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Holidays, Festivals & Events武昌起義, a milestone event that later Dajia Ma Zu Pilgrimageled to the birth of the ROC. In front ofthe Presidential O ce Building, foreign 大甲媽祖遶境dignitaries and overseas Taiwanese e largest religious event in thejoin citizens in viewing a parade thatshowcases the nation’s traditional and country, the Dajia Ma Zu Pilgrimage hon-contemporary cultures. Honor guards, ors the sea goddess Ma Zu 媽祖, regardedschool marching bands, indigenous by many as Taiwan’s most importantgroups, professional singers and dancers, guardian deity. Every third lunar month,as well as military vehicles are among hundreds of thousands of the faithful takethe highlights. Evening events include part in the nine-day, eight-night proces-the National Day Fireworks Display, sion to celebrate her birthday, setting outwhich turns the night sky into a dazzling from Jenn Lann Temple 鎮瀾宮 in Dajiaexplosion of colors. District 大甲區, Taichung City 臺中市 and passing through Changhua, Yunlin 雲林Festivals and Events and Chiayi 嘉義 counties before circling back to the starting point.Lantern Festival 元宵節 Falling on the 15th day of the rst New Taipei City Wan Jin Shi Marathon 新北市萬金石馬拉松lunar month, the Lantern Festival is theculmination of the Lunar New Year sea- Since 2003, the Wan Jin Shi Marathonson. Across the nation, colorful lanterns has been held every March in New Taipeiare displayed and sweet glutinous rice City. e scenic route boasts a stunningballs are eaten as a traditional snack. mountain view and seascape along the beautiful northern coast of Taiwan. In Notable celebrations include the 2014, the race was awarded a Bronzespectacular Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival Label by the International Association of平溪天燈節 in New Taipei City 新北市, Athletics Federations. In 2015, over 12,000the Miaoli Bombing the Dragon Festi- runners from home and abroad took part.val 龍 in Miaoli County 苗栗縣, theBlasting of Han Dan 炸寒單 in Taitung Flying Fish Festival 蘭嶼飛魚季City 臺東市 and the Yanshui Beehive Each March through July, the ab-Fireworks Festival 鹽水蜂炮 in TainanCity 臺南市. In addition, the Taiwan original Yami 雅美 (or Dawu 達悟) peopleLantern Festival 臺灣燈會, which fea- of Lanyu Island (Orchid Island) 蘭嶼 otures a colossal lantern fashioned a er Taiwan’s southeast coast hold the Flyingthe Chinese zodiac animal of the year, Fish Festival to honor their most impor-rotates around the country each year; tant source of livelihood. e ying shthis festival was held in Taichung City are carried to Lanyu Island on the warm臺中市 from February 27 to March 15 in Kuroshio Current every year. Elaborate2015, the Year of the Ram. ceremonies during these months include blessings of the boats, prayers for an abun- dant catch, and end-of-harvest rituals. 291

II APPENDIX Confucius Ceremonies 祭孔 Penghu International Fireworks Every spring and autumn, Confucius Festival 澎湖國際海上花火節 孔子 temples across the country hold Spanning one to two months between ceremonies to pay homage to the ancient April and June, the Penghu International Chinese philosopher, scholar and teacher. Fireworks Festival has become the top tourist event on the outlying Penghu Islands e island’s oldest Confucius temple was 澎湖群島 since it began in 2003. Spectators built in 1666 in Tainan City; it was also can enjoy stunning reworks from only the most prestigious school of its time. 300 meters away as the displays are set o Today, the temple still performs elaborate over the beautiful waters of Penghu Bay Confucius ceremonies with traditional at- 澎湖灣. A lively mix of musical performances tire, music and dance. One popular ritual rounds out the festivities. involves students plucking hair from oxen in order to gain wisdom. Austronesian Cultural Arts Festival 南島文化藝術節 Spring Scream 春天吶喊 Every April since 1995, indie rock Launched in 1999 and now held bien- nially, the Austronesian Cultural Arts Fes- bands and music lovers from home tival in Taitung County 臺東縣 showcases and abroad have gathered at Pingtung the cultures of Austronesian aboriginal County’s 屏東縣 Eluanbi Park 鵝鑾鼻公園 peoples in Taiwan and across the Paci c. for this multi-stage outdoor concert festi- Featuring musical performances, art ex- val. In addition to days of nonstop electric hibits, and traditional food and cra fairs, vibes, the event also showcases artistic the event also provides opportunities for creations, games, installation art as well as exchanges among Austronesian commu- products by independent designers. nities worldwide. In 2014, festivities ran from April through October and focused Hakka Tung Blossom Festival on the theme of ritual ceremonies. 客家桐花祭 Taiwan International Balloon e Hakka Tung Blossom Festival, Fiesta 臺灣國際熱氣球嘉年華 held each April to May since 2002, cel- e Taiwan International Balloon ebrates the culture of the Hakka people, Fiesta in Taitung County has become a whose ancestors planted tung trees in the popular summer event since it was rst foothills of northern and central Taiwan. held in 2011. Tourists are taken high on In bygone times, oil pressed from tung hot air balloon rides for panoramic views seeds served as a commercially important of the breathtaking East Ri Valley 花東 export. Today, these forests draw visi- 縱谷. e festival’s other major draws tors to beautiful mountain paths that are include evening balloon light and music covered with fallen tung owers. Tourists shows as well as balloon ight performances can experience the charm and cuisines of by international pilots. nearby Hakka communities where various music and dance events are also staged.292

