dk-the-science-book_compress

["INDEX 349 N optics 13, 19, 28\u201329, 32 photoelectric effect 205, 216\u201317 orbits 86, 87 photons 50, 88, 110, 182, 217, 228, 229, Nagasaki 265 N\u00e4geli, Carl von 168 atomic 212, 231, 256\u201358 231, 245, 247, 272\u201373, 292, 293, Nambu, Yoichiro 272 elliptical 32, 40\u201341, 52, 64, 67 299, 304, 307, 317 nanotubes 141, 321 Oresme, Nicole, Bishop of Lisieux 37\u201338 photosynthesis 72, 73, 83, 85, 300, 301 Natta, Giulio 140 Organ, Charles 172 phylogenetics 74 natural selection 60, 109, 118, 133, organelles 300, 301 pi bonds 257, 258 organic chemistry 162\u201365, 256\u201359 Pictet, Raoul 82 142\u201349, 168, 172, 249 Or\u00f3, Joan 274 Planck, Max 50, 182, 200, 202\u201305, 212, nebulae 238\u201341, 250 \u00d8rsted, Hans Christian 15, 108, 120, 216, 217, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 304 Needham, John 156, 158, 159 planets 68, 86\u201387, 275, 315 Neptune 68, 86, 87 121, 182, 292 extrasolar 15, 127, 327 Neumann, John von 233, 252 Ostrom, John 172 motion of 13, 20, 26\u201327, 32, 34\u201341, neutrinos 194, 306, 307 Owen, Richard 109, 116, 117 52, 58\u201359, 64, 67\u201369, 296 neutron degeneracy pressure 248 oxygen 14, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, plasmids 318, 319, 322 neutron stars 248, 251, 292 plastics 125, 140\u201341 neutrons 192, 193, 194, 212, 213, 231, 85, 105, 163, 301, 315 plate tectonics 188, 223 ozone 294 Plato 18, 23, 36, 45, 60 262\u201363, 304, 306 Playfair, John 99 Newlands, John 176\u201377, 178 P plutonium 194, 265 Newton, Isaac 13, 14, 24, 29, 32, 33, 40, Podolsky, Boris 317 Pace, John K. 318 Poincar\u00e9, Henri 296, 297 41, 42, 43, 45, 50\u201351, 59, 62\u201369, 72, Palade George Emil 337 Poisson, Sim\u00e9on 44 86, 87, 88, 98, 102, 110, 119, 126, paleontology 15, 116\u201317, 118, 172\u201373 Polchinski, Joseph 89, 314 136, 137, 138, 183, 216, 296 Pangaea 223 pollination 73, 104 Nicholson, William 92, 95 Papin, Denis 332 polonium 109, 193, 213 Niepce, Nic\u00e9phore 333 parallax method 59, 238, 240 polymers 140\u201341 Nishijima, Kazuhiko 307 Par\u00e9, Ambroise 331 Popper, Karl 13, 45 nitrogen 79 Parkes, Alexander 140, 141 positrons 246, 247, 292, 304 nitrous oxide 78 Parkesine 141 Power, Henry 49 noble gasses 178, 179 particle accelerators 13, 268, 269, 292, Priestley, Joseph 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, nuclear forces 292, 293, 299, 306, 307, 82\u201383, 84, 85, 92 310\u201312 293, 298, 299, 304\u201305, 306, 307, 311 primeval atom 201, 243, 244 nuclear power 194, 2606\u20135 particle physics 228, 269, 299, 302\u201313 prokaryotic cells 300 nuclear radiation 208, 210, 292 particles proteins 279, 280, 282, 283 nucleic acids 279, 280, 282 protists 33, 57 nucleotides 325 decay of 292 protons 193, 194, 212, 213, 231, 263, nucleus force-carrying 298\u201399, 307 292, 299, 304, 306, 307 atomic 201, 208, 210\u201313, 229, 230, wavelike properties 226\u201333, 234, Proust, Joseph 72, 105, 112 231, 256, 260\u201365, 292, 304, 306, 310 Ptolemy of Alexandria 14, 19, 26, 29, cell 170, 224, 283, 300, 301 246, 272 36, 37, 38, 40 Pascal, Blaise 46, 47, 49 pulsars 248, 327 O Pasteur, Louis 109, 156\u201359, 197 Pythagoras 13, 18, 22, 330 Patterson, Clair 98, 101 Ochia, Kunitaro 