[Scientific journal] Science -.. July.20.2012

CONTENTS Volume 337 Issue 6092 BOOKS ET AL. EDITORIAL 269 Modeling Human Disease 293 Summer Reading—Eight Book Reviews Aaron D. Gitler and Ruth Lehmann from Graduate Students and Postdocs NEWS OF THE WEEK POLICY FORUM 274 A roundup of the week’s top stories 298 Getting HIV Treatment to the Most People S. Lynch et al. NEWS & ANALYSIS 277 U.S. Appeals Court Hears PERSPECTIVES Gene Patent Arguments 301 Defi ning the Plant Germ Line— 278 Stability at Last for Australian Nature or Nurture? Synchrotron? C. Whipple >> Report p. 345 279 The Metatron: Experimental Ecology Gets Connected 302 Molecule Formation in Ultrahigh page 282 Magnetic Fields 280 What If the Science Pipeline P. Schmelcher Isn’t Really Leaking? >> Report p. 327 281 NSF Program Offers Start-Up 101 303 Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery to Its Grantees J. A. Hubbell and A. Chilkoti 305 The Marine Sulfur Cycle, Revisited NEWS FOCUS M. T. Hurtgen 282 Cancer Genetics With an Edge >> Reports pp. 331 and 334 285 Taking the Measure of Madidi 306 The Art of Ecological Modeling Probing Diversity’s Complexity I. L. Boyd >> Science Podcast >> Report p. 349 288 European Association for South Asian 307 Spin Twists in a Transistor Archaeology and Art Meeting I. Z ˇ utic´ and J. Lee The Ingredients for a 4000-Year-Old Proto-Curry >> Report p. 324 Diving Into the Indian Ocean’s Past Persians Made the Afghan Desert Bloom 309 Retrospective: Aaron Shatkin (1934–2012) N. Sonenberg and W. Filipowicz LETTERS 290 Retraction CONTENTS continued >> T. M. Anderson et al. Human Confl ict: Beware Politicized Science J. R. Cohn Human Confl ict: Pacifi sts at Heart E. J. Lieberman page 303 Human Confl ict: Targeting Natural Resources C. Bruch et al. 292 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS 292 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS COVER DEPARTMENTS Lake El’gygytgyn, measuring 12 kilometers in diameter and 267 This Week in Science 170 meters in depth, is located in a meteorite impact crater 270 Editors’ Choice 100 kilometers to the north of the Arctic Circle in northeastern 272 Science Staff Russia. An international drilling campaign recovered a sediment 365 New Products record from the bottom of the lake, which sheds new light on the 366 Science Careers climate history of the Arctic over the past 2.8 million years. See page 315. Photo: Petr Tikhomirov www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 261 Published by AAAS

CONTENTS 341 Sex-Specifi c Adaptation Drives Early Sex REVIEW Chromosome Evolution in Drosophila 310 The Exploration of Hot Nuclear Matter Q. Zhou and D. Bachtrog B. V. Jacak and B. Müller Evolutionarily new X and Y chromosomes evidence how selection for sexual function shapes sex chromosomes. RESEARCH ARTICLE 315 2.8 Million Years of Arctic Climate Change >> Science Podcast from Lake El’gygytgyn, NE Russia 345 Hypoxia Triggers Meiotic Fate M. Melles et al. Acquisition in Maize A sediment core from a Russian lake provides T. Kelliher and V. Walbot a high-latitude climate record where prior Maize anthers use cellular redox status rather terrestrial records have been sparse. than a specifi c germ cell lineage to signal production of new germ cells. >> Perspective p. 301 REPORTS 320 Imaging the Impact of Single 349 Diversity of Interaction Types and Oxygen Atoms on Superconducting Ecological Community Stability pages 306 & 349 Bi 2+y Sr 2–y CaCu 2 O 8+x A. Mougi and M. Kondoh I. Zeljkovic et al. A theoretical model incorporating multiple Extending the energy range in scanning interactions shows how ecological complexity tunneling spectroscopy of a cuprate reveals leads to ecosystem stability. additional oxygen defects. >> Perspective p. 306 324 Spin-Transistor Action via Tunable 351 LAAT-1 Is the Lysosomal Lysine/Arginine Landau-Zener Transitions Transporter That Maintains Amino Acid C. Betthausen et al. Homeostasis An alternative design for a spin-based B. Liu et al. transistor proves tolerant to disorder. A lysosomal membrane protein identifi ed >> Perspective p. 307 in nematodes can explain how cysteamine 327 A Paramagnetic Bonding Mechanism for alleviates a lysosomal storage disease. Diatomics in Strong Magnetic Fields 355 Deformations Within Moving Kinetochores K. K. Lange et al. Reveal Different Sites of Active and pages 307 & 324 At the enormous fi eld strengths prevailing Passive Force Generation near stars, theory predicts a magnetically S. Dumont et al. induced class of chemical bonding. Distinct active, force-generating and passive, >> Perspective p. 302 frictional interactions with microtubules allow processive chromosome movement. 331 Sulfate Burial Constraints on the Phanerozoic Sulfur Cycle 358 Regional Astrocyte Allocation Regulates I. Halevy et al. CNS Synaptogenesis and Repair Sulfur isotopes from the stratigraphic H.-H. Tsai et al. record constrain evolving mass fl uxes into In the mouse brain, astrocytes are not as sulfate-bearing evaporite sediments. interchangeable as previously thought. page 362 334 Rapid Variability of Seawater Chemistry 362 High-Resolution Protein Structure Over the Past 130 Million Years Determination by Serial Femtosecond U. G. Wortmann and A. Paytan Crystallography Modeling the evolution of the marine sulfur S. Boutet et al. cycle suggests that short intervals of rapid A powerful x-ray laser source can probe change punctuated long periods of stasis. proteins in detail using much smaller >> Perspective p. 305 crystals than previously required. 337 Identifying Infl uential and Susceptible Members of Social Networks CONTENTS continued >> S. Aral and D. Walker CREDIT: (MIDDLE) TOBIAS DOLLINGER/UNIVERSITÄT REGENSBURG A randomized experiment based on product adoption among Facebook friends identifi ed trend setters and followers. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 263 Published by AAAS

CONTENTS SCIENCEONLINE RESEARCH ARTICLE: Cardiac Glycosides Exert SCIENCEXPRESS SCIENCENOW www.sciencexpress.org www.sciencenow.org Anticancer Effects by Inducing Immunogenic Cell A Reversible and Higher-Rate Li-O 2 Battery Highlights From Our Daily News Coverage Death L. Menger et al. Z. Peng et al. Imagining Tomorrow’s Computers Today A viable lithium-oxygen battery is demonstrated Intel futurist Brian David Johnson tries to forecast Cardiac glycosides kill cancer cells in a way that using dimethylsulfoxide electrolyte and a porous how we will interact with technology in 2020. stimulates the immune response. gold cathode. http://scim.ag/Future_Computers RESEARCH ARTICLE: Continuous Intravesical 10.1126/science.1223985 Lidocaine Treatment for Interstitial Cystitis/ Europe Opens Door to Young NSF Grantees Earthquake in a Maze: Compressional Rupture A new agreement lets early-career scientists Bladder Pain Syndrome—Safety and Effi cacy Branching During the 2012 M w 8.6 join ERC-funded groups for up to one year. of a New Drug Delivery Device Sumatra Earthquake http://scim.ag/Young-Grantees J. C. Nickel et al. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients L. Meng et al. Sailing Expedition Reveals Oceans’ Tiniest Secrets The mechanics of the largest strike-slip earthquake A worldwide plankton sampling effort yields tolerate and experience symptomatic relief from ever recorded give clues about how intraplate 1.5 million taxa. a bladder-borne device that provides continuous earthquakes rupture. http://scim.ag/Tiniest-Secrets lidocaine delivery. 10.1126/science.1224030 COMMENTARY: Reporting Actionable Research TLR13 Recognizes Bacterial 23S rRNA Devoid of SCIENCESIGNALING Results—Shared Secrets Can Save Lives Erythromycin Resistance–Forming Modifi cation www.sciencesignaling.org L. E. Hunter et al. M. Oldenburg et al. The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Controlled use of a cryptographic method for returning research results to human subjects can A region of ribosomal RNA that confers antibiotic 17 July issue: http://scim.ag/ss071712 improve medical care with a modest cost to privacy. resistance is also recognized by mouse innate RESEARCH ARTICLE: Epidermal Growth Factor immune receptors. Receptor Is Essential for Toll-Like Receptor 3 10.1126/science.1220363 SCIENCECAREERS Signaling www.sciencecareers.org/career_magazine A Single Progenitor Population Switches Behavior M. Yamashita et al. Free Career Resources for Scientists to Maintain and Repair Esophageal Epithelium Growth factor receptor activity contributes D. P. Doupé et al. to the antiviral response. Tooling Up: Advice from the C-Suite D. Jensen Dividing cells in the mouse esophagus contribute RESEARCH ARTICLE: Abl Family Kinases Modulate to wound healing without the need for quiescent T Cell–Mediated Infl ammation and Chemokine- Advice from top executives refl ects long experience stem cells. climbing the corporate ranks, hiring people, and Induced Migration Through the Adaptor HEF1 watching others succeed and fail. 10.1126/science.1218835 and the GTPase Rap1 http://scim.ag/CSuiteAdvice Drosophila Dosage Compensation Involves J. J. Gu et al. >> Science Podcast Enhanced Pol II Recruitment to Male X-Linked Inhibitors of Abl family kinases block T cell migration How to Collaborate Promoters and could be used to treat infl ammatory diseases. S. A. Holgate T. Conrad et al. PERSPECTIVE: GSK3-Like Kinases Integrate Scientist seeks honest, reliable partner for meaningful Boosting gene expression from the entire Brassinosteroid Signaling and Stomatal research discussions and possibly more, ideally for a X chromosome in males happens mainly long-term relationship. at the level of transcription initiation. Development S. A. Casson and A. M. Hetherington http://scim.ag/CollaborateEffectively 10.1126/science.1221428 Brassinosteroid signaling is crucial for stomatal Strategy-Dependent Encoding of Planned Arm development. SCIENCEPODCAST Movements in the Dorsal Premotor Cortex www.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcast T. M. Pearce and D. W. Moran SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE Free Weekly Show The amount of preparatory neural activity www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org On the 20 July Science Podcast: generating new sex in the brain depends on movement complexity Integrating Medicine and Science chromosomes, observing climate change in action, and conscious planning. advice from the C-suite, and more. 18 July issue: http://scim.ag/stm0718 12 10.1126/science.1220642 STATE OF THE ART REVIEW: HIV-1 Reservoirs SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last in Breast Milk and Challenges to Elimination week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of TECHNICALCOMMENTS Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail of Breast-Feeding Transmission of HIV-1 Comment on “Illusions Promote Mating Success postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing P. Van de Perre et al. offi ces. 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EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY of its climate. Melles et al. (p. 315, published demand for a commercial Facebook application online 21 June) developed a 2.8-million-year in a representative sample of 12 million Facebook record of Arctic climate, using a sediment core users. Older users were more infl uential than from a lake in northeastern Russia that was younger users, women were more infl uential formed more than 3.5 million years ago by a over men than men over women, and married meteorite impact. Pronounced glacial episodes individuals were the least susceptible to infl uence began 2.6 million years ago but did not achieve in the decision to adopt the product studied. orbital pacing for another 700,000 years. Sex Chromosome Evolution A Different Spin Transistor The fl y genus Drosophilia has repeatedly gener- A typical transistor consists of a source and a ated evolutionarily new sex chromosomes. To drain; the current that makes it to the drain is understand the changes shaping the X and Y controlled by applying voltage to the third ter- chromosomes, Zhou and Bachtrog (p. 341), minal, called the gate. In spin-based electronics, sequenced the genome of D. miranda, which where spin current is used instead of charge, the formed neo-X and neo-Y chromosomes approxi- source and the drain are ferromagnetic materials mately 1 million years ago. The data illuminate connected by a narrow semiconducting channel. the ongoing confl ict between selection for male This design, however, suffers from low effi ciency. and female function on the sex chromosomes on July 19, 2012 Betthausen et al. (p. 324; see the Perspective and show that Y chromosome evolution is char- by Žuti and Lee) combined homogeneous and acterized both by a loss of gene function and It’s the Oxygens helical magnetic fi elds to change the orientation selection for male-specifi c adaptations in genes Scanning tunneling microscopy of cuprate of the spin on its way to the drain, preserving benefi cial to male functions. high-temperature superconductors has spin information over distances many times the revealed surprising inhomogeneity of the spin mean free path. The transistor is “on” when energy scales known as the superconduct- the transport is adiabatic—i.e., slow enough for More than a Dash ing gap, pseudogap, and the critical tem- the spin to be able to adapt to the local magnetic of Sea Salt www.sciencemag.org perature. Some of these effects have been fi eld—and “off” otherwise. correlated with chemical disorder of the The cycling of major elements, such as sulfur, in materials caused by doping, but, because Magnetically Bound the oceans depends on a number of processes, of technical limitations, only the dopants in from bacterial respiration of organic matter to a limited energy range have been imaged. At the macroscopic scale associated with daily venting of gases from hydrothermal vents on the Zeljkovic et al. (p. 320) extend this range life on Earth, magnetic attraction can seem seafl oor. Over geologic time, sediment deposited to reveal the positions of the remaining fairly strong—think of the great loads moved on the seafl oor preserves chemical records of oxygen defects in Bi 2+y Sr 2–y CaCu 2 O 8+x . by magnetized cranes. Microscopically, how- major changes in sulfur cycling and seawater Downloaded from ever, the fi eld strengths attainable by human chemistry (see the Perspective by Hurtgen). construction act as just a small perturba- The Primordial Soup tion on the Coulombic forces that bind atoms into molecules. Lange et al. (p. Protons and neutrons were originally thought to 327; see the Perspective by Schmelcher) CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): KRISTA SHAPTON/BLOT MEDIA INC.; SHANAN PETERS be indivisible, but we now know that they have used theoretical calculations to examine constituent parts—quarks. Quarks are bound to- atomic behavior in environments very gether tightly through gluons and can only come close to certain stars, where magnetic apart under extreme conditions—conditions fi elds exceed those attainable on Earth believed microseconds after the Big Bang to have by factors of 10,000 or more. The results formed a hot, dense “soup” of quarks and gluons, predict a distinct type of chemical called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). QGP can bonding in which spin-parallel hydrogen be made experimentally in heavy ion colliders, atoms or ground-state helium atoms are drawn Halevy et al. (p. 331) observed swings in sulfur where extremely high temperatures are reached. together into pairs. isotopes in a stratigraphic database covering Jacak and Müller (p. 310) review the progress in North America and the Caribbean that, when this fi eld and its unexpected ties to cold atomic Who Infl uences Who? modeled, corresponded to variable evaporite gases and string theory. preservation and high turnover of sedimentary A goal in social science is how to assess people’s pyrite. Wortmann and Paytan (p. 334) modeled Crater Core infl uence over one. Aral and Walker (p. 337, the two most recent major swings in sedimentary published online 21 June) describe a generalized sulfur isotopes over the last 130 million years and The high-northern latitudes of the Arctic have an method for identifying infl uential and susceptible suggest that short periods of rapid fl uxes in sulfur important infl uence on climate and constitute a members of social networks based on large-scale cycling were at least in part caused by the growth region with a unique array of complex feedbacks in vivo randomized experimentation. The method and dissolution of evaporite deposits. that make it diffi cult to understand the workings was used to estimate peer effects in consumer Continued on page 268 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 267 Published by AAAS

This Week in Science Christmas in Continued from page 267 Costa Rica Redox Status Incites Gametogenesis Germ cells differ from somatic cells in their chromosomal complement, being haploid rather than diploid. In animals, the germ cells are generally produced by a separate lineage set aside early in development. Plants, however, lack a reserved germ cell lineage. Kelliher and Walbot (p. 345; see the Perspective by Whipple) now show that, in maize, the key signal for germ cell production is hypoxia, which triggers differentiation of anther germ cells from a generalized fi eld of progenitors. The specializing germ cells then induce differentiation of supportive somatic cells. Diversity of Interactions The diversity in interactions that occur between different species—such as predation, competition, and December 21-30, 2012 mutualism—is a fundamental feature of natural ecological systems. Using a theoretical model, Mougi and Kondoh (p. 349; see the Perspective by Boyd) show that the diversity of ecological relationship Spend Christmas learning firsthand about the wildlife, tropical ecology, helps a biological community to be stable and thus may be key to the maintenance of biodiversity itself. and importance of tropical forests while enjoying the spectacular Lysosomal Amino Acid Transporter natural world of Costa Rica with our guide, Roman Odio, who lives Cystinosis is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of free cystine, on July 19, 2012 in Costa Rica. $2,795 + air which results in age-dependent problems in the kidney, muscle, retina, For a detailed brochure, and central nervous system. The disease-causing gene encodes a lyso- please call (800) 252-4910 All prices are per person twin share + air somal cystine transporter. The most effective therapeutic agent for cys- tinosis, cysteamine, depletes lysosomal free cystine by converting it to BETCHART EXPEDITIONS Inc. cysteine and the mixed disulfi de cysteine-cysteamine, which can then 17050 Montebello Rd, Cupertino, CA 95014 be exported from lysosomes as a lysine analog through a putative lysine/ Email: [email protected] www.betchartexpeditions.com cationic amino acid transporter. Using an unbiased genetic screen for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with increased accumulation of apoptotic www.sciencemag.org cells or autophagosomes, Liu et al. (p. 351) now reveal the molecular identity of a lysosomal lysine/arginine transporter that plays a role in maintaining lysosome function and amino acid homeostasis and that can explain how cysteamine alleviates a lysosomal storage disease. Never Let Me Go Kinetochores are the structures within chromosomes that interact with the microtubules of the mitot- ic spindle during mitosis. By measuring the deformation of individual kinetochores in live mamma- Downloaded from lian cells, Dumont et al. (p. 355, published online 21 June) asked, how do kinetochores harness the free energy of microtubule depolymerization without losing grip of microtubules? Kinetochores con- tacted microtubules using two distinct mechanical interfaces: an active, force-generating interface near the microtubule tip, and a passive, frictional interface at least 20 nanometers away along the microtubule lattice. The separate active and passive interfaces allowed for intermittent force genera- tion and persistent microtubule attachment—both required for accurate chromosome segregation. AAAS is here – bringing scientific expertise Born to Stay Together to policy making. Good science policy is the result of politicians understanding science and scientists understanding policy. Toward For as many neurons as there are in the brain, there are many more astrocytes. These backstage this end, AAAS manages the Science & workers perform a variety of functions, such as sustaining the blood-brain barrier and providing a Technology Policy Fellowships program, stabilized environment for neurons. Diversity of astrocyte function is refl ected in different molecular CREDIT: IMAGE PREPARED BY BIN LIU AND NING YANG/NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, BEIJING which embeds scientists and engineers in the federal government for up to two expression profi les. Tsai et al. (p. 358, published online 28 June) selectively labeled astrocytes that years. From Congress to the State Depart- originated from different domains of the mouse spinal cord and found that not all astrocytes are ment, each class of Fellows contributes created equal: Neighborhoods of astrocytes were defi ned by shared birthplaces. to the policy-making process while getting hands-on experience at the inter- section of science and policy. As a AAAS Size Matters Less member your dues support these efforts. If you’re not yet a AAAS member, join us. Together we can make a difference. X-ray crystallography is a central research tool for uncovering the structures of proteins and other macromolecules. However, its applicability typically requires growth of large crystals, in part because To learn more, visit a suffi cient number of molecules must be present in the lattice for the sample to withstand x-ray– aaas.org/plusyou/fellows induced damage. Boutet et al. (p. 362, published online 31 May) now demonstrate that the intense x-ray pulses emitted by a free-electron laser source can yield data in few enough exposures to un- cover the high-resolution structure of microcrystals. 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Published by AAAS

EDITORIAL Modeling Human Disease Aaron D. Gitler is an THE ASTONISHING RECENT ADVANCES IN THE TECHNOLOGY FOR DETERMINING DNA SEQUENCES HAVE associate professor of made personalized genomics a foreseeable reality for the doctor’s offi ce. This technology has Genetics at the Stan- started a whole new gold rush for human disease gene discovery and produced an onslaught of ford University School information that represents a new challenge in personalized medicine: connecting genotype to of Medicine in Stanford, phenotype. Experimental organisms such as yeast, worms, fruit fl ies, zebrafi sh, and mice have CA. E-mail: agitler@ long been critical for discovering the molecular mechanisms fundamental to life, thereby pro- CREDITS: (TOP LEFT) YI KONG; (BOTTOM LEFT) FETTERS/HHMI; (RIGHT, TOP LEFT TO RIGHT) MASUR/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; KTBN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BOB GOLDSTEIN, UNC CHAPEL HILL/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; stanford.edu. viding a shortcut to understanding human biology. The new developments allow these model organisms to also provide key insights into the association of specifi c genes with human disease. Much of what we know about cancer can be traced back to basic studies in yeast cells aimed at decoding cell division. Likewise, studies in the worm revealed the mechanisms of programmed cell death and identifi ed molecular targets that hold great promise for anticancer therapies. The fruit fl y, an experimental workhorse in genetics for over a century, has elucidated cellular signaling pathways critical for human development, on July 19, 2012 which often cause disease when dysregulated. And vertebrate model systems such as zebrafi sh, frogs, rats, and mice have provided insights into basic principles of cell and developmental biology with direct rel- evance to human disease. Yet despite their indisputable role in funda- mental discoveries, some critics are questioning the continued need for model organism research, arguing that new tools such as whole- genome sequencing and patient-derived cells have now made humans and their cells accessible for studies of genes and gene products. www.sciencemag.org Ruth Lehmann is the Such arguments ignore the massive amount that scientists have yet Laura and Isaac Perl- to learn in order to understand the function of even a single gene within mutter Professor of Cell the context of a living organism. Today, it is not possible to assign a Biology and an Inves- function to at least half of the tens of thousands of proteins in verte- (MIDDLE LEFT) AZUL/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; (BOTTOM LEFT) RAMA/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; (BOTTOM RIGHT) DANIEL OCAMPO tigator of the Howard brate cells; moreover, it is the networks of interactions between them Hughes Medical Insti- that make life possible, and the staggering complexity of these networks will require the inno- tute at the Skirball Insti- vative use of model organisms to decipher how these networks are used during embryonic tute of Biomolecular development, adapted during aging and when environmental changes occur, and dysregulated Downloaded from Medicine and the New in disease. Examples include using inexpensive, readily accessible model systems to tackle York University School very complicated problems, such as how errors in protein folding cause neurodegeneration or of Medicine in New discovering and understanding the astonishing and ever-expanding role of noncoding RNAs in York. E-mail: Ruth. regulating almost every aspect of cellular function. [email protected]. How is work in model organisms valuable to research on specifi c human diseases? The best edu. recent examples come from genome-sequencing technologies that are being applied to discover possible causes of rare and common genetic diseases. This has led to the surprising fi nding that there are more variants in the coding regions of genes than previously anticipated. Moreover, there is compelling evidence for a major role of noncoding genetic variation in human disease, associated with changes in gene regulation. How does each of the many variants in genes and gene regulatory regions contribute to the risk for specifi c diseases or disease outcomes? Insights may come from modeling these variants in genetically more amenable organisms. We suggest a future in which model organisms will be deployed to work out the basic biol- ogy of newly discovered disease genes, assign functions to disease-associated variants, and even to uncover previously unknown disease genes. Remarkably, a goal to defi ne all genetic contributors to a human disease is now fathomable. Some genes will be straightforward to fi nd, but others (perhaps most) will require creative strategies. For example, unbiased genetic interaction screens in model organisms can be combined with human genetics to discover and validate disease genes. It is not time to abandon tried-and-true model organisms but rather to embrace the traditional model systems, develop new models, and forge collabora- tions between human geneticists and model organism researchers. Let’s combine the power- ful advances in human genetics with the versatility of model organisms to fulfi ll the promise of personalized medicine. – Aaron D. Gitler and Ruth Lehmann 10.1126/science.1227179 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 269 Published by AAAS

EDITORS’CHOICE EDITED BY KRISTEN MUELLER AND JAKE YESTON SOCIOL OGY Intimidated by Equations? Although there is general agreement on the value of a strong tie between theory and data, forging links between theoretical and em- pirical approaches (and practitioners) is not as straightforward as it should be. New evidence of this disconnect comes from the work of Fawcett and Higginson, who examined the use of mathematical equations in 649 papers dealing with ecology and evolution that were published in 1998. They gathered citation data, exclud- ing instances of self-citation. An increase in the number of equations per page of main text cor- responded to a lower rate of citations. Overall, each additional equation in the main text of a paper was associated with a 28% decrease in on July 19, 2012 the citation rate. Burying the equations in an appendix had a salutary effect on citation rate. When the citing papers were divided into theo- retical and nontheoretical on the basis of their MATERIALS SCIENCE use of the word “model” in the abstract or title, Hot Templating the authors observed that the negative effect was due to the nontheoretical papers not citing papers with equations. There are caveats to the One method for creating ordered mesoporous materials is to use the phase separation of www.sciencemag.org conclusions—examinations over longer periods block copolymers to create a mold for patterning a second material. Typically, the structure of time, analysis of the relative content of the of the template is fi xed after solvent evaporation. Schuster et al. applied small-angle x-ray papers, and examination of the effect for online scattering (SAXS) to follow the pyrolytic formation of mesoporous carbon fi lms using com- rather than print publication are all warranted. mercial triblock polymers as templates and oligomeric resol as a carbon precursor. They Although the authors conclude that better math spin-coated these solutions onto silicon substrates or spread them onto the surface of porous education for biologists is the best long-term anodic alumina membranes, then monitored the thermal evolution of their structures with solution, they suggest that more immediate grazing incidence or in situ SAXS, respectively. Analysis showed that the self-assembly of the strategies could include the addition of explana- mesoporous phase (cylindrical holes in a face-centered orthorhombic or circular hexagonal Downloaded from tory text between equations. — BJ structure, respectively) does not occur after solvent evaporation but during pyrolysis, and Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 10.1073/ that changes in the heating rate can lead to changes in the unit-cell parameters. — PDS pnas.1205259109 (2012). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 10.1021/ja208941s (2012). ECOL OGY Half Truths tempting to mate with females. This coloration advantageous in many contexts and suggest that attracts females but can also attract rival males, these types of social and deceptive interactions CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): SCHUSTER ET AL., J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 134, 10.1021/JA208941S (2012); BROWN ET AL., BIOL. LETT. 8, 10.1098/RSBL.2012.0435 (2012) Deception is complicated because it requires who may displace the courting male. In order to may have helped to shape the high cognitive the cognitive skills to both assess the potential avoid attracting these potential competitors but functioning of cephalopods. — SNV for its effi cacy and to still maintain the female’s Biol. Lett. 8, 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0435 (2012). carry it off. Cepha- attention, males will often lopods are known perform split coloration CHEMISTRY masters of deceptive displays. They mimic A Glimpse of Gold behavior, often using female coloration on the camoufl age as a way side of their bodies facing Gold nanoparticles supported on titania have to rapidly mimic their a rival, while displaying high catalytic activity; for example, in the oxida- environment, or even male courtship coloration tion of carbon monoxide at room temperature. other organisms, in on the side facing the What are the structural properties of the Au/ their attempts to avoid predation. Brown et female. Males perform this split display only TiO 2 catalyst that enable this catalytic activity? al. now show that mourning cuttlefi sh (Sepia when they are approached by a single male, Transmission electron microscopy has provided plangon) have taken this exceptional deceptive presumably because it is only under these structural information, but the strong electron ability a step farther than mere run-of-the-mill circumstances that they are able to maintain beam can damage the system, and it remains camoufl age. In most cuttlefi sh species, courting an appropriately deceptive angle. These results unclear whether the associated images represent males assume a particular coloration when at- confi rm the idea that mimicry can be highly the active structure of the catalyst. Kuwauchi 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 270 Published by AAAS