Holidays, Festivals & EventsHo-Hai-Yan Gongliao Rock falling in mid-to-late August), when lav-Festival 貢寮國際海洋音樂祭 ish sacri cial feasts are laid out at temples and in front of homes and shops to placate Every July since 2000, young people these wandering souls.have ocked to this rock music festivalon Fulong Beach 福隆海水浴場 in New Sun Moon Lake InternationalTaipei City to celebrate their summer Swimming Carnivalbreak. Integrating the beauty of Taiwan’snortheast coast with the spirit of creativity, 日月潭萬人泳渡the event has grown into one of the most Every September, tens of thousandswell-known performance platforms forindependent music. of swimmers from home and abroad ock to Nantou County to test theirYilan International Children’sFolklore and Folkgame Festival endurance in this 3.3-kilometer open- water swim across the island’s largest宜蘭國際童玩藝術節 natural lake, named the world’s biggest e Yilan International Children’s swimming event by the International Olympic Committee in 1995 andFolklore and Folkgame Festival is held inducted into the International Swim-every July and August in Yilan County’s ming Hall of Fame in 2002. Over 27,000宜蘭縣 Dongshan River Water Park 冬山 people from 29 countries participated in河親水公園. Launched in 1996, the event the event in 2014.o ers children and their families a host ofgames, exhibitions and folk performances. Kaohsiung Zuoying WannianScores of folk dance troupes and bands Folklore Festival 高雄左營萬年季from around the world are invited tothe event, which has earned recognition Each October since 2001, the Kaohsiungfrom CIOFF (International Council of City Government 高雄市政府 has hostedOrganizations of Folklore Festivals and the Zuoying Wannian Folklore FestivalFolk Arts, an o cial partner of UNESCO) to mark the historical and cultural heritagefor its preservation and transmission of of Zuoying District 左營區, known incultural heritage. earlier times as Wannian County 萬年縣. The nine-day festival also includesGhost Month 鬼月 religious events such as the Fiery Lion Tradition holds that the gates of the Parade 迎火獅 hosted by local temples,underworld are opened during the sev- reworks and exhibitions.enth lunar month to allow spirits from therealm of hungry ghosts to roam freely and Taiwan Open of Surfingseek comfort in the world of the living.Religious observances come to a climax 臺灣國際衝浪公開賽on the 15th day of this lunar cycle (usually Every November since 2011, the Taiwan Open of Sur ng has been held at Jinzun Harbor 金樽漁港 in Taitung 293

II APPENDIX County’s Donghe Township 東河鄉, where Taipei New Year’s Eve perfect waves, beautiful scenery and long Countdown Party stretches of sandy beaches abound. Wide- ly known as a surfers’ paradise, Taitung At midnight on New Year’s Eve, re- was certi ed as an international sur ng works displays light up the skies through- competition venue by the Asia Sur ng out Taiwan. e most dazzling of these is Championships in 2012. e event also the Taipei 101 show: more than a million became part of the Association of Sur ng people gather in the adjacent city hall Professionals World Tour in 2013, making plaza and its neighboring areas to ring it the crowning surf event in Taiwan. in the New Year and admire reworks launched from the skyscraper itself. 294

