MDM FEB MARCH 2017

February/March 2017 Issue

Victaulic pipe joiningcan help mining industry reduce costs Victaulic produces grooved 13th September, Johannesburg. Victaulic, the of the reduced time necessary to maintain mechanical couplings and world's leading manufacturer of mechanical Victaulic's coupling systems becomes pipe-joining systems used in pipe-joining systems recently launched the especially evident in cases of unplanned some of the most demanding Knife Gate Valve which can save the mining maintenance. “Mines lose money during every market. Victaulic innovative industry millions of rands in labour and minute production has to stand still. For maintenance costs. example, a mining client recently told us that piping technologies and every hour his plant stands still effectively services put people to work Victaulic pipe joining solutions offers an costs him R250 000 in lost production. This faster while increasing safety, alternative to the use of flanges or welding to means that reduced maintenance time when connect piping systems and drastically replacing a Victaulic Knife Gate Valve can ensuring reliability and reduces the time necessary to install and save him as much as R 687 500 in just one maximising efficiency. maintain these connections. “In the current day. Over a year where several cases of The company has 15 major environment of low commodity prices the unplanned maintenance can occur this manufacturing facilities, 28 mining industry is under immense pressure to number can be much larger. branches worldwide and over contain rising costs. At the same time there is3 600 employees who speak 43 still a widely held perception that pipe coupling Victaulic recently launched its Series 795 technology can only be used on a temporary Knife Gate Valve into the South African market languages. basis, but Victaulic offers a permanent and and is showcasing this and other products at Victaulic is a member of the much more cost-effective alternative,” says at the Electra Mining Show, taking place Barry van Jaarsveld, Victaulic regional Nasrec in Johannesburg this week. Green Building Council of manager for Africa. South Africa and is involved The Victaulic knife gate valve has been Van Jaarsveld says Victaulic's coupling designed to contain all the parts subject to with BREEAM- a leading systems allows mines to install piping systems wear in a single cartridge kit. This cartridge sustainability assessment in 15% of the time it would have taken to can be swapped out and replaced easily and it method for master planning install a flanged system. “You need fewer is no longer necessary to replace the entire projects, infrastructure and people working on site for a shorter period of valve. “It can take between 2 and 3 hours to buildings as well as other time. This not only helps to drastically reduce loosen and replace a flange. The Victaulic installation costs, but also reduces health and Knife Gate Valve can be maintained by only international initiatives. safety risks.” replacing the cartridge inside, instead of taking out and replacing the entire valve. This cuts22 AngloGold Ashanti has recently installed two the time necessary to maintain it to between slurry lines at its Stilfontein mine with a total 15 minutes and half an hour,” explains Van length of 8 kilometres of pipe. Making use of Jaarsveld. the Victaulic system allowed the company to save 30% on the total installation cost of the piping system. Impala platinum also recently added shaft #16 to their existing platinum mine in Rustenberg. A traditional flanged joining method would have required extensive pipe end preparation and longer installation times, while welding the galvanized pipe would have been a long and tedious process that resulted in toxic emissions. The use of Victaulic couplings and fittings led directly to reduce installation time by 60% as compared to welded or flanged methods. Van Jaarsveld says mines need to think about the cost of a project in a more holistic way. “Mines should not only think about the cost of the fittings they are installing, but also consider the cost of labour, potential health and safety risks and the cost transporting workers underground to install pipelines. It is also very important to take into account the opportunity cost of dragging out expansion projects longer than necessary. The sooner a plant can begin operating, the sooner it can start being profitable.” However, the Victaulic system not only reduces installation costs, but also the cost of maintenance. Van Jaarsveld says the impact



Publisher: How to capture the E.S.C Magazine T/A Mining Developments entire life-cycle of yellow metal Magazine assets currently excluded from Tel: +27 11 040 3910 registration on eNaTIS Fax: +27 86 601 9195 The identification of sizable assets such as To further add to the headache, there is also Email: yellow metal as used in the mining industry is the inability to recover items in the second- info@miningdevelopmentsm essential for financiers, owners, members of hand market, or those from criminal sales the public and insurers. This is due to the fact points. agazine.com that, in most cases, the total value of these movable assets financed and insured is quite Permanently marking assets Website: substantial. Today, there are not too many options forwww.miningdevelopmentsma permanently marking assets in order to However, as is now well known in the industry, identify and confirm ownership. The gazine.com Regulation 5 of the National Road Traffic Act monitoring and tracking of property is only of 1996 (Act 93 of 1996) regulates that certain possible when each item is individually 62, 2nd Avenue, Houghton. motor vehicles are not allowed to be identifiable and recorded in a traceable P.O. Box 92744, Norwood, registered on to the National Traffic database. For example, making use of self- Information System (eNaTIS). In 2011 the adhesive labels, which will not wear out or fall 2117 South Africa Inter Provincial Policy and Procedural (IPPP) off, can be the solution that the banks and committee, instructed the NRCS to adhere to insurance companies have longed for. Contributions legislation and stop providing eNaTIS model The editors welcome news numbers for those vehicles prescribed in In today's modern and technologically- Regulation 5. The vehicles so prescribed are advanced society, is it imperative for both the items, press releases, vehicles not designed for public road use, in financier and the insurer to be able to have articles and photographs other words, vehicles that cannot legally pass access to a central database where the owner a roadworthy test. of an asset could be linked to the specific relating to the Mining asset in question, similar to what e-NATIS Industry. These will be Yet, in the bank's controls suites, the use of does in the registered motor environment. considered and, if accepted, “title” on an eNaTIS Registration Document is published. No responsibility utilised as the confirmation of the bank's What is greatly needed today, is a system that will be accepted should interest in the asset. Therefore by denying can create the most recent reliable record of contributions be lost, access to eNaTIS for such assets the ability of an asset by updating those records in real- damaged or incorrectly applying “title” (on mainly “yellow metal”) had time as changes are made by various system effectively been withdrawn. participants. This system would allow banks printed. and insurance companies to effectively Accurately identifying ownership manage and control the financing and © All rights reserved The issue of accurately identifying ownership insurance of all assets throughout the of yellow metals and other moveable assets in lifecycle. This would greatly reduce fraud, The title and ownership of instances where the purchaser is still in debt double discounting, or incorrect depiction of movable assets can be with the financier, or in some cases, the asset value for insurance purposes. is lost due to theft, remains hugely problematic controlled in a simple, cost for both the financier and insurer. The process effective solution, which is far This is what SAMAR – the Southern Africanless costly than registration on This is mainly due to the lack of correctly Moveable Asset Register – is able to provide. marking the movable assets other than Today, there is a controlled solution available eNaTIS, for all to access and roadworthy and registered vehicles. Further, for the introduction of models for Vehicle monitor trade and ownership millions of Rands are lost every year due to Manufacturers, Importers and Builders (MIBs), in real-time to greatly reduce either dual or multiple financing on the same as well as their dealer network, in the South asset, and the inability to claim ownership African market. fraud and theft. after an insurance claims pay-out.2

The MIBTrack System keeps track of vehicles Registration of Asset by MIB:from manufacture/import, through introduction 1.Assets are loaded to SAMAR via MIBTrackto eNaTIS or SAMAR, allocation to dealer, up 2.MIB registers asset with its SAMAR Assetto first registration, and allows for interaction Number, and optionally a Microdotting pin orbetween dealership and OEM to confirm that UVTTthe vehicle information was captured correctly 3.SAMAR will register title to the bank andbefore the release for first registration takes generate an electronic title certificateplace. 4.SAMAR can now be used for the lifecycle of the asset to reflect changes in ownership, title,Further, the use of this system by the asset condition, insurer and trackinginsurance industry to load their interest against mechanismthe asset under finance will reduce risk for thebanks and related costs.For some users, the benefits of registeringmovable assets on SAMAR will facilitatefinancing that may not otherwise have beenavailable, by providing identifiable data andmarkings for tracking and control that areadmissible in a court of law. 3

