTICIPATION IN SUGARCANE CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES 129 TABLE IIExtent of participation of farm men and women in sugarcane cultivation activitiesSugarcane cultivation activities Farm men Farm women Both (n=60) (n=60) (n=120) No. % No. % No. %Land preparation 60 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 a. Ploughingb. Forming ridges and furrows 60 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Planting setts 10 16.66 36 60.00 28 23.34 a. Sett cutting 10 16.66 37 61.66 26 21.68 b. Sett treatment 15 25.00 33 55.00 24 20.00 c. Sett transport 10 16.66 38 63.34 24 20.00 d. Spreading setts 08 13.34 36 60.00 32 26.66 e. Sett planting 58 96.67 0 0.00 04 3.33 f. Gap fillingManuring 25 41.67 32 53.33 06 5.00 a. Applying FYM b. Applying fertilizers 08 13.34 31 51.66 42 35.00 i Basal dose 07 11.67 32 53.33 42 35.00 ii. Top dressing 01 1.66 54 90.00 10 8.34Weed management a. Hand weeding b. Spraying weedicide 28 93.34 0 0.00 04 6.66 (n=30* and 60*) 58 96.66 0 0.00 04 3.34Irrigation a. Guiding irrigation water b. Cleaning channels 60 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 58 96.66Earthing up 58 96.66 0 0.00 04 3.34Detrashing and mulching 47 94.00 0 0.00 04 3.34Plant protection 0 0.00 06 6.00 a. Mixing plant protection chemicals (n=30* and 60*)b. Spraying plant protection chemicals 50 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 (n=50** and 100**)c. Rouging affected clumps 57 95.00 0 0.00 06 5.00Harvesting 57 95.00 0 0.00 06 5.00 a. Cutting the caneb. Detopping and cleaning the cane 05 08.34 37 61.66 36 30.00Transporting the cane from field 60 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00to vehicleRatoon management 26 43.33 24 40.00 20 16.67 a. Stubble shaving operationb. Shoulder breaking operation 60 100.00 0 00.00 0 00.00* Number of farmers applied weedicide ; ** Number of farmers applied plant protection chemicals.

130 K. NISHITHA et al. TABLE III as harvesters, weeders and sugarcane sett planters are developed by the farm scientists. The sugarcane Test of significance between farm men and farmers can adopt sub-surface drip irrigation to irrigatewomen with respect to extent of participation the crop for reducing the drudgeries. However, the technologies should be within the farmer’s financialRespondents Extent of participation means. Mean score ‘t’ value It is also observed that over one-third of the farmFarm men (n=60) 51.12 9.98** men experienced ‘neck pain’ while carrying outFarm women (n=60) 38.24 operations like application of plant protection** Significant at 1 per cent level TABLE IVDrudgeries in sugarcane cultivation activities as perceived by farm men and women Farm men (n=60) Farm women (n=60) Drudgeries No. % No. %Backache 16 26.66 0 0.00 a. Land preparation 10 16.66 36 60.00 b. Planting setts 01 1.66 50 83.33 c. Hand weeding 17 28.33 01 1.66 d. Detrashing and mulching 14 23.33 01 1.66 e. Earthing up 27 45.00 02 3.33 f. Irrigation 22 36.66 03 5.00 g. Harvesting 13 21.66 0 0.00 h. Transportation of canes 10 16.66 02 3.33Neck pain 09 15.00 20 33.34 a. Application of FYM 22 36.66 0 0.00 b. Application of fertilizers 21 35.00 03 5.00 c. Application of plant protection chemicals d. Harvesting canes 11 18.33 0 0.00 04 6.66 33 55.00Blisters and lesions 08 13.33 24 40.00 a. Land preparation 32 64.00 03 6.00 b. Hand weeding 17 28.34 02 3.34 c. Application of fertilizers 11 18.34 0 0.00 d. Mixing and application of plant protection chemicals e. Harvesting 23 38.33 20 33.33 f. Transporting canes 13 21.67 0 0.00Cough and nasal infections due to inhalation of: 08 13.34 19 31.67 a. Manure dust 14 23.33 03 6.00 b. Mixing and application of plant protection chemicalsEye irritation a. Application of fertilizers b. Mixing and application of plant protection chemicals

GENDER PARTICIPATION IN SUGARCANE CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES 131chemicals (36.66%) and harvesting of canes (34.00%). The extent of drudgery of farm men and womenIt was also found that one-third (33.34%) of the farm in the farm vary widely with the nature of work, typewomen experienced ‘neck pain’ while applying of activity, their socio-economic status, local customs,fertilizers to the sugarcane crop. Drudgeries in the size of family etc.above mentioned activities could be reduced byefficiently using sprayers and harvesting tools. The reduction in drudgery will lead to reduced fatigue and increase the participation of farm men and Further, majority of the farm men (64.00%) women in farm activities.perceived that ‘blister and lesions’ were caused whilecarrying out mixing and application of plant protection The study results are in conformity with thechemicals. In case of farm women, a larger number finding of Padmavathi (2002), Bharath Kumar (2010),of farm women perceived that ‘blister and lesions’ Rajulashanthy (2010) and Zaidi and Munir (2014).were caused while performing hand weeding (55.00%)and applying fertilizer to the sugarcane crop (40.00%). The research results has revealed that a greaterDrudgeries could be reduced in the above mentioned proportion of farm men (40.00%) had high level ofactivities by efficiently using the sprayers and participation, whereas an equal percentage of the farmweeders. Hand gloves could be used while mixing and women (38.33% each) had medium and low level ofapplication of agro-chemicals so that the chemicals participation in the sugarcane cultivation activities.would not come in contact with the skin. It can be inferred that both farm men and women have participated in the sugarcane cultivation activities The data in Table IV further shows that most of but their participation levels differed in variousthe farm men (38.33% ) and farm women (33.33%) activities. The extension agencies should educate theperceived drudgery due to inhalation of manure dust farm men to motivate farm women to participatecausing ‘cough and nasal infections’, whereas 21.67 actively in farming activities. Hence, both farm menper cent of farm men had perceived drudgery while and women can profitably engage themselves inmixing and applying plant protection chemicals causing different activities of sugarcane cultivation. More‘cough and nasal infections’. Nose mask could be exposure of farm women to the extension activitiesutilized