III APPENDIXJan. 3 Chronology: 2014 20 22 e Legislative Yuan (Legislature) 立法院 passes an amendment to the Patent Act 專利法, allowing for the detention of potentially patent-infringing goods 23 at borders. A Taiwan-Japan e-commerce agreement becomes e ective, requiring both 27 parties to protect the e-commerce and digital content industries. 28 e National Development Council 國家發展委員會 is inaugurated, combin-Feb. 5 ing the former Council for Economic Planning and Development 行政院經濟 6 建設委員會, the Research, Development and Evaluation Commission 行政院 7 研究發展考核委員會 and parts of the Public Construction Commission 行政院 公共工程委員會. President Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 kicks o an eight-day state visit to Burkina Faso, Honduras, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Taiwan is classi ed as a free nation for the 18th consecutive year by U.S.-based human rights organization Freedom House in its Freedom in the World 2014 report. e ROC National Fire Agency 消防署 and Italy’s National Fire Corps sign a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on enhancing natural disaster prevention and rescue capabilities. Amendments to the Act Governing Food Sanitation 食品衛生管理法 clear the Legislative Yuan to boost food safety measures and enhance consumer con - dence. e act is also renamed the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation 食品安全衛生管理法. Taiwan is inducted into the Seoul-based Asset Recovery Interagency Network-Asia Paci c, an organization dedicated to combating organized crime and money laundering. Taiwan concludes a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) cooperative agreement with El Salvador to help the Latin American nation develop SME businesses and innovation. e Ministry of Education allows foreign students enrolled at overseas universities to intern in schools or educational institutions in Taiwan. An agreement to twin Yushan Mountain 玉山 and Mount Fuji the highest mountains in Taiwan and Japan is signed to promote bilateral tourism and exchanges. 295

III APPENDIX 10 The Taiwan External Trade Development Council 中華民國對外貿易發 展協會 and Innovation PEI, the economic development body of Prince 11 Edward Island, Canada, sign an MOU to develop bilateral economic and 17 trade relations. 21 e rst nonstop service between Taipei 臺北 and Dubai is launched by 27 Persian Gulf-based airline Emirates, further boosting links between Taiwan Mar. 3 and the Middle East. 13 Minister Wang Yu-chi 王郁琦 of Taiwan’s Mainland A airs Council (MAC) 18 行政院大陸委員會 travels to Nanjing to meet his mainland counterpart Director Zhang Zhijun 張志軍 of the Taiwan A airs O ce (TAO) 國務院臺 19 灣事務辦公室, marking the highest-level government-to-government talks between Taiwan and mainland China since 1949. e Ministry of Labor is upgraded from the Council of Labor A airs 行政院 勞工委員會. Taiwan and Mongolia ink an MOU on renewable energy development. Taiwan signs a new ight agreement with Macau, li ing restrictions on the number of carriers and direct ights between the two sides, as well as passen- ger and cargo capacity. Taiwan and Hungary sign a reciprocal working holiday agreement to promote youth cultural exchanges. e 10th round of talks between Taipei City-headquartered Straits Exchange Foundation 財團法人海峽交流基金會 and Beijing-based Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits 海峽兩岸關係協會 is held in Taipei City, concluding two pacts on meteorological and seismic monitoring cooperation. e Ministry of Science and Technology is upgraded from the National Sci- ence Council 行政院國家科學委員會. Taiwan-based Evergreen Group 長榮集團 Chairman Chang Yung-fa 張榮發 becomes the rst ROC citizen awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Hundreds of student-led protesters begin occupying the Legislative Yuan to express opposition to a trade-in-services agreement signed with mainland China. e protest ended peacefully on April 10. e Philippine government charges its coast guard personnel involved in last year’s fatal attack on Taiwan shing boat Guang Da Xing No. 28 廣大興28號 with homicide and obstruction of justice. e ROC and St. Lucia conclude a cooperative agreement on information and communications technology.296