CDE South Africa keeps it clean More about Nicolan Govender 13th September, Johannesburg. Victaulic, the “We are now in a unique position to further worlCDE Global is the largest wet processing inform the local market and help our Growing up in Chatsworth, equipment manufacturer in the world and customers to improve their plant performance Durban, Nicolan knew at a works with its customers to maximise their and efficiency, and at the same time assist young age that he had a flair return on investment and gain significant them to realise genuine cost savings for theirfor design. As he then went on competitive advantage while minimising business by using cutting-edge wet to excel in mathematics and environmental impact. Its commitment to processing technology.”sciences throughout school, it developing its operations in Africa was motioned when the company established its Working with a world-class engineering team, was natural that the office (CDE South Africa (Pty) Ltd) in South Govender has, for example, recently sold a engineering field was the one Africa and appointed Nicolan Govender as complete bespoke plant in the North West to which he was most drawn. Regional Manager for Southern Africa. province for a waste dump recovery operation. He studied at the University of The customer, a local mining operator, will The African continent has high infrastructural now use their new CDE state-of-the-art wet KZN. He believes in good demands and the materials washing solutions processing installation to produce a high team work and management, CDE develops are ideal for quarrying and specification product. The plant comprises aempathy and understanding of mining sectors supplying the construction M4500 sand washing plant equipped with two market. By using CDE equipment, the Infinity fine screens and an EvoWash, running customers and, despite his environmental benefits are significant, not the in synergy with a water-saving AquaCycle wish to have everything 100% least of which is that up to 90% of the water is water recovery system. right from the get-go, he also recycled when a wet processing washing plant is combined with a CDE AquaCycle water This is one of many new products sold this understands the processes recovery system. A typical sand washing past year in South Africa. CDE products have involved to achieve operation uses a minimum of a hundred been sold in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, thousand litres per hour, which is basically North West, KZN as well as the Western excellence. Nicolan is clean water being converted into waste water Cape. It is good news that many mines and married, has an eight year-old and then pumped or piped away into a settling quarries across SA have already saved – and dam, at which point it exits the washing continue to save – high volumes of water, son and is based in Durban. system. With a CDE AquaCycle, 90% of this especially in the context of the extended and waste water is recycled for immediate reuse ongoing drought. by the customer. This does not only minimise water consumption, but also aids businesses About the future, Nicolan adds: “CDE is to show compliance when reapplying for water unique in Africa in terms of the range of tailor- licences. made products it offers, which are both high- tech and simple to use. With 22 years of With its global headquarters in Northern experience in the business, CDE has carved a Ireland and a local footprint in South Africa, reputation of excellence internationally and CDE Global has the world's largest campus our existing customers in Africa regularly dedicated to the wet processing of materials in become repeat clients as their production - the sand and aggregates, mining, C&D waste and therefore business - grows thanks to their recycling, industrial sands and environmental CDE installation. The future of washing is sectors. bright in Africa. I am excited about the company's prospects and to be heading the development of our operations in the region. More about CDE Global 1. CDE Global was founded in 1992, CDE Global has grown to be the largest wet processing equipment company in the world. The company's focus is to constantly develop and improve material processing technology. 2. CDE products include Wet Classification, Water Recycling, Screening, Scrubbing and Attrition, Feeding and Conveying and Air Classification.View from behind AquaCycle thickener back to M25004

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TENOVA TAKRAF AFRICA SEES EARLY SUCCESSWITH NEW SEMI-MOBILE BRADFORD BREAKER Tenova TAKRAF is an Within a year of unveiling its innovative semi- ensures more accurate alignment of the integrated solutions provider mobile Bradford Breaker to the mining machine, the performance of which is highly industry, comminution equipment specialist sensitive to misalignment. to the global mining, bulk Tenova TAKRAF Africa is supplying twomaterial handling and minerals machines for junior miners operating open TAKRAF Africa has marketed Bradford industries, offering innovative cast mines in South Africa's Mpumalanga Breakers, under license from Terrasourcetechnological solutions as well Province. The collieries, Overlooked Colliery Global of the USA, to the South African mining (Pty.) Ltd. and Black Wattle Colliery (Pty.) Ltd., industry since the 1970's, with the breaker as process and commodity ordered the semi-mobile Bradford Breakers in having proved to be a loyal workhorse in the knowledge along the industry July/August 2016 with delivery scheduled for coal industry for the simultaneous sizing and end January 2017. cleaning of raw coal. value chains. With the integration of the well-known The machines operate at 300 tph, breaking Developed originally for the American market coal lumps of a maximum size of 350 mm and its softer coal to remove impurities and DELKOR brand of products down to 80 mm, and were ordered based on contamination from feed material, the Bradford into TAKRAF, the offered both their low capital cost and ease of Breaker has seen incremental but far-reaching portfolio for the mineral transport. These features are crucial to junior improvements over the decades by TAKRAF and small miners who are increasingly Africa (previously part of the Bateman group) beneficiation and processing exploiting the small coal resources that to tailor it to the increasingly demandingsectors has been considerably remain. conditions and difficult coal of the Southenhanced. Further information African mining industry. The latestis available at www.takraf.com. The semi-mobile Bradford Breaker ordered by development, the semi-mobile Bradford Black Wattle, part of the UK based Bisichi Breaker, is a further demonstration of how this Mining PLC group, will be located adjacent to technology is adaptable to the evolving needs the washing plant. The breaker for ACC Coal's of the industry. Overlooked Colliery will be used to service the mine for its remaining life-of-mine of some 10 As the smallest model in the range of Bradford to 15 years, with the option to then be moved Breakers marketed by TAKRAF Africa, the to another application. TAKRAF Africa's scope semi-mobile version offers the benefits of the of work covers design and manufacture with traditional Breaker in a more compact the mines responsible for installation at site. machine. With affordability being a critical This is a relatively simple activity as the semi- factor for junior and small miners, the design mobile Bradford Breaker comes complete with of the semi-mobile Bradford Breaker has been a civils template, which is then cast into a rationalized, without compromising on concrete slab at site. A further advantage of performance, with features such as a the use of a single concrete slab in place of centralized lubrication system offered as an the more traditional multiple plinths is that it optional add-on. Essentially a rotary breaker, the Bradford Breaker consists of a large revolving cylindrical drum driven by an electric motor. As the drum rotates, lifters lift the lumps of material to a pre-determined height and the material then drops, under gravity, onto the screen plates where it shatters along the natural cleavage lines. The machine is easy to maintain and repair, as it is driven from one end only by a simple drive assembly.3D of semi-mobile Bradford Breaker.6



Fuel and Oil analysis The acidity of an oil shows Used oil analysis is comparable to a medical Marinewhether the oil is oxidised as a analysis with a blood test. Like blood, For use on engines, generators, hydraulics, lubricating oil contains a good deal of gearboxes and other onboard equipment. result of operation at high information about the envelope in which it temperature, if there is a high circulates. Wear of metallic parts, for example, Aircraft produces a lot of minute particles, which are Various kits are available for piston and percentage of moisture, or carried by the lubricant. These small metal turbine engines as well as hydraulic systems whether the oil has been in particles can give information about the and helicopter rotor gearboxes. machine elements that are wearing, and can Laboratory tests service for too long. The be detected by various methods, for example, The exact tests carried out on a sample are viscosity of the oil is a very Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Determination determined by the type of machine andimportant parameter and must of larger particles can be done using optical or component. electronic microscopy, or ferrography. be in conformity with the The tests are designed to measure applicable requirements of the machine OIL ANALYSIS combinations of the following: builder. The alkalinity or the The concept of analysing an oil sample from a machine or component is identical to that of Wear metals loss of alkalinity of the oil, taking a blood sample from a person, the Contaminants: dirt, water, fuel, soot, coolantproves that the oil is in contact results determine the health status of the unit. Additives Wearcheck's experienced diagnostic team Cleanliness rating with inorganic acids such as then recommends how to rectify any abnormal Viscosity sulphuric acid. findings. Acid level WearCheck's programme analyses for wear, Additional tests contamination levels and oil condition in any The following additional tests are available: oil-wetted compartment or oil filter found in Ÿ Viscosity at 100°C equipment ranging from earthmoving units, Ÿ Water, in parts per million, by Karl Fischer transport fleets and processing plants to ships and aircraft. titration Ÿ Total base number The programme is simple Ÿ Total acid number You: Purchase a WearCheck oil sampling kit, Ÿ Analytical ferrography take the sample and return it to your nearest Ÿ Oil filter analysis WearCheck depot. FUEL ANALYSIS We: Our highly skilled lab staff analyse your WearCheck's fuel analysis kit has been sample, the results are then interpreted by our designed to help customers determine Diagnosticians who will make a whether their fuel meets SANS requirements. recommendation and send you a report on SANS 342 is the specification for South their findings. African diesel; and SANS 1598:2006 is the specification for unleaded petrol. WearCheck Types of oil analysis is an ISO 9001 certified company. The testing laboratory has ISO 17 025 accreditation. Automotive For use on mobile equipment such as A fair proportion of diesel engine failures can earthmoving machines, trucks, buses, light be directly traced back to the quality of the fuel vehicles and generators. which was in use. Fuel contamination, degradation or adulteration can have serious Industrial consequences in terms of blocked filters, For use on industrial gearboxes, hydraulics, stuck or worn injectors, poor spray patterns compressors, pumps, turbines, bearing and atomisation. compartments, recirculation systems and refrigeration and air-conditioning compressors. Diesel tests Distillation (ASTM D86) Density at 20°C (ASTM D7042) Viscosity at 40°C (ASTM D7042) Flashpoint (ASTM D93) Total contamination (IP440) Water content (ASTM D6304) Sulphur content (ASTM D4294) Cetane index (ASTM D976) ISO 4406 Particle count (ASTM D7619)8