to avoid inhalation of dust caused while mixing and frequent contacts with the formal extensionand application of manures. personnel will help the farm women to gain knowledge for improving self perception, self esteem and It is also observed from Table IV that a little more confidence which contribute to increased participationthan one-fourth of the farm men perceived drudgery in sugarcane cultivation activities.while mixing and applying plant protection chemicals(23.33%) causing ‘eye irritation’ , whereas six per Extending the technological interventions such ascent of farm women perceived it to be drudgery while ploughing tools, sugarcane sett planters, sugarcane settmixing and applying plant protection chemicals causing cutter, sugarcane detrasher, sugarcane intercultivator,‘eye irritation’. About one-third (31.67%) of farm earthing up ridger and ridger cum weeder, rotovator,women perceived the application of fertilizers as sprayers, sugarcane stubble shaver, ratoon manager,drudgery causing ‘eye irritation’, while 13.34 per cent sugarcane combine harvester and sugarcane stripperof farm men perceived that the application of fertilizers (stripping leaves and detoppping of cane after harvest)as drudgery causing ‘eye irritation’. The eye irritation etc., will reduce the drudgery to both farm men andcould be minimized by wearing eye mask by the farmers women. The Karnataka State Department ofwhile mixing and applying agro-chemicals to the Agriculture may provide farm implement on customsugarcane crop. However, the above tasks are hire basis to the needy farmers through Raithaconceived as routine ones and there is no realization Samparka Kendras.with regard to the drudgery involved.

132 K. NISHITHA et al. REFERENCES RAJULASHANTHY, T., 2010, Gender perspectives for sustaining sugarcane based farming system. IndianANONYMOUS, 2013-14, Director of Agriculture, Bengaluru, Res. J. Extn. Edn.,10 (1) : 112 - 116. Karnataka, Statistical data base (http:// raitamitra.kar.nic.in). SUJAYKUMAR, S., 2012. Participation and time utilization pattern of rural youth in organic sugarcane cultivationBHARAT KUMAR, T.P., 2010, Time utilization and decision under Cauvery Command Area of Karnataka. making in horticulture: Antecedent to gender M.Sc.(Agri.)Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agri. Sci., mainstreaming. M.Sc. (Agri.)Thesis, (Unpub.), Bengaluru. Univ. Agri. Sci., Bengaluru. VISHWANATH, H., 2013, A study on aspirations andNETHRAVATHI, R.V., 2008, Participation of farm women in post- participation of rural youth practicing agriculture and harvest technology of tomato in Kolar district. allied activities. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, (Unpub.), M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, (Unpub.),Univ. Agri. Sci., Univ. Agri. Sci., Bengaluru. Bengaluru. VEENA, S., SHASHI MINJAL AND PUNA R. K., 1990, ParticipationPADMAVATHI, M., 2002, Participation and knowledge of farm of women in farm activities. Indian J. Extn. Edn.,26 : women labourers in rice farming operations. Ph.D. 112 - 114. Thesis, (Unpub.), Univ. Agri. Sci., Bengaluru. ZAIDI, N.H., AND MUNIR, A., 2014, Participation of women inRAJESH KUMAR, ARYA, B.S. AND SUNIL ARYA, 2005, sugarcane farming system – A case study of Bijnor Participation of tribal farmers in vegetable cultivation. District, Western Uttar Pradesh. Economic Affairs, MANAGE, Extn. Edn. Res. Review., 86 - 94. 59(3) : 449 - 457.(Received : July, 2016 Accepted : December, 2016)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 133-138, 2017Livelihood Status of Village Forest Committee (VFC) Members in Karnataka State ABDULLAH FAIZ AND N. R. GANGADHARAPPA Department of Agricultural Extension, College ofAgriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560 065 ABSTRACT Village Forest Committee (VFC) members engage in diverse and multiple activities to improve their livelihoods by maximizing their income through income generating activities, while minimizing vulnerability of risk and achieving other household objectives (improved health, nutrition and education etc. The present study was conducted in three forest circles such as Koppa, Karwar, and Kodagu during the year 2014-15 to analyse the livelihood status of VFC members. A total of 180 VFC members both male and female were interviewed using a pre-tested schedule. It was found that, 59 per cent of VFC members had just secured livelihood status. The variables such as experiences in JFPM programme (r=0.296), environmental awareness (r=0.271), land holding (r=0.289) and family income (r=0.285) had positive and significant relationship with the livelihood status at one per cent level. Whereas, family dependency ratio (r=-0.272) had negative and significant relationship with the livelihood status at one per cent level.ENVIRONMENTAL Sustainability is increasingly being for participatory forest management in India. Thethreatened by large scale changes to the natural Government of Karnataka promulgated a governmentenvironment. Human behaviour is disrupting natural order on Joint Forest Planning and Managementecological processes and depleting natural resources (JFPM) programme in 1993. This was furtherworldwide, causing potentially irreversible global reinforced with Japan International Cooperationenvironmental changes that could significantly affect Agency (JICA) funded project namely Karnatakahuman and ecosystem health. Join Forest Planning and Sustainable Forest Management and Bio-diversityManagement (JFPM) programme is one of the forest Conservation (KSFMBC)Project. This project wasconservation and income generating programme with initiated during the year 2005-06. JFPM scheme isthe involvement and co-operation of local people known to provide ecological, socio-cultural, andliving in and around the forest area. JFPM basically economic benefits to rural society.includes sharing of products, responsibilities,control and decision making authority over the forest Livelihood is the means in which people use toland between forest departments and local user groups. support themselves, to survive and to prosper. It is anThe JFPM facilitates the planning, protection, outcome of how and why people organize to transformconservation and development of forest and natural the environment to meet their needs throughresources which finally helps in mitigation of forest technology, labour, power, knowledge and socialdegradation and ill effects of climate change. Through relations. Livelihood is also shaped by the broaderthis programme, tree coverage has been increased economic and political systems within which theywhen compare to earlier situation. This process operate. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assetseventually helps to mitigate the climate change. The (including both material and social resources) andKarnataka Forest Department has constituted 3887 activities required for a means of living. Alivelihood isVFCs in the Karnataka state bringing nearly 3,40,000 sustainable when it can cope with and recover fromha. of degraded forests under JFPM. Tribals living in stress and shocks and maintain or enhance itsand around the forest area are supposed to develop, capabilities and assets both at present and in the future,conserve and protect the forest resources but, they while not undermining the natural resource base.are destroying the forest resources. In order to arrest (Chambers and Conway, 1991).the destructions of the forest by the tribals, theGovernment of India introduced a programme called However, livelihood is an outcome of how andJoint Forest Management (JFM) programme. JFM why people organize to transform the environment toorder was issued during 1990 after the forest policy meet their needs through technology, labour, power,act was conducted during 1988 which set the stage knowledge and social relations. Put crudely, almost half

134 ABDULLAH FAIZ AND N. R. GANGADHARAPPAof the world’s population does not have the socio- analyzed using chi square, correlation test and, multipleeconomic and political means to realize their regression analysis.economic and social rights. One of the major causesof the poverty is the lack of viable livelihoods in the RESULT AND DISCUSSIONdeveloping world. Livelihoods are the sum of ways inwhich people make a living. The idea of livelihood Overall Livelihood Status of VFC memberssecurity embodies three fundamental attributes viz., in three Circles and Pooled situation : Anthe possession of human capabilities, access to other examination of Table I indicates that, in Koppa divisiontangible and intangible assets, and the existence of 60.0 per cent of VFC members had justeconomic activities. The interaction among these secured level of livelihood status, followed by betterattributes defines what livelihood option an individual (23.0%) and poor level of livelihood status (17.0%).pursue. Households combine their livelihood resources Similarly in Kodagu circle, 60.0 per cent of VFCwithin the limits of their context and use their members had just secured level of livelihood status,institutional connections to pursue a number of followed by better (30.0%) and poor level of livelihooddifferent livelihood options. Such options can include status (10.0%). Whereas, in Karwar circle, 57.0 pervarious types of production and income generating cent of farmers had just secured level ofactivities. Thus, each household can have several livelihood status, followed poor (23.00%) and betterpossible sources of entitlement, which constitute its (20.00%) level of livelihood status. In case of pooledlivelihood. With this background, the present study has situation 59.0 per cent of VFC members had securedbeen under taken to know the livelihood status of VFC level of livelihood status, followed by 24.0 per centmembers in Karnataka state. Hardly any studies were better and 17.0 per cent poor level of livelihood status.conducted to know whether livelihood status of people The results revealed that there is difference in livelihoodhas improved or not due to KSFMBC project. status among Koppa, Karwar and Kodagu VFC members. This might be due to the difference in their METHODOLOGY income level, sources of income, assets, different activities, capabilities and coping strategies. The A research study was carried out in forest area findings of the study are supported by Richard Gilibaof Karnataka state during the year 2014-15. Six Village (2010) and Jones (2013).Forest Committees (VFCs) randomly were selectedfrom Koppa, Karwar and Kodagu forest circles. Two Variation in livelihood status among VFCVFCs were randomly chosen from each of selected members in different circles :The chi-square testcircle. Fifteen female were selected from each VFC was applied to test the overall livelihood status ofby applying proportionate random sampling technique. VFC members in different forest divisions and pooledThus, a total of 180 VFC members from six VFC were situation (Table II). The test was turned out to beselected for the study to measure their forest significant at one per cent level indicating a significantmanagement behaviour. The collected data scored and variation in the overall livelihood status of VFC TABLE I Overall livelihood status of VFC members in three circles and pooled situation (n=180) Livelihood status Koppa Karwar Kodagu Pooled situation (n1= 60) (n2= 60) (n3=60) (n=180) No. % No. % No. % No. %Poor livelihood status 10 17 14 23 6 10 30 17Just secured livelihood status 36 60 34 57 36 60 106 59Better livelihood status 14 23 12 20 18 30 44 24Total 60 100 60 100 60 100 180 100

LIVELIHOOD STATUS OF VILLAGE FOREST COMMITTEE MEMBERS IN KARNATAKA STATE 135 TABLE IIVariation in livelihood status among VFC members in different circles Koppa Karwar Kodagu Pooled situation (n1= 60) (n1= 60) Livelihood status (n1= 60) (n=180) x2Poor (< 160.17 score) No. % No. % 10 17 14 23 No. % No. % 6 10 30 17Just secured (160.17 to 166.62 score) 36 60 34 57 36 60 106 59 64.55**Better (> 166.62 score) 14 23 12 20 18 30 44 24Total 60 100 60 100 60 100 180 100** Significant at 1 per cent levelmembers in different forest circles viz., Koppa, TABLE IIIKarwar, Kodagu and pooled situation. This could bedue to their diversified livelihood options, educational Relationship between Independent variableslevel of the family members, size of land holdings andlivestock possession. From the above discussion it and livelihood status of VFC members incould be concluded that there is a difference in thelevels of livelihood status in three circles viz., Koppa, pooled situation (n=180)Karwar, Kodagu and pooled situation of Karnatakastate. Sl. Independent Correlation No. variables coefficient (r) Relationship between independent variablesand livelihood status of VFC membersin pooled X1 Age -0.091 NSsituation : The relationship between independent X2 Education 0.020 NSvariables with livelihood status of VFC members in X3 Family size 0.169 *pooled situation are furnished in the Table III. The X4 Family type 0.049 NSvariables such as experiences in JFPM programme X5 Family dependency ratio -0.272 **(r=0.296), environmental awareness (r=0.271), land X6 Experience in JFPM programme 0.296 **holding (r=0.289) and family income (r=0.285) had X7 Marital status 0.054 NSpositive and significant relationship with livelihood X8 Training need 0.168 *status at one per cent level. Whereas, family X9 Farming experience 0.044 NSdependency ratio (r= -0.272) had negative and X10 Environmental awareness 0.271 **significant relationship with livelihood security at one X11 Family encouragement 0.061 NSper cent level. The other variables such as, family size X12 Land Holding 0.289 **(r=0.169), training need (r=0.168), participation in X13 Participation in JFPM activities 0.137 *JFPM activities (r=0.137), extension contact (r=0.135), X14 Extension contact 0.135 *economic motivation (0.139) and decision making X15 Social participation 0.071 NSability (r=0.151) had positive and only risk orientation X16 Family income 0.285 **(r=-0.136) had negative and significant relationship X17 Material possession 0.097 NSwith livelihood status at five per cent level. While X18 Mass media use 0.013 NSeducation (r=0.020), family type (r=0.049), marital X19 Risk orientation -0.136 *status (r=0.054), farming experience (r=0.044), family X20 Aspiration 0.049 NSencouragement (r=0.061), social participation X21 Economic motivation 0.193 *(r=0.071), material possession (r=0.097), mass media X22 Decision making ability 0.151 *use (r=0.013) and aspiration (r=0.049) had positive ** Significant at 1 per cent level. * Significant at 5 per cent level. NS: Non-Significant

136 ABDULLAH FAIZ AND N. R. GANGADHARAPPAand non-signifiacant relationship,while age (r=-0.091) areas and also they were enjoying the activities, whichhad negative and non-significant relationship with the improves their livelihood and forest lands. The resultslivelihood status of VFC members. indicate that there is significant and positive relationship between extension contact and livelihood status of As family size increases number of earning VFC members. The significant relationship betweenmembers in the family increases thus positive and livelihood status and extension contact is mainly, duesignificant relationship between family size and to out reach activities and regular contact with forestlivelihood security was observed in all the three circles department personnel has influenced the livelihoodnamely Koppa, Karwar Kodagu and also in pooled status in large measure. Frequent contacts with changesituation. The similar finding was reported in all the agents provide necessary, timely guidance andthree circle Koppa, Karwar, Kodagu and also in reinforcement to initiate action on the part of VFCpooled situation. Dependency ratio had negative and members. Extension contact further helps VFCsignificant relationship with the livelihood status of members to select new crops, technologies and variousVFC members. The likely reason might be that as enterprises to fetch more profits and sustenance. Thedependency ratio increases the livelihood security results indicate that there is significant and positivewhich effect the livelihood status, decreases due to relationship between family income and livelihooddependency of non-earning members on earning status of VFC members. Starting or expansion ofmembers. VFC members are practicing the forest forestry, agriculture and allied activities depends uponconservation, protection, and managing and the economic condition of VFC members. Sustaineddevelopment practices since long time due to joint income earned by the family members who are eligibleforest planning and management programme and they for work and busy in field of forestry, agriculture andlearned from the challenges which were faced and allied activities has helped the families to spend theirfound solution how to solve the problem and achieves income for their livelihood and to have better livelihoodthe challenges. The exposure of respondents to status. In all the three forests circles viz., Koppa,trainings increases their confidence level and skills to Karwar and Kodagu and also pooled situation, riskdo varied works as a result earnings also increases orientation had negative and significant relationship withhence, training need had positive and significant livelihood status of VFC members. It could be due torelationship with livelihood status of VFC members the fact that risk orientation of the respondentsin Koppa, Karwar, Kodagu circle and also in pooled increases the security for their living standards. Thesituations. Further, the possible reason for this kind of findings of the study are supported by Sharma (2004),result might be that, majority of VFC members were Lavanya (2010) and Raksha et al. (2012).aware of the various parameters of environmentalissues such as rainfall, temperature etc., and ill-effects The economic motivation had a positive andof climate change and degradation of natural significant relationship with livelihood status of VFCresources, hence, they had better knowledge about members in three circles and also in pooled situations.the climate change. As JFPM activities comprised The likely causes might be that as economicplanning, protection, conservation and development of motivation increases, respondents attaches greaterforest and forest areas, VFC members had knowledge importance to profit maximization thereby securedabout the environmental issues. Land holding of VFC livelihood can be achieved. The decision making hadmembers had positive and significant relationship with a positive and significant relationship with livelihoodlivelihood status in all the three circles and also in status of VFC members in three circles and also inpooled situations. The possible reason might be that pooled situations. The results might be due to the factlandholding is the major asset which gives continued that the decision making with respect to financialincome to the family thereby secured livelihood. It matters and outside home activities rests with theirimplies that VFC members had always involved in all family members and it makes the life secured. Thethe JFPM activities conducted by VFC in order to present study finding is in line with the findingsplan, conserve, protect and development of forest of Chandrakala (1999); Veeranna (2004) and