Chronology; 2014 24 Taichung City 臺中市 hosts the Asia-Paci c Economic Cooperation (APEC) 27 SME Working Group forum. 28 Celebrated Taiwan lmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien 侯孝賢 receives the Lifetime 31 Achievement Award at the eighth Asian Film Awards in Macau.Apr. 1 Taipei City is o cially designated the 2016 World Design Capital as part of a 3 program to improve city environments through industrial design. 4 Taipei City-based National Palace Museum 國立故宮博物院 signs an MOU with the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco to facilitate exhibit exchanges. 5 Taiwan’s Customs Administration 關務署 and the Customs Service of Poland agree to expand bilateral collaboration. 7 8 e Executive Yuan 行政院 passes a bill on closer oversight of cross-strait 13 agreements. e bill is currently pending legislative approval. 15 e eighth round of talks between Taiwan and the United States under the 19 bilateral Trade and Investment Framework Agreement is held in Washington, D.C., further enhancing their longstanding trade and investment ties. 21 Taiwan’s International Cooperation and Development Fund 國際合作發展 24 基金會 opens a branch o ce in Myanmar under an MOU signed last October with the Southeast Asian nation. e National Performing Arts Center 國家表演藝術中心, comprising three major venues in Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung 高雄, is inaugurated. e 10th Taiwan-Canada Economic Consultation takes place in Taipei, further cementing bilateral trade and economic ties. Gina McCarthy, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, makes an o cial visit to Taiwan, marking the rst time a U.S. Cabinet o cial has visited the country since 2000. Taiwan and Slovakia conclude a working holiday program MOU. e Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership 臺星經濟夥伴 協定 takes e ect. It is Taiwan’s rst economic cooperation agreement with a Southeast Asian nation. Haitian President Michel J. Martelly makes a four-day state visit to the ROC along with a 30-member delegation. On behalf of President Ma Ying-jeou, Minister of National Defense Yen Ming 嚴明 attends the birthday celebrations of King Mswati III in Swaziland, before heading to Burkina Faso to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the resumption of o cial ties. 297

III APPENDIX 24 Construction begins on Taiwan’s rst light railway system in Kaohsiung City. 28 e Executive Yuan announces that the No. 1 reactor of the nation’s fourth 30 nuclear power plant will be mothballed a er a comprehensive safety inspection, May 5 while work on the No. 2 reactor will be put on hold. HTC Corp. 宏達電 Chairwoman Cher Wang 王雪紅 is included in U.S. business 12 news network CNBC’s “First 25” list of the most in uential businesspeople. Wang is the only ethnic Chinese woman and entrepreneur from Taiwan to 17 achieve the honor. 19 Formosa Stock Index 寶島股價指數, a joint initiative of Taiwan Stock Ex- 20 change Corp. 臺灣證券交易所 and GreTai Securities Market (later renamed Taipei 21 Exchange) 證券櫃檯買賣中心, is created for investors to track the country’s 28 main bourse and over-the-counter market. June 1 Taiwan and the EU sign an agreement on drug quality management and information exchange, facilitating the entry of locally produced drugs into the European market. Taiwan tennis player Hsieh Su-wei 謝淑薇 and her mainland Chinese partner are ranked No. 1 in doubles by the U.S.-based Women’s Tennis Association. Minister of Economic A airs Chang Chia-juch 張家祝 attends the annual APEC trade ministers’ meeting in Qingdao 青島, mainland China. A Taiwan delegation headed by Minister of Health and Welfare Chiu Wen-ta 邱文達 attends the 67th World Health Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland. e Legislative Yuan passes the Implementation Act of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 兒童權利公約施行法, thereby adopting the U.N. treaty into domestic law. Taiwan and mainland China agree to establish a cooperative fund for the creative industries at this year’s Cross-strait Creative Industry Cooperation Forum 兩岸創意產業合作論壇 in Taipei City. e Executive Yuan announces the Taiwan 368 Care Services Program 臺灣 368照顧服務計畫 aiming to place an adult day care center in each of the 368 townships, cities and districts across the island by 2016. Representing President Ma Ying-jeou, Premier Jiang Yi-huah 江宜樺 attends the inauguration ceremony of President-elect Salvador Sánchez Cerén and Vice-President-elect Oscar Ortiz of El Salvador. Wong Chi-huey 翁啟惠, president of Academia Sinica 中央研究院, receives the prestigious 2014 Wolf Prize in Chemistry in Israel.298