Condition monitoring specialists promote efficiency,save money, go green WearCheck serves the Maximising machinery reliability, optimising Proud of its status, WearCheck is the only earthmoving, industrial, plant performance, slashing maintenance condition monitoring operation on the African transport, shipping, aircraft costs, and avoiding unscheduled breakdowns continent to earn ISO 9001 quality certification and electrical industries – these are the failsafe strategies used by and ISO 14001 certification for itsthrough the scientific analysis Africa's leading condition monitoring company environmental management programme, and of used oil from mechanical - WearCheck - to boost the bottom line of ISO 17025 laboratory-centric quality and electrical systems. industrial operations. management accreditation.Additional services include the Managing director of WearCheck, Neil analysis of fuels, transformer WearCheck is part of Torre Industries, an Robinson, believes one of the key strategic oils, coolants, greases and integral business in sectors such as mining, advantages of his company is the ongoing automotive, construction and industrial. research and investment into the latest filters. WearCheck and Torre Industries have a stand technology to ensure that all laboratory at the 2017 Mining Indaba. equipment is state-of-the-art and rivals, often surpasses, its local and international The condition monitoring footprint extends counterparts. All laboratories are largely across the African continent and beyond, with automated and integrated with the latest 13 WearCheck laboratories strategically information technology. Research and placed in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, development plays a major part in Mpumalanga Province, and international WearCheck's commitment to continual laboratories in India, Dubai, Ghana, improvement. Mozambique, DRC, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Zambia - at Lumwana mine and Kitwe - with a WearCheck's highly skilled reliability solutions presence in Cape Town, Rustenburg, division ensures that the company is a 'one- Steelpoort, Port Elizabeth, Zimbabwe and stop shop' for condition monitoring, offering Namibia. services such as vibration monitoring, laser alignment, thermal imaging and balancing. Reliability solutions manager for WearCheck, Philip Schutte, is dedicated to the optimisation of plant performance management. 'To ensure that plant operates at peak performance in order to achieve maximum efficiency and, ultimately, boost the bottom line, we offer a range of monitoring techniques, such as the testing and control of the efficiency of combustion, heat transfer, and milling,' he said.Reliability solutions manager for WearCheck, Philip Schutte, WearCheck also offers several other solutionsbelieves advanced monitoring techniques promote the peak to keeping plant performance at its peak,performance of plant, thereby saving customers money. including:10 Ÿ The Station Thermal Efficiency Program (STEP), Coal Accounting and Plant Performance Monitoring Services. Ÿ Plant Performance Monitoring of Boiler, Turbine and Auxiliary Plant. Ÿ Routine testing and verification of raw data from plant used in the STEP system or similar programs to produce thermal performance results. Ÿ Investigations and report with recommendations on the plant failures or incidents. Ÿ Advice on the plant performance tests, including the load lines, clean air curves, plant inspections, air flow test, air heater leakage tests, O2 verification tests, temperature traverse tests, gas velocity tests, condenser tests, dew point test, pulverized fuel sampling tests, generator H2 leak test, HP & LP heater performance tests and any other performance and testing tests required for the plant optimisation.

Ÿ Assistance with the following during These aspects of condition monitoring, and According to Robinson, 'In line outages: air heater shoe gaps and seals many more, are highly technical and require with the Department of Energy settings, pulverised fuel burner settings, ongoing training as technology evolves. (DoE)'s foray into renewable mills settings, draught plant settings, energy, it is estimated that at zeroing of coal conveyor mass meters and 'In terms of skills training,' says Robinson, least 25% of the worldwide any other settings that may be required 'over the past 40 years of operation, we have electricity demand will be during the plant outages. found that the customers who gain the highest generated from gas by 2025, return on their investment in a good condition this trend seems likely toŸ Weekly plant walk-downs and liaison with monitoring programme, are those who continue. We have developed a the operating department for any educate their staff on how to use it and dedicated gas engine oil-test deviations that are visible on the plant for understand it properly. kit to facilitate the anticipated corrective action to be taken. The activities growth in this area. are performed on the whole station, 'WearCheck has developed comprehensive including turbine, boiler, mills and outside training programmes for our customers, with WearCheck's managing director, plant. courses on oil analysis aimed at various levels Neil Robinson, is committed to of employees. In addition, we offer training in continued service excellence byAs a firm commitment to the green cause, reliability improvement and vibration analysis, investing in state-of-the-artRobinson and his team direct WearCheck's using the world-renowned Mobius Institute technology and the ongoingservices to industries which help the material and Mobius-certified training. education of both customersenvironment, such as the sustainable energy and staff.industry. 'Internal training of our WearCheck staff is also an ongoing process. The oil analysis and Condition monitoring specialists‘Furthermore, WearCheck has also developed reliability solutions industries are highly WearCheck boost efficiency anda wind turbine oil analysis kit to assist the wind scientific, and technology is constantly slash maintenance costs throughenergy industry to maintain their investment in evolving. Therefore, it is critical that all players the scientific analysis of used oil.turbines, and keep them operating at peak in the condition monitoring arena remain at the Here, laboratory technician Tumeloperformance.’ top of the game with continuing education in Seobi inspects an oil sample. these fields,' says Robinson.Another innovation in the lubrication arena is 11WearCheck's recent launch of the LubriGard WearCheck has been awarded preferreddivision, which provides advice on selecting supplier status by several Original Equipmentthe correct lubricants for each component to Manufacturers (OEMs); notably Bell, Liebherr,minimise maintenance costs and maximise Volvo Construction Equipment and, along withoperational output. WearCheck's global partners, is the laboratoryLubriGard is run by technician Annemie Willer. of choice for a number of lubricant suppliers.Willer explains her theories on keeping WearCheck also has a partnership with ABBcomponents well-oiled. 'Lubrication is the Limited, Zurich - a global leader in power andblood that flows through your equipment. After automation technologies. These partnershipsworking for years in the industry, the reality is are in line with worldwide trends in outsourcingthat the correct type and grade of lubricant is specialist services.not always used, and this is a direct cause ofpremature equipment failure. WearCheck's operational areas are managed ethically and independently to ensure products'For example: general purpose grease is being and services conducted comply with theused in most machinery on the plants today. company's strict international standards.When greasing high speed bearings, forinstance in electric motors, this can cause LubriGard technicianviscous drag that may cause higher operating Annemie Willer asserts that thetemperatures and energy consumption. use of the correct lubricant forGrease with a lower viscosity will be more non-stationary machinery isefficient as bearings running at higher essential for optimal componenttemperatures can destroy the additive performance.package in the grease and also cause thegrease to drain out leaving the motor deprivedof sufficient lubrication. This will causedamage to the bearing and premature failure.LubriGard considers all factors involved whenchoosing the correct lubricant such as loadconditions, revolutions per minute that thebearing is rotating and the environment towhich the equipment is exposed.''And,' continues Willer, 'LubriGuard candevelop an automatic lubrication program thatis best suited to our customers' needs. Over-greasing is not a myth and can result in higheroperating temperatures, premature bearingfailures and increase the risk of contaminationingress. Using an automatic lubricationprogram in conjunction with conditionmonitoring applications helps to eliminatethese problems completely.

Construction EquipmentOther types of concrete mixers Construction work could have been a difficult benefits like being economical, compact and include JDC series concrete and tiresome job if it happened that only man efficient. XAS 185 portable compressor has mixer and the S serial double should perform it manually. Any given several features that make it better equipment. horizontal shaft compulsion construction project would be taking ages to One is a 49-horsepower Kubota diesel engine, mixer. The JDC series mixer no completion since its commencement. which complies with the acceptable emission has a gear box driven to Therefore, it is a big thanks to the ancient standards. innovators whom by their intelligence anddischarge concrete and it is to great knowledge of art and design that they The engine speed is constantly monitored by control for its movement. innovated the so-called concrete equipments, a fully automatic regulator as per the air which have always made the construction demand thereby minimizing high consumption projects a simple exercise when they are of fuel. The compressor's fuel tank, which is of knowledgeably controlled by man and hence 20-gallons, enables the contractors to use the making all the project's work unproblematic compressor for approximately eight hours and faultless. without the need for refueling. XAS 185 portable compressor has a low cost of These concrete equipments are available in a maintenance as well as a high resale price. wide range and are each designed to perform This is contributed by the durable climate diverse number of construction tasks in a resistant polythene canopy meant to protect special manner. CA 1300 single-drum soil the components of the compressor while at roller is equipment that is designed to operate the same time resisting impacts of corrosion. on parking lot, road, street as well as utility Long distance transportation of concrete pipe projects. The roller's engine and the mixture is made effective in construction by hydraulic pumps are mounted on it in a way the use of concrete mixer trucks. Such trucks that makes the equipment operate effectively are preferred as they prevent concrete and hence well versed for good service coagulation effectively, avoid stratification of delivery and maintenance. the concrete as well as ensure quality and proper speed of construction. CA 1300 single drum roller's engine is in such a way that it is perpendicularly to the frames Concrete plant can currently operate with while the hydraulic pumps are in line with the suitable storage equipments referred to as engine. Thus, the users of the equipment can silos. Silos act as effective cement bins, thus, easily reach the required components from when installed properly considering aspects both the engine and the hydraulic pump. In such as safety and reliability bulky cement is respect to the arrangement of the engine, the safely stored. entire roller is able to distribute the weight at an optimal level. The silos can have material level system installed in them, which enables the CA 1300 roller comes with a special feature contractors to vividly see the position and the known as ejector exhaust outlet that helps quantity of the stored cement. minimize engine noise and also puts off the dust from penetrating into the engine section. On the other hand, S serial double horizontal For activities such as operation of pneumatic shaft compulsion mixer mixes hard and dry tools and sandblasting, construction concrete. It is a multi-functional mixer whose contractors are provided with a reliable features are high mixing quality, energy amount of air by a XAS 185 portable saving, reduced noise, efficiency and its compressor. This compressor has added structure is simple.122