318, 319 Pauli, Wolfgang 230\u201331, 234, 248 Q Odierna, Giovanni Battista 54 Pauling, Linus 162, 164, 201, 254\u201359, Oldham, Richard Dixon 188\u201389 quanta 50, 200, 202\u201305 omega particle 304, 307 278, 280, 281 quantum chromodynamics 273, 310, 311 Oparin, Alexander 274, 275 Pavlov, Ivan 249, 336 quantum computing 269, 284, 317 Oppenheimer, J. Robert 201, 260\u201365 pendulums 32, 51, 102, 126, 137 quantum electrodynamics (QED) 182, Penrose, Roger 338 Penzias, Arno 245 201, 246, 247, 268, 272, 273, 310 P\u00e9rier, Florin 47 periodic table 15, 30, 109, 112, 162, 174\u201379 Perutz, Max 281 Phillips, John 98, 100 phlogiston 13, 14, 72, 79, 82, 83, 84","350 INDEX quantum entanglement 314, 317 Rovelli, Carlo 310, 313 special relativity 20, 200, 217\u201319, 221, 246 quantum \ufb01eld theories 234, 247, 272, 313 Rubin, Vera 251 species 33, 60\u201361, 72, 74\u201375, 116 quantum mechanics 123, 162, 164, 202, Rutherford, Ernest 12, 13, 98, 100, 192, evolution of 23, 60, 75, 118, 142\u201349, 205, 212, 226\u201335, 247, 256, 262, 193, 194, 201, 206\u201313, 264, 304 172\u201373 269, 272, 273, 284\u201385, 292, 299, 314, 317 S gene transfer between 268, 269, quantum theory 86, 185, 202, 203, 212, 318\u201319 216, 218, 228, 246\u201347, 284, 285, 317 Salam, Abdus 293, 298 quantum tunneling 232, 234, 235 salinity 315 spectroscopy 238 quantum wave function 213, 232 salts 108, 119, 124, 258\u201359, 274 spin 231, 246, 284, 310, 311, 317 quarks 292, 293, 302\u201307, 311 Samuel, Arthur 288 spiral nebulae\/galaxies 238\u201341, 242 qubits 269, 317 Sanger, Frederick 278, 338 spontaneous generation 53, 109, 156, Queloz, Didier 327 Saros cycle 20 satellites 67, 155, 327 157, 159 R Saturn 36, 51, 87 spontaneous symmetry breaking 299 Scheele, Carl-Wilhelm 78, 82, 83, 84 Sprengel, Christian 73, 104 radiation 109, 190\u201395, 202\u201305, 208\u201309, Schr\u00f6dinger, Erwin 200\u201301, 202, Stahl, Georg 84 216\u201317, 229, 233, 242, 244, 245, standard model 269, 304, 306, 307 251, 269, 270, 292, 314 226\u201333, 234, 246, 247, 256, 284, 285 Stanley, Wendell 196 Schuckert, Sigmund 121 stars 15, 18, 26, 27, 36, 39, 40, 89, 127, 221, radio telescopes 244, 245 Schwarzschild, Karl 88, 89 radio waves 182, 185, 251 Schwinger, Julian 246, 272, 273 238\u201341, 247, 248, 250\u201351, 270, 327 radioactive decay 194, 231, 233, 247, 292 scienti\ufb01c method 12\u201313, 32, 45 steam engines 18, 77 radioactivity 201, 210 Scott, Dave 42, 66 Steinhardt, Paul 313 radiometric dating 98, 100\u201301, 194\u201395 sedimentary rocks 99, 100 stellar nucleosynthesis 244 radium 109, 193, 195, 209, 211 seismic waves (seismology) 188\u201389 Steno, Nicolas 32, 55, 115 Ramsay, William 179 S\u00e9n\u00e9bier, Jean 85 Stevin, Simon 42 Rankine, William 138 sex cells 171, 283 Stewart, F. C. 326 Ray, John 33, 60\u201361, 74 sex chromosomes 224, 225 storms 153, 154, 155 Rayleigh, Lord 204, 205 sexual reproduction 73, 168, 170, 271 Strassmann, Fritz 208, 262\u201363 Reclus, \u00c9lis\u00e9e 222 Shapley, Harlow 240 stratigraphy 33, 55, 96\u2013101, 115, 116, 118 Redi, Francesco 53, 156, 157\u201358 shellac 140, 141 string theory 269, 293, 310, 311, 312, 313 redshift 127, 240, 241, 242, 327 Shen Kuo 26, 27 strong nuclear force 269, 292, 293, 