Chronology; 2014 11 e National Museum of Prehistory 國立臺灣史前文化博物館 breaks ground on its new branch in Tainan City’s 臺南市 Southern Taiwan Science Park 南部 12 科學工業園區 to preserve an abundance of prehistoric relics in the sur- 14 rounding region. Taiwan and France sign an MOU on textile collaboration in Paris to further 15 cement industry-related cooperation. 23 Minister of Culture Lung Ying-tai 龍應台 wraps up a 10-day o cial trip to Europe, concluding an art and science exchanges agreement with the 24 European Organization for Nuclear Research as well as an MOU with 25 Germany’s Berlin Literary House. 26 Taiwan nishes fourth among 24 nations and territories at the 2014 Asian 29 Junior Athletics Championships, the rst time Taiwan has hosted the trackJuly 1 and eld event. 2 8 e Executive Yuan invites international experts for a three-day review 9 of its second national report on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which describes e orts between 2009 and 2012 to implement the U.N. convention in Taiwan. A collection of priceless pieces from Taipei City-based National Palace Museum goes on display for the rst time in Japan. TAO Director Zhang Zhijun becomes the highest ranking mainland o cial to set foot in Taiwan as he visits MAC Minister Wang Yu-chi for their second o cial meeting on cross-strait a airs. e government o cially recognizes the Hla’alua 拉阿魯哇 and Kanakanavu 卡那卡那富 peoples as Taiwan’s 15th and 16th aboriginal groups. President Ma Ying-jeou embarks on a seven-day visit to Panama and El Salvador. e ROC (Taiwan)-U.S.-Japan Trilateral Security Dialogue is held in Taipei City, discussing the need for Taiwan to take part in the Trans-Paci c Partner- ship and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. Russia’s Transaero Airlines inaugurates a Taipei-Moscow route following the October 2013 signing of an aviation agreement between Taiwan and Russia. Taiwan joins 13 other World Trade Organization members in announcing the rst round of Environmental Goods Agreement negotiations to cut tari s on eco-friendly products. Luxembourg rati es an agreement with Taiwan to avoid double taxation and prevent scal evasion, becoming the 27th country to have such a deal with Taiwan. 299

III APPENDIX 20 Taiwan captures one gold and three silver medals at the 26th International 23 Olympiad in Informatics in Taipei City. 28 TransAsia Airways 復興航空 Flight 222 crashes during poor weather in Penghu County 澎湖縣, resulting in 48 fatalities. 31 e national conference on trade and economic a airs wraps up in Taipei Aug. 3 City, underscoring government e orts to build consensus on sustainable 5 development strategies for Taiwan. e conference was also held in response 6 to a request by student protestors who staged a large demonstration in March 15 and April. First lady Chow Mei-ching 周美青 begins a ve-day visit to Japan at the head Sept. 2 of an indigenous children’s choir from Taiwan. 3 A series of explosions triggered by underground pipeline gas leaks rip through streets in Kaohsiung City, killing 25 and injuring over 250. 5 Kiribati President Anote Tong makes a state visit to the ROC. 8 e sixth round of the Cross-Strait Economic Cooperation Committee 兩岸經 濟合作委員會 meeting takes place in Beijing. Taiwan hosts the Asian-Paci c Parliamentarians’ Union meeting, where law- makers from 14 countries pledged greater collaboration on disaster preven- tion and emergency relief. Taipei City kicks o an international forum promoting the role of nongov- ernmental organizations in the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) policymaking processes. A Taiwan-proposed initiative facilitating trade of liquid natural gas is included in the declaration concluding the APEC Energy Ministerial Meeting held in Beijing. Premier Jiang Yi-huah approves a plan to raise the minimum monthly wage from NT$19,273 to NT$20,008 (US$610 to US$633) and the minimum hourly wage from NT$115 to NT$120 (US$3.64 to US$3.80) starting July 1, 2015. ese hikes are expected to bene t some 2.32 million domestic and foreign workers. e Executive Yuan sets up a task force to coordinate government response measures to a food safety scare involving lard-based oils made with kitchen and industry waste. Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中央銀行 Governor Perng Fai-nan 彭淮南 is rated one of the world’s best central bankers in 2014, his 11th consecutive “A” rating, by U.S.-based Global Finance magazine.300