EDITORS’CHOICE et al. now report the use of environmental negatively charged morphologies, but until now transmission electron microscopy, which al- no tractable cation salts. Köchner et al. have lows the catalyst to be studied under reaction fi lled the gap with the preparation of a P 9 salt. + conditions. They fi nd that the nanoparticle Key to its isolation was the use of an especially morphology varies systematically in differing inert, aluminum-centered counterion adorned environments, changing from faceted to round, with trifl uoromethyl groups. The synthesis depending on the gases present. In contrast, the entailed oxidation of neutral P 4 by the nitroso- support maintains its crystallinity throughout nium salt of this counterion in dichlorometh- the experiments, and the interface between the ane solvent. Ultraviolet irradiation facilitated + particles and the support also remains stable. reaction of an apparent [P 4 NO] intermediate By systematically studying the effects of electron (and precipitation of excess neutral phosphorus) irradiation on the structure, the authors derive without damaging the ultimate product, which conditions under which no detectable structural was isolable as a yellow-orange powder. Nuclear damage occurs, thus making it possible to de- magnetic resonance spectroscopy in conjunction duce the intrinsic structure of the catalyst under with theoretical calculations revealed a fi gure reaction conditions. — JFU 8-type structure, of D 2d symmetry, in which a Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 10.1002/ central tetracoordinate P atom bridges two clus- anie.201201283 (2012). ters of four P atoms each. The salt was also char- acterized by mass spectrometry and infrared and on July 19, 2012 PHYSICS Raman spectroscopy, and persisted for weeks in Intrinsic Origins room-temperature solution. The authors envision prospective applications of the salt in currentless Interfacing two unlike materials may give rise deposition protocols. — JSY to unexpected properties resulting from the Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 6529 (2012). asymmetry of the structure. Such is the case in two-dimensional interfaces of perovskite oxide ECOL OGY fi lms; in the best-known example of the LaAlO 3 / Diversity Persists www.sciencemag.org SrTiO 3 (LAO/STO) interface, ferromagnetism has been observed even though neither of the two Marine ecosystems are characterized by high materials is magnetic in the bulk. This and other tropical and low polar biodiversity, and are cor- interface effects are thought to originate from related with water temperature. Fossil evidence STO, but whether they are an intrinsic property hints at the persistence of such gradients for of the electron liquid in STO is not known. over 270 million years, but little is known about Moetakef et al. study the magnetism in STO the details. Yasuhara et al. have chosen to exam- using two systems: GdTiO 3 /STO heterostructures ine the fossil record for North Atlantic Downloaded from and La-doped STO fi lms; in both cases, STO is doped with carriers, from the interface or the La dopants, respectively. The authors observe ferromagnetism in both systems, and super- conductivity coexisting with magnetism in the doped fi lms. The ferromagnetic Curie tempera- ture increases strongly with the carrier density measured through the Hall effect, and the data from the two systems fall onto the same curve, indicating universal dependence and an intrinsic mechanism. — JS Phys. Rev. X 2, 021014 (2012). zooplankton, because the fossils are abundant CHEMISTRY and the record is the most complete of any Figure Nine marine taxon. Times slices spanning the past 3 million years showed that tropical-high and CREDIT: © BLICKWINKEL/ALAMY Nitrogen occurs naturally as a rather tightly Pliocene. It seems that the species that have polar-low diversity persisted throughout this period, with highest diversities during the mid- − bound neutral dimer, and anionic azide (N 3 ) salts have long been accessible as well. A cation gone extinct since the Pliocene had narrower composed purely of nitrogen arrived only much thermal tolerances than modern species and more recently on the scene, with the preparation were selected out by the glaciation. — CA + of an N 5 salt about a decade ago. The heavier congener phosphorus has followed a similar Ecol. Lett. 15, 10.1111/j.1461- path: a variety of well-established neutral and 0248.2012.01828.x (2012). www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 Published by AAAS

NEWS OF THE WEEK animal diseases, called the National Bio AROUND THE WORLD and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF). Now, a new study from the U.S. National Acad- 2 emies suggests rescuing the facility by scal- ing it down. 4 5 NBAF was intended as a replacement 3 for the aging Plum Island Animal Disease Center in New York. But amid controver- sies—including environmental groups’ concerns for the site’s planned location in Manhattan, Kansas, over the potential 1 release of pathogens—the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has struggled to secure funding from Congress, and the estimated cost of the facility grew from $450 million to more than $1 billion. Tanami Desert, Australia 1 London 2 DHS had asked the National Academies to study whether NBAF’s mission could be Conservation in the Desert U.K. Moves Toward Open Access achieved by continuing with the Plum Island on July 19, 2012 The Australian government has designated The U.K. government has accepted the rec- center or relying on biocontainment labs in 10 million hectares of land in the Tanami ommendations of a report released last other countries. The study concludes that Desert of the Northern Territory as a conser- month that encouraged greater open access neither option can enable the United States vation zone—the largest in the country. The publishing of publicly funded research. Offi - to protect animal and public health in the Tanami Desert is home to many endangered cials announced on 16 July that over the next long term; instead, it recommends reduc- year, they will work to require stud- ing the price tag for NBAF by scaling down ies wholly or partly funded by tax- activities such as training, research on small payers to be published in journals animals, and vaccination research, and out- www.sciencemag.org that are free to readers. The gov- sourcing them to existing animal pathogen ernment’s decision means that by labs. http://scim.ag/AgroLab 1 April 2013, all papers from government-funded research must Paris 4 be published in an open access jour- Researchers Receive nal; if not, the journal must make the paper open access after Controversial UNESCO Awards 6 months. A tumultuous and divisive episode at the Downloaded from The original report, chaired by United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and sociologist Janet Finch, recom- Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ended mended the open access publica- Tuesday when three researchers received a tion requirement because it would life sciences award sponsored by Teodoro maximize the economic benefi t of Obiang Nguema government-funded research. Mbasogo, the dic- But the move is getting a criti- tator of Equatorial cal response from some researchers Guinea. A broad CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): © THEO ALLOFS/CORBIS; (INSET) © GREG HAROLD/AUSCAPE/MINDEN PICTURES/CORBIS; REBECCA BLACKWELL/AP PHOTO species, including and universities who fear it could increase coalition of human the bilby, a long- costs. The government’s decision could also rights advocates, sci- eared marsupial mean extra costs for U.K. universities, crit- entists, and health (shown), and the great desert skink, a bur- ics say, because in addition to paying article experts had fought rowing lizard that builds elaborate tunnel processing charges, research and university almost until the last systems. The animals have been threatened libraries will also have to continue paying minute to prevent the by feral cats and foxes, as well as brush fi res for subscriptions until other countries adopt ceremony from hap- and cattle grazing. similar policies. http://scim.ag/Finchrep pening. They say the The region will be administered as award is an attempt an Indigenous Protected Area, under the Washington, D.C. 3 by Obiang to buy supervision of indigenous communities. Panel Pushes to Scale Down credibility for his The government plans to spend regime, which stands $1.6 million over the next 2 years to fund Agro-Defense Lab accused of human rights violations. the rangers; the Nature Conservancy will Earlier this year, the Obama Administra- The winners of the prize are Maged also contribute $500,000 to help manage tion suspended plans for a $1 billion, highly Al-Sherbiny from Egypt, for his research on the area. secure laboratory for studying dangerous vaccines and diagnostics against hepatitis 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 274 Published by AAAS

NEWS THEY SAID IT “ I can’t fi nd anyone in my peer group who believes in BioWatch. … The only times it goes off, it’s wrong. I just think it’s a colossal waste of money. It’s a stupid program.” —Ned Calonge, former chief medical offi cer for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, to The Los Angeles Times on 7 July about the Department of Homeland on July 19, 2012 Security’s efforts to equip cities with devices to detect a biological terrorist attack. lates blooms of phytoplankton, which in turn take up increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But it was unclear whether that carbon would then Ottawa, Canada 5 be prevented from interacting with the atmosphere by sequestering it away in the Scientists Protest Canada’s Budget Cuts as Antiscience deep ocean. www.sciencemag.org Led by the Grim Reaper, a mock funeral procession of more than 2000 scientists As part of the 2004 European Iron marched on Canada’s Parliament last week to protest what organizers called a “sys- Fertilization Experiment, oceanographer temic attack on science” by the country’s Conservative government. The “Death of Victor Smetacek of the Alfred Wegener CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): MICHAEL & RICHARD WEBSTER; CHAETOEROS - MARINA MONTRESOR, SZN/ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE Evidence” rally was organized by students at the University of Ottawa to protest Institute for Polar and Marine Research in budget cuts that will close the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario and Bremerhaven, Germany, and colleagues the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, two key environmental research programs; eliminate funding for a national science adviser; and convert the mandatory long form of the Canadian national census into a voluntary one, among Downloaded from other changes (Science, 29 June, p. 1627). The rally was timed to coincide with a large, international meeting of evolutionary biologists, many of whom joined the march. “Recent actions by the federal govern- ment suggest that our state is frightened by evidence and is retreating into a fantasy world,” says Arne Mooers, a biologist at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby. The Cana- dian government says the cuts are necessary to balance the budget and fund other, more-applied areas of science. C and schistosomiasis; plant scientist Felix FINDINGS Dapare Dakora from Tshwane University Fertilized Blooms Deposit Carbon of Technology, Pretoria, in South Africa for Diatom Chaetoceros atlanticus, a type his work on legumes and soil bacteria; and To Deep Sea of plankton in the Southern Ocean. Rossana Arroyo of the Centre for Research For the fi rst time, scientists have direct and Advanced Studies of Mexico’s National evidence that carbon formed from algal Polytechnic Institute, who studies trichomo- blooms fertilized with iron does sink to the tracked particles of phytoplankton biomass niasis, a parasitic disease. All three were at deep ocean—a fi nding that might renew in the Southern Ocean as they sank from the ceremony, which was boycotted by many interest in using iron fertilization as a way the surface to the ocean fl oor. More than Western countries. UNESCO Director- to sequester carbon dioxide and possibly half of the carbon captured by the algal General Irina Bokova, who opposed the prize mitigate climate change. bloom during the iron fertilization experi- but was overruled in March by UNESCO’s Iron is a limiting nutrient in many parts ment sank more than 1000 meters, they 58-member Executive Board, didn’t attend of the ocean. Previous studies have shown reported this week in Nature. either. http://scim.ag/Obiangaward that adding iron to the upper ocean stimu- http://scim.ag/ironfert www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 275 Published by AAAS

NEWS OF THE WEEK >>FINDINGS Global Warming Punched Up Some Some 2011 Extremes Human-induced global warming is i increasing the chances that Texas w will be hit with record heat and dry- n ness or that the United Kingdom w will have an unusually mild winter—but linking extreme w weather to global warming isn’t w always that simple, note a group of a a analyses in the July issue of the Bul- le letin of the American Meteorological Society. For example, the strength- So ening greenhouse had nothing to do en with last year’s fl ooding in Thailand, w th the new analyses fi nd. Random Sample Researchers under the aegis of the on July 19, 2012 U.S. National Oceanic and Atmo- U. Swan Song for the Cernettesettes sp spheric Administration and the U.K. A woman in a puffy pink prom dress croons plaintively; three backup singers with beehive Met Offi ce used a variety of techniques hairstyles sway and sing. Behind them all, a familiar giant particle accelerator curves away to search for any link between the atmo- into the distance. sphere’s mounting greenhouse gases and “You never spend your nights with me. … You only love your collider.” “Ooooh … wop wop.” Laos For 22 years, Les Horribles Cernettes—CERN’s favorite 1960s-style girl group—have been www.sciencemag.org serenading Geneva-based physicists with songs such as “Strong Interaction,” “Antiworld,” “Mr. Higgs,” and the aforementioned “Collider,” all written by the band’s creator, manager, com- poser, and keyboardist/bassist, Silvano de Gennaro. But on 21 July, the Cernettes’ era will come to an end, with one last performance at the CERN Hadronic Festival. (The show will be available on YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/user/cernettes). Thailand It all started in 1990, when a CERN secretary—tired of feeling neglected by her always- on-shift physicist boyfriend—asked de Gennaro (then a CERN computer scientist and former musician) to turn her tale of woe into a song. De Gennaro says he opted for doo-wop “because Downloaded from the average age at CERN was mid-50s.” He assembled singers and a band to perform the song, and the Cernettes were born. Rainfall in the catchment basin (red box) of Thai- Over the years, about a dozen different singers have been in the group—CERN secretaries land’s Chao Phraya river was not unusual in 2011; and interns, and outside talent from Geneva’s operatic society. “We never played for money,” fl ood losses were likely due to fl oodplain building. de Gennaro says. “We played to get the physicists to smile and dance.” But now de Gennaro is retiring, so the act must disband. Ironically, the Cernettes went extreme weather and climate around the briefl y viral last week, when news outlets reported that a 1992 still of the group was the fi rst world. Some methods involved climate photo ever uploaded to the World Wide Web. De Gennaro demurs: When the photo was posted modeling, while others drew on long cli- to CERN’s Web site, “they told me that this was the fi rst photo of a band that appeared on the mate records for the regions involved. CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): SILVANO DE GENNARO (2); ©2012: GOOGLE, TELE ATLAS, CHES/SPOT IMAGE; U.S. DEPT. OF STATE GEOGRAPHER Web,” he says. “Somehow, this got twisted.” The backers of this fi rst prompt analysis of extreme climate and weather events plan to make it an annual “attribution service” to sort out global warming’s effects on high-profi le events while they are still fresh BY THE NUMBERS in the minds of the public and decision 1.5 million Number of different plankton taxa in the oceans according makers. http://scim.ag/2011extremes to a preliminary analysis of 27,000 samples collected by Tara Oceans, a sci- entifi c sailing expedition, from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea to the Pacifi c Ocean and the Antarctic region. Join us on Thursday, 26 July, at 3 p.m. EDT 91 Percentage of the world’s 103 lemur species that are listed as critically for a live chat with leading experts on a hot endangered, endangered, or vulnerable by the International Union for topic in science. http://scim.ag/science-live Conservation of Nature. 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 276 Published by AAAS

NEWS THEY SAID IT “ I can’t fi nd anyone in my peer group who believes in BioWatch. … The only times it goes off, it’s wrong. I just think it’s a colossal waste of money. It’s a stupid program.” —Ned Calonge, former chief medical offi cer for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, to The Los Angeles Times on 7 July about the Department of Homeland on July 19, 2012 Security’s efforts to equip cities with devices to detect a biological terrorist attack. lates blooms of phytoplankton, which in turn take up increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But it was unclear whether that carbon would then Ottawa, Canada 5 be prevented from interacting with the atmosphere by sequestering it away in the Scientists Protest Canada’s Budget Cuts as Antiscience deep ocean. www.sciencemag.org Led by the Grim Reaper, a mock funeral procession of more than 2000 scientists As part of the 2004 European Iron marched on Canada’s Parliament last week to protest what organizers called a “sys- Fertilization Experiment, oceanographer temic attack on science” by the country’s Conservative government. The “Death of Victor Smetacek of the Alfred Wegener CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): MICHAEL & RICHARD WEBSTER; CHAETOEROS - MARINA MONTRESOR, SZN/ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE Evidence” rally was organized by students at the University of Ottawa to protest Institute for Polar and Marine Research in budget cuts that will close the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario and Bremerhaven, Germany, and colleagues the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, two key environmental research programs; eliminate funding for a national science adviser; and convert the mandatory long form of the Canadian national census into a voluntary one, among Downloaded from other changes (Science, 29 June, p. 1627). The rally was timed to coincide with a large, international meeting of evolutionary biologists, many of whom joined the march. “Recent actions by the federal govern- ment suggest that our state is frightened by evidence and is retreating into a fantasy world,” says Arne Mooers, a biologist at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby. The Cana- dian government says the cuts are necessary to balance the budget and fund other, more-applied areas of science. C and schistosomiasis; plant scientist Felix FINDINGS Dapare Dakora from Tshwane University Fertilized Blooms Deposit Carbon of Technology, Pretoria, in South Africa for Diatom Chaetoceros atlanticus, a type his work on legumes and soil bacteria; and To Deep Sea of plankton in the Southern Ocean. Rossana Arroyo of the Centre for Research For the fi rst time, scientists have direct and Advanced Studies of Mexico’s National evidence that carbon formed from algal Polytechnic Institute, who studies trichomo- blooms fertilized with iron does sink to the tracked particles of phytoplankton biomass niasis, a parasitic disease. All three were at deep ocean—a fi nding that might renew in the Southern Ocean as they sank from the ceremony, which was boycotted by many interest in using iron fertilization as a way the surface to the ocean fl oor. More than Western countries. UNESCO Director- to sequester carbon dioxide and possibly half of the carbon captured by the algal General Irina Bokova, who opposed the prize mitigate climate change. bloom during the iron fertilization experi- but was overruled in March by UNESCO’s Iron is a limiting nutrient in many parts ment sank more than 1000 meters, they 58-member Executive Board, didn’t attend of the ocean. Previous studies have shown reported this week in Nature. either. http://scim.ag/Obiangaward that adding iron to the upper ocean stimu- http://scim.ag/ironfert www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 275 Published by AAAS

NEWS OF THE WEEK >>FINDINGS Global Warming Punched Up Some Some 2011 Extremes Human-induced global warming is i increasing the chances that Texas w will be hit with record heat and dry- n ness or that the United Kingdom w will have an unusually mild winter—but linking extreme w weather to global warming isn’t w always that simple, note a group of a a analyses in the July issue of the Bul- le letin of the American Meteorological Society. For example, the strength- So ening greenhouse had nothing to do en with last year’s fl ooding in Thailand, w th the new analyses fi nd. Random Sample Researchers under the aegis of the on July 19, 2012 U.S. National Oceanic and Atmo- U. Swan Song for the Cernettesettes sp spheric Administration and the U.K. A woman in a puffy pink prom dress croons plaintively; three backup singers with beehive Met Offi ce used a variety of techniques hairstyles sway and sing. Behind them all, a familiar giant particle accelerator curves away to search for any link between the atmo- into the distance. sphere’s mounting greenhouse gases and “You never spend your nights with me. … You only love your collider.” “Ooooh … wop wop.” Laos For 22 years, Les Horribles Cernettes—CERN’s favorite 1960s-style girl group—have been www.sciencemag.org serenading Geneva-based physicists with songs such as “Strong Interaction,” “Antiworld,” “Mr. Higgs,” and the aforementioned “Collider,” all written by the band’s creator, manager, com- poser, and keyboardist/bassist, Silvano de Gennaro. But on 21 July, the Cernettes’ era will come to an end, with one last performance at the CERN Hadronic Festival. (The show will be available on YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/user/cernettes). Thailand It all started in 1990, when a CERN secretary—tired of feeling neglected by her always- on-shift physicist boyfriend—asked de Gennaro (then a CERN computer scientist and former musician) to turn her tale of woe into a song. De Gennaro says he opted for doo-wop “because Downloaded from the average age at CERN was mid-50s.” He assembled singers and a band to perform the song, and the Cernettes were born. Rainfall in the catchment basin (red box) of Thai- Over the years, about a dozen different singers have been in the group—CERN secretaries land’s Chao Phraya river was not unusual in 2011; and interns, and outside talent from Geneva’s operatic society. “We never played for money,” fl ood losses were likely due to fl oodplain building. de Gennaro says. “We played to get the physicists to smile and dance.” But now de Gennaro is retiring, so the act must disband. Ironically, the Cernettes went extreme weather and climate around the briefl y viral last week, when news outlets reported that a 1992 still of the group was the fi rst world. Some methods involved climate photo ever uploaded to the World Wide Web. De Gennaro demurs: When the photo was posted modeling, while others drew on long cli- to CERN’s Web site, “they told me that this was the fi rst photo of a band that appeared on the mate records for the regions involved. CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): SILVANO DE GENNARO (2); ©2012: GOOGLE, TELE ATLAS, CHES/SPOT IMAGE; U.S. DEPT. OF STATE GEOGRAPHER Web,” he says. “Somehow, this got twisted.” The backers of this fi rst prompt analysis of extreme climate and weather events plan to make it an annual “attribution service” to sort out global warming’s effects on high-profi le events while they are still fresh BY THE NUMBERS in the minds of the public and decision 1.5 million Number of different plankton taxa in the oceans according makers. http://scim.ag/2011extremes to a preliminary analysis of 27,000 samples collected by Tara Oceans, a sci- entifi c sailing expedition, from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea to the Pacifi c Ocean and the Antarctic region. Join us on Thursday, 26 July, at 3 p.m. EDT 91 Percentage of the world’s 103 lemur species that are listed as critically for a live chat with leading experts on a hot endangered, endangered, or vulnerable by the International Union for topic in science. http://scim.ag/science-live Conservation of Nature. 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 276 Published by AAAS

NEWS & ANALYSIS NEWS & ANALYSIS “fundamentally unique” because they “trans- mit the instructions for creating humans.” Watson writes: “Life’s instructions ought not be controlled by legal monopolies created at the whim of Congress or the courts.” Watson gives a fi rst-person account of the discovery of the double helix, explains how DNA encodes proteins, and notes that even great legal minds can falter when they offer an opinion on genetics—citing a comment by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in 1927 on the benefi cial use of genetics to eliminate “imbeciles” from the population. Watson writes that he has long opposed human gene patents, saying that he was “forced to resign” as the head of the Human Genome Project at the National Insti- tutes of Health in 1992 because his views PATENTS confl icted with those of the agency. He cites on July 19, 2012 another Nobel winner, University of Man- U.S. Appeals Court Hears chester geneticist John Sulston, who wrote that gene patents will “get in the way of Gene Patent Arguments [genetics-based] treatment unless you have a lot of money.” Watson argues that biotech companies don’t need human gene patents to make a profi t and warns that multigene testing James Watson, co-discoverer of DNA’s dou- with Ravicher and his allies in 2010, invali- methods could be “unnecessarily delayed” or www.sciencemag.org ble helix, has signed up as the most celebrated dating many of Myriad’s claims (Science, halted by a thicket of patent claims. champion of a lawsuit that aims to block pat- 9 April 2010, p. 153). That decision was partly Myriad disagrees. In its brief, it argues ents on human genes. With a strongly worded overturned, however, when it reached the that the Supreme Court’s 9–0 decision in amicus brief fi led last month, Watson joined CAFC on appeal in 2011. The case then went March rejecting a diagnostic patent held by a long list of scientists and doctors who have to the Supreme Court, which didn’t issue an Prometheus Laboratories is not relevant to intervened in the test case, scheduled for oral opinion; instead, it cited its own 9–0 rejection this case. And the company reiterates an argu- argument on 20 July. A three-judge panel in of a different nongene diag- ment made before, that pat- the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Cir- nostic patent this spring and “Life’s instructions ents on BRCA1 and BRCA2 Downloaded from cuit (CAFC) in Washington, D.C., will con- ordered the CAFC in March do not run afoul of the ban sider whether to invalidate patents on breast to take a fresh look at the mat- ought not be controlled on patenting natural prod- cancer genes owned by the Utah diagnostic ter in the light of that rejection by legal monopolies ucts because they are based company Myriad Genetics. Biotech lead- (Science, 30 March , p. 1550). on sequences taken from ers claim that if the patent critics win, their The prolonged fi ght could created at the whim “isolated BRCA molecules” industry could suffer; they’re campaigning to well bounce back to the of Congress or the created in a lab. preserve the status quo. Supreme Court before it’s courts.” More than a dozen At the center of this fi ght is a challenge over, says a longtime follower groups have filed amicus to patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, of the case, attorney Harold —JAMES WATSON, briefs, some for and some owned by Myriad since the late 1990s. Myr- Wegner of Foley & Lardner 1962 NOBEL LAUREATE against gene patents. Some iad’s opponents—led by nonprofit attor- in Washington, D.C. What support gene patents in prin- ney Daniel Ravicher and colleagues at two he fi nds “amazing” is the skill with which ciple without specifi cally backing Myriad’s New York City advocacy organizations, the Ravicher and colleagues have kept the case claims. The Biotechnology Industry Associa- tion (BIO), in a brief with the Association of moving, rallying public opinion to a cause CREDIT: COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY Public Patent Foundation and the American combatants have focused more narrowly on and others, argues that gene patents should Civil Liberties Union—hope to end Myr- University Technology Managers (AUTM) that they portray as good social policy. Other iad’s monopoly on BRCA genes and under- cut many other DNA patents. They argue that not be restricted and warns of “far reach- the “nuts and bolts” of patent law, Wegner ing negative consequences” if this advice says, and the legal tacticians now appear to be genes are “products of nature,” not inven- is ignored. The BIO–AUTM brief says that on the defensive. tions, and for that reason are not patentable. The loudest shot fi red at Myriad’s posi- “innumerable other patents claiming medi- Although U.S. courts have allowed such pat- ents for more than 3 decades, opponents say tion so far, Wegner says, was from Watson. cally and industrially useful compounds that are isolated or derived from natural sources” The brief fi led by the 1962 Nobelist argues it’s not too late to reject them. Some judges would be endangered, such as the antianemia that courts should recognize that human have agreed. genes are not ordinary molecules but are agent erythropoietin, the antibacterial prod- A U.S. district court in New York sided www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 277 Published by AAAS