299, re\ufb02ection 51, 110, 137 shipping forecasts 155 refraction 28, 29, 50, 51, 86, 110, 136, 189 Shor, Peter 317 306, 307, 310\u201312 Rehn, Karl 140 sigma bonds 257, 258 Sturtevant, Alfred 224 relativity 15, 69, 88\u20139, 185, 200, 216, Simon, Eduard 140 subatomic particles 111, 112, 193, 208, Slipher, Vesto 240, 241, 242 217\u201321, 242\u20133, 246, 247, 269, 313 Smalley, Richard 320, 321 228, 229, 230, 234, 269, 284, 292, reproduction 53, 60\u201361, 73, 74\u201375, 104, Smith, Adam 101 304, 305, 307, 310, 314, 317 Smith, William 55, 115, 118 Suess, Eduard 222, 223 118, 144, 156\u201359, 283, 318 Smolin, Lee 310, 313 al-Su\ufb01, Abd al-Rahman 19 and inheritance 168\u201371, 224, 225, 271 Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio 222 Sun 26\u201327, 64, 66, 68\u201369, 220 respiration 83, 85, 315 Soddy, Frederick 210 as black body object 203, 204 Rheticus, Georg Joachim 38 sodium chloride 258\u201359 distance from Earth 22, 52, 103 Richardson, Lewis Fry 316 Solander, Daniel 75 eclipses 18, 20, 221 Ritter, Johann Wilhelm 120 Sommerfeld, Arnold 256 fusion reaction 194, 270, 292 rockets 65, 220 sound waves 127 planetary motion 14, 32, 34\u201341, 43, 52 rocks 33, 55, 98\u2013101, 103, 115, 128\u201329, 189 space-time 15, 64, 88\u201389, 200, 201, superforce 293 Roijen, Willebrord van 29 supernovae 13, 19, 40\u201341, 248, 251, R\u00f8mer, Ole 32\u201333, 58\u201359, 127, 136 214, 220, 221, 313 270, 304 R\u00f6ntgen, Wilhelm 108, 109, 186\u201387, 192 Spalding, Douglas 249 superpositions 233, 284, 285, 317 Rosen, Nathan 317 Spallanzani, Lazzaro 156, 158, 159 superstring theory 310, 312 Rosenblatt, Frank 288 Sutton, Walter 225, 271, 279, 324 Sverdrup, Harald 81 Swammerdam, Jan 33, 53 symbiosis 300\u201301, 315 synthesis\/synthetics 124, 125, 140\u201341, 269, 324\u201325 Syvanen, Michael 268, 269, 318\u201319 Szil\u00e1rd, Le\u00f3 54, 262, 264","INDEX 351 T Universe 318, 324, 326 dark matter 201, 250\u201351 Watt, James 77, 79, 99, 101 Tansley, Arthur 132, 134, 315 expansion of 15, 127, 200, 201, wave function 230\u201333, 234, 284, 285, Tatum, Edward 318, 319 236\u201341, 242\u201345, 250, 251 317 taxonomy 33, 60, 61, 74, 116, 319 future of 245 weak nuclear force 269, 292, 293, 306, Tegmark, Max 284 multiple\/parallel 269, 284\u201385 telescopes 15, 56, 86\u201387, 238, 241, 244, origin of 243\u201344, 245 307, 310 and relativity 216, 220, 221 weather 245, 268 string theory 310, 312, 313 Teller, Edward 264 uncertain 15, 235 forecasting 150\u201355 temperature gradients 122\u201323 and wave function 233 global warming 294\u201395 Thales of Miletus 13, 18, 20, 21, 44 wind patterns 80, 126 Theophrastus 18, 60, 132 uranium 192\u201393, 194, 209, 262, 263, weather stations 155 \u201ctheory of everything\u201d 182, 269, 292, 264, 265 Wegener, Alfred 200, 222\u201323 Weinberg, Steven 293, 298 293, 308\u201313 Uranus 68, 86, 87 Wells, Horace 78 thermal radiation 202\u201305, 314 Urey, Harold 156, 159, 268, Wheeler, John Archibald 263 thermodynamics 15, 77, 122, 138, 203\u201305 Whewell, William 73 Thompson, Benjamin 76 274\u201375 white dwarf stars 247, 248 Thomson, J. J. 76, 112, 186, 187, 192, Ussher, James 98 White, Gilbert 333 vacuums 13, 46, 47\u20138, 216, 218, Wien, Wilhelm 204 200, 