LIVELIHOOD STATUS OF VILLAGE FOREST COMMITTEE MEMBERS IN KARNATAKA STATE 137 TABLE IV A critical look at the Table IV inferred the contribution of independent variables of VFCExtent of contribution of independent variables members to their dependent variable in pooled situation. The results concluded that independent variables such to livelihood of VFC members in as family size, family dependency ratio, experience in JFPM programme, training need, family pooled situation n=180 encouragement, participation in JFPM activities, extension contact, social participation, family income,Independent Regression Standard t- value economic motivation, and decision making ability had variables co-efficient (b) error significantly contributed to the livelihood status of VFC (SEb) members in pooled situation.Age -0.0444 0.0823 0.54 NS The R2 value pointed out that all the 22 0.0778 0.40 NS independent variables had contributed to the tune ofEducation 0.0309 0.0784 3.14 ** 81.40 per cent of variation in livelihood status. 0.0806 0.47 NSFamily size 0.2449 0.0654 2.83 ** Majority of the VFC members in Karnataka 0.0986 2.43 ** state were found to have medium level of livelihoodFamily type 0.0382 status. Hence, there is need to improve the livelihood status of VFC members in Karnataka state byFamily dependency ratio -0.1851 providing required and adequate facilities viz., irrigation, agricultural inputs, technical guidance,Experience in JFPM -0.1809 training and market for the produce at village level toprogramme carry out farming more effectively. Thus, the VFC should extend loan to all the VFC members in order toMarital status 0.0626 0.1507 0.41 NS sustain their lives under adverse climatic situation by 0.0999 2.49 * promoting other Income Generation Activities.Training need 0.2386 0.0916 1.84 NS Providing the specific strategies for specific forest area 0.1377 0.25 NS by the help of VFC members, increasing theirFarming experience 0.1685 0.1026 3.25 ** relationship with local NGOs and other related 0.1153 0.36 NS agencies and VFC members should encourage andEnvironmental awareness 0.0338 0.0939 2.41 * motivate the local people to participate in forest conservation, protection, management andFamily encouragement 0.3334 development activities.Land Holding 0.0533 REFERENCESParticipation in JFPM 0.2265 CHAMBERS, R. AND CONWAY, G., 1991, Sustainable ruralactivities livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. Retrieved, February 3, 2010.Extension contact 0.2820 0.0934 2.35 * 0.1339 4.75 ** CHANDRAKALA, H. T., 1999, Extent of knowledge, adoptionSocial participation 0.6360 0.0794 3.05 ** and time utilization pattern of farm women laborers in 0.1141 0.21 NS Dairy management. An Analysis, M.Sc. (Agri.) ThesisFamily income 0.2422 0.1115 0.25 NS (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bengaluru. 0.0838 0.18 NSMaterial possession 0.0542 0.0769 1.78 NS ERENEUS MARBANIANG, 2010, Livelihood activities of tibetian 0.0975 2.36 * rehabilitants of Mundgod – a socio economic analysis.Mass media use 0.0537 0.0999 2.51 * M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad.Risk orientation 0.0665Aspiration 0.1376Economic motivation 0.2893Decision making ability 0.2365*= Significant at 5 per cent level.**=Significant at 1 per cent level.NS= Non-Significant. R2= 0.8140. F = 12.56**.Singh (2004), The findings of the study are supportedby Lakshmi Narayani (2009), Ereneus Marbaniang(2010), Raksha et al. (2012) and Rokonuzzaman(2013).

138 ABDULLAH FAIZ AND N. R. GANGADHARAPPAJONES, H. M., 2013, Livelihood diversification and money- RICHARD GILIBA, 2010, Psychological Testing lending in a Rajasthan village : what lessons for (IV Edition). Mc. Millan Publishing Co., Inc. rural financial services? The European J. Develop. New York. Res., 20 (3) : 507 - 518. ROKONUZZAMAN, M., 2013, Training needs of tribal peopleLAKSHMINARAYANI, S., 2009, A study on livelihood security regarding income generating activities. Indian Res. J. of farmers in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. M.Sc. Extn. Edn., 13 (2) : 10 - 16. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bengaluru. SHARMA, E.A.S., 2004, Is rural economy breaking down?LAVANYA, B.T., 2010, Assessment of farming system – Farmer’s suicides in Andhra Pradesh Economic and efficiently in Theni district of Tamil Nadu, Political Weekly, July 10, 2004, pp : 3087 - 3089. M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bengaluru. SINGH, V., 2004, People participation in forest management: Experience at Vana Panachayat in U.P. hills.RAKSHA, RITAGOEL AND LALI YADAV, 2012, Constraints faced Wasteland News, 7 (1) : 5 - 13. by rural women in procurement and utilization of credit facilities in Hissar district. J. of Research, VEERANNA, K. C., 2004, Gender analysis of dairy and crop ANGRAU, 40 (4) : 29 - 35. production systems in Bider district of Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci., 17 (2).(Received : August, 2016 Accepted : January, 2017)

Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 51 (1) : 139-144, 2017 Perception of Farm Youth towards Agriculture PREETHI, M. S. NATARAJU AND M. T. LAKSHMINARAYAN Department of Agricultural Extension, College ofAgriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560 065 ABSTRACT The study was conducted in Kunigal, Turvekere, Tiptur and Sira taluks of Tumakuru district in Karnataka state during 2014-15 to analyze the perception of farm youth towards agriculture and to enlist the problems encountered by farm youth practicing agriculture. Two hundred farm youth from 20 villages of four taluks in Tumakuru district were sampled for the study. Relevant data was collected from 200 farm youth using a structured interview schedule. It was found that more than three-fourth of the farm youths ( 76.50%) had medium to high level of perception towards agriculture. Education, family size, land holding, family income, risk orientation, economic motivation, innovative proneness, social participation, mass media use, extension contact, extension participation, cosmopoliteness, farm scientist contact, farming commitment and training received of farm youth had positive and significant relationship with the perception towards agriculture. Nineteen independent variables selected for the study had contributed to the tune of 70.50 per cent of variation in developing better perception of farm youth towards agriculture. Lack of necessary timely inputs, lack of irrigation facilities, electricity problem, and scarcity of labor were the most important problems faced by the farm youth practicing agriculture. Provision of irrigation facility, supply of regular power, timely supply of necessary inputs and timely provision of credit were accorded the first four suggestions offered by farm youth to overcome the problems faced by them in agriculture.INDIA is a land of youth and constitute a numerically 1. To analyze the perception of farm youthdominant potential, resourceful and adventurous towards agriculture.segment of the population. According to 2011 census,youth population in India with the age group of 15 to 2. To find out the relationship between personal,35 years is around 43,02,28,000 (35.36%) of the total socio-economic, psychological and communicationpopulation. Out of this, 70 per cent (301 million) were characteristics of farm youth with their perceptionrural youth and the remaining 30 per cent towards agriculture(129 million) were urban youth. Farm youth are theprecious human assets who can play an important role 3. To enlist the problems and suggestions ofin the developmental activities as well as in agriculture farm youth practicing agriculturebecause of their family and community background inagriculture and allied activities. If the talents and METHODOLOGYabilities of farm youth are properly nurtured andsystematically guided, agriculture can attain sustained The present study was carried out in Kunigal,growth and bring prosperity to the country. Engaging Turvekere, Tiptur and Sira taluks of Tumakuruyouth in agriculture has been a prominent topic recently district in Karnataka state during 2014-15. Tumakuruand has risen up the development agenda, as there is district was purposively selected for the study since itgrowing concern worldwide that young people have has second highest youth population in southernbecome disenchanted with agriculture. It is vital that Karnataka district and moreover the researcher hailsyoung people are connected with farming since from Tumakuru district and she is familiar with the85 per cent of the young people in the developing study area. From each of the sampled taluks, fivecountries are depending on agriculture for their villages were randomly selected for the study. In eachlivelihood. In this backdrop, the present study is carried village, ten farm youth practicing agriculture were againout with the following specific objectives: randomly selected for the study. Thus the total sample constitutes 200 farm youth from 20 villages of four taluks in Tumakuru district. Data was collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. Ex-post facto research design was employed for the study.

140 PREETHI et al. Perception of farm youth towards agriculture respectively. It can be inferred that as high as 76.50: Perception of farm youth towards agriculture is per cent of the farm youth had medium to high level ofoperationally defined in the present study as the perception towards agriculture. Availability of improvedinterpretation of farm youth about agricultural agricultural technologies, employment throughout thepractices. A scale on perception towards agriculture year in farm activities, regular and decent income fromwas developed for the study which was found to be agriculture, accessibility of gross root extensionreliable and valid. The perception scale consisted of functionaries and adequate opportunities to participate18 statements and the responses were obtained on a in extension activities are reasons for over three fourthfive point continuum of agreement representing (76.50%) of the farm youth having medium to high‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘undecided’, ‘disagree’ and level of perception towards agriculture. The present‘strongly disagree’ assiging a weightage of 5, 4, 3, 2 findings are in line with the findings of the studyand 1, respectively. The perception score of a conducted by Wachenheim and Rathge (2000); Ahmedrespondent was calculated by adding up the scores et al. (2004); Sosuedward (2004); Olaniyi et al.(2011)obtained by him / her on all 18 items/statements. The and Josefina et al. (2012).perception score of this scale ranges from a minimumof 18 to a maximum of 90. Higher score on this scale Statement-wise perception of farm youthindicates that the respondent has higher level of towards agriculture : Table II presents the data onperception towards agriculture. the statement-wise perception of farm youth towards agriculture. With respect to the economic dimension, Information regarding 19 personal, socio- a greater number of the farm youth had ‘stronglyeconomic, psychological and communication agreed’ for the statements such as: (a) there is scopecharacteristics (independent variables) of farm youth for upgrading livelihood in agriculture (32%), (b)were collected using a structured schedule with practicing agriculture leads to economic up-liftment ofsuitable scales. The collected data was scored, farmers (30%) and (c) there is enough opportunity fortabulated and analyzed using frequency, mean, career development in agriculture (29%). Most of thepercentage, zero order correlation test and multiple farm youth had ‘agreed’ for the statements like :regression analysis. (a) agriculture is a profitable venture (35%), (b) agriculture sector has more influence on the overall Overall perception of farm youth towards development of community (31%), (c) good numberagriculture : It is observed from Table I that a slightly of farm youth programs supports youth to take upmore than half (50.50%) of the farm