Chronology; 2014 12 e ninth round of negotiations on the trade-in-goods pact between Taiwan and mainland China wraps up in Yilan County 宜蘭縣, with both sides 18 rea rming preliminary agreements under the Cross-Straits Economic Coop- eration Framework Agreement 海峽兩岸經濟合作架構協議. 19 Five winners from around the world are presented with the inaugural Tang Prize 唐獎, a biennial award established by Taiwan entrepreneur Samuel Yin 30 尹衍樑 in December 2012 to recognize individuals for making innovativeOct. 7 legacies for the world. President Ma Ying-jeou is presented with the Eisenhower Medallion by the 8 U.S.-based People to People International organization for his e orts in pro- 18 moting regional peace. 22 A total of 16 ROC allies call for Taiwan’s greater involvement in U.N.-a liated 24 specialized agencies during the global body’s general assembly in New York.Nov. 4 Paraguayan President Horacio Cartes leads a 14-member delegation on a visit to the ROC. 8 Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré arrives in Taiwan for a state visit. 10 Taiwan inaugurates its ninth national park, South Penghu Marine National 14 Park 澎湖南方四島國家公園. 16 e Executive Yuan’s O ce of Food Safety 行政院食品安全辦公室 is inaugurated. 18 Taichung City garners the right to host the 2019 East Asian Youth Games. e ROC and other member states of the Asian Productivity Organization jointly sign a declaration promoting regional collaboration on green economy and sustainable development at the World Congress on Green Productivity held in Taipei City. Tuvalu Governor General Iakoba Italeli begins a six-day state visit to Taiwan. Former Vice President Vincent C. Siew 蕭萬長 attends the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting as a special envoy for President Ma Ying-jeou. e Executive Yuan approves a program replacing mercury-vapor bulbs with light-emitting diodes, making Taiwan the rst country in the world to phase out traditional street lighting. Taiwan wins the inaugural 21U Baseball World Cup held in Taichung City. Revisions to the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation are passed by the Legislature to enhance food safety management, ensure public health and promote consumer rights. 301

III APPENDIX 19 e Executive Yuan announces a redevelopment plan for the Port of Keelung 基隆港, shi ing piers used by the military to free up space for urban renewal 25 along the northern Taiwan city’s coastline. 29 Marshall Islands President Christopher Loeak arrives in Taiwan for a state visit. Dec. 1 Taiwan holds the largest-ever local government elections with 11,108 o cials 5 chosen for nine categories of elected o ces. 8 Nauru President Baron Waqa kicks o a six-day o cial visit to Taiwan. 18 Taiwan participates in the 20th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the 21 Parties held in Peru. Mao Chi-kuo 毛治國 takes over as the nation’s new premier under a partial reshu e of the Executive Yuan. U.S. President Barack Obama authorizes the sale of four Perry-class frigates to Taiwan. Tai Tzu-ying 戴姿穎 becomes the rst Taiwanese player to win the women’s singles title at the Badminton World Federation’s Destination Dubai World Superseries Finals.302

IV APPENDIXHistory of the Republic of ChinaBirth of the power. Heedless of widespread opposi-Republic of China tion, he arranged to have himself elected as the “Great Emperor of China” on In the late 19th and early 20th cen- December 12, 1915.turies, when the vast empire of the Qingdynasty 清朝 was weakened by decades ese actions sparked widespreadof domestic strife and foreign aggres- revolts. Yunnan Province 雲南省 de-sion, a number of groups dedicated to clared independence weeks later, andoverthrowing the imperial court arose. six additional provinces followed suitAmong them was the Revive China in 1916. Amid such intense opposition,Society 興中會 founded by Sun Yat- and a er troops dispatched to sup-sen 孫中山 in Honolulu in 1894, which press the rebellion were defeated, Yuanjoined with other groups to establish the renounced monarchy in March 1916.Chinese Revolutionary Alliance 中國同盟會 in 1905 while Sun was in exile erea er, he fell gravely ill and died onin Tokyo. On October 10, 1911, revolu- June 6, 1916.tionaries launched an uprising in the city The Warlord Eraof Wuchang 武昌, which quickly spreadthroughout the country. By January 1, Following Yuan Shi-kai’s death, China1912, the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance was fractured by regional militarycontrolled a majority of the provinces governments. Viewing as illegitimateand established the Provisional Govern- the Beijing-based government con-ment of the Republic of China (ROC) in trolled by the Beiyang military regime,Nanjing, with Sun Yat-sen as president. Sun Yat-sen returned to his southern home city of Guangzhou 廣州 and began e Xuantong 宣統 Emperor (o en rebuilding an ROC government faithfulreferred to as Puyi 溥儀) of the Qing to the ideals of the 1911 revolution. InEmpire abdicated on February 12, 1912. 1919, Sun and his comrades completed a thorough reorganization of the Kuomin-Uncertain Beginnings tang (KMT) 中國國民黨 also known as Soon therea er, in the interest of the Chinese Nationalist Party and in 1921 he assumed the presidency of thenational unity, Sun relinquished the Guangzhou-based government.o ce of provisional ROC president infavor of Yuan Shi-kai 袁世凱, commander When conflict between regionalof the powerful Beiyang Army 北洋軍. warlords erupted in 1922, Sun issued aA er being formally elected to the ROC manifesto calling for the uni cation ofpresidency and inaugurated on October 10, China. Under his leadership, the ROC1913, however, Yuan assumed dictatorial government in Guangzhou established the Whampoa Military Academy 黃埔軍校. 303