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Fire Safety The high rate of population growth has led hazards in informal settlements i nclude; many people to congregate closer to each o kitchen fires, combustible materials near ther leading to housing congestion w hich has flames or sparks, smoking, candles and open led to the increased risks related to fire. Fire fires, exterior cooking equipment, cooking safety or fire prevention is the collection or set appliances, maintaining proper fire exits, of practices which have been set with the aim maintaining fire alarm systems for detecting of preventing the ignition of unwanted fire or fires, proper storage of fire hazardous curbing the damage that can be caused by materials, maintaining the correct type fire fire. extinguishers, maintaining a complete inventory of and manual modes and have a se Fire safety is threatened b y fire hazards, lf activation system. In any building, fire safety these are the elements which trigger fire or is maintained by providing protection for its hinder fire prevention. In order to maintain fire. occupants and provision of evacuation facility Fire safety is enhanced by the use fire safety in case of fire emergency, by ensuring that elements. They are very important as they act the risk of fire spreading to another building is as precautions which prevent any start of eliminated or minimized and that there is unwanted fire and they are a necessity for any adequate means of access to fire housing. extinguishing equipment. Fire safety elements include; they work In case of fire, electrical appliances and effectively and efficiently. For instance, the heating appliances. Whether fire has broken fire extinguishing system are employing the out in formal or informal area, its spreading is latest generation of the stable FPC fire influenced by the natural environment such as extinguishing condensed aerosol forming wind and geographical position, combustible compound comprised mainly of Potassium building materials and the housing congestion. salts with no pyrotechnic materials. Forests are also threatened by fire caused deliberately such as through dropped They are highly effective, efficient, cigarettes or thr ough natural factors such environmental friendly, non corrosive and non lightning. fire stops among other elements. toxic. They have a fully automatic activation Due to the improved technology and educated system, electrical, thermal safety, one must personnel, these elements have been implement fire safety measures; they are a improved to ensure that public safety is useful tool in prevention of fire. ensured by creating awareness of fire safety by providing; training, education programmes, The highest percentages of fires occur in informational resources, by providing expert residential areas as com pared with guidance on fire and life safety and ensuring commercial areas. These fires are caused adequate space between buildings to either accidentally or maliciously. The main fire minimize spread of fire.14



Heaters Heaters transfer solution are based on plate viscosity media, hygienic frames designed to type and the type of heat exchangers meet maximum hygienic requirements,Heaters are made with an aim f technology they poses which ranges from paraweld systems which contains welded optimizing energy compact design, high capacity and heavy duty channels so as to handle aggressive fluids designs to small. These heaters transfers are and they are largely applicable in refrigeration consumption thus facilitating available either as standard solutions or for heat transfer, plate evaporator arerecovery of heat and saving on customized solution and are applied in a vast designed for concentrating animal and of industries processes ranging from chemical vegetable extracts, parabrazed are designed cost, heaters transfer industries, aerospace, pharmaceutical, oil and for water heaters, gas boilers, as well as solar solutions are designed based gas, food and beverages. The major type of heating and lastly the energy saver system on task they are meant to play heat solution is: Bare tubes, plate and frame, designed for high thermal efficiency used for for example cooling, heating, shell and tube, spiral heat exchangers, finned processing low viscosity media. condensing, evaporating and tube, plate coil, tube in tube. Heat exchangers are either tabular, gasket, welded or semi Construction materials for heat transfer steaming. welded plate. materials depends on the fluids vapor, temperatures and pressures in the system and The tabular heat exchangers are mostly in order to facilitate efficiency and applicable in food and beverages, example effectiveness of heat transfer solutions the includes water desalination unit used to following factors must be considered, proper desalinate sea water into fresh utility water, installation, proper selection and maintenance compakva which has got small and compact requirements. heaters used for heating domestic tap water, district cooling and heating unit designed for Good maintenance entails full inspection on central heating and cooling tap water, Para products, proper cleaning and replacement of tube which is a multipurpose solution best for the worn out products. Improper installation processing products with sensitive texture affects longevity and functionality of the changes and those with high viscosity. systems components causing poor control and water hammer. When selecting quality energy The plate heat exchangers ranges from duo transfer solution one must consider the initial safety systems designed to detect early cost, replacement cost in case the system fails leakages, duraflow systems designed for to perform and maintenance cost. continuous processes for medium and high1226

Cranes as well as in petrochemical industries. They The LIFTCHAIN chain hoist are trusted solutions for effective and the series has a capability ofCranes and hoists vary in design and safest handling and lifting of equipment and lifting loads amounting to aperformance in different fields of work such as concrete construction materials . capacity of 1.5 tons to 100in the mines, construction sites, shipyards, metric tons and it has a varietyrigging end trucks. end trucks. These cranes They have corrosion resistance as well as of configurations such ascome with varied features that are essential to smart design bottom blocks mounted on ball hook mount, a gear and atheir degree of performance. bearing for easier and smoother turning under motorized trolley for mounting load. Hercu-link chain hoist series deliver on beams as well as jibs.Single girder to running motorized en trucks enhanced strength, safety as well as rugged Features characterizing thekind of crane's features include two trucks that durability in applications demanded in the LIFTCHAIN hoist includeare sealed and totally enclosed, non-ventilated fields such as the shipyards, conventional or rugged and compact designmotors with adjustable D.C brakes, rubber nuclear power generation and evenbumpers, bridge beam fastener set as well as construction.two helical gear reducers. With the mentionedfeatures, externally adjustable D.C. brakes Hercu- Link chain hoist is one in whichallow controlled deceleration, which is enhanced safety is noticeable with themachining or general industrial operations. presence of automatic Cranes which are available and accessible in forms such asThe unique features associated with the single girder top running motorized end trucks,convertible push and trucks include trolley double girder top running motorized end trucksstops, beam fabrication instructions as well as as well as convertible push frames. It is alsoassembly and installation guide. Convertible ideal when new head room requirement in anpush and truck's benefits include having fully already existing application necessitates amachined frames that are convertible for either new crane or even in situation where headtop running or under hung use. And for the room allows lower building heights for a newwheels to roll smoothly on flat or tapered construction.flanges, they are cast with iron and precisionmachine. Convertible push and trucks' kits offer a medium duty and push end truck design,On the other hand, focusing on hoists, we can which can be assembled for either top runningcover the air hoists, which also vary in regard or under hung cranes. Convertible push andto their lightweight and steel in nature to trucks are compatible for assembly,ensure durability, exclusive air motor gear with maintenance, mean that additional lifts aresignificant ability to accept contaminated air as obtainable, full flow pendent for maximumcompared to the other motors and it has also control as well as enhanced positioning of thehigh starting torque ensuring proper spotting load, the disc brake is non-asbestos andcapability, automatic multi disc brake that is spring engaged with air release plus the hoistfully enclosed to ensure efficient protection has a 100 % duty cycle multi-vane air motor.and corrosion resistance as well as smartdesign bottom blocks mounted on situations 17

Earth moving equipment The objectives should be Earth moving equipment of the mine site can area, ecological sustainability, economicrealistic, measurable and time simply be defined as the processes or an development, minimize soil erosion and activity that aims at restoring land that is not reduction in maintenances requirements of the bound so as to achieve active and has been abandoned to a rehabilitated area. maximum effectiveness. It is productive state in regard to natural habitats, also important to assess all soil productivity, and fresh water thus Safety and healthy measures should be enhancing its sustainability its beneficial uses considered as integral part of rehabilitation risks associated with these and achievements of specific social economic and taken into action so as to minimize objectives so to facilitate outcome. hazardous damages left behind by mining positive income, for these activities such as: emission of chemicals into objectives to be achieved When mine sites and quarries are abandoned the ground leaving heavy metals that gets there must be adequate they are prone to pollution caused by dumping contaminated with soil and water, pits and resources both financial of pollutants materials by the community pots, falling rocks, unstable ground, high toxic members, insecurity which comes in due to gases, explosive fluids and dangerous shafts resources and man power. lack of warnings and fence, in order to protect which in turn poses threat to the general the land from the above calamities there is habitat endangering its existence. need to enforce rehabilitation program. Alternative reuse of the abandoned mines and Earth moving equipment program entails the inactive quarries includes establishment of following: Identifying the context of the activities which are beneficial to the rehabilitation plan, setting of the objectives for community such as using pits from these area the program, developing the program, such as water reservoirs and installation of implementing the rehabilitation plan, sewage plants, open air museums which management and monitoring of the program, attracts tourism and can also be used for closure of the program and finally follow up. educational purposes. Local people's cultural beliefs, wishes and hopes should be Rehabilitation program should be able to meet considered in rehabilitation program and in the following key requirements: Legislative reusing of the mine site because they are the requirements, safety and health of the area, beneficiaries and they are the ones affected, economic viability and a possible positive this is achieved by involving them in decision economic impact to the local communities, making create stable aesthetic landforms within the area, development of the area in accordance with local people cultural and beliefs in addition to hope and aspirations of all stakeholders, consider alternative reuse of the18

11

Excavations There are many ways to try and improve the type technology has the advantage of not grade coming out of a mine. Trying to reduce needing water and also does not suffer from Many vamping operations the amount of waste that is mined out with the high grade material being washed away into make use of manual labour ore (dilution) has a large and positive impact the drains. Finally, vacuuming allows for with shovels and brooms to but this is not always possible and is recovery from confined areas where even sometimes unavoidable. shovels and brooms are difficult to use. clean up these fines and Vamping is a low cost operation because the recover them for further Making sure the plant is running at its best actual mining has already been done and the processing but vacuums have efficiency with the least possible losses infrastructure is also already in place. Thisproven to be very useful in this through the process is also important but in means that the vamping crew can focus general most plants run at a high efficiency exclusively on the recovery of the fines application. unless they are of an older design or have material. seen a serious lack of maintenance. Vamping is another way to try and recover as much One thing to keep in mind is that vamping is a valuable ore as possible and has proven it can low volume operation with high grade returns deliver. which means you cannot measure the success by the amount of tons of ore these Some studies have found that in gold mines operations recover but rather the grades that which use a lot of explosives to blast out the are being achieved and the kilos of gold that stopes, 85% of the gold bearing material is are being added to the output of the mine less than 75 microns in size after the blasting every month. This requires grades to be has taken place. The grades that are often measured more regularly. found in these fines are in the double digit range and in rare cases are even as much as Some mines process this material separately 100 g/t. and collect it in bags of between 25 and 50 kg and transport it separately for proper Vacuuming ensures that all the material is monitoring purposes. Generally these efficiently recovered – it can remove material vamping operations are done by contractors from cracks which sweeping is not capable of. as the mine continues to focus on It also generates no dust at the nozzle, development and mining which is generally making it a safer method of recovery, their core competence. especially underground. When used instead of jetting, vacuuming that makes use of roots20