209\u201310, 211, 304 Wigner, Eugene 233 Thomson, William see Kelvin 298\u201399 Wilde, Kenneth A. 274 thorium 193 valency 119, 124, 162, 162\u201365, 256 Wilkins, Maurice 281, 283 three-bodies problem 297 van der Waals, Johannes 335 Willadsen, Steen 326 time dilation 216, 219, 220, 221 Veneziano, Gabriele 308\u201313 Willughby, Francis 61 Tinbergen, Nikolaas 249 Venter, Craig 268\u20139, 278, 324\u201325 Wilmut, Ian 269, 326 Titan 51 Venus 36, 39, 40, 103 Wilson, C. T. R. 336 Tombaugh, Clyde 86 Wilson, G. N. 165 Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 246, 273 transit of 32, 52 Wilson, Robert 245 Torricelli, Evangelista 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, Vesalius, Andreas 14 wind 72, 80, 126, 153, 154 Virchow, Rudolf 300 Witten, Edward 311, 312 152 virtual particles 272 Woese, Carl 300 Towneley, Richard 49 viruses 196\u201397, 280, 318, 319, 322, W\u00f6hler, Freidrich 108, 124\u201325 trade winds 72, 80, 126 Wolszczan, Aleksander 327 Turing, Alan 15, 201, 252\u201353, 288, 290 323 Woodward, John 85 Turner, Michael 339 vision 19, 28\u201329 Wrigglesworth, Vincent 53 Turok, Neil 313 vitalism 124 al-Tusi, Nazir al-Din 23 volcanic activity 99, 223 XYZ twins, identical 168 Volta, Alessandro 15, 73, 90\u201395, 114, Tyndall, John 294 X-ray crystallography 187, 256, 259, 119, 120, 121, 256, 259 279\u201380, 281, 283 UV voltaic pile 93, 114, 119, 120 volume 24\u201325 X-rays 108, 109, 186\u201387, 192, 203, 208, ultraviolet catastrophe 204, 205, 216 248, 279\u201380 ultraviolet light 108, 203, 216 W uncertainty principle 200, 232, Xenophanes 13, 18, 330 Wallace, Alfred Russel 23, 73, 109, 148 Yang, Chen Ning 292 234\u201335, 272 Walton, Ernest 262, 304\u201305 Young, Thomas 50, 108, 110\u201311, 182, 228 uni\ufb01ed electroweak theory 293 Warming, Eugenius 132, 134 Zeilinger, Anton 320 uniformitarianism 99, 146 water 18, 21, 95 Zhang Heng 19, 26\u201327 universal computing machine (UTM) Zinder, Norton 319 boiling and freezing 76\u201377 zoology 61, 249 15, 201, 252\u201353 composition of 72, 79, 92, 95, 114, Zweig, Georg 306, 307 Zwicky, Fritz 201, 248, 250\u201351, 270 163, 259 displacement of 18, 24\u201325 speed of light in 108, 136, 137 Waterston, John 139 Watson, James 224, 268, 271, 276\u201383,","352 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dorling Kindersley and Tall Tree Ltd. would Society of Canada: Image courtesy (bl). 225 U.S. National Library of like to thank Peter Frances, Marty Jopson, of Specula Astronomica Minima (bl). Medicine, History of Medicine Division: Janet Mohun, Stuart Neilson, and Rupa Rao 104 Dreamstime.com: Es75 (crb). 111 Images from the History of Medicine (tr). for editorial assistance; Helen Peters for the Wikipedia: (tr). 113 Dreamstime.com: 228 Wikipedia: Princeton Plasma Physics index; and Priyanka Singh and Tanvi Sahu for Georgios Kollidas (bl). Getty Images: SSPL Laboratory (b). 231 Getty Images: SSPL assistance with illustrations. Directory written by via Getty Images (cr). 114 Getty Images: via Getty Images (tr). 232 Getty Images: Rob Colson. Additional artworks by Ben Ruocco. SSPL via Getty Images (cr). 117 Getty Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images (tr). 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