youth had medium agriculture as a career (28%), and (d) greater economiclevel of perception towards agriculture, whereas 26.00 prosperity could be achieved in agriculture (26%).and 23.50 per cent of the farm youth had high andlow level of perception towards agriculture, In the respect of technical dimension, a larger number of farm youth had ‘strongly agreed’ for the TABLE I statements such as: (a) promoting advanced scientific agriculture do help for farmers prosperity (32%), andOverall perception of farm youth towards (b) agriculture is a scientific activity (27%). More number of farm youth had ‘agreed’ for the statements agriculture (n = 200) like: (a) employment status could be improved by opting modern agriculture practices (30%), (b) timely Farm youth operation and required agricultural inputs usage leads to optimum output (29%), (c) appropriate skillPerception level Number Per cent training will improve the participation of farm youth in agriculture (29%), and (d) scope for agricultural growthLow 47 23.50 has to be enlarged in terms of agro-basedMedium 101 50.50 activities (28%).High 52 26.00Total 200 100.00Mean= 51.41; SD = 9.42

PERCEPTION OF FARM YOUTH TOWARDS AGRICULTURE 141 TABLE IIPerception of farm youth towards agriculture (n = 200)Statements Perception of farm youth SA A UD DA SDAI. Economic Dimension 58 (29) 70 (35) 28 (14) 24 (12) 20 (10) Agriculture is a profitable venture 60 (30) 62 (31) 22 (11) 26 (13) 30 (15) Agriculture sector has more influence on the overall 64 (32) 58 (29) 26 (13) 28 (14) 24 (12) development of community. 60 (30) 40 (20) 52 (26) 24 (12) 24 (12) There is scope for upgrading livelihood in agriculture 58 (29) 50 (25) 34 (17) 30 (15) 28 (14) Practicing agriculture leads to economic up-liftment of farmers There is enough opportunity for career development in 50 (25) 52 (26) 36 (18) 32 (16) 30 (15) agriculture 40 (20) 56 (28) 38 (19) 34 (17) 32 (16) Greater economic prosperity could be achieved in agriculture Good number of farm youth programs supports youth to take up agriculture as a careerII. Technology Dimension 44 (22) 58 (29) 22 (11) 36 (18) 40 (20) 64 (32) 42 (21) 26 (13) 34 (17) 34 (17) Timely operation and required agricultural inputs usage leads 52 (26) 56 (28) 20 (10) 32 (16) 40 (20) to optimum output 42 (21) 60 (30) 30 (15) 34 (17) 16 (8) 54 (27) 40 (20) 32 (16) 40 (20) 34 (17) Promoting advanced scientific agriculture do help for farmers 42 (21) 58 (29) 18 (9) 42 (21) 40 (20) prosperity Scope for agricultural growth has to be enlarged in terms of agro-based activities Employment status could be improved by opting modern agriculture practices Agriculture is a scientific activity Appropriate skill training will improve the participation of farm youth in agricultureIII. Other Dimension 40 (20) 64 (32) 24 (12) 36 (18) 36 (18) Practicing farming facilitate food security 66 (33) 34 (17) 30 (15) 36 (18) 34 (17) Water resource is essential for enhancing farm productivity 20 (10) 54 (27) 32 (16) 46 (23) 48 (24) I am proud of being a member of an agricultural family 42 (21) 56 (28) 34 (17) 34 (17) 34 (17) Persons with passion towards agriculture can only practice farming 38 (19) 60 (30) 30 (15) 32 (16) 36 (18) Agriculture guarantees physical health and mental peaceSA = Strongly agree; A= Agree; U= Undecided; D=Disagree; SDA= Strongly Disagree;Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage

142 PREETHI et al. With regard to the other dimensions, nearly perception towards agriculture. The findings denotesone-third of the farm youth had ‘strongly agreed’ for that the farm youth have better perception towardsthe statement: ‘water resource is essential for agriculture.enhancing farm productivity’(33%). Whereas, morenumber of farm youth had ‘agreed’ for the statements Relationship between personal, socio-such as: (a) practicing farming facilitate food security economic, psychological and communication(32%), (b) agriculture guarantees physical health and characteristics of farm youth with their perceptionmental peace (30%), (c) persons with passion towards towards agriculture : The relationship betweenagriculture can only practice farming (28%), and personal, socio-economic, psychological and(d) I am proud of being a member of an agricultural communication characteristics of farm youth with theirfamily (27%). perception towards agriculture independent variables is presented in Table III. It could be observed from It can be referred that most of the farm youth the results that 15 out of 19 independent variables werehad ‘agreed’ for all the statements measuring the found to have significant to highly significant relationship TABLE IIIRelationship of personal, socio-economic, psychological and communication characteristics of farm youth with their perception towards agriculture (n = 200)Sl. Independent Variables Correlation Regression SE of ‘t’No. coefficient co-efficient regression value (‘r’ value) co-efficientX1 Education 0.399 ** 0.1016 0.3275 0.31 NS -0.7586 0.8039 0.94 NSX2 Marital status -0.026 NS -0.1740 0.4324 0.40 NS -0.732 1.110 0.66 NSX3 Family size 0.177** 0.0516 0.125 0.41 NS 0.4379 0.1947 2.25 **X4 Type of family 0.047 NS 0.0795 0.0403 1.97 * 0.9065 0.4050 2.24 **X5 Farming experience 0.098 NS -0.5775 0.4611 1.25 NS 0.9941 0.2289 4.34 **X6 Land holdings 0.464 ** 0.2276 0.0983 2.31 ** 0.0453 0.1869 0.24 NSX7 Family income 0.228 ** 0.1964 0.0626 3.14 ** 2.0201 0.2112 9.57 **X8 Risk orientation 0.375 ** 0.0739 0.2020 0.37 NS 0.0212 0.1276 0.17 NSX9 Economic motivation 0.195 ** 0.1399 0.0475 2.94 ** 0.0909 0.9214 0.10 NSX10 Innovative proneness 0.403 ** 0.0914 0.0462 1.98 *X11 Farming commitment 0.151 *X12 Leisure time activities 0.072 NSX13 Social participation 0.474 **X14 Mass media use 0.678 **X15 Extension contact 0.337 **X16 Extension participation 0.290 **X17 Cosmopoliteness 0.352 **X18 Training received 0.162 *X19 Farm scientist contact 0.394 **NS = Non-Significant; * Significant at 5 % level; ** Significant at 1 % level ; R2= 0.705; F= 21.31**