IV APPENDIX On November 10, 1924, Sun called in a number of cities, and it eventually for a “national people’s convention” to established a breakaway “liberated zone” bring China’s regional leaders together in Jiangxi Province 江西省. and negotiate uni cation. As the head of the Guangzhou-based government, Sun On July 7, 1937, a shooting incident traveled north to hold talks with leaders between Japanese and Chinese troops of the Beijing-based government. While at the Marco Polo Bridge 盧溝橋 near there, however, Sun died of cancer on Beijing marked the beginning of the March 12, 1925. War of Resistance Against Japan, also known as the Second Sino-Japanese Sun’s untimely death le the southern War (1937-1945). During the early years government in the hands of a steering of the war, Japan won successive victories. committee, which appointed Chiang Kai- shek 蔣中正 commander-in-chief of the e ROC capital of Nanjing fell in December National Revolutionary Army 國民革 1937, and Japanese forces killed some 命軍 in June 1926. Chiang led a military ex- 300,000 people there in several weeks of pedition and subdued warlords in central unrelenting carnage known as the Rape of and northern China. is Northern Ex- Nanjing 南京大屠殺. pedition 北伐 lasted less than three years. With the elimination of the rival Beijing- e loss of Nanjing forced the ROC based government, the government in government to move up the Yangtze Nanjing, established in April 1927 by the River 長江 to Chongqing 重慶. ere, the National Revolutionary Army, became government worked to rebuild its armed internationally recognized as China’s forces. In 1941, U.S. President Franklin legitimate government. D. Roosevelt ordered shipments of large quantities of arms and equipment to Second Sino-Japanese War, China and dispatched military advisors Civil War there. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Much of the northeastern territory United States and Britain declared war known at that time as Manchuria 滿洲, on Japan and developed close ties with however, remained under the control of the ROC, which o cially joined the Russia and later Japan. reatened with Allied Powers. having to relinquish its hegemony there and its economic privileges in other re- In November 1943, Chiang met with gions of China, Japan annexed Manchuria Roosevelt and British Prime Minister in 1931 and, in 1932, created a puppet Winston Churchill in Cairo to discuss the state known as Manchukuo 滿洲國, where postwar disposition of Japanese territories. Puyi was installed as emperor. On December 1, their governments re- leased a joint communiqué known as the Meanwhile, Chinese Communist Cairo Declaration. In part, the document Party (CCP) 中國共產黨 rebels challenged reads, “ e ree Great Allies are ght- the ROC government’s legitimacy. Begin- ing this war to restrain and punish the ning in 1927, the CCP fomented uprisings aggression of Japan. ey covet no gain304