NEWS&ANALYSIS uct rapamycin, and a monoclonal antibody But he thinks that a sweeping ban on pat- or “significantly” altered to create a new (muromonab-CD3) derived from the mouse enting natural DNA sequences would affect invention during discovery. In this reading, and used in transplant therapy. key industrial and agricultural products. He the latter type of DNA is patentable but the The threat to biotech patents may not be likes an amicus brief fi led by the U.S. Justice former is not. Cook-Deegan thinks this fi ne- as great as BIO suggests, says Robert Cook- Department, a view signifi cantly not endorsed grained logic may be persuasive to judges at Deegan, an expert on genetics and patents at by the Patent and Trademark Offi ce. It pro- CAFC and the Supreme Court. If this rule Duke University’s Institute for Genome Sci- poses a distinction between naturally occur- were applied, Myriad might keep certain pat- ences and Policy in Durham, North Carolina. ring DNA and DNA that has been “markedly” ent claims and lose others. –ELIOT MARSHALL SCIENCE FUNDING Stability at Last for Australian Synchrotron? MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA—“Last week I was ment pick up the bill, leaving the synchro- appear when it was time for the machine to on Europa,” says Helen Maynard-Casely. The tron’s fate after June 2012 uncertain. grow. When it opened, the Australian Syn- planetary scientist, based here at the Austra- The management turmoil happened chrotron had eight beamlines and a ninth in lian Synchrotron, wasn’t just imagining a trip despite the machine’s admirable performance. development for diverting x-rays and infra- to the jovian moon. She has been using the In 2006, it set a world record for the fast- red light to experimental setups. But the third-generation machine’s intense x-rays to est time for a synchrotron to start producing machine was designed for 38 beamlines, probe the structure of water and sulfate min- x-rays and set another record for reliability. each of which costs up to $10 million and on July 19, 2012 erals at high pressure and low temperature, Research highlights include solving the elu- requires major design input. “There was no simulating the composition and conditions of sive structures of perforin and the pre-T-cell one clearly charged with strategizing future Europa’s ice sheet. antigen receptor. “We’re getting a lot of fi rsts,” growth, spending time with the government A few months ago, Maynard-Casely’s says Tom Caradoc-Davies, leader of the mac- and so on,” says ANSTO Chief Executive Adi virtual voyages to Europa were in jeopardy. romolecular crystallography team. Paterson. As a result, the synchrotron has Roiled by management disputes, the Austra- What faltered instead was the synchro- added no new beamlines since number nine. lian Synchrotron, brought online in 2007, was tron’s complex governance. It was managed The synchrotron user community in Aus- set to run out of funding last month before by a board reporting to fi ve state governments, tralia, meanwhile, has been growing at a rate www.sciencemag.org the federal and state governments rode in the federal government, the New Zealand gov- of 600 per year. That has forced some sci- with a 4-year rescue package. Now, the facil- ernment, 30 universities, and 41 other organi- entists to go overseas for beam time. Keith ity may fi nd long-term stability. The federal zations. ANSTO’s Richard Garrett, architect Nugent, the director of the Australian Syn- government is expected to announce next of the organization’s proposal to operate the chrotron, says it “has a 20-year lifetime as month that the Australian Nuclear Science synchrotron, recalls intricate white-board dia- a state-of-the-art machine. We’re already and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in grams of the Australian Synchrotron’s man- 5 years in and well behind.” By comparison, Sydney will take the troubled facility under agement structure. “I remember wondering, he says, the Canadian Light Source is barely its wing. “I have great expectations,” says ‘Where’s the synchrotron?’ ” 3 years older than Australia’s but already has Downloaded from William Thomlinson, former director of the Fissures in the ungainly alliance began to 17 beamlines. Canadian Light Source and a former adviser The first ray of hope came last March, to the Australian Synchrotron. “ANSTO will when Federal Science Minister Chris Evans bring the synchrotron up to speed. I’ve seen announced a $103 million rescue package, them in action.” of which the lion’s share will come from the Thomlinson and others hope ANSTO’s Australian Research Council and universi- stewardship will close a woeful chapter in the ties. Welcome as it was, the package required young synchrotron’s history. The saga began a 10% spending cut, forcing the facility to let in October 2009, when the facility’s gover- several staff go, Nugent says. nors sacked Director Robert Lamb (Science, Now a lasting solution is at hand. Under 1 January 2010, p. 20). Staff protested Lamb’s an agreement that is still being finalized, removal by staging a 3-month work slow- an ANSTO-operated company will operate down: They ran the facility on a 9-to-5 sched- the synchrotron. If the deal goes through, ule instead of the usual round-the-clock. In the Maynard-Casely plans to make the most meantime, seven of nine members of the syn- of her time at the facility, where she has chrotron’s International Scientifi c Advisory 1 year left on her contract. Earlier this week, Committee resigned. another beam run would bring her deep Another blow came when the $248.5 mil- under the surface of Europa’s ice sheet, lion facility was deprived of its champion, where, she says, “the pressure is equivalent Victoria State Premier John Brumby. In to fi ve elephants standing on a stiletto.” It’s CREDIT: AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON November 2010, Brumby’s party lost elec- up to ANSTO to remove the real-world pres- tions and the government changed hands. Vic- sure Maynard-Casely and her colleagues toria’s new leadership did not offer ongoing Under pressure. Helen Maynard-Casely uses the have been enduring. –ELIZABETH FINKEL operating funds nor did the federal govern- synchrotron to simulate conditions on Europa. Elizabeth Finkel is the author of The Genome Generation. 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 278 Published by AAAS

NEWS&ANALYSIS uct rapamycin, and a monoclonal antibody But he thinks that a sweeping ban on pat- or “significantly” altered to create a new (muromonab-CD3) derived from the mouse enting natural DNA sequences would affect invention during discovery. In this reading, and used in transplant therapy. key industrial and agricultural products. He the latter type of DNA is patentable but the The threat to biotech patents may not be likes an amicus brief fi led by the U.S. Justice former is not. Cook-Deegan thinks this fi ne- as great as BIO suggests, says Robert Cook- Department, a view signifi cantly not endorsed grained logic may be persuasive to judges at Deegan, an expert on genetics and patents at by the Patent and Trademark Offi ce. It pro- CAFC and the Supreme Court. If this rule Duke University’s Institute for Genome Sci- poses a distinction between naturally occur- were applied, Myriad might keep certain pat- ences and Policy in Durham, North Carolina. ring DNA and DNA that has been “markedly” ent claims and lose others. –ELIOT MARSHALL SCIENCE FUNDING Stability at Last for Australian Synchrotron? MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA—“Last week I was ment pick up the bill, leaving the synchro- appear when it was time for the machine to on Europa,” says Helen Maynard-Casely. The tron’s fate after June 2012 uncertain. grow. When it opened, the Australian Syn- planetary scientist, based here at the Austra- The management turmoil happened chrotron had eight beamlines and a ninth in lian Synchrotron, wasn’t just imagining a trip despite the machine’s admirable performance. development for diverting x-rays and infra- to the jovian moon. She has been using the In 2006, it set a world record for the fast- red light to experimental setups. But the third-generation machine’s intense x-rays to est time for a synchrotron to start producing machine was designed for 38 beamlines, probe the structure of water and sulfate min- x-rays and set another record for reliability. each of which costs up to $10 million and on July 19, 2012 erals at high pressure and low temperature, Research highlights include solving the elu- requires major design input. “There was no simulating the composition and conditions of sive structures of perforin and the pre-T-cell one clearly charged with strategizing future Europa’s ice sheet. antigen receptor. “We’re getting a lot of fi rsts,” growth, spending time with the government A few months ago, Maynard-Casely’s says Tom Caradoc-Davies, leader of the mac- and so on,” says ANSTO Chief Executive Adi virtual voyages to Europa were in jeopardy. romolecular crystallography team. Paterson. As a result, the synchrotron has Roiled by management disputes, the Austra- What faltered instead was the synchro- added no new beamlines since number nine. lian Synchrotron, brought online in 2007, was tron’s complex governance. It was managed The synchrotron user community in Aus- set to run out of funding last month before by a board reporting to fi ve state governments, tralia, meanwhile, has been growing at a rate www.sciencemag.org the federal and state governments rode in the federal government, the New Zealand gov- of 600 per year. That has forced some sci- with a 4-year rescue package. Now, the facil- ernment, 30 universities, and 41 other organi- entists to go overseas for beam time. Keith ity may fi nd long-term stability. The federal zations. ANSTO’s Richard Garrett, architect Nugent, the director of the Australian Syn- government is expected to announce next of the organization’s proposal to operate the chrotron, says it “has a 20-year lifetime as month that the Australian Nuclear Science synchrotron, recalls intricate white-board dia- a state-of-the-art machine. We’re already and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in grams of the Australian Synchrotron’s man- 5 years in and well behind.” By comparison, Sydney will take the troubled facility under agement structure. “I remember wondering, he says, the Canadian Light Source is barely its wing. “I have great expectations,” says ‘Where’s the synchrotron?’ ” 3 years older than Australia’s but already has Downloaded from William Thomlinson, former director of the Fissures in the ungainly alliance began to 17 beamlines. Canadian Light Source and a former adviser The first ray of hope came last March, to the Australian Synchrotron. “ANSTO will when Federal Science Minister Chris Evans bring the synchrotron up to speed. I’ve seen announced a $103 million rescue package, them in action.” of which the lion’s share will come from the Thomlinson and others hope ANSTO’s Australian Research Council and universi- stewardship will close a woeful chapter in the ties. Welcome as it was, the package required young synchrotron’s history. The saga began a 10% spending cut, forcing the facility to let in October 2009, when the facility’s gover- several staff go, Nugent says. nors sacked Director Robert Lamb (Science, Now a lasting solution is at hand. Under 1 January 2010, p. 20). Staff protested Lamb’s an agreement that is still being finalized, removal by staging a 3-month work slow- an ANSTO-operated company will operate down: They ran the facility on a 9-to-5 sched- the synchrotron. If the deal goes through, ule instead of the usual round-the-clock. In the Maynard-Casely plans to make the most meantime, seven of nine members of the syn- of her time at the facility, where she has chrotron’s International Scientifi c Advisory 1 year left on her contract. Earlier this week, Committee resigned. another beam run would bring her deep Another blow came when the $248.5 mil- under the surface of Europa’s ice sheet, lion facility was deprived of its champion, where, she says, “the pressure is equivalent Victoria State Premier John Brumby. In to fi ve elephants standing on a stiletto.” It’s CREDIT: AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON November 2010, Brumby’s party lost elec- up to ANSTO to remove the real-world pres- tions and the government changed hands. Vic- sure Maynard-Casely and her colleagues toria’s new leadership did not offer ongoing Under pressure. Helen Maynard-Casely uses the have been enduring. –ELIZABETH FINKEL operating funds nor did the federal govern- synchrotron to simulate conditions on Europa. Elizabeth Finkel is the author of The Genome Generation. 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 278 Published by AAAS

NEWS&ANALYSIS A-maze-ing. Metatron tents can be darkened and cooled by shutters to study animal dispersal. is show that it works” with two very different types of organisms, says Marc Cadotte of the University of Toronto, Scarborough. The big question is exactly how realistic the Metatron can be. For example, the but- terfl ies used in the pilot experiment may be too mobile to gain robust ecological insights, says Nick Haddad of North Carolina State University in Raleigh; they can fl y greater distances than the entire Metatron, he points out. And although the setup is “very impres- ECOLOGY sive,” says Ran Nathan of the Hebrew Uni- versity of Jerusalem, its corridors are not as The Metatron: Experimental interconnected as in nature. Life in captiv- ity may also skew results. To sort out which Ecology Gets Connected behaviors and patterns might be a byprod- uct of the Metatron, researchers will need to conduct control studies of the same species on July 19, 2012 in natural settings, predicts Martin Wikelski Nestled in the foothills of the Pyrenees in In 2007, Clobert took that leap, rais- of the University of Konstanz in Germany. France, an unusual new ecological labora- ing €1.6 million for the Metatron from the Clobert agrees, and he has a head start tory called the Metatron is set to provide European Union, the French government, from studying natural populations of insights into how animals disperse across and other sources. Clobert’s team chose the Eurasian lizards for 24 years in the landscapes—a sometimes mysterious name to refl ect the Metatron’s focus on meta- Massif Central. Now, he’s using the Meta- process that can be crucial to conserva- populations and metacommunities: groups tron to examine the impact of higher tem- tion. Composed of dozens of large, inter- of organisms living in different places that peratures on lizard dispersal, as well as www.sciencemag.org connected white tents laid out across a interact in various ways. The name is also a how they prey on insects in fragmented 4-hectare fi eld, the sensor-rich facility will nod to the 20-year-old Ecotron, a pioneering landscapes. Other researchers have started enable researchers to explore how factors indoor laboratory facility at Imperial Col- a menagerie of experiments with bumble- such as light, temperature, and rainfall infl u- lege London, Silwood Park. bees, damselfl ies, and amphibians, hoping ence animal movements. “There’s really The Metatron offers researchers a lot of to discover, for example, whether butter- nothing else like it,” says ecologist Joshua flexibility and control. Its 48 insect- and fl ies move to new habitats to avoid inbreed- Tewksbury of the University of Washington, rodent-proof tents enable them to create ing and how climate warming affects simple Seattle. But he and others caution that the many replicates, increasing the statistical food webs. The facility will consider other Downloaded from Metatron won’t be appropriate for studying power of experiments. Each tent covers 100 pro posals, which a small committee evalu- all kinds of animals and that it isn’t an exact square meters of grass—a sizable amount ates for merit and ability to contribute to replica of the natural world. Still, initial of habitat for smaller animals. Motorized operating expenses. studies published this week suggest that the roofs allow scientists to vary the amount of Ultimately, the Metatron could yield facility, which celebrated its offi cial ribbon- light, while sprinklers control precipitation basic insights in ecology. “Its primary pay- cutting earlier this month, can mimic natural and infl uence humidity. What’s most novel off to the scientifi c community will be by conditions for some small creatures—such are the corridors. Tents have up to four doors testing fundamental principles and theoreti- as lizards and butterfl ies—that can be hard leading into passageways to adjacent tents, cal predictions,” Cadotte says. And although to track in the wild. each of which can have different environ- such basic work may not immediately con- The Metatron is the brainchild of Jean mental conditions. The doors can be closed tribute to conservation, Haddad imagines Clobert, director of research for the Exper- at the top or bottom to give fl ying or walking diverse applications: The Metatron could be imental Ecology Station of the French animals choices for where they would like used to test whether conservation corridors national research agency (CNRS) in Mou- to go next. can unintentionally spread invasive species, lis, France. Clobert has studied the dis- Clobert and his colleagues started two for instance, or whether genetically modi- persal ecology of lizards for years, and he pilot experiments in August 2010, when the fi ed organisms, such as mosquitoes or crops, conducted some small-scale experiments facility was half-fi nished. They released 339 alter ecosystems. that allowed the reptiles to move through common Eurasian lizards (Zootoca vivipara) In the meantime, Clobert and his team cages and corridors. But he was frustrated and tracked them for 10 months. Many of plan to enhance the Metatron by adding an CREDIT: QUENTIN BÉNARD tal conditions that can infl uence movement, reproduced at natural rates, the team reports among corridors to make them more real- by the inability to control the environmen- the lizards spread among the chambers and animal tracking system and con nections online this week in Nature Methods. Another istic. They’ve also submitted a proposal to or to better replicate natural communities build equivalent systems for streams and project showed that large white butterfl ies by introducing other types of animals to his system. Adding this kind of complexity ponds. (Pieris brassicae) appeared to behave nor- would have required “a big jump,” he says. mally in the Metatron. “What they’ve done www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 –ERIK STOKSTAD 279 Published by AAAS

NEWS&ANALYSIS TRAINING AND WORKFORCE What If the Science Pipeline Isn’t Really Leaking? The metaphor of a leaky pipeline is a fi x- The numbers are comparable for the 1972 actually have a lower dropout rate than those ture in discussions of whether enough U.S. and 1982 cohorts. (A study following stu- planning to earn nonscience degrees—45% students are pursuing careers in science and dents who graduated from high school in versus 51% for men, and 34% versus 40% engineering. And scholars have explored in 2004 is still under way.) for women. Those numbers, Killewald says, great detail why so many who profess a pas- Those figures don’t mean there is no suggest that “the leaks in the science pipe- sion for science lose that inclination as they attrition. Individual students do drop out of line are really leaks in the education pipe- move through the education system. science, Killewald says, and moving into line.” What she calls an “unequal access to However, a new book on the over- science at the graduate level is much more higher education,” a combination of eco- all health of the U.S. scientifi c enterprise diffi cult, Xie adds. But at the undergraduate nomic, educational, and cultural factors that argues not only that the pipeline isn’t leaky, make it harder for students to attend and but that it’s the wrong metaphor. “There is complete college, also undermines attempts little evidence that science suffers a ‘leaky to attract more Latino and African-Ameri- pipeline’ during the college years that dis- can students into science. proportionately steers students away from The authors give a fl at no to the book’s title scientifi c fi elds and toward non-scientifi c question, Is American Science in Decline? studies,” write Yu Xie of the University of Stagnant salaries, gloomy job prospects for Michigan, Ann Arbor, a sociologist and academics, and growing international com- on July 19, 2012 longtime analyst of the scientific work- petition are indeed cause for concern, they force, and Alexandra Killewald, his former write. But U.S. science is holding up surpris- doctoral student, who this month joined the ingly well, they say, and the country is more faculty at Harvard University. likely to benefi t than be hurt by scientifi c Xie and Killewald argue that the pipe- advances elsewhere. line paradigm ignores two important vari- The book also takes issue with the widely ables: students who obtain an undergraduate cited fi gure that only one in three persons with science degree after switching from a non- science and engineering degrees is working www.sciencemag.org science field, and those who drop out of in a science-related job. It’s a statistic used school before earning any degree. Those by those who argue that the country already omissions, the authors assert, make the pipe- has too many scientists. “The real fi gure is line a fatally fl awed description of a system between one-half and two-thirds,” Xie says. that they believe is actually doing a pretty The discrepancy comes chiefl y from includ- good job of meeting the country’s need for ing those with social science degrees, a group scientifi c talent. that comprises half of all science degrees but While that conclusion goes against the for whom Xie says there exists “a weak link- Downloaded from accepted wisdom, experts fi nd the new book age” between their degrees and their careers. persuasive. “I think they have made a pretty The authors say it makes more sense to track good case [on both issues],” says sociologist only those with degrees in the natural sci- Robert Hauser, head of the Division of Behav- New message. Yu Xie and Alexandra Killewald reex- ences and engineering. ioral and Social Sciences and Education at amine accepted wisdom on scientifi c workforce trends. Hauser, who says “they are dead right on the National Research Council of the U.S. the defi nition of the workforce,” also believes National Academies. In particular, he adds, level, those turning away from science are the authors’ analysis has important implica- “the pipeline is clearly a much more com- outnumbered by “switchers,” or those who tions for the broader, ongoing debate about plicated story [than most people realize]. It enter from nonscience fi elds. The phenom- training scientists (Science, 22 June, p. 1489). doesn’t look like there is a wholesale slaugh- enon is especially noticeable among women “It really comes down to how many folks you ter of kids hoping to become scientists.” who decide to go into the life sciences. In want to see in these fi elds,” Hauser says. “If Xie and Killewald draw their conclu- fact, Killewald says, the pipeline paradigm you think that the nation requires a lot more sion from national longitudinal studies of “captures less than 40% of the women who scientists, then you’ll be troubled that the high school seniors and their career aspira- end up with science degrees.” numbers aren’t growing more rapidly.” tions. In particular, the pair found that the The other big fl aw in the pipeline para- Although Xie and Killewald believe percentage of college graduates who earned digm, Xie and Killewald argue, is its failure there is compelling evidence for the need to a degree in natural sciences or engineer- to distinguish between students who aban- rethink U.S. policies on training scientists, ing was higher than the percentage of high don science for other fi elds and those who the authors do not plan to lead that debate. school students who said they hoped to earn simply drop out of university. Among men in “We will not be making any clear-cut policy such a degree. In the most recent cohort— the 1992 cohort who fall short of their goal recommendations,” they write. “On a subject CREDIT: PHOTO COURTESY OF YU XIE students who graduated from high school of earning a science degree, Killewald says, as complicated and diffi cult as the scientifi c in 1992 with plans to attend college—the “70% receive no college degree at all, while workforce, we feel that any attempt to do so comparable fi gures for men are 28.3% and only 30% receive a nonscience degree.” would be presumptuous and foolhardy.” 27.5%; for women, it’s 13.2% and 10.5%. Aspiring science and engineering majors –JEFFREY MERVIS 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 280 Published by AAAS