Personal Protection EquipmentIt is also called personal protective equipment, In addition to the equipment's responsibilities, The cost of using the personalreferring to all the equipment intended to be the employees and other users are required to protective equipments isput on or held by a person at work that clean or sterilize the clothing equipment after meant by the employers. Theprotects them against risks of any kind to their use; in case of any damage or malfunction, to PPE to use depends on thehealth and safety. The PPE can also be inform the service provider; must not misuse work environment, the workclothing worn by a student, contractors, the clothing equipment; must use the conditions, and the processemployees or visitors in shielding their bodies protective clothing or equipment in a way being performed or rather theagainst workplace hazards. For instance, in instructed to use it. hazards involved. PPE shouldthe event of an electric arc, workers are be used only when it is a lastexposed to so high temperatures that results Reasons to consider the PPE as a last resort option after all other methodsto severe burns. They are used to supplement are: restricting the user to some point limiting to improving safety have beenother means of hazard controls or further visibility or mobility thus creating additional taken.minimize the risk of injury. hazards; effective protection can only be achieved through use of the appropriate PPE 21PPE include equipment such as safety and if correctly fitted and maintained; thirdly,footwear, hard hats, high visibility waistcoats, PPE only protects the one wearing it while thegoggles, life jackets, respirators and safety measures to control the risk at the sourceharnesses. Waterproof, weatherproof, or protect everyone in the workplace.insulated clothing is subject to the regulations Factors to consider when choosing theonly if its use is necessary to protect suitability of PPE must be in line with theemployees against adverse climatic conditions hazards involved in the task or the work placethat could however affect their health and as well as meeting the needs of eachsafety. individual. Further, it matters a lot if the type used is effective without increasing the overallEach piece has a different use and as well risks; the PPE should be adjustable to suit themade of different materials appropriate for one wearer; also the health condition of the usersuse and not for the other. For instance, natural must be checked prior to wearing them; therubber gloves do protect the wearer from types of PPE worn at the same time shouldstrong solutions of say bleaching effects for enhance compatibility for efficiency.some time lesser than will do to protect fromammonia hydroxide effectively. Hence, it is Moreover, the manufacturers of personalnecessary to wear or use the right PPE. Since protective equipment must ensure that theit may not offer protection fully, one must PPE will continue to provide the degree ofensure the required levels of protection: protection for which it is designed through anshould be selected with respect to the type of effective maintenance system. Thishazard and the degree of protection required; maintenance may include replacement,it should be useable in the presence of other cleaning, examination, repair and testing.workplace hazards; users should be trained in Therefore simple maintenance such asproper use and fit of the PPE; it should also be cleaning, a wearer can easily do so whilereplaceable in case of error defects; the PPE complex care is entrusted to competentshould be properly stored and maintained. personnel.Most used types of PPE in industrial and In conclusion, the personal protectionconstruction workplaces include: fall protection equipment leads to benefits such as reducingequipment protecting from falls from heights; the risk of illnesses; minimizes on future costs;earplugs protecting from noise; head and enhances safe working environments.protection, hard hats protecting against fallingobjects; safety footwear against crushing toes;safety glasses to protect the eyes from intenselight, UV rays, radiation from hot objects andflying objects, dust particles and metal pieces.As well, safety gloves do protect one fromcontact with toxic chemicals and electric wires.Other protection equipment available include:respiratory protection such as disposable,cartridge, air line, half or full face; skinprotection like sunburn creams, long sleevedclothes; PPE for specific tasks such asdisposable clothing for working withchemicals; welding, painting for example leadaprons for x-ray protection, coveralls whenusing chemicals, leather jackets, trousers andspats for welding, thermal and cold protectiveclothing for work furnaces and cool rooms.

Power Generation To begin with, generation refers to the amount electric power in the world using a variety of of electricity a generator produces over a heat sources. For that reason, turbines haveOn the hand, it is necessary to specific period of time. A generator's output power sources such as steam by boiling water note that power stations also may vary according to conditions at the power through burning coal in a thermal plant; referred to as generating plant, fuel costs, or as instructed by the nuclear fission heat created in a nuclear stations, power plants, power electric power grid operator. On the other reactor creating steam; through renewables, houses or generating plants hand, in this context, power refers to the steam is generated by biomass, solar thermal are industrial facilities for the electricity generated in power stations. Hence, energy where solar parabolic troughs and generation of electric power. would as well refer to power generation as solar power towers concentrate sunlight to Most of them contain one or electricity generation which is the process of heat a heat transfer fluid that then is used to more generators, a rotating generating electric power from sources of produce steam; as well, turbines are driven by machine that converts primary energy. It can be said it is the first natural gases produced by combustion; process in the delivery of electricity to further, small turbines can be powered bymechanical power into electric consumers. The other processes such diesel engines which is usually at low voltage power. Most of the power electricity distribution, storage, recovery are and hence used for back up generation. Last normally carried out by the electric power but not the least, the windmill was early on a stations in South Africa are industry. Power is mainly generated by wind turbine.owned and operated by Eskom electromechanical generators that are driven by heat engines fueled by combustion or Fourthly, electrochemistry is a method used of which account for a bigger nuclear fission as well as other means such as generating electricity, which is a direct portion of all the electricity kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. transformation of chemical energy into produced in the country and Other energy sources include solar electricity in battery form. This electricity photovoltaics and geothermal power. generation is important in portable and mobile lesser portion of all the Power is generated by the movement of a applications. For example; the primary cells electricity produced in the loop wire, or copper between the poles of act as a power source directly, however many African continent. It contains magnet. Central power stations became cell types are used for storage systems ratheroperational facilities and some economically practical with the development of than primary generation systems. In addition under construction aimed at other means of power transmission, using osmotic power is a likely occurrence at salty power transformers to transmit power at high and fresh-merge places. Just to mention, the the increasing electricity voltage and with low loss. other methods may include: photovoltaic generation. effect; thermoelectric effect, which is the direct Electricity has been generated at central conversion of temperature differences to22 stations since it's begin. The first power plants electricity in thermocouples, thermopiles, and were run on water power or coal, but today thermionic converters; piezoelectric effect and depends on nuclear, natural gas, nuclear transformation. In addition to the hydroelectric, wind generators and petroleum, above, the selection of electricity production coal and supplementary amounts from solar modes and their economic feasibility varies energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources. depending on the demand and the locality. As Further, the use of power-lines and power- a result of differences in international poles have advanced the distribution of economies, prices too do vary considerably. electricity significantly. There are several All types of power plants and renewable methods of generating electricity which are sources have their own advantages and important in transforming other forms of disadvantages, and thus their selection is energy into electrical energy. To commence determined by the local power demand and with, in electromagnetic induction, kinetic the fluctuations in demand. It is not energy s transformed into electricity through economically viable for sources of production electric generator, dynamo or alternator. It is in if power grid loads vary too much during the almost all commercial electrical generation annual production cycle and the ability to store that electromagnetic induction is used where the flow of water for hydroelectric power is by mechanical energy forces a generator to limited. Consequently, due to advanced rotate. The other method is static electricity technology, the merits have increased such as that forms the physical separation and more massive production, renewable sources transportation of charge, for instance: of power are experiencing reduced production triboelectric effect and lightning. Here, the costs and the energy in many cases is cost- electrostatic generator which was first comparative with fossil fuels. Moreover, discovered is still used even in the modern worldly, many governments are providing devices. Thirdly, most power is mainly subsidies to curb the higher costs of any new generated through turbines driven by wind, power production and to make the installation water, steam or burning gas. Here, are many of renewable energy systems economically different methods of developing mechanical feasible. energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal power. Most of the power generation In summary, generating electricity from natural is driven by heat engines. The modern steam gases is relatively than generating power by turbine currently generates about 80% of coal.