PERCEPTION OF FARM YOUTH TOWARDS AGRICULTURE 143with the perception of farm youth towards agriculture. perception towards agriculture. For every unit increaseEducation, family size, land holding, family income, risk in the education, family size, l and holding, familyorientation, economic motivation, innovative proneness, income, risk orientation, economic motivation,social participation, mass media use, extension contact, innovative proneness, social participation, mass mediaextension participation, cosmopoliteness and farm use, extension contact, extension participation,scientist contact of farm youth had positive and highly cosmopoliteness, farm scientist contact. Farmingsignificant relationship with perception towards commitment and training received of farm youth thereagriculture at one per cent level. Similarly, farming will be an increase in the perception level.commitment and training received of farm youth hadpositive and significant relationship with perception The contribution of 19 selected socio-economic,towards agriculture at five per cent level. The psychological and communication characteristics ofremaining variables such as, marital status, family type, farm youth towards perception was assessed and thefarming experience and leisure time activities of farm findings are presented in Table III. The findingsyouth had non-significant relationship with the revealed that nine out of 19 independent variables, TABLE IV (n = 200) Problems and suggestions of farm youth practicing agriculture RankProblems and suggestions* Number Farm Youth IVA. Problems 152 Per cent III Scarcity of labour 162 VI Electricity problem 136 76.0 Lack of credit support 182 81.0 I Lack of necessary timely inputs like seeds and fertilizers 174 68.0 II Lack of Irrigation facilities 128 91.0 VII Lack of storage facility 144 87.0 V Lack of transportation facility 122 64.0 VIII High cost of production and lower returns 118 72.0 IX Lack of training programmes 104 61.0 X Lack of proper guidance 49 59.0 XI Fear of crop failure 52.0 49.0 III /B. Suggestions* 79.0 IVTimely supply of necessary inputs (seeds/ planting material 158 Ibreeds /species / fertilizers) 71.0 II 88.0Timely provision of subsidy/credit (financial support) 142 84.0 VI 62.0 VIIProviding irrigation facility 176 59.0 VIII 54.0Regular supply of power 168 68.0 VProvide training programme 124Establishment of local market 118Establishment of storage facility 108Conducting educational activities to create awareness among 136farm youth* Multiple response

144 PREETHI et al.namely, land holding, family income, risk orientation, produce at village level etc.) by the governmentinnovative proneness, farming commitment, social agencies to carry out farming more effectively.participation, mass media use, cosmopoliteness and The information on latest technologies needs to befarm scientist contact of farm youth had contributed provided to the farm youth through well organizedsignificantly towards developing perception of farm educational programmes (discussion meetings,youth towards agriculture. The R2 value indicated that demonstrations, video conference, field days, krishiall the 19 independent variables had contributed to the mela, exhibitions, campaign etc.) by Farm Universities,tune of 70.50 per cent of variation in developing better Line Departments and other concerned agencies. It isperception of farm youth towards agriculture. also necessary to promote young farmers commodity based associations wherever necessary to mainstream Problems and suggestions of farm youth the youth into development process.practicing agriculture : It can be observed from TableIV that lack of necessary timely inputs, lack of REFERENCESirrigation facilities, electricity problem, and scarcity oflabor were the most important problems faced by the AHMED, S. A., KARABLIEH, E. K. AND AL- KADI, A. S., 2004, Anfarm youth obtaining I, II, III and IV ranks, respectively. investigation into the perceived farm management andThe other problems such as lack of transportation marketing educational needs of farm operations infacility, lack of credit support, lack of storage facility Jordan. J. of Agric. Edn., 45 (3) : 34 - 43.and high cost of production and lower returns wereplaced in between V and VIII rank, respectively. Lack HADAGALI VISHWANATH, 2013, A study on aspirations andof training programmes, lack of proper guidance and participation of rural youth practicing agriculture andfear of crop failure have obtained the last three ranks. allied activities. M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.), Univ.The findings of the study are in line with findings of Agric. Sci., Bengaluru.Prameelamma (1990) and Hadagali Vishwanath(2013). JOSEFINA T. DIZONI, MARGARET M. CALDERON, ASA JOSE U. SAJISE, ROGELIO T. ANDR ADA II AND MYRANEL Table IV also reveals that provision of irrigation G. SALVADOR, 2012, Youths’ perceptions of andfacility, supply of regular power, timely supply of attitudes towards the ifugao rice terraces.necessary inputs and timely provision of credit were Journal of Environmental Science andaccorded the first four ranks with respect to the Management, 15 (1) : 52 - 58.suggestions offered by farm youths to overcome theproblems. Conducting educational activities to create OLANIYI, O. A., ADEBAYO, O. O. AND AKINTOLA, S., 2011.awareness among farm youth, providing training Rural youth’s perception and utilization ofprogramme, establishment of local market and agricultural information in Oyo State, Nigeria.establishment of storage facility were accorded J. Agric. Soc. Sci., 7 : 117 - 123V, VI, VII and VIII ranks, respectively in respect ofsuggestions to overcome the problems. PRAMEELAMMA, V., 1990, A study on the knowledge and participation of rural women in agricultural The research results revealed that as high as operations in paddy cultivation. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis76.50 per cent of the farm youth had medium to high (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bengaluru.level of perception towards agriculture. There is needto improve the perception of farm youth towards SOSUEDWARD, M. B. E., 2004, Farmers’ knowledge andagriculture by providing adequate facilities (irrigation, perception towards a sustainable adoption of sugaragricultural inputs, technical guidance, market for the beet in Kenya, Lund University, Sweden. WACHENHEIM, C. AND RATHGE, R., 2000, Societal perceptions of Agriculture, Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report, 449.(Received : August, 2016 Accepted : January, 2017)