NEWS&ANALYSIS COMMERCIALIZING RESEARCH Jason Gu is such a person. In December 2010, Gu, then 26, received his Ph.D. from NSF Program Offers Start-Up 101 Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania, under Lisa Porter. By To Its Grantees August 2011, he was co-founder and CEO of SenSevere, which, based on results from an NSF grant that Porter received, has devel- New technologies are a dime a dozen. But a criticism about federal programs that try, in oped a novel chemical sensor technology new technology with the right business plan his words, “to determine which companies capable of withstanding high-pressure, high- behind it is much rarer. This week, the U.S. succeed and which fail.” He wondered if NSF temperature environments. Next month, the National Science Foundation announced it has the expertise to make such decisions and company will begin a fi eld test of its sensors is expanding a program to teach budding sci- if, as a $7 billion basic research agency, it at an industrial plant in the Midwest. (A non- entifi c entrepreneurs how best to tailor ideas should even be funding such activities. disclosure agreement prevents Gu from pro- from their NSF-funded research to attract Although NSF offi cials would be delighted viding details.) investors and, eventually, customers. if the program helps to revive a sluggish U.S. Gu, Porter, and Robert Davis, another The program is called Innovation Corps, economy, program manager Errol Arkilic says CMU professor and successful entrepre- or I-Corps. It was launched last fall at Stan- the agency’s goal is more modest: “to take an neur, were in the first cohort of I-Corps ford University, which developed an 8-week idea in an academic’s head and somehow get grantees. Right now, Gu is the only paid pilot course to train scientists in how to take that first step from the laboratory to the marketplace. This month, Stanford-trained on July 19, 2012 instructors welcomed the next round of 54 I-Corps grantees to classes being held at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Michigan, each of which have received grants of $1.5 million to extend the program. On 18 July, NSF issued a solici- tation to award similar grants to fi ve more institutions. NSF hopes to spend a total of www.sciencemag.org $19 million on I-Corps in 2013, up from $7.5 million this year. “We’re wildly supportive of I-Corps,” Sensing success? Jason Gu (left) says Lesa Mitchell, vice president of inno- and Jacob Melby hope SenSevere’s vation and networks for the Ewing Marion technology will be a commercial hit. Kauffman Foundation, which specializes in promoting entrepreneurship. “It’s imple- it out of the academic institution.” The pro- employee of SenSevere, which maintains menting everything that we have been trying cess of testing the market is similar to what a lab at CMU under a licensing agreement Downloaded from to do. And we’re eager to see how they scale researchers do every day in their labs, explains with the university. “There’s no such thing up the program.” serial entrepreneur Steve Blank, who agreed to as a part-time entrepreneur,” Gu says about I-Corps has also caught the eye of some adapt his Lean LaunchPad course at Stanford his long days and weeks. But his new job, he members of Congress, although a partisan for I-Corps: “Come up with an idea, fail, learn adds, “is a lot more fun than being a postdoc divide has emerged about whether it’s some- from your failure, and repeat as necessary in because you have more ownership in what thing NSF should do. Representative Dan the shortest possible amount of time.” Toward you’re doing. I can even see a little bit of Lipinski (D–IL), a member of the House sci- that end, I-Corps grantees are expected to get myself in the company.” ence committee, is so gung ho about the pro- feedback from at least 100 industry contacts Porter has no plans to leave academia and gram’s potential to teach academics how to while taking the course. become an entrepreneur. But she’s pleased to start a small business that he attended the fi nal Each $50,000 I-Corps grant is shared assist those with such a bent. Another of her presentation of the second I-Corps cohort among a three-member team: a principal graduate students, Jacob Melby, expects to in May. He also cajoled Representative Mo investigator on a current or recent NSF grant become SenSevere’s second employee after Brooks (R–AL), who chairs the science com- that generated the underlying technology, a he completes his Ph.D. this summer, and a mittee’s research panel, into holding a hearing graduate student or postdoc with the itch to third student is weighing the commercial on the topic this week in his Chicago district. become an entrepreneur, and a mentor with applications of a potentially patentable inven- “NSF spends all of this money on basic a history of successful start-ups willing to tion from an unrelated project in her lab. research,” says Lipinski, a systems engineer share his or her experience. “Most profes- “A business plan for a start-up is com- turned politician. “So let’s try to teach some sors aren’t interested in leaving academia, pletely different than a business plan for a of these grantees how to be successful entre- and they have a lot of other things going on,” large company,” Porter says. “You have to be Arkilic says. “But there may be someone in very fl exible and nimble in adapting to what CREDIT: JASON GU preneurs and see if it winds up producing their lab who’s motivated by all the potential you’re hearing. And I’m in a much better posi- new products.” tion now to recognize and help those around upside of the technology and who’s willing Brooks didn’t address the program’s edu- cational component when he opened the hear- me who want to become entrepreneurs.” to jump over all the hurdles that stand in the ing. Instead, he raised the familiar Republican way of commercializing it.” –JEFFREY MERVIS www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 281 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS Gene wizard. Bert Vogelstein helped launch mod- ern cancer genetics after discovering key mutations. fl aw in so-called targeted drugs that dramati- cally shrink tumors: They inevitably fail when resistant tumor cells take over. “He sees things in very interesting and provocative ways,” says cancer geneticist Stephen Chanock of the U.S. National Can- cer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland. Vogelstein “wants to make a quick difference and a quick hit. I would guess he thinks his job is to push the fi eld along,” says cancer geneticist Joe Gray of Oregon Health & Sci- ence University in Portland. Gray adds: “But whenever Bert talks, I listen.” In the past few years, Vogelstein and Kinzler have shifted away from discovering new cancer genes to a less glamorous pursuit: using genetic tests to detect common tumors as early as possible, when they are easiest to on July 19, 2012 cure. This is not mainstream work, they say: “Society is fi xated on curing advanced can- cer. It’s considered a success even if you’re Cancer Genetics just reducing patients’ cancer burden for a few months, not prolonging their lives for a long time,” Vogelstein says. But it’s a natural pro- With an Edge gression of earlier research, the two said in www.sciencemag.org a recent interview at their upper-fl oor lab in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, two blocks from where Vogelstein was born. Vogelstein, 63, small and trim with a griz- Their lab helped reveal how faulty genes cause cancer, but Bert zled beard, irreverent and humorous, wore his Vogelstein and Kenneth Kinzler sometimes irk colleagues with their usual jeans and a white dress shirt. Kinzler, a tall, boyish-looking 50, was in khakis. Their “reality check” comments on genomic medicine research was never driven by curiosity about biology, Vogelstein says, but by “an over- Downloaded from IN APRIL, AS SCIENTISTS AT A CANCER thing new. True, papers with similar fi ndings whelming desire to empty the cancer clinics meeting in Chicago were wowing audi- had been published before, unnoticed by the across the street.” ences with their new DNA studies, geneti- press. But Vogelstein says that although the cist Bert Vogelstein stood by with a bucket bottom line may have been familiar to some Cancer genes of cold water. At a briefi ng, he told a room- scientists, his study used a novel model to After studying mathematics at the University ful of reporters that his own work shows quantify the limits of personal genomes for of Pennsylvania, Vogelstein went to medi- how little value a key genetic approach— public health. He says he also wanted to drive cal school at Johns Hopkins, becoming a whole-genome sequencing—will have for home the message that the only sure way to pediatric oncologist. His frustration at being preventing cancer. Using data from identical reduce cancer is through screening and a unable to explain cancer—to tell parents why twins, his team estimated how well whole- healthy lifestyle. their 4-year-old daughter had leukemia, for genome tests could spot individuals at risk. Some colleagues say the paper was a typi- example—inspired him to pursue research. Most people, the model showed, would get a cal dart thrown by Vogelstein, who is known as In 1989, while working with colon tumor negative result because inherited mutations a contrarian. Vogelstein (a longtime member tissue, which they could obtain for differ- very rarely predispose us to cancer. Yet about of Science’s board of reviewing editors) and ent cancer stages, his group showed that the one-third of those who test negative will still collaborator Kenneth Kinzler, who co-directs mutated TP53 gene was not a cancer driver develop cancer, triggered by environmental their lab at the Johns Hopkins University as had been thought but a tumor suppres- factors and bad luck. “It would be great if we medical campus, helped lay the foundation of sor. Mutations that cause the gene to lose its could determine who will and will not get cancer genetics by revealing how mutations in function occur often in many different cancer cancer from sequencing their DNA, but the key genes lead to a tumor. Their work helped types. Vogelstein says his decision to work reality is, we won’t,” Vogelstein said later. inspire others to use genetics to predict cancer with “messy” human tumors, not cell lines or Vogelstein’s sobering message, picked up risks and develop personalized cancer treat- animals, might be the reason why it took him by The New York Times and other publica- ments. Yet today, Vogelstein often offers what three tries to get a grant from NCI. CREDIT: JOE RUBINO tions, irritated some scientists: They claimed he calls a “reality check” on such efforts. Last In the late 1980s, Vogelstein also unveiled the study had fl aws and wasn’t saying any- month, for example, his team warned about a what’s now a textbook model of how colorec- 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 282 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS tal cancer develops. He and Kinzler, who It was an ambitious goal, especially because ing new genes, however. He and Kinzler joined the lab as a graduate student, later high-throughput sequencing machines agree that the more comprehensive NCI- showed how the slow accumulation of muta- weren’t available. They accomplished it by backed genome atlas work is “invaluable” tions in specifi c genes leads to tumor growth. brute force, performing about 200,000 poly- because it will fi nd rare mutations and fi ll in They went on to discover a string of major merase chain reaction experiments on each of gaps in our knowledge about the pathways colon cancer genes. These studies all started 22 patient tumor samples to amplify 13,000 or that lead to uncontrolled tissue growth. But by analyzing human tumors for mutations. so genes. They sent the DNA to a commercial their own lab is moving on to other things Their guiding principle was that if a gene lab for traditional Sanger sequencing. Then after sequencing exomes for 20 cancer drives cancer, it will often be mutated. Trying they waited for results. types. “We’re focusing on different ques- to fi gure out a gene’s importance by studying The gamble paid off: In 2006, Vogelstein’s tions now—applications as opposed to dis- its function, they say, can be misleading. Just group published the fi rst rough exomes for covery,” Kinzler says. because the mutation alters a disease process breast and colorectal cancers in Science (13 doesn’t mean it’s the cause. It was “a com- October 2006, p. 268). Data revealed both Twins and cancer pletely different view” from what many other known and new cancer genes in varying fre- One question that drew the Johns scientists believed, Vogelstein says. quencies—the authors called them moun- Hopkins group was: What fraction of the The two built a highly competitive lab tains and hills—as well as daunting variations population would benefit from whole- whose members played as hard as they in patterns from one tumor to the next. Some genome sequencing? They had already worked. They installed a Ping-Pong table researchers were critical: In Technical Com- used exome sequencing in 2009 to look for near the postdocs’ desks; the lab held bas- ments in Science, TCGA leader and genome genes linked to pancreatic cancer common ketball and tennis tournaments. They had a rock band, Wild Type, composed of cancer on July 19, 2012 biologists, with Vogelstein on keyboard and Kinzler on drums. Lab members got free use of a beach house. A quirky tradition arose in interviews of prospective postdocs: Can- didates were asked to wear a Burger King crown when they spoke about their graduate work. “If you were not willing to wear the crown, you were probably a little too high- www.sciencemag.org strung for the lab,” says Devin Dressman, a former Vogelstein postdoc who is now at Life Technologies in Beverly, Massachusetts. Vogelstein and Kinzler rarely travel to speak at meetings. They prefer to stay involved in their lab’s experiments and avoid being swayed by what’s popular, or the “herd effect,” Vogelstein says. Instead, Vogelstein Downloaded from keeps up on the latest science by devouring the literature: “He reads more than any other human I know,” Dressman says. Reality check. Vogelstein and Kenneth Kinzler have identifi ed fl aws in some plans to use cancer genomics for treatment and risk prediction. They aim to develop a blood screening test to fi nd early cancers. Cancer’s own genome project After human DNA was fully sequenced in researcher Eric Lander of the Broad Institute in one family. (Researchers compared the 2003, cancer geneticists around the world in Cambridge, Massachusetts, among others, genomes of affected and nonaffected fam- began to envision their own genome proj- argued that the Johns Hopkins team had used ily members to pinpoint a responsible gene, ect. Instead of homing in only on suspected faulty statistical methods and tested too few PALB2.) Like screening for the BRCA breast cancer genes, they would do a more sweep- tumors to yield meaningful results. cancer genes, identifying individuals with ing search and systematically sequence the Vogelstein and Kinzler moved on to rare but high-risk pancreatic cancer genes entire genome of patients’ tumors and com- glioblastoma exomes in 2008 and found an might help some avoid death from the dis- pare the results to DNA in normal cells to important new oncogene, IDH1. This was a ease. This work led the group to wonder fi nd all possible cancer genes. Vogelstein and slight embarrassment for the NCI collabora- what might be gained if everyone’s entire Kinzler declined to join the pilot phase of a tion, whose glioma project sequenced only a genome were sequenced, Vogelstein says. proposed $1 billion project funded by NCI set of candidate cancer genes in a large num- If a major fraction of the population carried called The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). ber of tumors and missed IDH1. high-risk genes, then sequencing everyone Instead, using private funding, they set out ers in his talks, Vogelstein seems ambiva- might make sense. Reviewing work by his group and oth- CREDIT: KEITH WELLER to sequence the first “cancer genome” in lent about the value of tumor DNA scans. tical genomes, the researchers could learn Because homozygous twins have iden- a handful of breast and colorectal tumor samples—enough, according to their theory, More than 1000 of these surveys have added about their inherited disease risks with- out DNA sequencing, by comparing health only a few dozen new cancer-driver genes to fi nd the most important genes. They nar- rowed the search to focus on protein-coding records. Data on nearly 54,000 twin pairs, to the 80 or so that were previously known, most in Europe, allowed the Johns Hop- Vogelstein says. This includes some intrigu- DNA, the so-called exome. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 283 Published by AAAS

kins group to model how risks were dis- stop working after about the same number that paved way the way for other targeted tributed across the population. They found of months, presumably because rare resis- therapies, says he agrees with Vogelstein’s that genome testing had potential value. tant cells in the tumors continue to grow and message: “We have to move to combinations With a positive result defi ned as an over- ultimately proliferate. To investigate, Luis as quickly as possible.” all disease risk of 10%, the average person Diaz and others in the Vogelstein-Kinzler The Vogelstein-Kinzler lab is attacking would likely test positive for at least one dis- lab drew on a sensitive technique they had cancer from several new angles, including an ease, such as heart disease or diabetes. But developed for detecting mutations in the unusual clinical trial that involves destroy- genome scans would not help much with very small amount of tumor DNA present ing tumors by injecting them with bacteria. identifying risks for common cancers, they in a cancer patient’s blood. They collected a But the project closest to Vogelstein’s heart reported in Science Translational Medicine series of these “liquid biopsy” measurements right now is an effort to develop the liquid and at the meeting of the American Associ- from patients with advanced colorectal biopsy method as a general cancer-screening ation for Cancer Research (AACR) in Chi- cancer whose tumors had become resistant test. The aim is to look for a set of mutations cago in April. For most people, the risks to a targeted cancer drug. With Harvard commonly found in tumors that can be iso- associated with inherited DNA are small or University computational biologist Martin lated from circulating blood. nonexistent, they found—and Vogelstein and Kinzler argue trivial compared to risks from Then and now. Vogelstein that DNA mutations offer “clar- random mutations and factors today and with Kinzler (inset ity” compared to other blood- such as smoking and obesity. top row, middle and right) sampling approaches that focus NCI’s Chanock suggests that during the heyday of their on more complex protein or the twins data included too few band, Wild Type. gene-expression markers. At cases of specifi c cancers to yield the AACR meeting, Vogelstein on July 19, 2012 definitive results: “I would not described his group’s latest blood take this as the fi nal word on the test results for 304 patients with value of the genome,” he says. several types of cancer. Nearly But Lander, despite his criticism all with metastatic tumors had of the group’s work on tumor detectable mutations in their cir- exomes, says the twins study culation; more than 50% of those nt point” even “makes an important point” even whose cancer had not yet metas- s what we if it just “confirms what we tasized had them; and none of 82 www.sciencemag.org have known all controls. “I think we’re getting along: Genes are very close with the technology,” not everything.” says Vogelstein, who owns stock Lander says his in a German company, Inostics, own view has that is commercializing the test. always been that Although Vogelstein seems genetic risk stud- - as passionate about research ul ies are most useful as ever, he has stepped back in Downloaded from he for pointing to the Nowak, they recent years, others say. He now goes on biology underlying de vised a vacations. Lately, he’s been spending two ng diseases, not for pre- model showing afternoons a week with his two grandchil- re- that even before ks. dicting personal risks. tha dren, a time that Johns Hopkins neurosci- the patient begins treatment, some the patient begins entist Joshua Vogelstein (their uncle) thinks ll l Antihype tumor cells always carry genes with random is probably “the best part of his week.” The Vogelstein seems to enjoy pricking balloons. mutations that can support resistance to tar- lab has gotten “leaner and meaner,” Kinzler Recently, he has focused on a new target: geted drugs. This form of resistance, they says: It’s down from a peak of about 40 lab exuberance over targeted cancer drugs. He wrote last month in Nature, is therefore “a workers (including six faculty members) to says he got interested after seeing a paper last fait accompli.” perhaps 30—one reason is that sequencing year on melanoma therapy. It included pho- But the modeling study also suggested now involves less lab work. Wild Type hasn’t tos of the torso of a man with melanoma who that this resistance can be delayed by com- picked up their instruments since Kinzler’s had received a new drug aimed at a mutated bining two drugs that target different path- wife fell ill with leukemia 10 years ago and CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): JOE RUBINO; (INSET) ZUHAIR KAREEM, THE JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL gene called BRAF. Before treatment, the ways. Indeed, Vogelstein and colleagues died 6 months later. “We had to stop and we patient’s skin was riddled with metastatic suggest that once a targeted drug has passed never started up again,” Vogelstein says. tumors; soon after treatment, the tumors initial safety trials, it’s so clear that single- Vogelstein has no plans to retire: “I was vanished, and the man looked perfectly drug therapy will fail that they consider it born here and when I die they’ll wheel me healthy. Five months later, the tumors reap- unethical to give patients just one such drug. out on a cart,” he says. Before that, he says, peared in exactly the same locations. The “Why shouldn’t you design a large, very he has one overriding goal: that a cancer- photos “blew my mind,” Vogelstein says. expensive trial to incorporate more than one screening test based on mutations in tumors “Why do the tumors all return at roughly agent?” Vogelstein asks. will become a routine part of everyone’s the same time? It’s almost as miraculous as Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Cen- annual physical exam. “I just want one of when they disappear.” ter cancer researcher Charles Sawyers, who those tests to be the standard of care. That’s Targeted drugs for other cancers usually helped develop Gleevec, the leukemia drug the one thing.” –JOCELYN KAISER 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 284 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS Tracking trees. Peter Jørgensen started tagging trees in 2004 to understand forest diversity. cies interact in the face of environmental change or nearby human activity. As climate change descends upon us, it’s becoming criti- cal to identify factors infl uencing tree sur- vival. “Local populations of trees have three options,” says Nathan Kraft, a biologist at the University of Maryland, College Park. “They can move, adapt, or die off.” By “move,” he means that trees have the ability to shift their range when threatened in their current habi- tat, say by long-term drought or a more com- petitive species. Through seed dispersal and other regeneration mechanisms, trees can move to a better area. Otherwise, to survive, they must adapt, evolving traits better suited to the new conditions. The choices will deter- mine the biodiversity of future forests. “Only once we know how species will behave can on July 19, 2012 we fi gure out how to save them,” not just in Madidi but elsewhere as well, Jørgensen says. It’s not easy being a botanist ECOLOGY Madidi National Park is home to 11% of the world’s bird species and an estimated Taking the Measure of Madidi 12,000 plant species. Located in northwest- www.sciencemag.org ern Bolivia, it is one of the largest, most diverse protected areas on the planet, on par with Madagascar’s national parks and Researchers journey into one of the world’s most diverse areas to help predict the Colombia’s Chocó jungle. It is also remark- CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): JEAN FRIEDMAN-RUDOVSKY; ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/MISSOURI BOTANICAL/MADIDI FOREST GARDEN future of our planet’s trees ably untouched. Aside from the handful of communities living inside the park and lim- MADIDI NATIONAL PARK, BOLIVIA—It felt tree growth here in one of the planet’s most ited ecotourism on its eastern edge, human like an old-fashioned treasure hunt. For 5 days, unusual protected areas. For the students, activity is scarce in the area. “Madidi is excep- two biologists, a botanist, and their students locating silver strips obscured by moss or tional for scientifi c study,” says Peter Raven, Downloaded from braved collapsing cliff-side roads, clambered leaves in the middle of a forest the size of president emeritus of the Missouri Botanical across rushing rivers, and hacked their way Vermont was like discovering buried trea- Garden, the main sponsor of ongoing studies through forest to reach this spot on their map. sure. For the Madidi Project’s director, Peter here, “because of this lack of disturbance.” The researchers fanned out Jørgensen of the Missouri Botanical Garden For biodiversity researchers, it has another through the jungle, navi- in St. Louis, who started tagging Madidi’s attribute: the lon- gating thorny underbrush trees almost a decade ago, it was “like gest continuous ele- Online and armies of stinging fi nding old friends.” vation gradient on ants, in search of small Those friends, it turns out, the planet. The park sciencemag.org Podcast interview metal tags. A shout South America have an increasingly ranges from Andean with Jean Friedman- broke through over the important tale to tell. Bot- peaks of just over Rudovsky (http://scim.ag/ rush of the nearby creek: anists and biolo- 6000 meters above pod_6092). “Number 191!” Moments gists have long sea level to the Ama- later, calls from all direc- Bolivia grounded their zon basin, approximately 180 meters above tions: “Sixteen is over here!” understanding of sea level. “Madidi is like a laboratory for “Seventy-two!” “I’ve got 12!” the natural world climate change,” says the Madidi Project’s The excitement mounted as on long-term Bolivia coordinator, Alfredo Fuentes, a La they located and read off dozens projects such as Paz–based botanist at the Higher University of numbered tags that had been Madidi. Recur- of San Andrés in La Paz, Bolivia, Bolivia’s nailed into trees 7 years ago. rent surveys of largest university. Because temperatures drop Despite the giddiness, the the same com- as the elevation increases, species in Madidi endeavor was serious. This was Biodiversity gem. Bolivia’s munities gener- can theoretically shift uphill instead of adapt- day one of fi eldwork in a 3-week Madidi National Park pro- ate data that help ing to global warming in place. “Madidi offers expedition, part of the ongo- tects one of the world’s more researchers fig- an excellent opportunity to watch reactions to ing Madidi Project, to measure diverse areas. ure out how spe- climatic change,” Fuentes says. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 285 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS The Madidi Project, launched by the Mis- Test bed. Extensive, long-term studies souri Botanical Garden in 2001, has begun of Madidi National Park are testing to capitalize on an opportunity not only to biodiversity theories. look at the effects of climate change but also to test existing theories about what controls biodiversity. Researchers are looking in par- ticular at factors that infl uence the composi- tion of plant communities, a concept known as beta diversity (see sidebar). The project’s entire data set includes more than 206,000 trunks and about 2400 tree species. “Nothing along these lines has been done before,” says Thomas Lovejoy, biodiversity chair at the Heinz Center in Washington, D.C. From 2001 to 2010, the project established 442 small plots (0.1 hectare) and 50 large ones (1 hectare) throughout the park, each of which are now demarcated by small plas- tic tubes topped by a strand of orange fabric. Within each plot, researchers mapped, identi- fi ed, tagged, and noted the characteristics of on July 19, 2012 all trees with at least a 10-centimeter diameter, establishing a baseline. Now, several expeditions a year here mea- Probing Diversity’s Complexity sure these trees, ideally returning to each plot every 5 years to take stock of the changes. Dur- ing this visit in April, the group will remea- Rainforests may be the conservationist’s poster child, but they fall short as models of the true sure more than 1600 trees from three plots complexity of our planet’s biodiversity. So says Peter Jørgensen, a botanist at the Missouri in a semideciduous tract of Madidi ranging www.sciencemag.org Botanical Garden in St. Louis, whose long-term project in Bolivia promises to shake up our between 900 and 1100 meters above sea level. understanding of the distribution of tree species in tropical South America. The Madidi Project (One plot is on the banks of a river, one on a (see main text) charts the changes in tree communities growing along an elevation gradient that slope, and another on a crest.) Every tagged plunges from above 6000 meters in the mountains to 180 meters above sea level. By identifying tree’s location is double-checked against a all trees at least 10 centimeters in diameter within hundreds of research plots along this gra- map from the plot’s establishment, and if a dient, Jørgensen and his colleagues have built a database that allows them to examine spatial tagged tree has died, the team tries to establish patterns of diversity in ways not possible from studies limited to rainforests, which tend to be the cause of death by examining the stump or comparatively homogeneous because they are confi ned to the lowlands. remaining limbs for evidence of infection or Downloaded from The Madidi Project focuses on comparing the rate of turnover of species in a sample of other impacts such as a lightning strike. plots—a concept known as beta diversity. “It’s about trying to understand why a certain spe- Before their fi rst trip, “everyone thinks it’s cies lives in one area and not in another nearby,” says Brad Boyle, a biologist at the University like being on vacation,” says Denmark-born of Arizona in Tucson. To gauge beta diversity, researchers count the number of species in vari- Jørgensen as he swats away swarming mari- ous plots. Then they ask: How many species are common to the plots? How many are different? wees, gnatlike insects that sting. It’s the fi rst The higher the number of species found in only one plot, the greater an area’s beta diversity. day working the plots, and his neck is already Researchers want to know why beta diversity is higher in some areas than others. Why do swollen from bee stings and ant bites in the some species thrive in two different areas while some drop out? “There are many different fac- campground the night before. tors,” says Nathan Kraft, a biologist at the University of Maryland, College Park, including cli- Around him, the number calls continue, matic tolerance, soil quality, rainfall, and the differences in the dispersal abilities of species. but they are no longer random. Rather, at “The really important next step is determining the relative importance of these factors and how each tagged tree, the researchers methodically they interact.” sound off with codes that correspond to every His work shows that the high beta diversity along elevation gradients arises because so many possible characteristic: width, height, smell, species are capable of living in these areas that by chance each plot has numerous species not bark texture, closeness to canopy, leaf pat- found in another nearby (Science, 23 September 2011, p. 1755). But Jørgensen and his col- terns, and more. “I’ve got to be very careful to leagues suspect that chance is not the most important factor. They think that high beta diversity enter everything right,” says Esther Mosque- in tropical mountain forests like those of Madidi is driven by a special mix of environmental fac- ria of the Higher University of San Andrés. tors. They hope an analysis under way will prove them right. “The value of [the Madidi Project] is Her undergraduate biology thesis will be on in testing diversity theories of a landscape with real actual data, which is very rare,” says Thomas Madidi’s tree population. She scribbles furi- Lovejoy, biodiversity chair at the Heinz Center in Washington, D.C. “It speaks to the importance ously to keep up with her colleagues’ shouts. CREDIT: JEAN FRIEDMAN-RUDOVSKY of matching theories and what happens in nature.” One of the local guides accompanying Kraft is eager to see the results: “The strength of the Madidi data set is that it’s intensively the group is 3 meters off the ground, balanc- sampled and spans a broad elevation gradient. It will be a great step forward.” –J.F.-R. ing on a thick branch leaned against a tree. He wraps a tape measure around the midsec- 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 286 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS tion of a large trunk. Many trees in this area tion gradient to Madidi. His work has shown have aboveground root structures, so team that many trees are in fact shifting their ranges members must climb to measure the trunk to higher, cooler ground rather than trying to diameter accurately. Tree height is estimated adapt in place to increasing temperatures. (with roughly 90% accuracy) because taking That’s what Sebastian Tello, a biologist an exact measurement through triangulation with the Madidi Project based at the Mis- would triple the fi eldwork time. souri Botanical Garden, thinks is going on in Species identifi cation is a key component Madidi. Adaptation requires genetic change of the project; the team double-checks trees that occurs over the course of generations. identifi ed in the past, taking samples back for Woody plants have long lives, so the shifts in confi rmation if there’s any doubt. “You can genetic composition are extremely slow. “In have a ton of data, but it doesn’t mean any- general, we hypothesize that it’s easier for tree thing if you can’t consistently identify and species to move than adapt,” Tello says. standardize the species,” says Brian Enquist, Yet other environmental factors may an ecologist and evolutionary biologist at the impede geographical shifts by certain species, University of Arizona in Tucson. While iden- causing them to be left behind even as com- tifying tree species might seem the task of a munity compositions change. For example, third-grader, “in tropical areas, the extreme the project’s research has found a species-rich number of species means identification is belt within Madidi, between 1000 and 1500 exceptionally diffi cult,” says Iván Jiménez, meters above sea level, that mixes trees from a botanist at the Missouri Botanical Garden the lowlands and the mountains. “What will on July 19, 2012 who analyzes the Madidi Project’s data. happen to this belt is uncertain,” Jørgensen More than 6 hours later, everyone has says, “since species adapted to lowlands and worked up a sweat—better to be covered fl at areas are not particularly well adapted to from head to toe than ravaged by insects and growing on sloping terrain.” Trees with large spiky trunks and bushes. Just before sun- buttresses, for instance, might be in danger down, they head back to the small camp- because they may not be able to survive on site, which is roughly one-quarter the size of How big? Researchers go to great lengths to mea- a hill. “The high-diversity belt may shrink or a football fi eld and took a day of machete- sure trunk diameters of surveyed trees. disappear completely,” he says. www.sciencemag.org slashing to clear. Shared tents ring a com- Having even a vague idea of whether a mon area with a large table and benches built “It’s not easy being a botanist,” says biol- community or species is at exceptional risk out of branches and 8-meter-tall river grass ogy student Eber Renjito of the Higher Uni- of disappearing is a main goal. “This kind of stalks, held together with string. The wife of versity of San Andrés. research is fundamental if you want to have one of the guides prepares meals and boils representative ecosystems going into the stream water for drinking. But not even the How forests work future,” Lovejoy says. Ideally, research like the burning fi re can mask an omnipresent odor The scale of the Madidi Project makes the Madidi Project gives policymakers an idea of of nearby “wild-garlic” trees. hardships worthwhile. Already a decade old, which areas are most in jeopardy and in need Downloaded from At night, wearing headlamps, team mem- the project is slated to go on for at least one of protection. “Since there is limited money bers press leaf samples into old newspapers to more year or longer if continued funding can for conservation,” Jørgensen says, “we want store them intact for the trip back. They listen be found. Other similar biodiversity stud- to make sure the areas with greatest range of to Bolivian rock on a battery-operated MP3 ies are smaller and have a shorter life span. species, as well as the species that may have player and tell bad jokes until they collapse Relatively few are based in the tropics, even less chance for survival, are protected.” onto their foam sleeping pads, anticipating a though tropical plant species are among the He warns, though, against drawing fi rm dawn wake-up call to repeat the day’s activity. most susceptible to climate change. And conclusions about climate change’s effect on very little is known forests even after accumulating a mass of data about tree patterns over 10 years. A decade is not long enough. in tropical moun- Sustaining the work over many decades may tainous zones such be the most important element to advanc- as the Andes. ing this research. But Jørgensen admits that What is known his own days of fi eldwork might be nearing points to a move- their end. “I’m getting a little too old for this,” rather-than-adapt says the 54-year-old, red in the face and tired already. He hopes his Bolivian colleagues will strategy for coping CREDITS: JEAN FRIEDMAN-RUDOVSKY For the record. The location of each tagged tree is mapped and recorded for Miles Silman, a biol- taxonomy and data analysis back at his desk with climate change. take over the expeditions while he focuses on in St. Louis. “It may be decades before we ogist at Wake Forest can really understand how our forests will University in Win- change,” he says. “But Madidi is a start.” ston-Salem, North –JEAN FRIEDMAN-RUDOVSKY Carolina, has stud- ied an area of Peru Jean Friedman-Rudovsky is a journalist based in future visits. with a similar eleva- La Paz, Bolivia. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 287 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS The Madidi Project, launched by the Mis- Test bed. Extensive, long-term studies souri Botanical Garden in 2001, has begun of Madidi National Park are testing to capitalize on an opportunity not only to biodiversity theories. look at the effects of climate change but also to test existing theories about what controls biodiversity. Researchers are looking in par- ticular at factors that infl uence the composi- tion of plant communities, a concept known as beta diversity (see sidebar). The project’s entire data set includes more than 206,000 trunks and about 2400 tree species. “Nothing along these lines has been done before,” says Thomas Lovejoy, biodiversity chair at the Heinz Center in Washington, D.C. From 2001 to 2010, the project established 442 small plots (0.1 hectare) and 50 large ones (1 hectare) throughout the park, each of which are now demarcated by small plas- tic tubes topped by a strand of orange fabric. Within each plot, researchers mapped, identi- fi ed, tagged, and noted the characteristics of on July 19, 2012 all trees with at least a 10-centimeter diameter, establishing a baseline. Now, several expeditions a year here mea- Probing Diversity’s Complexity sure these trees, ideally returning to each plot every 5 years to take stock of the changes. Dur- ing this visit in April, the group will remea- Rainforests may be the conservationist’s poster child, but they fall short as models of the true sure more than 1600 trees from three plots complexity of our planet’s biodiversity. So says Peter Jørgensen, a botanist at the Missouri in a semideciduous tract of Madidi ranging www.sciencemag.org Botanical Garden in St. Louis, whose long-term project in Bolivia promises to shake up our between 900 and 1100 meters above sea level. understanding of the distribution of tree species in tropical South America. The Madidi Project (One plot is on the banks of a river, one on a (see main text) charts the changes in tree communities growing along an elevation gradient that slope, and another on a crest.) Every tagged plunges from above 6000 meters in the mountains to 180 meters above sea level. By identifying tree’s location is double-checked against a all trees at least 10 centimeters in diameter within hundreds of research plots along this gra- map from the plot’s establishment, and if a dient, Jørgensen and his colleagues have built a database that allows them to examine spatial tagged tree has died, the team tries to establish patterns of diversity in ways not possible from studies limited to rainforests, which tend to be the cause of death by examining the stump or comparatively homogeneous because they are confi ned to the lowlands. remaining limbs for evidence of infection or Downloaded from The Madidi Project focuses on comparing the rate of turnover of species in a sample of other impacts such as a lightning strike. plots—a concept known as beta diversity. “It’s about trying to understand why a certain spe- Before their fi rst trip, “everyone thinks it’s cies lives in one area and not in another nearby,” says Brad Boyle, a biologist at the University like being on vacation,” says Denmark-born of Arizona in Tucson. To gauge beta diversity, researchers count the number of species in vari- Jørgensen as he swats away swarming mari- ous plots. Then they ask: How many species are common to the plots? How many are different? wees, gnatlike insects that sting. It’s the fi rst The higher the number of species found in only one plot, the greater an area’s beta diversity. day working the plots, and his neck is already Researchers want to know why beta diversity is higher in some areas than others. Why do swollen from bee stings and ant bites in the some species thrive in two different areas while some drop out? “There are many different fac- campground the night before. tors,” says Nathan Kraft, a biologist at the University of Maryland, College Park, including cli- Around him, the number calls continue, matic tolerance, soil quality, rainfall, and the differences in the dispersal abilities of species. but they are no longer random. Rather, at “The really important next step is determining the relative importance of these factors and how each tagged tree, the researchers methodically they interact.” sound off with codes that correspond to every His work shows that the high beta diversity along elevation gradients arises because so many possible characteristic: width, height, smell, species are capable of living in these areas that by chance each plot has numerous species not bark texture, closeness to canopy, leaf pat- found in another nearby (Science, 23 September 2011, p. 1755). But Jørgensen and his col- terns, and more. “I’ve got to be very careful to leagues suspect that chance is not the most important factor. They think that high beta diversity enter everything right,” says Esther Mosque- in tropical mountain forests like those of Madidi is driven by a special mix of environmental fac- ria of the Higher University of San Andrés. tors. They hope an analysis under way will prove them right. “The value of [the Madidi Project] is Her undergraduate biology thesis will be on in testing diversity theories of a landscape with real actual data, which is very rare,” says Thomas Madidi’s tree population. She scribbles furi- Lovejoy, biodiversity chair at the Heinz Center in Washington, D.C. “It speaks to the importance ously to keep up with her colleagues’ shouts. CREDIT: JEAN FRIEDMAN-RUDOVSKY of matching theories and what happens in nature.” One of the local guides accompanying Kraft is eager to see the results: “The strength of the Madidi data set is that it’s intensively the group is 3 meters off the ground, balanc- sampled and spans a broad elevation gradient. It will be a great step forward.” –J.F.-R. ing on a thick branch leaned against a tree. He wraps a tape measure around the midsec- 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 286 Published by AAAS