PPE Vending Machines PPE is an important PPE vending machines do provide the means companies to maintain a clean safe work requirement for many firms to address health and safety challenges faced environment to reduce injuries and mitigatethat provide safety equipment by managers. Failing to provide adequate safety risks.to the staff in order to reduce personal protective equipment to employees Moreover, the vending machines allow forthe risk of occupational injury leads to potential life threatening risks that controlled access and can be programmed in would result to serious financial and legal a way that employees access the relevant or harm. The issuing and consequences. Therefore, the employers have PPE and other tools for the assigned task. monitoring of protective realized the need of using on-site vending Vending units also provide employers with machines in providing these equipments. They PPE usage data that helps manage a safety equipment sometimes provide protective gloves, goggles and ear program and preventing costs from hiking. becomes tricky to control as defenders among other protections. Comprehension of the full usage enables the firms protect overstocking, under-stocking the the total costs escalate The vending machines do provide availability equipment of which both can be expensive in unnecessarily. of PPE as well as offering storage under view of products, compliance and complexity. appropriate status and provide the means by which the employers can monitor and access The importance of data from an inventory the usage of the equipments. In addition, program managing PPE supplies can provide advanced systems are available to ensure documentation during a safety audit or monitoring of equipment from individual level incident inspection. As well, this technique facilitating the supply is sufficiently meant to enhances complete understanding on the both parties and prevention of casual pilfering efficiency and effectiveness of a safety that is common at the work places. program hence allowing firms to identify new opportunities to improve it. Vending machines have become common in that better control of small, highly consumable It is fundamental for industries to install PPE and highly valuable products. The vending vending machines as they come with the products are such as PPE, batteries, cutting following credits: has several user friendly inserts, drill bits among others. Further, these features; helps each person to comply with machines reduce downtime for acquiring this workplace safety standards; demonstrates equipment at the start of the shift. Enables organizational commitment to employee24

occupational health and safety; comes with Above all the mentioned, it is important to notetracking software that coordinates individual that PPE vending machine systems do notusers as well as overall stock levels. require refrigeration units, hence don't totally experience major and expensive problems.The overall objective is to minimize on Also, the system is designed with specificconsumption and the ability of the machine to features and high quality materials that ensurecut down stolen goods in workplaces. longevity and reliability. In case of any issuesIncreases productivity by making products arising, the machines are designed that suchavailable at all times saving money and time issues can be resolved through the phone,too. They enhance reduction in consumption however such cases rare with theseand abuse since the employees are aware of machines.being accountable after use. The machine isalso customized to ensure that customer's In some countries, there are two differentunique products requirement are met and sizes available to choose from, small to large.tested to ensure trouble free vending of the The selection of the size is dependent on theitems. volume of the PPE equipment that the respective workplace takes. These two optionsThe procedure to operating this machine; the are alike in functionality and theuser, say an employee, an employee, characteristics. These features include:contractor or a visitor is required to use a modern features and a sleek design; muchsmart card/key or a ring in order to operate or user friendly; are long lasting and are muchdispense the PPE vending machine. The cheaper than others.smart cards contains no monetary value butrather serves as a tracking device of items In conclusion, besides vending machines forenabling the owners or users ensuring they Personal Protective Equipment, others serveare not stolen nor misplaced. as hot beverage vending machines, snack and can vending machines, water coolers,The PPE vending machine then allows multipurpose vending machines or cash anddispensing a safety item in the work place cashless payment solutions.efficiently and effectively. On the other hand,safety equipment that is stored in the vendingmachine such as safety glasses, gloves,helmets are then issued to the users. 11

Revolving door The main benefit of a revolving door is that it The Manufacturing Process is always closed and always open. This All aluminum members are cut to lengthA revolving door is used to control traffic means that the design of the system is such depending on the overall final dimensions of or heating and air conditioning in a that there is at least one door wing sealing the the revolving door. Aluminum extrusions are opening at all times reducing the amount of manufactured utilizing a very large press building. The revolving door structure heating volume and air conditioning (HVAC) device called an extrusion press. consists of individual door panels (or that escapes from a building and these wings), a center shaft with the hardware savings in energy costs can be considerable. The press forces pre-heated aluminum cast needed to support the door wings, a The revolving door achieves these savings billets through a steel die that has a shape cut circular structure called a \"rotunda\" or because the curved walls of the rotunda allow to the requirements of the user. Much the \"drum\" that is usually fitted with glass, the seals to fit tightly as the door wings rotate. same as a cake decorator who uses a sack of icing forced through a small nozzle to create and the ceiling (supported by the Each wing is fitted with a rubber and felt designs and shapes, an extrusion takes the rotunda) that contains either a weather seal. With time and use, these shape of the cut out in the die and these weather seals on the door wings must be shapes can be made to very exact tolerances. mechanical braking device (used to replaced because their effectiveness control the speed of the doors) or an diminishes with age. This process is also a These extrusions are the main components electronic device that uses a motor to part of the design of the revolving door used in revolving door manufacturing—they system. are designed to lock together and provide a drive the doors automatically. very solid framework to support the rest of the History system.26 The exact first use of revolving doors is unknown. However, it is known that they have Revolving door systems can also be been in use since about 1790 in Chicago manufactured using exotic metals like brass or where they are still widely used today. stainless steel to enhance their appearance. Revolving doors solved the problem of how to These systems do not use aluminum automatically close the door opening in order extrusions. Instead, sheets of metal that are to keep from losing heating or cooling. Early cut and formed to wrap around a steel revolving doors were manufactured using skeleton (sub-frame) are welded in place. wood because the technology and materials needed to economically manufacture them They can easily cost as much as three times from metal was either not yet available or that of a standard aluminum revolving door. prohibitively expensive. The circular rotunda walls are formed from aluminum extrusions that are repeatedly fed Raw Materials through a bending machine until the correct The materials used in the construction of a radius is achieved. The radius depends on the revolving door consist of aluminum extrusion, required size of the revolving door. steel tubes, machined steel hardware pieces designed to attach the doors to the structure, The most common size (width) is 8 ft (2.4 m), marine grade plywood, glass (curved and flat), but these systems can be manufactured to felt and rubber, and the mechanical devices much larger widths. Larger systems are used to control speed or a motor driven usually motorized because the structure would operator device to move the doors in response be very difficult to push manually. The bending to a signal from a sensor. machine consists of three rollers through which the straight piece of aluminum is fed. Design After each bend, the rollers are moved closer Each basic revolving door design is modified together and the material is fed through again (with respect to dimensions, number of door until the correct radius is achieved. wings, whether the function is manual, automatic or security, and finish or color) to This process is critical because the door suit the users requirements. The basic design panels must not only fit inside the rotunda, but of the revolving door system is not changed, they must also evenly rotate 360 degrees but it is available in several configurations. without hitting the rotunda walls. The seal between the door panels and the rotunda When an architect specifies a revolving door, must also be maintained to reduce the amount he or she is primarily interested in the best of hot and cold air entering and leaving design that will conserve energy but also one through the door. that will bet suit the traffic requirements of the finished building. From this basic idea, the All aluminum parts (doors, frames, etc.) are architect specifies the revolving door system welded together and prepared to receive the and configuration, and manufacturers can hardware components that make up the adapt their designs to comply with the emergency breakout system. specifications.

The circular ceiling is cut from 1 in (2.54 cm) The gates that allow the door frame to be The ceiling is prepared for thethick marine grade plywood and then hung to the assembly using a pivot bar light fixtures (cut-outs) and thelaminated with 0.125 in (0.318 cm) thick assembly. The revolving door panels rotate center shaft hole is cut at thealuminum sheet to form the interior ceiling. with the center shaft assembly and the center very center. shaft an aerial view and a cut-away of aSteel angle is welded together in a grid pattern revolving door.to provide the support for the ceiling and tosecure the mechanical speed control device. Assembly is, as previously discussed, fittedThe grid is installed on top of the ceiling. with breakout plates at the top and bottom. There are additional hardware devices at eachThe speed control device is a system of spring end of the center shaft and these devices areloaded brake shoe assembly that rotates the actual center shaft pivot points. They areinside a drum. As the rotational speed of the referred to as stub shafts.revolving door increases, so does the brakeshoe assembly and the pressure of the brake The bottom of the center shaft assembly sitsshoes against the drum slows the revolving inside a bearing assembly that is secured todoor down preventing the \"freewheeling\" the floor of the building. The bearing permitseffect. The speed control device can be the revolving door to rotate smoothly and ismounted in the ceiling or in the floor. Floor necessary to prevent mechanical breakdownmounted speed controls are used on systems due to wear.that have glass ceilings or have insufficientclearance at the top of the door system. The entire revolving door is assembled at the factory for testing. Once cleared for shipment,The center shaft is fabricated and fitted with the revolving door is disassembled andthe balance of the breakout hardware. wrapped in protective plastic. A wood crate isRevolving door systems (in the United States) built and the revolving door components aremust be fitted with a \"panic collapsing packed and secured for their journey to the jobmechanism\" or \"breakout system\" that permits site.the door frames to fold against one another.This bookfold position permits an unobstructed When the revolving door assembly is erected,exit from the interior to the exterior of the a series of tests and measurements are madebuilding in the event of a fire or other in order to verify that the product conforms toemergency. The Uniform Building Code the requirements of the customer. The system(adopted by most municipalities in the United is checked for correct height and width, allStates) requires the breakout system together functions of the revolving door are testedwith another manual or automatic swinging or (speed control, breakout system, weathersliding door next to the revolving door for stripping, etc.) and adjustments are madeemergency exit and handicap access. where needed. In the case of security systems or automatic systems, each computer functionThe breakout mechanism consists of two or mode of operation is checked and re-breakout plates that are attached to each end checked for proper operation. The qualityof the center shaft. They are slotted because control inspector must sign off on anthe door frames are fitted with pivot bars that inspection form before the door system can beallow the door frame to fold out of position as disassembled.described above. The breakout plates haveremovable access gates that allow the doorframe to be hung to the assembly using apivot bar assembly. 27