History of the Republic of Chinafor themselves and have no thought of Assembly elected Chiang Kai-shek presi-territorial expansion. It is their purpose dent of the republic.that all the territories Japan has stolenfrom the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Setbacks in the war against commu-Formosa [Taiwan], and the Pescadores nist rebels, combined with war debts and[Penghu Islands 澎湖群島], shall be restored runaway in ation, undermined the abilityto the Republic of China.” of the central government in Nanjing to maintain social order. In early 1949, On August 6, 1945, U.S. forces dropped President Chiang began moving troopsan atomic bomb on Hiroshima. ree to Taiwan. A er losing the civil war todays later, a second one was dropped on the CCP, the ROC government beganNagasaki. On August 14, Japan announced relocating to Taiwan. In all, some 1.2its formal surrender in accordance with the million Chinese civilians and soldiersterms of the Potsdam Declaration of July moved to the island at that time.1945, which stated that “the terms of theCairo Declaration shall be carried out.” History of Taiwan e Japanese forces in mainland China Taiwan’s Original Inhabitantssurrendered to the ROC government on Taiwan’s rst inhabitants le no writ-September 9, 1945 in Nanjing. ten records of their origins. Anthropo-Postwar Developments on the logical evidence suggests that the island’sChinese Mainland indigenous peoples are descended from proto-Malayans. eir languages belong Prior to Japan’s surrender, CCP rebel to the Austronesian language family. etroops had moved into Japanese-held majority of prehistoric artifacts foundterritory and seized Japanese arms. e at over 500 sites indicate an IndonesianKMT-led government held peace talks connection, while some items suggestwith the CCP, culminating in an agree- that Taiwan’s earliest settlers might havement on October 10, 1945. e agreement come from the southern part of main-called for convening a multiparty political land China.consultative conference to plan a liberal,democratic postwar government and to European Trading Bases indra a constitution. Conciliation e orts Taiwan (1624-1662)ultimately came to naught, however, and e rst Westerners to establish ghting between government and com- communities in Taiwan came from themunist troops resumed, with communist Netherlands via bases in the Dutch EastRussia supplying the CCP with weapons. Indies (today’s Indonesia). In 1622, the Dutch East India Company set up a Nevertheless, a new constitution was base in the Penghu Islands o Taiwan’spromulgated on January 1, 1947. In the southwest coast but was driven awayfollowing year, members of the National by Ming-dynasty 明朝 forces. In 1624,Assembly 國民大會, the Legislative Yuan it established a base in the vicinity of立法院 and the Control Yuan 監察院 wereelected, and in April 1948, the National 305

IV APPENDIX today’s Tainan City 臺南市 from which it Under the rule of Zheng Cheng-gong, his extended its hegemony over the island’s son Zheng Jing 鄭經 and grandson Zheng southwestern coast. Ke-shuang 鄭克塽, these refugees created a mini-kingdom with a Chinese-style Meanwhile, in 1626, a rival Spanish political system which lasted for 22 years consortium occupied areas in northern before it was annihilated by the Qing Taiwan corresponding to today’s Keelung Empire in 1683. City 基隆市 and Tamsui 淡水, only to be Qing-dynasty Rule (1683-1895) driven out by the Dutch in 1642. Under Dutch control, Taiwan’s seaports became During the two-plus centuries of important entrepots for maritime trade Qing rule over Taiwan, hundreds of and the transshipment of goods between thousands of impoverished people in Japan, China, Southeast Asia, South Asia China’s Fujian and Guangdong provinces and Europe. outed the Qing court’s ban on travel to While the Dutch were active in Taiwan, the island and migrated there to make a Ming-dynasty China underwent social fresh start. e bulk of these people were upheaval and widespread devastation farmers who mainly engaged in rice and as Manchu conquerors began invading sugarcane cultivation. from the northeast in 1644. ousands of Chinese in the coastal provinces of Fujian As a consequence of the Second 福建 and Guangdong 廣東 risked the dan- Opium War (1856-1860), the Qing gov- gers of crossing the Taiwan Strait to reach ernment opened four ports in Taiwan the island. By 1662, an estimated 35,000 of Keelung, Tamsui, Anping 安平 (now part them had successfully done so. of Tainan City) and Takau 打狗 (today’s Kaohsiung City 高雄市) to Western trad- Reign of the Zheng Family ers. erea er, tea and camphor, which (1661-1683) enjoyed great global demand, became major cash crops. Northern Taiwan, the Forces loyal to the Ming court ed primary source of these products as well southward as they resisted the Man- as of coal, overtook the southwest as the chu incursions. One of the best-known island’s economic and political hub. leaders of armed resistance was Zheng Cheng-gong 鄭成功 (Koxinga), the “god- By the mid-19th century, foreign pow- father” of a syndicate of traders, pirates ers, including the British forces and Japan, and private armies whose operations were challenging the Qing dynasty’s ranged from Japan to Southeast Asia. In sovereignty over Taiwan. In response, the 1661, Zheng’s naval eet and army laid Qing government shored up the island’s siege to the Dutch East India Company defenses and expedited development of its headquarters in Taiwan. In 1662, the economy and infrastructure. In October two sides negotiated a treaty whereby 1885, soon a er the Sino-French War the Dutch le the island. (1884-1885) during which French forces invaded parts of northern Taiwan, the With Zheng’s forces came a number of Ming nobility, o cials and literati.306