MEETINGBRIEFS>> EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART | 2–6 JULY 2012 | PARIS, FRANCE The Ingredients for a 4000-Year-Old Proto-Curry When cooks in the ancient Indus where the plant grew wild. River civilization prepared their Take out. Excavators at Indus farmers also grew a surpris- meals 4000 years ago, the results a rural Indian site found ingly wide array of grains and beans. may not have been much different extensive use of rice (inset) Many archaeologists once thought from what you might order today in in Indus times. that the society depended primar- an Indian restaurant. Recent stud- ily on crops such as wheat and bar- ies presented at the meeting found a ley, which were planted in winter. But surprisingly diverse Indus diet that new data from rural villages chal- incorporated spices such as ginger lenge that idea. Examining two sites and turmeric, beans such as lentils near today’s Masudpur, west of Delhi, and mung, grains such as rice and University of Cambridge archaeolo- millet, and even bananas. An explo- gist Jennifer Bates compared carbon- sion in food-related studies, thanks ized seed and phytolith density per to both new tools and new interest liter of soil near hearths to determine in rural villages, provides excit- the relative abundance of crops by on July 19, 2012 ing clues to day-to-day life in the period and site. Bates found that both Indus, says Indus expert Jonathan villages practiced summer and win- Mark Kenoyer of the University of ter cropping, and both ate wheat, bar- Wisconsin, Madison, who was not ley, millet, and rice from early Indus directly involved in the studies. times, as shown by nearby pottery; With Egypt and Mesopotamia, she also identifi ed lentils and mung the Indus was among the fi rst urban beans. Rice has long been assumed to civilizations, centered on today’s be only a late addition in the Indus, www.sciencemag.org Pakistan and India. The Indus peo- yet one village apparently ate more ple built a half-dozen massive cit- rice than wheat or barley, although ies around 2500 B.C.E. that mostly millet dominated. fell into ruin after 1800 B.C.E. No Many of these crops have uses in Indus texts have been deciphered, addition to pleasing Indus palates, however, and few images found, Kenoyer notes. Burned bananas pro- leaving scholars with fundamental duce salt, ginger can treat illness, and questions about how the people lived, worked, same material. “It’s like India today,” Weber turmeric is used for both poultices and dye- Downloaded from and worshipped. But some of their traditions, says. “Cattle wander around eating trash,” ing cloth. The data may also shed light on how including food preparation, may live on. including the remains of cooked meals. In specialized and exotic foods refl ected class Archaeologists have long spotted burnt some Indian regions such as the western differences, he says. –A.L. grains such as wheat, barley, and millet at province of Gujarat, some families still leave Indus sites, but identifying vegetables, fruits, food remains outside the house as a ritual nuts, roots, and tubers has been more chal- offering to cattle. Diving Into the lenging. Researchers are increasingly using Whether or not these spices represent the phytoliths—the mineral secretions left by earliest curry is not clear: Kashyap and Weber Indian Ocean’s Past plants—to identify specific plant remains, note that what makes curry curry is disputed as well as starch grain analysis (Science, 2 even today. Black pepper and chili peppers, Nearly 15 years ago, two fi shers in the waters July 2010, p. 28). Plants store starch gran- for example, are common in the dish today off the southern coast of Sri Lanka hauled up ules as food, and the microscopic leftovers but were later imports to India. a stone slab etched with ancient Hindu sym- can be identifi ed by researchers. For exam- Even bananas, not known to have been bols. During a brief 2008 dive, archaeologists ple, anthropologists Arunima Kashyap and cultivated here until late medieval times, have retrieved pottery and glass ingots. Then, in Steve Weber of Washington State University, turned up at three scattered Indus sites. A team December 2011, with funding from the U.S. CREDIT (MAIN AND INSET): C.A. PETRIE, LAND, WATER AND SETTLEMENT PROJECT Vancouver, in Canada analyzed starch grains led by Marco Madella, a Barcelona archae- National Endowment for the Humanities and from human teeth from the ancient town of ologist with the Spanish National Research other sources, researchers began the fi rst sys- Farmana, west of Delhi, and found remains of Council, found phytoliths of banana on grind- tematic dives to examine what appears to be cooked ginger and turmeric. They also found ing stones at Farmana. Phytoliths at the site the oldest known shipwreck in the Indian those ingredients inside a cooking pot. Dated of Loteshwar in Gujarat and at Kot Diji in the Ocean, radiocarbon dated to between the 2nd to between 2500 and 2200 B.C.E., the fi nds Indus heartland in Pakistan were also found. and 1st centuries B.C.E. Because almost noth- are the fi rst time either spice has been identi- “I’m not confi dent in saying it was cultivated,” ing was known about seafaring in this time fi ed in the Indus. Cow teeth from Pakistan’s Madella says. “But clearly the Indus people and place, the wreck promises to remake our Harappa—a major Indus city—yielded the were in direct contact with people to the east,” understanding of the region and era, says team 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 288 Published by AAAS

NEWSFOCUS that the ship itself may to the period of the Achaemenid Persian lie below the bottom, Empire, which flourished from the shores providing evidence of of Greece to western India in the 5th and shipbuilding technol- 4th centuries B.C.E. The empire was over- ogy. The team plans to whelmed by Alexander the Great late in the begin excavating at the 4th century B.C.E. The archipelago of north- end of this year. The ern Afghan settlements appears to have died results “might lead to out at that time or a little earlier, and has been a rewriting of the eco- largely uninhabited ever since. nomic, social, religious, Many of these towns or garrisons had Clear sailing. Divers explore an ancient Sri Lankan wreck and cultural history of massive walls that have been hidden in the that could offer clues to early the area,” Bopearach- sands. One site, Altin Dilyar Tepe, fi rst noted Indian Ocean trade. chi says. Others agree by Russian researchers in the 1970s, sits on that the find will shed a hill that the French team determined was needed light on a criti- an artifi cial mound, showing that enormous member Osmund Bopearachchi, a historian at cal trade route. “This is the Silk Road of the manpower was used to build it, Besenval says. the University of Paris, Sorbonne. sea,” says Hans-Joachim Weisshaar of the Using a tiny, instrument-fi lled drone called Archaeologists suspected that traders German Archaeological Institute in Bonn. a hexacopter, the team spotted a 2-meter-wide crisscrossed the Indian Ocean at this time, –A.L. linear feature that led to a 60-by-80-meter but the evidence was slim. Just a century or basin near Altin Dilyar Tepe. The mud-brick so later, merchants from India and the Roman canal stretches for nearly 10 kilometers, on July 19, 2012 Empire plied the Indian Ocean, trading cot- Persians Made the pierced periodically with at least two other ton, glass, and spices. But textual references large basins that coincide with settlements. and archaeological evidence of earlier mari- Afghan Desert Bloom Besenval says this apparent aqueduct likely CREDIT (TOP TO BOTTOM): SHEILA MATTHEWS/DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF SRI LANKA AND THE INSTITUTE OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY; ROLAND BESENVAL time trade are extremely rare; the only known carried water for farming from the Balkh South Asian shipwrecks date from medi- North-central Afghanistan is a harsh desert River, which flows out of the mountains, eval times. Indians and Arabs dominated the of dunes long thought to have been uninhab- across the harsh desert. Achaemenid pottery medieval trade, which connected Europe and ited save for the occasional hardy nomad; found nearby dates the structure as early as the China, but its origins are murky. even today the region is sparsely settled. But 5th century B.C.E. By the 4th century B.C.E., www.sciencemag.org The Sri Lankan wreck offers the first a French team surveying the region north a drying climate may have made this always- good look at such trade. The island, which and west of Mazar-i-Sharif has recently dis- marginal land too diffi cult to farm even with lies off the southeastern coast of India, was covered large settlements organized around irrigation, Besenval adds. an important Buddhist kingdom that even- an impressive water system dating back In Central Asia, where water remains tually became a wealthy port of call. The 2500 years. No other culture before or since a key and scarce resource, the discov- ship remains lie near the estuary of Walawe has managed to support large settlements in ery of a sophisticated water system this Ganga, one of the nation’s few navigable riv- this desolate region. The fi nd could provide ancient excited archaeologists at the meet- ers. Just upstream lies Godavaya, a recently exciting new information on irrigation tech- ing. Besenval’s interpretation of the feature Downloaded from excavated monastery dating to the 2nd cen- niques that made the early central Asian des- “is very convincing,” says archaeologist tury B.C.E.; monastic settlements often ert bloom, say the small cadre of archaeolo- Pierfrancesco Callieri of the University of played an important economic role at this gists who work here. Bologna in Italy, who has dug in Central time. Other nearby settlements go back to Roland Besenval, an archaeologist with Asia. Besenval also recently found signs the 4th century B.C.E., says Bopearachchi, the French national research agency in Paris; of irrigation at a site in Tajikistan that dates who works with underwater archaeologist Eric Fouache, a geoarchaeologist at the Uni- back long before the Achaemenids, as early Deborah Carlson of Texas A&M University, versity of Paris, Sorbonne; and others identi- as the 4th millennium B.C.E., suggesting College Station, as well as the maritime unit fi ed more than 30 large settlements, all dating that irrigation has old roots in the area. of the Sri Lanka Department of Archaeology. Because of security issues, the Only surface surveys have been done researchers couldn’t stay overnight to date, examining artifacts spread across near the Afghan sites, so they have yet 40 meters of ocean fl oor that mark it as the site to establish details such as the aque- of a sunken ship. Massive glass ingots, used duct’s gradient or whether it stretches to make expensive vessels, were part of the another dozen kilometers to reach the ship’s cargo and provide what Bopearachchi Amu Darya river to the north. Besen- calls “the best physical evidence for the early val is eager to return to gather more exchange of raw glass in South Asia.” Sam- data, but security concerns kept him ples from both the glass and nearby pieces of out of the fi eld entirely last season. metal point to an Indian origin, and the ship “Our visits have been too short,” he may have been bound for the port, he says. Water lifeline. The sands of says in frustration. “And we have so Its remains lie in 34 meters of water amid northern Afghanistan (back- many questions to ask.” strong currents, but the water is crystal clear, ground) have covered this –ANDREW LAWLER and conditions are good for diving during ancient canal (foreground). the winter monsoon. Archaeologists hope See abstracts at http://www.easaa.cnrs.fr/ www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 289 Published by AAAS

COMMENTARY Better policies Ecosystem for HIV care dynamics 298 306 LETTERS I BOOKS I POLICY FORUM I EDUCATION FORUM I PERSPECTIVES LETTERS edited by Jennifer Sills Human Confl ict: Retraction Pacifi sts at Heart THE BREADTH AND DEPTH OF THE HUMAN On the basis of new experiments (NMR studies with O-labeled compounds and varying Confl ict issue (18 May, p. 818) brings to mind 17 pH, additional x-ray crystallography, and others), the authors of the Report “A late-transition Otto Rank’s observation in Psychology and metal oxo complex: K 7 Na 9 [O=Pt (H 2 O)L 2 ], L = [PW 9 O 34 ] ” (1) have concluded that the full the Soul (1) that we still have primitive beliefs IV 9– body of data does not support structural assignment of the title compound as a terminal plati- about death—for example, that heroic, spec- on July 19, 2012 num oxo. As a result, we retract the publication. The assignment is clarifi ed in (2). tacular, or sacrifi cial death conveys immortal- TRAVIS M. ANDERSON, WADE A. NEIWERT, MARTIN L. KIRK, PAULA M. B. PICCOLI, ARTHUR J. SCHULTZ, 5 ity, and that killing an enemy is killing death 1 3 4 2 8 7 7 7 6 THOMAS F. KOETZLE, DJAMALADDIN G. MUSAEV, KEIJI MOROKUMA, RUI CAO, CRAIG L. HILL * itself. After centuries of analyzing war, with its 1 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185–0754, USA. Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, St. Paul, heroics and pathos, we have recently learned 2 3 MN 55112–6999, USA. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM that most humans are like other social ani- 7 4 6 5 87131–0001, USA. Madison, WI 59719, USA. La Grange, IL 60525, USA. Dix Hills, NY 11746–4920, USA. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing mals, which fi ght but instinctively stop short 8 100872, China. of intraspecies killing (2). Cited in 3 of the 11 special section Reviews and Perspectives, D. www.sciencemag.org *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Grossman (2) found that most people, includ- References ing soldiers, would sooner die than kill a per- 1. T. M. Anderson et al., Science 306, 2074 (2004). son at close range. About 2% lack such inhibi- 2. K. P. O’Halloran et al., Inorg. Chem. 51, 7025 (2012). tion (2); that characteristic is often expressed in military heroics. In civilian circumstances, the same characteristic is associated with ten- dencies toward antisocial behavior, including Human Confl ict: Beware chwitz... unfortunately, the list of greater car- violent crime. This atypical group receives Downloaded from Politicized Science nage is nearly endless. disproportionate attention in history and fi c- By identifying the IDF as perpetrators, tion, news and entertainment. I AM WRITING IN REACTION TO THE COVER the caption undermined the photo’s role as Those in the pacifi st majority can be disin- photo and accompanying caption selected a generic illustration of the consequences of hibited if ordered by an authority and super- for the 18 May special issue on Human confl ict. Indeed, there was no need to iden- vised, confi rming Stanley Milgram’s fi ndings Confl ict. It seems disingenuous to claim that tify the details. They were a distraction. The that most of us will comply with orders that of all the world’s confl icts, a building identi- photo no longer represented abstract human violate some of our principles (3). Modern fi ed as destroyed by the Israel Defense Forces violence, but rather one more illustration of psychological conditioning of U.S. troops (IDF) was “not [chosen] for any political Israel, taken out of context. Portraying Israel has contributed to an increased shoot-to-kill message or endorsement.” as the aggressor obscures percentage, from only 20% in World War II Nobody eschews war more the fact that the country to 90% in Vietnam (2), but evidently at high than Israelis, who, unfortu- is trying to defend itself cost. As S. Maguen reports (p. 843), soldiers nately, also know the con- against decades of assaults who have killed suffer post-traumatic stress sequences. provoked by ethnic hostil- disorder (PTSD) at higher rates. Veterans If the editors wanted ity—attacks still taking Administration psychologists recently coined striking visual impact and place. That is politicized the term “moral injury” (4), which relates gruesome evidence of inhu- science, which serves to to Maguen’s point. The optimistic essay on manity, there were better encourage—not discour- PTSD by R. J. McNally (p. 872) omits men- CREDIT: SANG-HOON KISH KIM/SIPA PRESS/NEWSCOM/AAAS choices: the killing fields age—confl ict. tion of suicide, which has reached alarming of Cambodia, the destruc- JOHN R. COHN levels among U.S. troops and veterans (5). tion of the World Trade Department of Medicine and Pedi- E. JAMES LIEBERMAN Center, Rwanda, Dresden, atrics, Thomas Jefferson University Department of Psychiatry, George Washington University and Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA Hiroshima, Bataan, Darfur, 19107, USA. E-mail: john.cohn@ School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20052, USA. E-mail: Armenia, Normandy, Aus- jefferson.edu [email protected] 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 290 Published by AAAS

LETTERS References number: Armed groups in at least 18 con- can rely on aspects of natural resource man- 1. O. Rank, Psychology and the Soul (Franz Deuticke, fl icts have relied on revenues from diamonds, agement in terms of livelihoods and macro- Lepzig, Germany, 1930); translated by G. C. Richter (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, 1998). timber, coltan, and a range of agricultural economic recovery; the provision of basic 2. D. Grossman, On Killing (Hachette Book Group, New crops from cacao to coca (5). For centuries, services, including water, sanitation, and York, 1995; revised and updated, 2009). armies have targeted natural resources and electricity; governance and rule of law; and 3. S. Milgram, The Perils of Obedience (Harpers, New York, the environment to deprive enemies of cover, cooperation. For example, approximately 60 1973). 4. K. D. Drescher, Traumatology 17, 8 (2011). food, and support (6), and the increased use to 80% of livelihoods in conflict-affected 5. T. Williams, “Suicides outpacing war deaths for of resources to fi nance confl icts has enhanced countries depend directly on land, forests, and troops,” The New York Times (9 June 2012), p. A10; www. their value as a military objective (7). other natural resources; over 50% of a post- nytimes.com/2012/06/09/us/suicides-eclipse-war-deaths- for-us-troops.html. Between 1946 and 2008, 40 to 60% of conflict country’s gross domestic product all intrastate confl icts were linked to natural usually comes from agriculture and extract- resources (8). Resource-related confl icts are ive industries; and 50 to 80% of exports (and Human Confl ict: Targeting more likely to relapse, and do so twice as sometimes more than 95%) come from nat- Natural Resources quickly compared with situations following ural resources (10–12). 1 confl icts without a link to natural resources CARL BRUCH, * DAVID JENSEN, 2 THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN CONFLICT (18 (8). MIKIYASU NAKAYAMA, JON UNRUH 4 3 May, p. 818) largely ignores a central dimen- There is growing recognition of the role of 1 Environmental Law Institute, Washington, DC 20036, USA. sion of violent confl ict: the complex role of natural resources in building peace. A 4-year 2 Post-Confl ict and Disaster Management Branch, United Nations Environment Programme, CH-1219 Geneva, Swit- natural resources in the onset (1) and con- research project coordinated by the Environ- zerland. Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of 3 duct of confl ict, peacemaking, and recovery mental Law Institute, the United Nations Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan. Department of Geography, 4 from confl ict. Environment Programme, the University of McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada. on July 19, 2012 Grievances over access to land have been Tokyo, and McGill University found that *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: central to wars in countries such as Guate- between 1989 and 2004, 51 of 94 peace [email protected] mala, El Salvador, and Nepal (2, 3). Inequit- agreements had provisions relating to natural References able distribution of oil and gas revenues drove resources, and all major peace agreements 1. M. Ross, J. Peace Res. 41, 227 (2004). secessionist confl icts in places such as Indo- since then have included natural resources (9). 2. K. Macours, Oxford Econ. Pap. 63, 1 (2011). nesia’s Aceh and southern Sudan (4). This study’s analysis of experiences 3. C. Kay, Third World Quart. 22, 741 (2001). 4. P. Collier, A. Hoeffl er, in High-Value Natural Resources Since the end of the Cold War, confl icts across more than 60 confl ict-affected coun- and Post-Confl ict Peacebuilding, P. Lujala, S. A. Rustad, based on resources have grown rapidly in tries shows that successful peacebuilding Eds. (Earthscan, London, 2012), pp. 297–312. www.sciencemag.org Downloaded from Published by AAAS