Safety and Security Software in Construction Though the vibrations are Systems or machines are by all means vital in upgradability to vibration analyzer, 1 and 2 experienced at intervals, the daily undertaken activities that could not plane field balancing as well as machineVIBXPERT II is well inbuilt with be easily done by human strength. These diagnostic and integrated vibration analysis. tools to curb and to eradicate activities are especially in the industrial fields the problem. VIBXPERT II and the mining sectors to name just but a few. Online condition monitoring systems are fast, Unlike man, who can harmoniously detect a reliable and powerful to protect assets such as Balancer as a portable breakdown of his own body system and act by machines with very high end technology. condition monitoring system himself without hurting others, systems break VIBGUARD is an example of advanced online instantly and man, who effectively controls the condition monitoring system, which has 20 that is portable, fault of systems cannot easily escape the dangers the parallel channels, intelligent data reduction, unbalancing especially with come with a system's vibration analyzer. DIN rail mountable, various configurations, continuous monitoring and seamless the rotors equipment can A number of its special features include; user integration to condition monitoring systems on easily and powerfully be friendliness and intuitive operation, automatic the other hand are ideal for automatic switchbox support, fast measurements by use detection of changes in the conditions of a handled. of trending spectra, long-lived battery as well machine; they work autonomously thereby as powerful diagnostic tools for making them accurate in timely detection of troubleshooting machines. Abnormal possible breakdown. vibrations produced by rotating machines as a result of unbalancing, misalignment, defective With the latest technology, there are special bearings, looseness and gear damage. portable conditions monitoring systems that play multiple roles in ensuring conditions of The balancer breakdown; fatal injuries and machines. Such a system is the VIBXPERT II, even immediate deaths are not easily gotten which is an all-in-one data collector, field away with. However, such fatal emergencies balancer as well as a control system. It is most can be avoided in advance. This is only via compatible to offer parallel and synchronous implementation of condition monitoring data acquisition, protects assets from systems. Condition monitoring systems are unplanned shutdown and carries out high available in different versions; they can either diagnostics to ensure high rate of productivity be portable or online. Portable systems for and measures time signals for all kinds of condition monitoring are ultimate for signal inputs. In order to perform in high depth inspections and appropriate diagnosis in the of analysis and monitoring of turbo machinery, machine park. Examples of them include data the VIBGAUARD is connected to the buffered collectors plus vibration analyzers. outputs of real time protection systems. It is also swift in data processing, thus, it is Online helps detect unbalances effectively suitable for protecting assets with much thereby correcting the fault in advance. shorter running cycles like the machining tools VIBXPERT II has with it special features that and cranes. VIBGAUARD It is effective and have shaped its outstanding performance, offers high level of troubleshooting as it is also which include one-hand operation that is available in the portable version. manageable, powerful reporting tool,28



Security Excellent Security communication and IT Cap lamps are another type of underground Solution give room for enhancing efficiency, communication solution to the underground Communication and tracking safety and significant productivity in the mining mining. A cap lamp that can be considered for underground mines that is industries. This is in both conducive and harsh competent as compared to other camp lamps mining environment within a given is the Integrated Communications Cap Lamp digital in nature meets the underground mining industry. Perfect (ICCL) inbuilt with features like personal underground communication underground communication and IT solutions protection equipment and communication infrastructure as well as a real consist of reliable, up-to-date and effective equipment such as PED text message reader. technologies as well as skillful personnel, who Underground wireless communication is also time transfer of data. exercise underground intelligence and recommended as a solution to underground expertise to ensure safety and productivity communication for underground mining through effective asset monitoring. resources such as coal. With the incorporation of features such as This is due to the benefits that come with LAN Wi-fi protocol or Wi-fi digital system, underground wireless communication. First, it effective communication and quality data is covers a long range of distance; current achieved allowing productivity in the frequencies permit rum for approximately 20- underground mines. A tracking system that is 50 km LOS connecting clients. A high speed Wi-fi based acts as an effective safety tool as that allow up to 50 Mbps bandwidth and it is it effectively helps monitor the mining also secure since it uses encryption of a machineries such as vehicles as well as higher standards. personnel working underground. Other benefits that come with such a tracking For the most critical underground mining system include its ability to allow video environment, underground mesh radio cameras, phones and also PCs operate communication is recommended as the best underground plus enabling automation. solution. Full wireless mesh network's ability to allow a given node connect with another in Detection systems for mines can as well be communication in the mining site allows implemented for underground mining. For consistent communication even as the site instance, proximity detection system, which is changes with continuous underground mining. in other words known as Collision Avoidance Thus, harsh mining sites need ruggedized cell System (CAS), is a detection system that is phones, PDAs and radios to name a few. designed to prevent the risk of personnel Underground mesh network does also support coming into contact with the underground automation, data communication between mining machineries in a manner that cannot heavy machines and also monitoring the be controlled. performance of such machines.30

Stemming TrucksStemming is essential in the drill and blast repairing broken edges of sealed, repairing In summary, suitablemining stage, where aggregate material is potholes, depressions, wheel path rutting and extraction tools are availableplaced on top of explosives in drill holes. drainage bumps. They help to save time since in enabling cartridges to beWhen the explosives are detonated, the they can be cleaned while running, are rotor removed, that takes the formstemming locks and the expanding gases free, have no moving parts and can handle of a corkscrew or barb of non-keep the forces the boreholes until the rocks any material. ferrous material which can bestart breaking. As result, stemming trucks are connected to stemming rods.created so as to efficiently stem the holes on a Secondly, water trucks is used in mining In addition, it is necessary toblast pattern. Stemming using the Ausroad sectors or for civil construction projects for consider the explosive costsstemming trucks is repeating on how road maintenance that have a full epoxy lining as well as optimizing costsstemming has been in previous applications. to prevent corrosion and are highly reliable. and making informedIts application contributes in making the They are either fitted with remote controlled decisions and productionblasting procedures quick and more water cannons, hydraulic sprays, ground spray costs when selecting theproductive. systems, timers for various spray patterns and drilling and blasting methods. rear view cameras. Water trucks are used forAusroad stemming trucks are designed in applications such as compaction, dust control, 31such a way that they can work in demanding or fire prevention.environments during usual mining operations.These machines have revolutionized the Trucks for compaction are required forstemming process within open cut mines, construction works as they help to compressleading to improved safety and significant the surface of the ground making it smoothersavings in materials, time and manpower. and manageable for construction. It is mainly used in cases of land preparation forThere are different types of stemming trucks residential construction or on farm-land,characterized by large stemming units, water making it easier to compress into a firm andspray system to manage dust, a metering load bearing surface. On the other hand,system that can determine how much stem water trucks for dust control are widely used inwork to put in the hole on a meter basis, zero large earthmoving operations, such as miningwaste of aggregate, single operator function or road building to control the amount of air.through joystick control from the cab, custom On the final application, water trucks can belength placing conveyor to reach either side of used by fire-fighters for their back up as wellthe truck for stemming and other functions. as spraying water onto roads or bush-lands as a preventive measure in case of severeThere are several merits achieved in using the dangers of fire or to suppress existing firesstemming trucks. They are such as and stop them spreading.operational safety in which the process is fullycontrolled from the driver's seat through a Thirdly, emulsion trucks are important roadjoystick thus enhancing safety; ability to maintenance solutions which can either beaccess hard-to-reach blast areas and truck mounted, trailer mounted, skin mounteddecreasing the line between charge and blast or mini sprayer units. The other type is theto an almost a negligible period. When high quality HD trucks designed specifically forcompanies join to produce a stemming truck, delivering asphalt, aggregates or quarrythis is a great benefit to the nation as they are products horizontally to the ground andable to increase production even when the customized for a variety of other tasks The HDtimes of mining challenges such as high trucks are appropriate for small and largeproduction costs, high commodity prices, labor patching jobs, heavy maintenance jobs andunavailability and others. general repairs.On the other hand, when the stemming trucks However, removing stemming and re-primingare available or locally manufactured, this is a course of action to consider in case ofbecomes a credit to the users and clients as dealing with misfire. Nonetheless, thisthey are assured of local support and readily operation can be hazardous hence requiringavailable spare parts where need be. huge care after a detailed consideration. ForProportional hydraulic control allows accurate instance, when a hole contains detonators andcontrol and placement of stemming materials its anticipated excessive force would bewhich reduce wastages and increase on required to remove the stemming, then theefficiency. In addition they lead to fewer operation must not be performed. This isunpredictable vehicle movements on site that would end up in premature initiation of theimproves the safety and effectiveness; less charge, especially if the detonator is close todust and heat exposure for ground staff. the top of the main charge and is immediately below the stemming. Further, under noThe following are the types of trucks. To begin condition should the explosives or thewith jet-master trucks are designed for many detonators be removed from a borehole byroad maintenance applications including pulling on the detonator leads.