LETTERS 5. United Nations Environment Programme, From Confl ict funds, not funding for the E.U. Horizon 2020 program, as Full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/337/ to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the the article implied. 6092/292-b Environment (Nairobi, 2009). 6. J. E. Austin, C. E. Bruch, Eds., The Environmental Conse- Reports: “The aftermath of megafaunal extinction: Ecosys- Response to Comment on “Illusions quences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientifi c Perspec- tem transformation in Pleistocene Australia” by S. Rule et tives (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000). al. (23 March, p. 1483). In the charts of pollen, dung, and Promote Mating Success in Great 7. S. Autesserre, The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence charcoal variation in fi gs. S1 and S2, the numerical values Bowerbirds” and the Failure of International Peacebuilding (Cam- on the truncated peaks were illegible because of low resolu- bridge Univ. Press, New York, 2010). tion. These values have now been clarifi ed in a new version John A. Endler, Paul W. Mielke Jr., Laura A. 8. S. A. Rustad, H. M. Binningsbø, “Rapid recurrence: of the supporting online material on Science Online (http:// Kelley Natural resources, armed confl ict, and peace,” (Centre www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6075/1483/suppl/DC1). Borgia et al. raise some questions about our recent for the Study of Civil War, working paper, Oslo, Norway, In addition, the Fig. 1 legend in the main paper should have study showing that great bowerbirds create visual illu- 2010). referred the reader to fi gs. S1 and S2 for the details of the sions that are used in mate choice. We address them by 9. United Nations Environment Programme, Greening the scales of the charts and the values on the truncated peaks. providing further details about our methods and results. Blue Helmets: Environment, Natural Resources, and We also provide detailed descriptions of our geometric Peacekeeping (Nairobi, 2012). calculations to address their measurement and analysis 10. C. Bruch, M. Boulicault, S. Talati, D. Jensen, Rev. Eur. TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS questions. Commun. Int. Environ. Law 21, 44 (2012). Full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/337/ 11. P. Lujala, S. A. Rustad, Eds., High-Value Natural Resour- 6092/292-c ces and Post-Confl ict Peacebuilding (Earthscan, London, Comment on “Illusions Promote 2012). Mating Success in Great 12. International Labour Organization, LABORSTA (http:// Bowerbirds” laborsta.ilo.org). Letters to the Editor Gerald Borgia, Brian J. Coyle, Jason Keagy Letters (~300 words) discuss material published in Kelley and Endler (Reports, 20 January 2012, p. 335) Science in the past 3 months or matters of gen- CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS claim that male great bowerbirds construct a visual illu- eral interest. Letters are not acknowledged upon on July 19, 2012 sion, using display object gradients, that affects mating receipt. Whether published in full or in part, Let- News & Analysis: “Europe mulls plans to boost research success. We argue that they provide inadequate statisti- ters are subject to editing for clarity and space. in poorer regions” by L. Laursen (8 June, p. 1222). cal support for their hypothesis, inappropriately exclude Letters submitted, published, or posted elsewhere, Robert-Jan Smits, director-general for research and innova- important data, and do not consider other display traits www.sciencemag.org tion at the European Commission, is quoted saying, “Many that explain mating success. We propose a more plau- in print or online, will be disqualifi ed. To submit a countries say, ‘Just give us the money, trust us, and leave sible alternative hypothesis to explain display object Letter, go to www.submit2science.org. us alone.’” He was referring to European Union structural patterns. Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office FOCUS ON CAREERS Diversity Launched in March 2012, Science & Diplomacy provides anopen access forum Downloaded from Diversity: for rigorous thought, analysis, Promoting and insightto serve stakeholders who develop, implement, and New Perspectives teach all aspects of science anddiplomacy. Learn more about the latest ideas in In This Issue In the United States, women are nearly half the general workforce science diplomacy and and are overtaking men in earning Bachelor’s degrees. In science, receive regular updates by following technology, engineering, and math—the STEM elds—more women and minorities are earning Ph.D.s than ever. At the same time, business @SciDipon Twitter and university leaders are seeking to increase personnel diversity and registeringfor free at because heterogeneity in gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background, and race/ethnicity are known to promote innovation. A www.sciencediplomacy.org/user/register. variety of initiatives and programs are connecting the supply of scientists and engineers with the demand for a more diverse workforce. www.ScienceDiplomacy.org See full story on page 367. Science & Diplomacy ispublished by the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Associaton for the Advancement of Upcoming Features Annual Postdoc Survey—August 24 Science (AAAS), the world’s largest general scientfic society. Faculty: Balancing Academia and Entrepreneurship—Sept. 14 Top Employers Survey—September 21 (online); October 19 (print) 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 292 Published by AAAS

Comment on ''Illusions Promote Mating Success in Great Bowerbirds'' Gerald Borgia et al. Science 337 , 292 (2012); DOI: 10.1126/science.1220775 This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. If you wish to distribute this article to others , you can order high-quality copies for your colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here. Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at on July 19, 2012 www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of July 19, 2012 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/292.2.full.html A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: www.sciencemag.org http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/292.2.full.html#related This article cites 11 articles , 4 of which can be accessed free: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/292.2.full.html#ref-list-1 This article appears in the following subject collections: Ecology http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/ecology Technical Comments Downloaded from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/tech_comment Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2012 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS.

TECHNICAL COMMENT 0.49), which suggests that their use of mating rate may be flawed. There was no significant Comment on “Illusions Promote relationship between male courtship success 2 with Wslope (r = 0.09, df = 1,6, P = 0.55), 2 2 Dslope (r = 0.15, df = 1,6, P = 0.82), F W (r = Mating Success in Great Bowerbirds” 0.16, df = 1,6, P = 0.18), or F D (r = 0.16, df = 1, 2 P = 0.91), which does not support their pre- diction that display object gradients measured 1 1 Gerald Borgia, * Brian J. Coyle, Jason Keagy 2 directly or as standard deviation of visual an- gles affects male attractiveness (Fig. 2). Kelley and Endler (Reports, 20 January 2012, p. 335) claim that male great bowerbirds construct Kelley and Endler excluded 9 of 17 bowers a visual illusion, using display object gradients, that affects mating success. We argue that they from their analysis in cases where they determined provide inadequate statistical support for their hypothesis, inappropriately exclude important that females had insufficient time for “gazing at data, and do not consider other display traits that explain mating success. We propose a more the scene on the court” [supporting online mate- plausible alternative hypothesis to explain display object patterns. rial for (1)]. Females who observed males for less than 55% of the time did not mate, and they in- elley and Endler’s(1) forced perspective stones because the rear edge is hidden by their dicate that they used this measure of female model makes two major predictions: that raised middle portion. behavior to exclude males from their sample. Kmale mating success is (i) positively re- Kelley and Endler (1) describe glitches in However, three females who did not mate spent lated to the slope of the display object size their video recording system that may have af- more than 55% of the time gazing at the scene in gradient (width, Wslope; depth, Dslope) on the fected estimates of their mating rate variable. the bowers of excluded males [figure S3 and bower display court and (ii) negatively related to They suggest that the lack of a correlation of table S2 of (1)]. By their criteria, these males on July 19, 2012 the standard deviation of the visual angles among recording time with matings and courtships in- should have been included in the analysis. Also, display objects (width, SDF W ; depth, SDF D ). dicates no bias; however, this is not a reasonable several of the reasons the authors give for a dis- (We do not use their term “gesso” because this im- test because mating success rates in bowerbirds play object gradient to correlate with male mating plies a functional differentiation of display objects are highly skewed (2, 3) and represent a fraction rate do not require females to look at males for that has not been demonstrated.) Their multiple of all behaviors that may trigger cameras. Also, any particular percentage of time, so excluding regression models show an overall significant their near-significant result for courtships (P = such a large number of males for whom they result for the slope and SDF variables. To meet 0.06) does not strongly support the suggested have information on display object gradients is predictions of their forced perspective argument, lack of association. Alternatively, male courtship inappropriate. www.sciencemag.org however, it is necessary that the regression slopes success—the proportion of displays that lead to Kelley and Endler (1) do not consider any of variables in the model show the predicted copulations—is a more reliable measure of male other hypothesis that might explain decoration association with mating success. In their regres- attractiveness in bowerbirds when cameras are gradients on great bowerbird bowers. An obvious sion, the Wslope variable is nonsignificant, and fully operational and females are either individ- alternative is that males avoid placing large ob- both Wslope and SDF W have slopes opposite to ually marked (4)orunmarked (5). It more directly jects on display courts near the bower so as not to the predicted direction. Separate regressions of measures male display performance (4) (relevant hamper their own movements during courtship each variable with male mating rate provide a for testing the effect of an illusion) and thus displays to females; this is consistent with the more straightforward test of their predictions should more effectively correct for camera mal- step-like pattern of size change seen in deco- Downloaded from and show that for decoration gradients only, functions. We found no correlation between the rations of other species (5). 2 Dslope (r = 0.58, df = 1,6, P =0.017) is sig- mating rate measured by Kelley and Endler (1) Finally, bowerbird display is complex and 2 2 nificant, and Wslope (r = 0.017, df = 1,6, P = and courtship success (r = 0.07, df = 1,6, P = consists of multiple interrelated traits. Anderson 0.33) is not. Neither visual angle variable is sig- 2 nificant (SDF w : r = 0.06, df = 1,6, P = 0.46; Fig. 1. Relationship between 2 SDF D : r = 0.16, df = 1,6, P = 0.18). So, their matingrateanddisplay object predictions are confirmed in only one of four gradients (Dslope and Wslope) cases (Fig. 1). or the standard deviation of We disagree with Kelley and Endler’s(1) thevisualangles(F W andF D ). suggestion that depth rather than width variables SignificantregressionforDslope should more closely match their predictions. They is indicated with a solid regres- claim to be assessing object size the way females sion line, with dotted lines de- see them, but their measurements are based on noting 95% confidence intervals. photos taken from above the display objects. This is different from the female’s more horizontal perspective from inside the bower that can affect her perception of object depth. For example, this near-horizontal view can prevent females from seeing the depth of rounded snail shells and 1 Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College 2 Park, MD 20742, USA. Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] 292-b 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org

TECHNICAL COMMENT Fig. 2. Relationship between (2, 4, 5, 7), bower quality (2, 3), bower stick courtship success and display diameter (2), bower size (8), vocal display quality object gradients (Dslope and (9, 10), and intensity of male courtship display Wslope) or the standard de- (4, 9). These display elements are commonly sig- viation of the visual angles nificantly correlated (2, 3, 11) and shared across (F W and F D ). None of the species, which suggests that any effect of gra- relationships are significant. dients on great bowerbird mating success should have been considered in relation to these other variables. These considerations cause us to question whether male great bowerbirds construct illu- sions that affect male mating success. References 1. L. A. Kelley, J. A. Endler, Science 335, 335 (2012). 2. G. Borgia, Anim. Behav. 33, 266 (1985). 3. G. Borgia, U. Mueller, Emu 92, 11 (1992). 4. G. L. Patricelli, J. A. C. Uy, G. Borgia, Behav. Ecol. 15, 297 (2004). 5. G. Borgia, Anim. Behav. 49, 1291 (1995). 6. B. L. Anderson, Science 335, 292 (2012). 7. J. R. Madden, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 53, 269 (2003). 8. J. A. C. Uy, G. Borgia, Evolution 54, 273 (2000). 9. G. Borgia, D. C. Presgraves, Anim. Behav. 56, 1121 (1998). 10. S. W. Coleman, G. L. Patricelli, B.J.Coyle,J.Siani,G. Borgia, on July 19, 2012 Biol. Lett. 3, 463 (2007). (6) noted that Kelley and Endler (1)failed to success in their study. He is correct, but he 11. G. Borgia, Am. Sci. 83, 542 (1995). consider bower symmetry, which is known to understates the problem. Mating success is af- explain male mating success in other bowerbirds, fected by multiple male display traits in bower- 20 February 2012; accepted 7 June 2012 www.sciencemag.org as possibly accounting for variation in mating bird species, including number of decorations 10.1126/science.1220775 Downloaded from SCIENCE 292-b www.sciencemag.org VOL 337 20 JULY 2012

Response to Comment on ''Illusions Promote Mating Success in Great Bowerbirds'' John A. Endler et al. Science 337 , 292 (2012); DOI: 10.1126/science.1221690 This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. If you wish to distribute this article to others , you can order high-quality copies for your colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here. Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at on July 19, 2012 www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of July 19, 2012 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/292.3.full.html Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2012/07/19/337.6092.292-c.DC1.html www.sciencemag.org A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/292.3.full.html#related This article cites 16 articles , 2 of which can be accessed free: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/292.3.full.html#ref-list-1 This article appears in the following subject collections: Downloaded from Ecology http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/ecology Technical Comments http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/tech_comment Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2012 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS.

TECHNICAL COMMENT lated mating rate as the number of matings ob- served during the time a camera was ready to Response to Comment on record, and found no relationship between this 2 measure and the number of matings (r =0.10, df = 18, P = 0.68). We disagree that male court- “Illusions Promote Mating ship success is a more reliable measure of male attractiveness compared with direct mating mea- Success in Great Bowerbirds” sures, and it does not take into account the du- ration of courtships. We found that courtship duration and mating success were correlated, 2 1 John A. Endler, * Paul W. Mielke Jr., Laura A. Kelley 1 whether courtship duration included the entire 2 time a female was near the avenue (r = 0.61, Borgia et al. raise some questions about our recent study showing that great bowerbirds create df = 18, P = 0.004) or whether it only included 2 visual illusions that are used in mate choice. We address them by providing further details the time that a female was within the avenue (r = about our methods and results. We also provide detailed descriptions of our geometric 0.59, df = 18, P = 0.006). We found no rela- calculations to address their measurement and analysis questions. tionship between the number of matings per mi- 2 nute of courtship and recording time (r = 0.06, orgia et al.(1) questioned the validity of from a height of ~30 cm and a distance of 30 to df = 18, P = 0.27). our recent study (2) showing that great 80 cm, and this was included in our analysis. At Exclusion of bowers had nothing to do with Bbowerbirds’ geometric illusions promote this natural viewing height and distance, the the time females gazed at the court. We restricted mating success. Here, we answer all their crit- hiding effects are very small. The size gradients our analysis to males that obtained one or more icisms and further substantiate our results. reduce the effect even more because larger ob- matings. This excluded earlier choice criteria and on July 19, 2012 Our predictions were about the entire pattern jects are behind smaller objects. Hiding does not ensured that females were recorded (sexual di- (2), not width or depth independently. Borgia affect the rank differences among bowers, and morphism is negligible in this species, and young et al.’s(1) suggestion of separate analysis of there is no significant effect of recalculating for males frequently spend time in bower avenues). visible width and depth (w and d)and theas- all objects, even unrealistically assuming that all Mating refusals can result from many courtship sociated visual angles (ø w and ø d ) is statistically are spherical. (See the supplementary materials and bower traits that are assessed before forced invalid, and there is no contradiction in the fact for details.) perspective comes into play. It is invalid to as- that the partial regression coefficients have op- Our mating assessment is accurate because sume that criteria used early in a courtship se- posite signs. This arises because w and d are direct measurement of mating success (number quence are necessarily correlated with criteria www.sciencemag.org different aspects of the same object. For any ob- of matings) is always more accurate than related used later (4, 5). We explored the conditional ject other than a sphere, as the object orientation measures such as the proportion of successful probability of mating given that a proven female changes, if w increases, d must decrease and vice courtships. The recording time used in our analy- was in the bower. There are many failures before versa (see Fig. 1 and supplementary materials). sis was the time that cameras were primed to that, but they are irrelevant to this question (6). Because bower objects are nonspherical, and of- record, not the time that the cameras were trig- We tested the hypothesis that gradients might ten elongated, it is very difficult for a bowerbird gered and actually recording. Our cameras were result if males put larger objects away from where to make good gradients in both w and d at the constantly primed to record during daylight hours, they stand during the displays to avoid uneven same time, making it very difficult to minimize and we adjusted camera triggering by setting the footing. If true, then the objects would show Downloaded from both s øw and s ød . Univariate measures simply region of interest, the minimum pixel change per steps, jumping to larger sizes where the male ignore this tight relationship and also ignore the frame, and frame changes for that region. Only does not stand. For each court, we fitted a linear, fact that there are a large number of equally good movement within the avenue triggered recording, quadratic, cubic, and sigmoid regression (gen- and false triggers were very rare. Our cameras did eralized linear) model to the data and asked which layouts with different combinations of s øw and s ød [figure 3 in (2)]. The prediction planes are tilted, not “malfunction” as Borgia et al. suggested (1). model fit the data with the least error. The qua- yielding partial regression coefficients of oppo- Each bower had periods where cameras were not dratic indicates whether object size increases in a site signs because on average the birds attend recording due to battery discharge, but these in- faster-than-linear relationship as distance increases; more to the effects of d than w andthe twoef- terruptions were randomly distributed over the some bowers have very large bones near the fects are strongly negatively related. whole 2.5-month mating period (2). We calcu- outer court edge. The cubic is sensitive to steps, Distinguishing the noncolored (gesso) and colored objects is fully justified. Color and lu- minance are processed separately by the retina Fig. 1. Relationship be- 5 and brain (3). In several thousand hours of video tween visual angles ø w recordings in several localities, about 3.5% of the and ø d (degrees) of circu- 4 objects picked up by males and waved at female lar (dot) or elliptical (lines) court objects with various were gesso. Including all objects in the analysis aspect ratios (length/width, φ φ 3 had no effect on any results. d numbers along bottom), Vertical photographs are excellent for recon- rotated from parallel to per- 2 structing visual angles (ø). Females view the court pendicular to the avenue- object axis, and seen from 1 typical natural height and 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 1 Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environ- mental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong distance. For reference, the 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 VIC 3216, Australia. Department of Statistics, Colorado State Sun subtends about 0.5 φ φ University, Fort Collins, CO 80523–1877, USA. degrees. See the supple- w *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mentary materials for de- [email protected] tails and effects of other sizes and distances. 292-c 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org

TECHNICAL COMMENT but past the steps it turns toward the mean, so bird species use different mate choice criteria. For 5. K. A. Young, M. J. Genner, M. P. Haesler, D. A. Joyce, would be sensitive to very large objects in the example, object count predicts male mating suc- Evolution 64, 2246 (2010). 6. C. R. Fox, J. Levav, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133, 626 outer court with smaller ones beyond and vice cess in some species (9–11) but not in others, (2004). versa. The sigmoid fits simulated data with steps including ours (12, 13), and we also found no 7. J. A. Endler, L. C. Endler, N. R. Doerr, Curr. Biol. 20, much better than the cubic. We tested both courts effect of decoration count on mating success 1679 (2010). of 44 bowers in 2 years [typical data in figure S4 (P >> 0.05). Moreover, female preferences even 8. C. B. Frith, D. W. Frith, The Bowerbirds (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2004). of (7)]. In 2009, all fit the linear model. In 2010, differ among populations of spotted bower- 9. G. Borgia, Anim. Behav. 49, 1291 (1995). 96% fit the linear and 4% the cubic. The 4% fit to birds (14), so factors that are important in mate 10. J. A. C. Uy, G. Borgia, Evolution 54, 273 (2000). the cubic is either type I error or arises from a few choice are highly variable within and among 11. J. R. Madden, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 53, 269 large bones toward the end of the court, with bowerbird species. It is invalid to assume that (2003). 12. N. Lenz, Emu 94, 263 (1994). smaller objects behind them. Therefore, stable all populations or species assess mates in the 13. Y. Katsuno, T. Okida, N. Yamaguchi, J. Yamashina Inst. footing is unlikely to explain the presence of same way. Ornithol. 42, 19 (2010). object gradients in this population. 14. J. R. Madden, Ibis 148, 425 (2006). We considered courtship traits that are impor- References tant to great bowerbirds (2, 7, 8), not traits that are 1. G. A. Borgia, B. J. Coyle, J. Keagy, Science 337, 292 Supplementary Materials www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/337/6092/292-c/DC1 important in all other species. Different bowerbird (2012); www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/337/6092/ Supplementary Text species are known to produce different sexual 292-b Figs. S1 to S5 2. L. A. Kelley, J. A. Endler, Science 335, 335 (2012). displays; for example, Borgia et al.(1) cite vocal References (15–17) 3. J. A. Endler, P. W. Mielke Jr., Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 86, mimicry, which is not part of the sexual display in 405 (2005). 15 March 2012; accepted 7 June 2012 on July 19, 2012 great bowerbirds. Furthermore, different bower- 4. J. A. Endler, Environ. Biol. Fishes 9, 173 (1983). 10.1126/science.1221690 www.sciencemag.org Downloaded from SCIENCE 292-c www.sciencemag.org VOL 337 20 JULY 2012

BOOKS ET AL. Summer Reading The book’s tone resembles the pleasant patter of a magician who care- fully offers his hat up for inspection before pulling out the rabbit. In many instances, the revelation delights—such as Al-Khalili’s untangling of the Looking for stimulation? Here are some suggestions and reviews from graduate students and postdocs. Monty Hall paradox and, as an example in miniature, his discussion of the claim that “every Scotsman who travels south to England raises the average IQ of both countries.” In other cases, we are left wanting. The discussion of Counterintuitive Solutions Maxwell’s demon, a creature that can seemingly create order from random- Paradox: The Nine Greatest Enigmas in Science. Jim Al-Khalili. Bantam, ness, ends with the exasperated decree: “We can never defeat the Second London, 2012. 251 pp. £16.99. ISBN 9780593069295. Law of Thermodynamics. Always remember that.” Nonetheless, Al-Khalili Paradoxes in physics have long been used to highlight knots in our clearly summarizes all of the paradoxes, and he attempts solutions from sev- understanding of how the world works. Jim Al-Khalili’s Paradox examines eral different angles for completeness. nine celebrated examples and carefully disentangles them—demonstrating Paradox provides a serviceable and, at times, compelling fi eld guide they are not logical paradoxes when cast in the right light. These run from to some of the most important and fascinating conundrums in physics. the well known (Zeno’s paradox, Maxwell’s demon, and Schrödinger’s half- Al-Khalili engagingly describes the tools necessary to disarm them and bits immortal cat) to the less so (the pole in the barn paradox, Laplace’s demon, of lore that enrich them. If he doesn’t convincingly convey the most luminous and Olbers’ paradox). tint of a particular paradox, that is all the more reason to venture forth in The paradox commonly attributed to Olbers provides the book’s high search of your own answers in your own strange way. point. The underlying question—why is the night sky dark?—is easy to state –Michael R. Sprague 1 and equally easy to overlook. In explaining its resolution (a fi nite, expand- References ing universe), Al-Khalili (a physicist at the University of Surrey) offers an 1. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/poe/eureka.html. on July 19, 2012 enchanting portrait of our evolving understanding of the universe from Ptolemy through to Einstein. That the fi rst correct solution was proposed by writer Edgar Allan Poe in his Eureka: A Prose Poem, an altogether fantastic The Mind Inside Our Skull and arguably unhinged intertwining of poetic and scientifi c passion (1), left Neuromania: On the Limits of Brain Science. Paolo Legrenzi and Carlo me wondering whether this paradox held the seed of a more compelling Umiltà; translated by Frances Anderson. Oxford University Press, Oxford, book. The author’s recollection of his fi rst glimpse of the Andromeda galaxy 2011. 132 pp. $29.95, £14.99. ISBN 9780199591343. through a telescope provides hints of his own passion and thrill of discov- It was noon, and church bells were ringing as a doctor carefully examined ery. The thrill, unfortunately, is quickly dispelled by the aside that follows, a patient who had traumatic lesions in the frontal cranial bone. He noticed www.sciencemag.org “Physicists often tend to think in this strange way.” that pulsations in the cerebral arteries had become stronger, but, curiously, that change was not linked to changes in pulse rate and blood pressure mea- sured on the patient’s arm. The patient then confi rmed his doctor’s somewhat weird suspicion: the ring- ing bells reminded him it was time to say a prayer. This experience led the Italian physiologist Angelo Mosso Downloaded from (1846–1910) to the fi rst attempt to CREDITS: (LEFT) FOTOVOYAGER/WWW.ISTOCK.COM; (RIGHT) COURTESY NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE relate variations of blood fl ow in the brain to mental activity, a link that is at the core of modern neuroim- aging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Such techniques have allowed scien- tists to shed some light on the neural substrates underlying ongoing men- tal processes. Mosso’s research is one of sev- eral important contributions that 19th-century neurologists made toward establishing the relationship between the mind and the brain and Angelo Mosso. that are reviewed in Neuromania. In this brief book, neuropsychologists Paolo Legrenzi (Ca’Foscari University, Venice) and Carlo Umiltà (University of Padua) bring a welcome appraisal of brain research to a broad audience. They provide an insightful and compre- hensible overview of methods and techniques from the origins of brain sci- Dark despite all of the stars. ence to today’s MRI scanners. However, rather than emphasizing state-of-the- art procedures and technologies, they focus on the limitations of the fi eld, covering methodological aspects and controversial assumptions that are com- 1 Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. E-mail: [email protected] monly unknown to the general public. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 293 Published by AAAS

BOOKS ET AL. Legrenzi and Umiltà put brain science in a broader perspective and dis- the help of technologies such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), navigation cuss its sociopolitical implications, something scientists often neglect when has become seemingly trivial. However, many nonhuman animals (including presenting their own fi elds. The advent of neuroimaging opened many birds, turtles, and butterfl ies) can migrate thousands of kilometers and locate new lines of research. Because the question “what happens in the brain places with a precision we have only recently achieved. In Nature’s Compass, when … ?” fi ts practically any aspect of human activity, fMRI has been evolutionary biologist James Gould (Princeton University) and science writer applied to a wide range of issues—from people’s artistic or religious experi- Carol Grant Gould discuss how animals carry out such extraordinary feats using ences to their preferences for specifi c products or political parties. As a con- only their senses. sequence, many established concepts in the social sciences gained the prefi x While focusing mostly on honey bees and homing pigeons (which they “neuro-” and a profusion of new disciplines emerged (neuroaesthetics, neu- have studied extensively in their own lab), the authors provide nonspecialists rotheology, and neuropolitics, to mention a few). Putting these disciplines with a clear introduction to animal navigation. They warn that in analyzing under scrutiny, Legrenzi and Umiltà highlight that old knowledge may have animals’ abilities to know locations and directions, we are prone to “imagin- been presented as novel just by changing “mind” to “brain,” without bring- ing that animals see challenges” and “use the same strategies to solve the ing actual scientifi c progress. problems” as we do. In fact, the mechanisms used—the position of the sun In the authors’ reading, the brain has become the system of reference and stars, polarized light and color gradients, endogenous timers, landmark in explanations of human mind and behavior, relegating to the background memory and cognitive maps, magnetic fi elds, and more—vary both among an alternative approach that emphasized the social and cultural aspects of taxa and within individuals (depending on context and age). the human mind. A word of caution: The important issue is not a matter of The Goulds guide readers through the multiple ways in which honey bees which perspective should prevail but that many decisions regarding human life illuminate animals’ navigation systems. In one intriguing example, forager depend on how society defi nes the mind-body relationship. If only one aspect bees were trained to a food location on a boat in a lake. Even though their appears in the foreground, there may be drastic differences when dealing with dances back at the hive were vigorous, no recruits came to the boat. However, thorny topics such as abortion and euthanasia. Answers to the complex ques- once the boat was moved close to the far shore, new bees began to appear. on July 19, 2012 tions raised by technological and scientifi c progress toward controlling life and Bees do not usually fl y over water, and the authors suggest that the bees at the death depend on ethical and ideological choices. To think about such issues hive decoded the direction and distance cues. But when positioning the food from a strictly biological point of view may be misleading—after all, inside our source in their mental maps located it in the middle of the lake, they decided skull there is more than just a brain. – Ricardo Basso Garcia 1 not to act on the information. Having been bred to return to their loft quickly and directly, homing pigeons provide a means for addressing essential questions that would be diffi cult to answer when working with “wide-ranging, twice-a-year migrants.” The authors describe how the disruptive effects of solar storms on homing www.sciencemag.org ability led Gould and others to propose that the pigeons have magnetic maps. Further testing revealed that the birds’ location sense is greatly perturbed by magnetic-fi eld anomalies. Using a magnetic map to return requires that the birds be able to sense small differences in fi eld strength and direction. The Goulds mention the putative detector (a magnetite-rich organ in the beak), but they also note recent alternative fi ndings. In addition to birds, sea turtles, spiny lobsters, and newts have been shown to use magnetic information to orient themselves. Downloaded from The authors conclude with a short consideration of how understanding migration and its evolution may prove crucial for conservation in the face of habitat loss and changing climate. Nature’s Compass provides a wonderful account of efforts to unravel the mysteries of animal migration. Effectively drawing on their own experiences and the extensive scientifi c literature in the fi eld, the Goulds explain what Headed home. Rock pigeon (Columba livia). we currently know about how animals locate their positions. Their survey also offers an accessible starting point for those who might wish to improve our understanding of the topic. –Homare Yamahachi 2 Finding Their Place In the World Nature’s Compass: The Mystery of Animal Navigation. James L. Gould and Carol Grant Gould. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2012. 310 pp. Evolution and Robots $29.95, £19.95. ISBN 9780691140452. Darwin’s Devices: What Evolving Robots Can Teach Us About the History For most of human history, the clear understanding of the position of the of Life and the Future of Technology. John Long. Basic Books, New York, Sun, the Moon, and stars and their movements across the sky was invaluable 2012. 281 pp. $26.99, C$30, £17.99. ISBN 9780465021413. to human navigation. Sailing, especially on the open ocean without any vis- I am envious of those who when asked what they work on can respond, “I ible landmarks, posed serious challenges to early civilizations. Nowadays, with study the evolution of robots.” John Long (a vertebrate physiologist at Vassar College) is one such researcher, and reading Darwin’s Devices is like listening, over drinks, to a voluble, engaging, and funny scientist tell you about his work. 1 Departamento de Psicologia (PG-Psicobiologia), Faculdade de Filosofi a, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900. CEP 14040-901, On occasion, his jargon gets a little heavy, he will toss in an unexplained con- Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] cept, or he will digress about his youthful dreams to join the Navy. But for the CREDIT: ERNIE JANES/ALAMY most part, Long draws you into a compelling and wide-ranging conversation. 2 Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, Medical Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trond- This includes discussions of the mechanics of fi sh backbones, how we practice heim, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] science, the nature of evolution, what it means to be intelligent, our dystopian 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 294 Published by AAAS

BOOKS ET AL. Life from a Rooted Perspective What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses. Daniel Chamovitz. Scientifi c American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2012. 187 pp. $23. ISBN 9780374288730. Think of your fondest memories. How many of those contain some kind of plant? Perhaps you recall a vacation visit to awe-inspiring giant sequoias; the vibrant yellows, oranges, and reds of a New England fall; or receiving roses on a special occasion. Although we often draw emotional ties to plants, it’s easy to pass them daily with little regard. However, have you ever stopped and thought about the plants’ ability to sense us? In What a Plant Knows, Daniel Chamovitz guides readers through the land- scape of plant biology and describes how it is not all that different from our own biological complexity. Chamovitz (a plant biologist at Tel Aviv University) draws on centuries of landmark research on plants’ sensory capabilities, including Darwin’s observations that canary grass grows toward light sources and growth experiments in the near-weightless conditions of the International Space Station. Robot Madeleine, an aquatic tetrapod. Although a plant is rooted in one spot, it is not insensitive to the world. It must be able to detect and respond to environmental changes. Chamovitz dis- robot future, and, most important, the crucial role of good models in science. cusses several examples, drawing parallels between human senses and those Darwin’s Devices recounts the efforts of Long and his colleagues to study of plants. Plants “see” using cryptochrome, a blue-light receptor, to determine on July 19, 2012 the biomechanics and evolution of vertebrae in fish using autonomous, the time of the day that imparts circadian rhythm. Cryptochromes are now aquatic robots as models. Long is interested in whether natural selection for known from every kingdom of life. When a caterpillar nibbles on the leaves of more effi cient food-seeking behavior could have led to the appearance of stiff a white poplar, the victim alerts neighboring brethren of the attack by emit- backbones in the earliest vertebrates. By allowing robots with different back- ting a hormone that surrounding trees can “smell.” They respond by produc- bone properties to compete with each other and by having the winners pass ing toxic compounds in their leaves to ward off the pest. The classic example their traits down to the next generation of robots, Long and his collaborators of the Venus fl ytrap highlights that plant’s ability to feel the pressure of an follow backbone evolution in their population of robotic fi sh. unsuspecting lunch and quickly close its jaws, operating via action potentials As Long explains his work, he presents an insider’s tour of the practice of much like our own nerves. www.sciencemag.org science. He offers hints on how to justify your research proposal to reviewers, Whereas plants cannot hear per se, a number of genes involved in hearing carefully plan your experiments, deal with results that refute your hypothesis impairments in humans have been found in plants. These affect myosin, which (“[i]n science this kind of failure is called progress”), and respond to criti- is crucial for the function of the hair cells in our inner ear and the root hairs of cism of your conclusions. He also includes accessible and careful discussions of plants (which allow them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil). Needing the basic principles of evolutionary biology, which are nicely illustrated in the to know where the earth is, plants sense gravity. Employing a mechanism simi- robot experiments. These features of the book will reward lay readers, because lar to that we use for balance, plants contain heavy starchy sacks that sink, thus the scientifi c process and evolutionary biology are widely misunderstood. indicating the down direction. And in order to time their next fl owering, many Another topic commonly misunderstood, even within the scientifi c com- plants remember whether they have experienced a cold season. Downloaded from munity, is the use of models. Not surprisingly, Long was challenged to justify to colleagues and reviewers his use of robotic fi sh as models of vertebrate evolu- tion, because the simple robots clearly lack many important features of actual fi sh. Darwin’s Devices presents an extended argument for why his robots are good models; in the process, it demonstrates why simple models of complex systems are powerful tools in biology. Models capture our ideas about a system in concrete form, and they enable us to explore the implications of those ideas. Good models do not merely recre- CREDITS: (LEFT) JOHN LONG; (RIGHT) SANJA565658/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS ate the behavior of the represented system. They also provide a means to test hypotheses about key causal relationships that underlie the system’s behavior. Their focused simplicity enables scientists to address specifi c questions without the obscuring infl uence of the full complexity of the original system. Embodied representations, robot models enjoy an advantage over in silico simulations in that they never inadvertently violate physical laws. Long designs his robotic experiments to evaluate specifi c hypotheses that would be impossible to test in live fi sh, much less extinct ones. His informative, and often surprising, results serve as an interesting case study that illustrates the value of models in biology. Accessible and thought-provoking, Darwin’s Devices provides an exem- plary account of scientifi c practice for the general reader. Of course, it benefi ts from the inclusion of stories about robots. –Michael A. White 1 1 Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108–2212, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Tune deaf. Music does not affect the growth of marigold (Tagetes erecta). www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 295 Published by AAAS

BOOKS ET AL. The author never claims that plants are sentient beings with feelings and of his personal experiences, but the book also recounts various incidents instead emphasizes their lack of nerves and brains. In fact, he often spotlights experienced by other climatologists. Additionally, he complements the sto- the faults of pseudoscience that has advanced alternative claims about plant ries with accessible explanations of scientifi c tools and processes. sentience. (Such reports often lack proper scientifi c controls and set back the Dissecting numerous well-orchestrated attacks on climate science, Mann overall progress of plant biology.) Rather, Chamovitz tries to convey the inter- refutes each denialist argument with a wealth of broadly accepted evidence. esting aspects of plants that we may take for granted. He clearly demonstrates how science is a self-correcting process and that thou- Early on, Chamovitz reminds us that several of the most important discov- sands of independent studies from various institutions and countries build on eries in biology—including Robert Hooke’s identifi cation of cells (in cork) and one another to form our current state of knowledge. Through an approach Barbara McClintock’s recognition of jumping genes (in corn)—arose through more humorous than accusatory, Mann lets the mistakes of the skeptics speak the study of plants. He gently hints that we should have a greater appreciation for themselves. For example, the Wegman report (1) highly regarded by con- of plants’ complexity and perceptiveness. Although he doesn’t make any con- trarians is mostly plagiarized from works of credible climate scientists, with troversial arguments, he does suggest that we reconsider what it means to be words twisted intermittently to support the views of the skeptics. Furthermore, aware. If plants can see, smell, feel, know where they are, and remember, then Mann painstakingly explains how every phrase highlighted in the Climategate perhaps they do possess some kind of intelligence. Maybe that is worth refl ect- scandal—”one of the best-coordinated ‘swiftboat’ campaigns in modern ing on the next time you casually stroll past a plant. –Chelsie Eller 1 history”—was taken out of context. The book’s thoroughness seems essential to accomplishing its goals. Still, The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars may be diffi cult for some to read Hot Seat in Our Warming World because of dense, unfamiliar terminology; the extensive name-dropping; and The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines. various distracting technical tangents. One can forget who is who, what is Michael E. Mann. Columbia University Press, New York, 2012. what, and who did what. Nevertheless, Mann’s honest and thorough testimony 413 pp. $28.95, £19.95. ISBN 9780231152549. on the attacks against climate science is a critical step toward resolving the cli- on July 19, 2012 Just as the tobacco industry long denied that cigarettes are bad for mate change debate. –Ilissa B. Ocko 2 human health, stakeholders in the fossil-fuel industry have disputed that References humans cause climate change—and often that climate is changing— 1. http://republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/108/home/07142006_Wegman_report.pdf. in order to protect their extremely profi table business. They have poured immense amounts of money into campaigns that have infl uenced politi- cians, media, the public, and even scientists, fueling the perception that the From the Belly of a Whale science remains in dispute. However, the strong consensus within the scien- Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris. tifi c community is that we are witnessing substantial shifts in climate and Christopher Kemp. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012. www.sciencemag.org that those changes are largely due to human activities. 209 pp. $22.50, £14.50. ISBN 9780226430362. Climate change deniers have sought to discredit the scientifi c consen- Carefully and thoughtfully written, Christopher Kemp’s Floating Gold can sus by isolating researchers and attacking their credibility. Perhaps their take a place on the bookshelf among my favorite natural histories. Those peer hardest-hit target in the United States is Michael Mann, codeveloper of the at their subject from many angles, combining facts with observations of the hockey stick, a graph of Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the past places and people that have become part of its history. Kemp (a molecular millennium. Few have dealt with the contrarians more than Mann, the recipi- biologist) tells stories about ambergris: fragrant stuff, produced in the gut of ent of false accusations (such as fabricating data and conspiring with col- the sperm whale, that for centuries has been both a prized commodity and a leagues) for over a decade and a victim of Climategate. In The Hockey Stick compellingly mysterious substance. Downloaded from and the Climate Wars, Mann seeks to share his experiences and science with Ambergris begins to form when the sharp, undigested beaks of ingested the public and to expose the climate change deniers’ fraudulent disinforma- squid cause irritation in a sperm whale’s intestines. In response, the whale CREDIT: CHRISTOPHER KEMP tion campaigns. produces a secretion that surrounds the beaks, forming proto-ambergris. Anecdotes from Mann’s childhood reveal a bright, passionate, and some- A lucky whale might pass the growing mass like feces, or the concretion what nerdy character. Whereas fellow high schoolers partied on the weekends, might eventually cause an intestinal blockage so complete as to be fatal. for instance, Mann was determined to develop a tic-tac-toe game on the com- puter. In addition to bringing out the author’s personality, these stories intro- duce concepts that crucially help readers understand subsequent events. For example, while programming the tic-tac-toe game, Mann eventually discov- ered a clever shortcut, something often referred to as a trick in math and sci- ence. Years later, the discovery of the word “trick” in the hacked e-mails of prominent climate scientists would lead climate change skeptics to incorrectly accuse scientists of hiding data. Mann’s comprehensive rendition of every event—including names of all individuals involved—builds credibility for his account, as do the 100-plus pages of supporting notes with references. The author covers both sides of the debate, drawing details from scientifi c publications, blog posts, media coverage, letters from congressmembers, political decisions, courtroom trials, and investigations. Mann presents most of the events through the lens 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706–1544, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, 300 Forrestal Road, Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Fine white ambergris. 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 296 Published by AAAS

BOOKS ET AL. Either way, the black, sticky, fecal-smelling mess of fresh ambergris may end up fl oating in the ocean. There it matures by degrees over a period of months to years, lightening in color to gray and then white and changing in odor until it achieves a scent that is, by all accounts, distinctive and hard to describe yet not unpleasant. Eventually, the ambergris might be washed up on a beach almost anywhere, found, and collected. Prized, at various times, as a perfume ingredient, a medicine, or a spice in gourmet recipes, its value can rival that of gold. Given that convoluted process, it may not be surprising that the exact ori- gin of ambergris was contentious well into the 20th century. The recent, some- what tentative resolution of an old mystery sets the tone of the book, which manages to be both historical and immediate. Kemp intersperses historical notes related to ambergris, scientifi c fi ndings on its production and its prop- erties, accounts of correspondence and meetings with ambergris experts, and fi nally journal-like accounts of his compulsion to search local beaches for his own piece of treasure. The author presents tantalizing descriptions of his research to discover everything there is to know about ambergris and enticing reports of his con- versations with the often guarded, sometimes eccentric people who make a living as ambergris hunters or dealers. He manages to convey the ambigui- ties and peculiarities that arise when building a livelihood on a rare, practi- on July 19, 2012 cally impossible-to-synthesize natural substance whose existence depends on the misfortunes of a sick whale and the vagaries of a long aging process. One recurring theme is wonder at the mystery and improbability of amber- gris production and consumption—from the belly of a deep-diving whale, via ocean winds and currents, to the hands of an elite and secretive buyer. I under- stand that it’s in such a spirit that Kemp often emphasizes how little is known MANIAC, the IAS computer. about what sperm whales do during their deep dives. Even so, I felt some dis- appointment at the relatively little attention he gives to recent fi ndings on the have been driven and infl uenced by computational models. Nuclear weap- www.sciencemag.org natural history of sperm whales. ons and the computer essentially enabled each other’s invention. A roll call That aside, I admit that I now fi nd it hard to walk a beach without keeping of notable scientists from Robert Oppenheimer and Martin Schwarzschild to an eye out for objects with strong, strange-but-not-unpleasant scents. I’m defi - Albert Einstein make their impact on—and are impacted by—the computer nitely waiting for a chance to smell the singular scent of ambergris (assuming project. Dyson also records the creation of computer science as a separate dis- CREDIT: ALAN RICHARDS/SHELBY WHITE AND LEON LEVY ARCHIVES CENTER, INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY, PRINCETON, NJ that the stuff a Moroccan tour guide wanted to sell me was phony), although cipline from mathematics. reading Kemp’s fantastic description of his own attempts to eat ambergris The foundations of computer science came from something of a crisis in was much more satisfying that trying the experiment myself. In other words, traditional mathematics. Kurt Gödel, who later joined the IAS, proved that no Floating Gold offers an enticing initiation into the shadowy and intriguing his- logical system (including mathematics) can prove its own consistency. Dyson Downloaded from tory of ambergris. –Stacy DeRuiter 1 traces how this problem directly led from the incompleteness theorem to the halting problem to the fi rst working general-purpose computers. The halting problem (which asks whether it is possible to predict if a Turing machine run- MANIACal Roots ning a particular program will fi nish in less than infi nite time), it turns out, Turing’s Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe. George Dyson. offers a key distinction between conventional mathematics and computer Pantheon, New York, 2012. 443 pp. $29.95, C$34. ISBN 9780375422775. science. It essentially means that many things in computer science cannot be Allen Lane, London. £25. ISBN 9780713997507. proven but must be determined through experimentation. There’s a certain vertiginous rush that new programmers experience when That they were witnessing the birth of a new science went unappreciated they make that transition from being barely able to get a computer to do their by most mathematicians at the IAS. The tension between them and the engi- bidding to genuine mastery of the machine. It’s the rush of vast possibili- neers and scientists who were designing and building the computer is clearly ties opening up. Turing’s Cathedral captures that feeling of possibility while illustrated in the story of Julian Bigelow, von Neumann’s chief engineer and recounting the path of computer science from groundwork mathematics to the computer architect. Dyson also records how Klári von Neumann, John’s wife, realization of the fi rst computing engines. George Dyson follows the stories of became one of the world’s fi rst computer programmers when she was recruited John von Neumann and other members of the Institute for Advanced Study from population research to perform the fi rst Monte Carlo simulations on the (IAS) at Princeton from the theoretical foundations of computing to the inven- critical mass reactions in atomic weapons. tion of the fi rst general-purpose computer. Dyson is at his weakest when relating some older ideas to potential mod- Technology writer Dyson does an excellent job showing how most modern ern counterparts. For instance, he draws a line from the pioneering ideas sciences, from nuclear physics to the beginnings of meteorology and genetics, of artifi cial life that drove some early experiments on computers to modern apps, which are simply well-packaged computer applications. A better com- parison might have been to computer worms and viruses, which serve as 1 Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modeling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, Scotland, UK. E-mail: [email protected] software agents that infi ltrate computers to particular ends. But these are quibbles. Dyson offers a wonderful description of the worlds of possibility 2 Tetherless World Constellation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. E-mail: james. that opened up as computer science fi rst established itself in a corner of [email protected] Olden Farm in New Jersey. –James P. McCusker 2 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 297 Published by AAAS

POLICYFORUM PUBLIC HEALTH Getting HIV Treatment to Delivering HIV care effectively and ensuring long-term retention of patients requires innovative strategies and tools—and policies the Most People that enable their widespread use. 2 4 Sharonann Lynch, Nathan Ford, Gilles van Cutsem, Helen Bygrave, Bart Janssens, 5 3 1 7 Tom Decroo, Isabelle Andrieux-Meyer, Teri Roberts, Suna Balkan, Esther Casas, 9 6 7 8 4 10 Cecilia Ferreyra, Marielle Bemelmans, Jen Cohn, Patricia Kahn, * Eric Goemaere 12 11 5 he new understanding that antiretro- peting demands (such as viral therapy (ART) can signifi cantly work schedules and child Treduce HIV transmission ( 1) has care) are all associated with stimulated scientifi c and political leaders to attrition and poor adherence claim that ending the AIDS epidemic is now to treatment ( 4). Programs a realistic goal. At the same time and despite have responded by decen- last year’s major international political com- tralizing free ART services mitments to put 15 million people on treat- to local health centers, with ment by 2015 ( 2), large funding gaps threaten demonstrable improve- the gains already made and limit the poten- ments in retention ( 5). For on July 19, 2012 tial to capitalize on the latest scientifi c prog- example, in rural Lesotho, ress. Underresourced clinics are managing 2-year outcomes of patients ever-increasing numbers of people on treat- receiving free ART at the ment, even though there is attrition all along primary-care level showed the care continuum, from testing to treatment higher retention rates than initiation and long-term retention in care ( 3). outcomes from other pro- Doctors Without Borders or Médecins grams ( 6). Decentralization A community ARV group meeting (Tete, Mozambique). Sans Frontières (MSF) began offering ART also implies placing man- www.sciencemag.org in developing countries in 2000 and now sup- agement of ART principally in the hands of full rollout has been deferred due to funding ports some of the longest-running treatment nurses and other nonphysician providers, a shortfalls. Uganda and Zimbabwe regularly cohorts; today, we support more than 220,000 strategy found in randomized trials to be safe provide up to 2 months of refi lls, although people on ART in 23 countries, mainly in and effective ( 7). this is not written policy. Africa. This article draws from our opera- Our survey shows some encouraging Looking ahead, care providers and policy- tional experience, which in turn draws partly signs of progress on decentralization: ART makers increasingly recognize the need on evidence from other providers, to present is now available at more than 40% of public to move HIV/AIDS care out of the clinic a perspective on the innovations required to sector facilities in 4 countries (and >20% of entirely, i.e., to manage patients in their com- Downloaded from deliver affordable, quality care for more peo- facilities in 8), and 10 countries allow nurses munities. Over the past few years, MSF and ple. We also compare this perspective with to initiate ART. Thirteen out of 16 countries others working in a range of high HIV-burden current realities on the ground, as assessed surveyed allow lay counselors to provide settings have piloted community-based pro- through a survey on HIV policies and prac- ART adherence counseling. However, four grams with varying degrees of peer- and self- tices, carried out in May to June 2012 by countries with an HIV prevalence above 1% management. One successful example is the MSF teams in 16 countries where we work are still below 25% facility coverage, and community ART groups established in rural (see the table). Survey methodology and fi nd- six countries do not allow nurses to initiate Mozambique, where six patients per group ings are presented online as Supplementary ART—restrictions that impede decentraliza- take turns traveling to the clinic each month Materials (see table S1). tion and integration with primary, tuberculo- to receive their 6-monthly medical check-up sis (TB), and prenatal care. Mozambique is and to pick up antiretroviral (ARV) medi- Models of care the only country with an HIV prevalence >5% cines for themselves and group members. Distance from clinics, patient fees, transpor- that does not allow nurses to initiate ART or Implemented at 20 health facilities in Tete tation costs, long clinic wait times, and com- follow up ART patients. Shortages of nurses province, 1384 people formed 291 groups and lack of support for lay health workers at between February 2008 and May 2010; to 1 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Access Campaign, New the primary-care level have also limited some date, only 0.2% of these patients have been 3 2 York, NY 10001, USA. MSF, London EC1N 8QX, UK. MSF, countries’ efforts to decentralize ART. More- lost to follow-up (compared with a regional South Africa and Lesotho, Capetown, 7700 South Africa. 4 over, policy and practice sometimes diverge. average of 15% at 2 years) ( 8). On the basis MSF, South Africa Medical Unit, Johannesburg, 2017 South 5 Africa. MSF, 1090 Brussels, Belgium. MSF, Tete, Mozam- For example, nurses and midwives can pre- of this success, in July 2011, Mozambique’s CREDIT: NIKLAS BERGSTRAND/MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES 6 7 bique. MSF Access Campaign, 1211 Geneva 21, Switzer- scribe in Guinea, but only under a doctor’s Ministry of Health announced plans to roll land. MSF, 75011 Paris, France. MSF, 1018 DD Amster- 8 9 11 10 dam, Netherlands MSF, 08001 Barcelona, Spain. MSF supervision—which reduces the impact of out community ART groups across the coun- 12 Access Campaign, Nairobi, 00200 Kenya. MSF, New York, the task-shifting policy. In Malawi, shifts to try. Over the last 6 months, delegations from NY 10001, USA. first-line regimens with fewer side effects the ministries of health of Malawi, South and to viral load monitoring for all patients Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe have vis- *Author for corrrespondence. E-mail: patricia.kahn@ newyork.msf.org on ART are included in the guidelines, but ited this program to assess its feasibility and 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 298 Published by AAAS