Stockpiling Management This system has a A stockpile refers to a storage location for bulk under their account to criminal groups or rebel comprehensive knowledge of materials, forming a part of bulk material forces. Measures to ensure the security andmobile machine and conveyor handling process. Stockpiles are used management of legal stocks of small arms andcontrol systems that enhances commonly in areas such as in a refinery, port to reduce surplus weapons are important or say a manufacturing facility. components for an effective action a complete stockyard programmed to combat illicit trafficking andoptimization solution. Its main A stacker makes up a stockpile while a prevent and deduct the proliferation of small reclaimer is used to recover the material. arms. features are such as the Stockpiles are part of the essential path in system can be used in material handling supply chains. Any stacking The importance of stockpile management in simulating different and reclaiming gains do affect the profits while this case include: improving security through indirectly affecting machine maintenance. ensuring that weapon leakages does not circumstances including new threaten the security which the military is stacking and reclaiming On the other hand stockpiling management trying to provide; that it does not threaten the systems are important physical principles security personnel as their own leaked guns modes; can determine burst incorporated by firms for material flow as well may be turned back on them; illicit ammunition out limits when the bucket as scanning instruments to delivering an are not stolen, misused in the civilians' hands. accurate and robust solution. Moreover, safety is improved, if not safelywheel should leave the coal in stored, can lead to explosion of ordnance mining sites to optimize turn In addition, mining sites require stockpile stocks which would kill many people and around for all reclaiming management software with 3D views which destroying properties too. methods; has the ability to comprises of detailed quality of data of stockpiles for better stacking and reclaiming Also if stored in poor conditions such as wetprovide volume look ahead for decisions. The advantages are that it creates ones, the stability of ammunition and current bucket wheel user defined stacking patterns based on explosives is compromised hence resulting to performance, capacity or quality; has 3D view unsafe handling. Thirdly, the stockpile trajectory, allowing the gains of the stockpiles; maximizes stockpile management ensures appropriate registration machine control system to and yard capacity with consistent stacking of the amount of weapons in stock helping adjust long travel; the system results and actual infill stacking. identify lost ones and prompt their recoveryis straightforwardly integrated actions. The exact number of weapons in with existing site hardware, In order for one to claim a waste deduction, stock become known thus ensuring there is need to know when that waste should accountability. control systems and be received and have suitable systems foroperational database systems; substantiation. Stockpiling waste before Just to mention, basic measures to take when processing it or transporting it off-site, one storing ammunition are such as smoking or it is also generic and can be should ensure that the amount of waste in fire should not be allowed near the area of configured for any stockyard tonnes and applicable levy rates added to the storage; in case of only one storage room,layout with any combination of stockpile and recycle process are recorded; as different categories of items should be placed yard machines; the basis of well as the amounts transported from the site. separately in the room; if the ammunition Deductions cannot be claimed for waste that category is not definite where it belongs, then the profile model is was received more than a day time period should be stored as category 1; there should constructed from machine before the date on which the deduction is not be fuse detonator; all the weapon claimed. When claiming deductions for the magazines should be emptied and stored with position information and stockpiles, the first-in first-out accounting the weapons; any directional weapons such material properties among financial principle is used. as rocket propelled grenades should be placed with the warhead facing out of the others. In other words, stockpile management is a stack and away from occupied areas. Last but wide ranging term that covers specific not least in case of fire, one should not enter technical areas related to the safety and the storage area until a fire brigade arrives. security of ammunition and explosives in accounting, storage, transportation and The most effective way to ensure is to limit handling. Further, it includes determination of access to unauthorized personnel through stockpile sizes, types of stockpiles, their measures such as having alarm systems, location and the management of ammunition guarding the sites with dogs and patrols, in service. As a result, proper planning is fencing and external lighting systems, essential in stockpile management so as all controlled access measures, inventory control activities involved work together as an through audits and stock-checks, purpose- integrated system. built storage facilities and consequently installing surveillance equipment. The secure national management of small arms stockpiles is instrumental in preventing small arms proliferation. However, poor stockpile security leads to illicit market of the arms. Corrupt officials may trade off weapons322

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Supply Chain Finance The buyers optimize working It is also referred to as reverse factoring or account. Nonetheless, the supply is often paid capital, and the supplier supplier finance which is a set of solutions that during the next day of business. optimizes cash flow by allowing businesses togenerates additional operating prolong their payment terms to their suppliers The financing rates are based on the buyer's cash flows, thus minimizing while providing the option for their large and risk and not the supplier's. Sixthly, the buyer the risk across the supply small market enterprises suppliers to get paid pays the full invoice to the supplier at maturity. early. The small businesses have the benefit Meanwhile, the buyer simultaneously benefits, chain. Supply chain generally from high credit scores of their buyers, and for because they have effectively extended theirinvolves the use of technology buyers to lengthen their payment terms. payment terms without negatively influencing the suppliers. platform in order to automate Supply chain finance has the following transactions and track the features: it is not a loan; it is an extension of Supply chain finance is mutually beneficial for invoice approval and the buyer's accounts payable and is not both the buyers and suppliers as it stabilizes settlement process from considered financial debt whereby it the cash flow. Buyers can extend their represents a true sale of supplier's payment terms but without pressurizing the initiation to completion. This receivables; it's not for large companies only suppliers directly; the cost can be lower sincetechnique has become popular for it provides value for firms of all sizes and the funding is directly based on the buyer'sdue to increasing globalization credit ratings; does not require a bank since credit rating; suppliers get similar benefits to the programs can be self-funded by the invoice finance as they get paid within a and complexity of the supply buyers, without a bank's participation in shorter time rather than waiting for longchain especially in automotive, funding or else financing is shared by the payment terms; competition and transparency buyer, capital markets and financial in a multi bank platform forces lower prices manufacturing and the retail institutions; finally, supply chain does not from funders. sector. require to be tied to a single bank. Buyers can bring additional banks to fund their Reverse factoring has several transactions programs if the existing funder's price is too such as extension of buyer's accounts payable high thus the buyers are leveraged to terms, inventory finance and payables influence the funder's behavior and discounting. Supply chain finance enhances maximumly drives competitive prices; working capital in two ways: encourages selection of a multibank option allows the collaboration between the buyer and seller, buyer full control of which banks want to work rather than the completion that often pits with and the flexibility to introduce new buyer against seller and otherwise. Secondly, funders in order to meet liquidity shortfalls due it connects the financial transactions to value to current funders possibility of losing credit as it moves through the supply chain. appetite in a reverse factoring platform. The supplier finance works well when the Consequently, the main profit from the supply buyer has a better credit rating than the seller chain finance is that the buyer does not pay and therefore can access capital at a lower any fee to extend its payment terms and the cost. The seller benefits by accessing cheaper supplier only pays a small discount if he wants capital, while having the option to sell its to get paid early. receivables to receive immediate payment. On the other hand, the buyer is able to negotiate In summary, it is a collaborative process, better terms from the seller such as an whereby the lender aids both the buyers and extension of payment terms that enables the the suppliers and all the three parties agree. buyer to conserve cash or use it for other Hence, the supplier finance is not similar to purposes. invoice finance even when the supplier sees them alike. On the other hand, smaller buyers The procedure of reverse factoring is as use trade finance to fund transactions on follows: the supplier sends their invoices to the receiving goods from suppliers if and only if buyer using the current policy; the buyer are financially strong and are working with approves the invoices and uploads the creditworthy suppliers. This is done through approved invoice data to the supplier platform; letters of credit or cashes upfront from large at any time, the supplier is able to access the lenders that guarantee the payment to the invoices on logging into supply chain finance suppliers. platform. The fund may settle directly in the supplier's bank account on the original maturity date or the supplier may trade his receivables to a funder on the platform in return for advance payment. Fifthly, if traded before maturity, the difference between full invoice and discount is electronically transferred to the supplier's bank34





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Pumps Pumps, additionally can be grouped Dynamic pumps convert a high, liquid velocity according to their method of displacement; into a flow passage that diffuses pressure and Pumps are very functional and positive displacement pumps, impulse pumps, are categorized into four major categories;popular tools mainly for industrial velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps centrifugal pumps, axial pumps, mixed pumps and valve less pumps. Basically, there are two and the regenerative pumps. The centrifugal purposes. They are used to types of pumps: positive displacement and pumps are highly produced world wide; they convey different types of fluid centrifugal. Although axial-flow pumps are are basically made up of an impeller and an such as water, oil and fuel to and most often classified as a different type, they intake system. When the impeller rotates, it have essentially the same operating principles pulls liquid into its housing through centrifugal from pipes and containers. as centrifugal pumps. force which helps to decrease the rate of Pumps can be electric powered, Additionally, pumps can either be categorized speed at which the fluid moves from the into automatic pumps, positive displacement impeller chamber. The velocity at which it does solar powered or operated pumps or dynamic pumps. An automatic pump is then converted into the pressure necessary manually. They can be is described as a machination that raises or for discharge. transfers fluids. Industrial and civil applications categorized into three main include: drainage, sewage, irrigation, The axial pumps also known as the all-fluid groups according to the method chemical, petroleum, medical, and industrial plumps operate at much lower pressures and they use to move the fluid; direct mill. higher flow rates than radial-flow pumps. The mixed pumps operate at higher pressures lift, displacement, and gravity Positive displacement pumps are subdivided than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher pumps. into four categories of pipes; reciprocating, discharges than radial-flow pumps. They act metering, rotary, and moyno pumps. Often as a compromise between radial and axial- used for slurry or sludge, reciprocating pumps flow pumps. The fluid undergoes through both draw a regulated amount of liquid through the radial acceleration and lifts and flows from the suction valve into the cylinder on the intake, impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 and releases it with positive pressure through degrees from the axial direction. the exit channel on the discharge Pumps are used for irrigation, water supply, Moyno pumps are designed to turn solid gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, materials more efficiently. They do not only refrigeration, chemical movement, sewage move them with very little trouble, but also the movement, flood control and for marine gradient they use is very smooth, curbing the services. Because of their different functions, amount of damage that other pumps would pumps are available in different sizes and cause to more sensitive solids. Metering shapes. They also vary in terms of pressure pumps also referred to as proportioning or and volume. controlled-volume pumps use very precise low flow rates of no more than one-half gallon per Hiring minute to control the amount of additives in For various reasons such as; drainage, the main flow. The rotary pumps are used to sewage and slurry pumping, one may be process smooth liquids. This is made possible compelled to hire a pump. Those available are because of their simple design and is also not inclusive of the following; hydraulic, affected by changes in pressure. pneumatic, well pointing, electric and diesel pumps.3228

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