POLICYFORUM appropriateness for their own countries, and border seasonal migrant farm workers in opment of resistance to nevirapine or efavi- Malawi has now launched a pilot program. South Africa’s Musina district (on the border renz—longer half-life drugs in fi rst-line ARV Other decentralized approaches aim to with Zimbab we) treated at a mobile HIV/TB regimens—in case of a forced treatment dis- relieve the burden on patients and health-care clinic were more likely to start and continue ruption) and a transfer letter to another ART systems by providing multiple-month rou- ART than they were before the mobile service clinic. All patients carry a health “passport” tine ARV refi lls and simplifi ed clinic appoint- began. An initial screening had found lower containing records of their treatments, medi- ments. For example, patients in Zimbabwe ART coverage among farm workers than cations, and laboratory results ( 12). Given the who were given 3-month refi lls per visit had among their Zimbabwean or South African prevalence of migration in Southern Africa, outcomes comparable to those receiving their national counterparts, refl ecting the former this model (or adaptations of it) could poten- pills monthly ( 9). However, policies in sev- group’s fear of discovery (of their undocu- tially benefi t many regional ART programs. eral countries limit implementation of these mented status), and sometimes because clin- strategies: Only 7 of 16 countries surveyed ics denied them treatment out of concern over Better tools allow multiple-month ARV refi lls for stable adherence and continuity of care. To address Viral load monitoring is an essential tool patients. A further impediment to implemen- this, in 2011, MSF and the Limpopo Depart- used routinely in Western countries but rarely tation is inadequate drug supplies—when ment of Health launched a mobile HIV/TB available in low-resource settings. Regular stocks (and/or funds) are low, clinics some- service providing weekly visits to six farms monitoring enables care providers to distin- times dispense as little as weekly refi lls ( 10). (population 7500). Patients planning on guish patients who are poorly adherent to on July 19, 2012 Highly mobile populations require fur- returning temporarily to Zimbabwe receive a treatment from those who have developed ther adaptations in treatment delivery ( 11). 3-month ART supply plus “tail protection” (1 drug resistance and need to switch regimens In one example, MSF found that cross- week supply of two ARVs, to prevent devel- ( 13). Without it, patients failing treatment are HIV policy and progress indicators across 16 countries Parameter Cameroon CAR DRC Ethiopia Guinea India Kenya Lesotho Malawi Population (millions) 20.10 5.10 73.6 93.8 10.9 1210.2 43 1.9 16.3 HIV adult prevalence rate§ 4.30 4.9† 2.6 1.5 1.5 0.3* 6.2 23* 10.6† Service coverage and availability Percentage of people in need receiving ART 49.6 26.1 12.3 86* 56.9 33.8‡ 72.1‡ 61 57.70 Number (and %) of public sector facilities offering ART 108 (4.4) 76 222 743 41 (9) 1297 (3) 1242 (34.8) 197 (94)† 487 (80.4) www.sciencemag.org Viral load testing¶ For confirmation of treatment failure OPT OPT OPT No OPT REQ OPT OPT REQ For routine monitoring of people on ART OPT No No No No No No No No Available LTD LTD LTD LTD LTD LTD Yes LTD LTD Downloaded from Task shifting and treatment simplification Nurses can initiate ART NF Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Lay workers–testing and ART adherence counseling ART ART Yes No HIV Yes Yes Yes Yes Routine refills at 2–3 months No No No 2 No 2 2–3 No 2–3 Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Swaziland Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Population (millions) 23.5 54.6 48.8 1.4 35.9 14.3 12.6 HIV adult prevalence rate§ 11.5* 0.5 16.6 26‡ 6.7 14.6* 13.1 Service coverage and availability Percentage of people in need receiving ART 45.5 33.4 52 80 54.3 77.6 79.7 Number (and %) of public sector facilities offering ART 261 (22) 100 (3.4) 2552 (68) 110 (42) 1424 1784 (25.4)† 590 (36) Viral load testing¶ For confirmation of treatment failure OPT OPT REQ OPT OPT OPT OPT For routine monitoring of people on ART REQ No REQ No OPT OPT No Available No LTD Yes LTD LTD LTD LTD Task shifting and treatment simplification Nurses can initiate ART No No Yes Yes NF Yes Yes Lay workers–testing and ART adherence counseling HIV No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Routine refills at 2–3 months No No 3 3 No 3 No HIV policy and progress indicators across 16 countries. Further information in Malawi include some Christian Health Association (part MOH-supported) sites, and references for all data are in Supplementary Materials. HIV program and pol- and Uganda fi gures include both MOH and non-MOH sites. §Age 15–49 years. icy data are from 2011 except where indicated (*2009; †2010, ‡2012). Popula- ¶Included in national plan and available. OPT: Viral load testing for this purpose tion fi gures are as of 1 January 2012, except for India, which is from the end of is recommended, but optional in the national protocol. REQ: Viral load testing for 2011. There are some caveats to the data on percentage of people in need and this purpose is required in the national protocol. LTD: Limited. NF: Nurses provide receiving ART: In Ethiopia, need is based on CD4 <200; in India, the coverage fi g- follow-up to patients but are not allowed to initiate ART. HIV: HIV testing adminis- ure is based on the number of people registered to be in need of ART; ART facilities tration and counseling only. ART: ART adherence counseling only. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 299 Published by AAAS

POLICYFORUM often underdetected and undertreated ( 14). suggests that increased task shifting, treat- ingly diffi cult funding environment, present Besides compromising individual care, treat- ment simplification, and viral load test- hurdles that must be overcome to reach the ment failure diminishes the community ben- ing will support further scale-up, improved 7.6 million more people who still need treat- efi t of ART through both increased morbid- adherence to treatment, and improved detec- ment, to retain people in long-term care, and ity and the transmission of drug-sensitive and tion of treatment failure. to move toward policies of treating earlier. drug-resistant strains ( 15). Although some countries are making prog- A study comparing outcomes of ART Better policies ress by moving HIV care closer to where peo- patients in South Africa, where routine viral Even with the most innovative strategies and ple live and delivering it in ways that better load monitoring is available, to those in tools, confronting and reversing the HIV epi- fi t into patients’ lives, most national programs Malawi and Zambia, where it is not, found demic will fail without suffi cient increases require a quantum leap forward to build com- significant differences: In South Africa in funding and decreases in drug prices. munity-based platforms for HIV testing and more people were appropriately switched to Given all the promising science and progress, ARV delivery. second-line therapies (9.8 versus 2.1%), and this year is an opportune time for countries fewer people died (4.3 versus 6.3%) or were (particularly donors to the Global Fund) to References and Notes 1. M. S. Cohen et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 493 (2011). lost to care (9.2 versus 15.3%) ( 16). Another announce increases to next year’s HIV/AIDS 2. United to end AIDS: Achieving the targets of the 2011 study in South Africa found that over two- funding. Otherwise, opportunities to imple- Political Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General, thirds of patients with detectable viral load ment improved policies and strategies and to United Nations General Assembly 66th Session, 2 April reverted to undetectable levels after enhanced reach more people will be further delayed, as 2012. 3. S. Rosen, M. P. Fox, PLoS Med. 8, e1001056 (2011). adherence support ( 17). However, not all will the chance to help countries struggling 4. E. J. Mills et al., PLoS Med. 3, e438 (2006). studies have shown benefi t ( 18), and although most, such as those in our survey where ART 5. G. Fatti, A. Grimwood, P. Bock, PLoS ONE 5, e12888 most care providers would agree that viral reaches one-third or less of those who need (2010). on July 19, 2012 6. R. Cohen et al., J. Int. AIDS Soc. 12, 23 (2009). load monitoring is desirable, considerable it (Central African Republic, Democratic 7. I. Sanne et al., Lancet 376, 33 (2010). debate remains about its feasibility given the Republic of Congo, India, and Myanmar). 8. T. Decroo et al., J. Acquir. Immune Defi c. Syndr. 56, e39 limitations of current tools. Although efficiencies can be made in (2011). 9. K. Kuwenyi et al., Sixth IAS Conference on HIV Pathogen- Recent studies found viral load monitor- the system, more funding in the short term esis and Treatment, abstr. no. MOPE429. ing to be a cost-effective strategy compared is needed to achieve longer-term cost sav- 10. MSF, No time to quit: HIV/AIDS treatment gap widening with current (clinical and CD4 cell count) ings ( 23). Efforts to reduce cost by adapting in Africa (May 2010; www.doctorswithoutborders.org/ publications/reports/2010/MSF-No-Time-to-Quit-HIV- monitoring. Further cost reductions can be services should take into consideration the AIDS.pdf). expected as the volume of viral load testing longer-term benefi ts of providing an opti- 11. H. Bygrave et al., PLoS ONE 5, e13198 (2010). www.sciencemag.org increases ( 19). mized package of care, including viral load 12. T. Matambo et al., presented at MSF-UK Scien- tifi c Day, 25 May 2012; http://presenter.qbrick. Despite being recommended for a decade testing and accelerated access to treatment. com/?pguid=c37366ab-d37e-4b07-a39a- ( 20), few programs in Africa have access to For example, introducing viral load moni- b0568f16c075. routine viral load testing. Of the 16 countries toring increases the cost of ART per person 13. K. C. Sigaloff et al., J. Acquir. Immune Defi c. Syndr. 58, 23 (2011). surveyed, only South Africa routinely moni- per year but is likely to save money down 14. World Health Organization and Joint UN Programme on tors viral load, and although 15 of the 16 sur- the road by preserving fi rst-line (less expen- HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Joint WHO/UNAIDS Annual Consulta- veyed countries recommend viral load testing sive) treatment longer and by detecting and tion with Pharmaceutical Companies: Global Forecasts of Antiretroviral Demand 2012–2013. (WHO, Geneva, for confi rmation of treatment failure, in prac- treating drug-resistant HIV strains earlier. 2011), pp. 1–23. Downloaded from tice it is not widely available. As costing models demonstrate, scaling up 15. R. L. Hamers et al., Lancet Infect. Dis. 11, 750 (2011). Until recently, access has been limited faster now makes fi nancial sense over the 16. O. Keiser et al., AIDS 25, 1761 (2011). 17. A. Calmy et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 44, 128 (2007). by the lack of simple, affordable viral load long term ( 24). 18. P. Mugyenyi et al., Lancet 375, 123 (2010). monitoring technologies. However, the Options for making high-priced patented 19. R. L. Hamers et al., AIDS 1 (2012). landscape is changing: New tests appropri- medicines affordable include negotiating vol- 20. WHO, Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource- limited settings: Guidelines for a public health approach ate to district-level laboratories, plus several untary licenses ( 25) or issuing a “compul- (WHIO, Geneva, 2003). point-of-care tests, will become available in sory license” to override a patent. Compul- 21. M. M. Murtagh, HIV/AIDS diagnostic landscape. UNITAID 2013 ( 21). Suffi cient funds for implementa- sory licenses for HIV drugs issued by Brazil Tech. Rep. May 2012. 22. G. U. van Zyl et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 52, 264 (2011). tion will be essential to ensure that the best and Thailand set an important precedent for 23. B. Schwartländer et al., Lancet 377, 2031 (2011). products reach the market and that multiple access to medicines that have been priced out 24. B. Ventelou et al., PLoS ONE 7, e34101 (2012). manufacturers are encouraged to enter the of reach. Countries should be encouraged to 25. J. Bermudez, E. ’t Hoen, Open AIDS J. 4, 37 (2010). market, to create much-needed price com- exercise this right more regularly. Acknowledgments: Our deep thanks go to the MSF staff, petition. At the same time, cost-reducing At a time when donors are calling for fi eld teams, and Access Campaign staff for their work in gather- strategies such as pooled viral load testing greater efficiencies in the global AIDS ing the national policy data presented here; the Joint United and less frequent testing of stable patients response, bilateral trade agreements are being Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) for input into the survey design and support for the survey; D. Holtzman, K. Kalaris, and should be further explored ( 22). Expanded pursued that, paradoxically, seek to increase M. French for help with compiling and fact-checking these data; access to viral load monitoring—which intellectual property protection and further K. P. Q. Phelan and S. Shettle for their help with manuscript provides an early warning tool and a safety threaten access to affordable medicines. preparation; W. Owen for graphics work; and J. MacAllister for work on the survey table. We especially thank the mission staffs net for patients—could, at the community Examples include the EU-India Free Trade and our community counterparts who have contributed to MSF’s level, facilitate greater program simplifi ca- Agreement and the Trans-Pacifi c Partnership fi ght against HIV over the years. tion and decentralization and help shift rou- Agreement, with the United States seeking Supplementary Materials tine follow-up to nonmedical staff outside unprecedented levels of intellectual property www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1225702/DC1 health facilities. protection with 10 Pacifi c Rim nations. Published online 12 July 2012 Evidence from these and other settings Such obstacles, combined with an increas- 10.1126/science.1225702 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 300 Published by AAAS

Defining the Plant Germ Line −− Nature or Nurture? Clinton Whipple Science 337 , 301 (2012); DOI: 10.1126/science.1224362 This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. If you wish to distribute this article to others , you can order high-quality copies for your colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here. Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at on July 19, 2012 www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of July 19, 2012 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/301.full.html A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: www.sciencemag.org http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/301.full.html#related This article cites 12 articles , 7 of which can be accessed free: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/301.full.html#ref-list-1 Downloaded from This article appears in the following subject collections: Botany http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/botany Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2012 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS.

PERSPECTIVES PLANT SCIENCE Defi ning the Plant Germ Line— Cellular redox state affects cell fate determination during germline development Nature or Nurture? in plants. Clinton Whipple easing apart environmental from ural redox gradient, diminishing toward the organ number and germline development ( 4). inherent or genetic causes in human center of the anther. Internal cells respond Both ROXY and msca1 belong to a plant-spe- Tdevelopment is notoriously diffi cult. to a low redox potential by differentiating as cifi c class of glutaredoxins that modify regu- Although both likely play important roles, we germ line. latory proteins in the cell, including develop- tend to favor one or the other to explain why The study by Kelliher and Walbot adds mental regulators ( 5). Another recent study we turn out the way we do. A similar nature- to a growing body of evidence connecting emphasizes the role of redox homeostasis nurture tension is at play in the acquisition of modulation of cellular redox state and devel- in root meristem development ( 6). All these cell fates during development. A fertilized opmental decisions in plants. The maize examples from plants are intimately asso- zygote must not only divide, but its daugh- msca1 gene encodes a glutaredoxin protein ciated with developmental decisions in the ter cells must acquire distinct identities. Are involved in redox homeostasis. In the model germ line or in meristem tissue (undifferen- cell fates determined by lineage, such that plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the ROXY genes tiated tissue as at the tip of a shoot or root), a mother cell can only give rise to daughter also encode glutaredoxins that regulate fl oral all of which comprise stem cell niches. Thus, on July 19, 2012 cells of a certain type, or can daughter cells adopt multiple identities depending on their A environment? On page 345 in this issue, Kel- Tassel liher and Walbot ( 1) show that germline cell identity in maize (corn) is specifi ed by cel- lular redox potential (the oxidation-reduction state of a cell) under the infl uence of the envi- ronment, and not by cell lineage, as previ- Anther www.sciencemag.org ously thought. Whereas the animal germ line is estab- lished early in development and maintained as a segregated lineage until maturity ( 2), High Low Parietal O O plants can specify multiple germ lines late 2 2 supportive cells in development. Challenging the view that Hypoxic environment Archesporial the plant male germ line is also lineage con- Low High germline cells trolled ( 3), Kelliher and Walbot carefully fol- MSCAI MSCAI Downloaded from lowed cell division and fate in male reproduc- activity activity tive organs, or anthers. By manipulating the redox state of normal and mutant anthers, the B Germline fate induced authors show that a series of environmental and cellular signals establish the male germ line (see the fi gure). In the fi rst step, male sterile converted anther 1 (msca1) gene activ- ity and the low redox potential of early anther Early anther cells induces a germline fate. Subsequently, these germline cells secrete a signaling molecule, C MULTIPLE ARCHESPORIAL CELLS 1 (MAC1), which both stops further germ- line proliferation and causes neighboring cells to become supportive tissue. Modulat- ing O 2 levels revealed that a hypoxic environ- MAC1 secretion Parietal cells ment can induce any cell of the early anther to differentiate as germ line. Because maize anther development is initiated within tightly CREDIT: B. STRAUCH/SCIENCE enclosing leaves that block gas exchange, the Establishing the germ line. (A) A cross section of an anther (male reproductive organ) shows lobes where authors propose a model in which a hypoxic somatic cells establish germline niches. Centrally located germline archesporial cells undergo meiosis. Two environment inside the leaves creates a nat- layers of parietal cells surround the germ line and become supportive tissue. (B) A cellular gradient is cre- ated by naturally decreasing O 2 concentration and the activity of the glutaredoxin MSCA1. Central cells have suffi ciently low redox potential to become archesporial. (C) The newly specifi ed archesporial cell releases the Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, small protein MAC1, which signals adjacent cells to divide and form supportive tissue. UT 84602, USA. E-mail: [email protected] www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 337 20 JULY 2012 301 Published by AAAS

PERSPECTIVES cell redox state is emerging as a factor reg- a similar effect on the vegetative meristem. to distinguish the cells that will initiate this ulating the plant stem cell niche, similar to Further studies on the role of redox homeo- regulation. Does msca1 respond to a naturally what has been described in animals ( 7). stasis in vegetative meristem development arising redox gradient, or does it directly par- Although the determinants of the germ may provide answers. ticipate in lowering the redox state? Distin- line in maize, including mac1 and msca1, Perhaps the most intriguing implication guishing nature from nurture may not be so are still being characterized, more is known of the study by Kelliher and Walbot is that a easy after all. in Arabidopsis where a similar signaling naturally arising redox gradient can serve as module allows adjacent cell layers to com- a developmental signal. It remains to be seen References municate and maintain the stem cell niche if a similar mechanism is at work in plants 1. T. Kelliher, V. Walbot, Science 337, 345 (2012). 2. C. Juliano, G. Wessel, Science 329, 640 (2010). ( 8– 11). The fi ndings of Kelliher and Walbot such as Arabidopsis that develop their fl ow- 3. C. L. H. Hord, H. Ma, Plant Cell Monogr. 9, 361 (2007). show that maize employs a conserved mech- ers outside of enclosing leaves. Indeed, maize 4. S. Xing, S. Zachgo, Plant J. 53, 790 (2008). anism, which is not surprising. More unex- and other grasses are not typical of most land 5. S. Li et al., Plant Cell 21, 429 (2009). 6. H. Tsukagoshi et al., Cell 143, 606 (2010). pected is the striking resemblance to the sig- plants whose developing reproductive struc- 7. B. Keith, M. C. Simon, Cell 129, 465 (2007). naling module that maintains the plant shoot tures are much more exposed, potentially 8. S. L. Yang et al., Plant Cell 15, 2792 (2003). meristem in which a secreted peptide binds making it diffi cult to maintain the proposed 9. C. L. Hord et al., Plant Cell 18, 1667 (2006). 10. U. Schiefthaler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, to receptors in adjacent cell layers ( 12). The redox gradient. Maybe future germline cells 11664 (1999). protective leaves that usually cover vegeta- modulate their own redox state, as has been 11. W. C. Yang et al., Genes Dev. 13, 2108 (1999). on July 19, 2012 tive meristems may promote a hypoxic envi- described in root meristem differentiation 12. H. Schoof et al., Cell 100, 635 (2000). ronment near the meristem. If this is true, ( 6). If redox state is directly regulated by the then manipulation of redox state could have cell, a patterning mechanism is still required 10.1126/science.1224362 CHEMISTRY Molecule Formation in Ultrahigh An extreme magnetic fi eld applied perpendicular to a diatomic or linear molecule Magnetic Fields increases its bond strength through a www.sciencemag.org paramagnetic interaction. Peter Schmelcher trong electric and magnetic fi elds tend AB to have opposite effects on the forma- Stion and structure of molecules. Strong electric fields always tend to separate the oppositely charged particles (electrons and NS nuclei), which causes molecules to ionize Downloaded from and dissociate. However, for strong homoge- neous and static magnetic fi elds, binding can be strengthened. For hydrogen, the simplest atom, a certain class of its quantum states, Stronger against the fi eld. A schematic illustration of (A) a rotating diatomic molecule in fi eld-free space and including the ground state, becomes increas- (B) the parallel and orthogonal confi guration of the molecule in the presence of a high magnetic fi eld. Lange ingly bound with increasing magnetic fi eld et al. show that the bond strength increases for the perpendicular case through paramagnetic interactions. strength ( 1– 3). The electronic cloud shrinks transverse to the magnetic fi eld, and because netic enhanced binding, there exists an ele- molecule with respect to the external fi eld of the immediate proximity of the attrac- mentary paramagnetic bonding mechanism plays a crucial role, and the electronic binding tive nucleus, the overall energy decreases. that occurs for the perpendicular orientation energy becomes a two-dimensional potential This feature transfers to diatomic and linear- of a diatomic molecule with respect to the energy surface (see the fi gure). chain molecules, where the chemical bind- external magnetic fi eld. For a diatomic or linear molecule, the ing energy increases and the corresponding Strong magnetic fi elds cause novel effects lowest-energy confi guration is typically that bond distances decrease. The fi eld strengths in molecular structures and dynamics mainly of the molecular axis parallel to the magnetic needed are far beyond the strongest avail- because of the pronounced anisotropic char- fi eld. The corresponding angular motion of able in the laboratory (30 to 40 T) but can be acter of the magnetic forces. Accounting the molecular axis changes from free rota- encountered in the atmospheres of magnetic for these effects requires the development tion in zero fi eld to a hindered rotation and 5 white dwarfs (10 to 10 T) and neutron stars of innovative computational approaches for finally pure vibrational motion in strong 2 7 (>10 T). On page 327 of this issue, Lange et their theoretical description ( 5, 6). In the fi elds. This response is found by Lange et al. 1 al. ( 4) show that, in addition to this diamag- absence of electric and magnetic fields (a for the ground state of Σ g symmetry of H 2 . fi eld-free space), the binding of the nuclei via With increasing fi eld strength, the spin-triplet CREDIT: P . HUEY/SCIENCE the electrons depends only on the internuclear states (unpaired spins) decrease their energy Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: pschmelc@ distance. In a magnetic fi eld, however, the ori- gap to the spin-singlet states through the cor- physnet.uni-hamburg.de entation of the internuclear axis of a diatomic responding Zeeman shift. Finally, above a 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 302 Published by AAAS

Molecule Formation in Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields Peter Schmelcher Science 337 , 302 (2012); DOI: 10.1126/science.1224869 This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. If you wish to distribute this article to others , you can order high-quality copies for your colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here. Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at on July 19, 2012 www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of July 19, 2012 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/302.full.html A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: www.sciencemag.org http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/302.full.html#related This article cites 8 articles , 1 of which can be accessed free: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6092/302.full.html#ref-list-1 Downloaded from This article appears in the following subject collections: Chemistry http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/chemistry Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2012 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS.

PERSPECTIVES cell redox state is emerging as a factor reg- a similar effect on the vegetative meristem. to distinguish the cells that will initiate this ulating the plant stem cell niche, similar to Further studies on the role of redox homeo- regulation. Does msca1 respond to a naturally what has been described in animals ( 7). stasis in vegetative meristem development arising redox gradient, or does it directly par- Although the determinants of the germ may provide answers. ticipate in lowering the redox state? Distin- line in maize, including mac1 and msca1, Perhaps the most intriguing implication guishing nature from nurture may not be so are still being characterized, more is known of the study by Kelliher and Walbot is that a easy after all. in Arabidopsis where a similar signaling naturally arising redox gradient can serve as module allows adjacent cell layers to com- a developmental signal. It remains to be seen References municate and maintain the stem cell niche if a similar mechanism is at work in plants 1. T. Kelliher, V. Walbot, Science 337, 345 (2012). 2. C. Juliano, G. Wessel, Science 329, 640 (2010). ( 8– 11). The fi ndings of Kelliher and Walbot such as Arabidopsis that develop their fl ow- 3. C. L. H. Hord, H. Ma, Plant Cell Monogr. 9, 361 (2007). show that maize employs a conserved mech- ers outside of enclosing leaves. Indeed, maize 4. S. Xing, S. Zachgo, Plant J. 53, 790 (2008). anism, which is not surprising. More unex- and other grasses are not typical of most land 5. S. Li et al., Plant Cell 21, 429 (2009). 6. H. Tsukagoshi et al., Cell 143, 606 (2010). pected is the striking resemblance to the sig- plants whose developing reproductive struc- 7. B. Keith, M. C. Simon, Cell 129, 465 (2007). naling module that maintains the plant shoot tures are much more exposed, potentially 8. S. L. Yang et al., Plant Cell 15, 2792 (2003). meristem in which a secreted peptide binds making it diffi cult to maintain the proposed 9. C. L. Hord et al., Plant Cell 18, 1667 (2006). 10. U. Schiefthaler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, to receptors in adjacent cell layers ( 12). The redox gradient. Maybe future germline cells 11664 (1999). protective leaves that usually cover vegeta- modulate their own redox state, as has been 11. W. C. Yang et al., Genes Dev. 13, 2108 (1999). on July 19, 2012 tive meristems may promote a hypoxic envi- described in root meristem differentiation 12. H. Schoof et al., Cell 100, 635 (2000). ronment near the meristem. If this is true, ( 6). If redox state is directly regulated by the then manipulation of redox state could have cell, a patterning mechanism is still required 10.1126/science.1224362 CHEMISTRY Molecule Formation in Ultrahigh An extreme magnetic fi eld applied perpendicular to a diatomic or linear molecule Magnetic Fields increases its bond strength through a www.sciencemag.org paramagnetic interaction. Peter Schmelcher trong electric and magnetic fi elds tend AB to have opposite effects on the forma- Stion and structure of molecules. Strong electric fields always tend to separate the oppositely charged particles (electrons and NS nuclei), which causes molecules to ionize Downloaded from and dissociate. However, for strong homoge- neous and static magnetic fi elds, binding can be strengthened. For hydrogen, the simplest atom, a certain class of its quantum states, Stronger against the fi eld. A schematic illustration of (A) a rotating diatomic molecule in fi eld-free space and including the ground state, becomes increas- (B) the parallel and orthogonal confi guration of the molecule in the presence of a high magnetic fi eld. Lange ingly bound with increasing magnetic fi eld et al. show that the bond strength increases for the perpendicular case through paramagnetic interactions. strength ( 1– 3). The electronic cloud shrinks transverse to the magnetic fi eld, and because netic enhanced binding, there exists an ele- molecule with respect to the external fi eld of the immediate proximity of the attrac- mentary paramagnetic bonding mechanism plays a crucial role, and the electronic binding tive nucleus, the overall energy decreases. that occurs for the perpendicular orientation energy becomes a two-dimensional potential This feature transfers to diatomic and linear- of a diatomic molecule with respect to the energy surface (see the fi gure). chain molecules, where the chemical bind- external magnetic fi eld. For a diatomic or linear molecule, the ing energy increases and the corresponding Strong magnetic fi elds cause novel effects lowest-energy confi guration is typically that bond distances decrease. The fi eld strengths in molecular structures and dynamics mainly of the molecular axis parallel to the magnetic needed are far beyond the strongest avail- because of the pronounced anisotropic char- fi eld. The corresponding angular motion of able in the laboratory (30 to 40 T) but can be acter of the magnetic forces. Accounting the molecular axis changes from free rota- encountered in the atmospheres of magnetic for these effects requires the development tion in zero fi eld to a hindered rotation and 5 white dwarfs (10 to 10 T) and neutron stars of innovative computational approaches for finally pure vibrational motion in strong 2 7 (>10 T). On page 327 of this issue, Lange et their theoretical description ( 5, 6). In the fi elds. This response is found by Lange et al. 1 al. ( 4) show that, in addition to this diamag- absence of electric and magnetic fields (a for the ground state of Σ g symmetry of H 2 . fi eld-free space), the binding of the nuclei via With increasing fi eld strength, the spin-triplet CREDIT: P . HUEY/SCIENCE the electrons depends only on the internuclear states (unpaired spins) decrease their energy Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: pschmelc@ distance. In a magnetic fi eld, however, the ori- gap to the spin-singlet states through the cor- physnet.uni-hamburg.de entation of the internuclear axis of a diatomic responding Zeeman shift. Finally, above a 20 JULY 2012 VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 302 Published by AAAS