အထွေထွေရောဂါကုဆရာဝန်လက်စွဲ(အခြေခံသမားကျင့်ဝတ်နှင့်ဆေးပညာကျင့်ဝတ်ဆိုင်ရာဆောင်းပါးများ

taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efvufpGJ tajccHorm;usihf0wf ESihf aq;ynmusihf0wqf kdi&f maqmi;f yg;rsm; Fundamentals of Medical Ethics General Practitioner's Manual jyKpkol a'guwf mjrihfOD; (*sDyD) taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0ef? &efukefNrdKU/

udEé&DudEé&mpmpOf(2) pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf 4009640809 rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf 4009380809 tBudrfESifhxkwfa0onfhumv yxrtBudrf? 2009ckESpf? pufwifbmv pDpOfol NrdKUawmfxGef;&nf apmifa& 1000 wefzdk; 3500usyf xkwfa0ol O;D p;kd &edS f (04414) tarhom;xdkufpmay trSwf-337? avSmfum;vrf;rBuD; (54)&yfuGuf? '*HkNrdKUopfajrmufydkif;? &efukefNrdKU/ rsufESmzHk;ESifhtwGif;yHkESdyfol a'guwf mcikd pf ;kd 0i;f (rwS yf wkH itf rwS -f 07483) p&PyEkH ydS wf ukd f trSwf-249? odrfjzLvrf;? r*FvmawmifñGefUNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/ ]]xkwfa0onfhpmtkyf uwfwavmuftñTef;}} (CIP) 808.84 jrifhOD;? a'gufwm (*sDyD) tajccHorm;usifh0wfESifh aq;ynmusifh0wfqdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;^ a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)/ - &efukef? tarhom;xdkufpmay? 2009/ 200-pm? 18.29 pifwDrDwm _24.38 pifwDrDwm (1) tajccHorm;usifh0wfESifh aq;ynmusifh0wfqdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;

tuREkyf tf m; q&m0eaf umi;f wpaf ,mutf jzpof kUd a&mu&f S&d ef oeG of iqf kH;roiMf um;jyocJhygaom uREkfy\\f q&morm;rsm;tm; þpmtkyjf zihf OD;ñGwuf eaf wmhtyyf g\\/

aus;Zl;pum; þpmtkyjf zpaf jrmuaf &;twGuf taxmutf yHhay;Muaom jynwf Gi;f &qSd &m0erf sm;ESihf urÇmwpvf Tm;a&mu&f aSd eMuaom jynaf xmipf kjrerf mEkdiif H trad q;wuúokdvaf usmi;f awmqf i;f q&m0erf sm;tm; vIud vf SJpGm aus;Zl;txl;wi&f ySd gon/f Acknowledgement We express our heartfelt thanks to ''Alumni Myanmar Institutes of MedicinesAssociation –AMIMA, which is a global nonprofit humanitarian organization made up of former graduates of Myanmar Institutes of Medicines from all over the world. It is registered as an entity in the state of Pennsylvania, USA. Further information can be obtained at www.burmesedoctors.org.'' Without AMIMA's support, this book would not be happened. umweG ;f o½yk af zmyf rkH sm; a&;qaGJ y;aom q&matmyf uD s,f (O;D 0i;f Eikd f B.E., M.P.A. Harvard) ESifh pmtkyfxGufay:vma&;twGuf ulnDyHhydk;aom pma&;q&m NrdKUawmfxGef;&nf tm;vnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/

orm;usifh0wf vufpGJpmtkyfa&;om;&jcif; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif pOfqufrjywfaq;ynmoifMum;a&;(Continuing Medical Education: CME)tpDtpOfESifh pOfqufrjywform;pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifa&;(Continuing Professional Develop- ment:CPD) tptD pOrf sm; &adS eNyjDzpaf omvf n;f tqydk gtptD pOrf sm;wiG f aq;ynmusi0hf wof iMfum; a&;rsm; ryg&adS o;onuf dk awUG jriaf e&ygon/f jrerf mEidk if aH q;ynm&iS tf oi;f Bu;D EiS hf jrerf mEikd if qH &m0ef toif;wdkUrS orm;usifh0wfESifhywfoufNyD; OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKaeonfh tcsdefumvwGif tajccH aq;ynmusifh0wfpmtkyfwpftkyf xGufay:vmoifhonf[k ,lqrdygojzifh þpmtkyfukda&;&jcif; jzpfygonf/ uREkfyftaejzifh aq;ynmusifh0wfESifhywfoufonfh pmayrsm;ukd pdwf0ifwpm;zwf½I avvh mNy;D tywpf Oxf wk *f sme,rf sm;wiG f usi0hf wqf idk &f maqmi;f yg;rsm;udk pwiaf &;om;vmcyhJ gon/f 2007 ckESpfwGif yJcl;NrdKUüusif;yaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efnDvmcHü vlemhtcGifhta&;- q&m0efUtcGifhta&;acgif;pOfjzifh aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckukd OD;aqmifjyKvkyfcJhygonf/ xkdnDvmcHtNyD;wGif taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm;tzGJU(&efukef)ü aq;ynmusihf0wfESifh Oya'a&;&maumfrwD (Ethics and Medicolegal Committee)opf wp&f yuf dk w;kd csUJ zUJG pn;f cNhJy;D xadk umrf w\\D wm0ecf wH pOf ;D tjzpf wm0eaf y;jci;f cvH udk &f ygon/f xtdk cgrS usi0hf waf &;&mrsm;ukd yrdk jdkyKvyk vf mEidk cf yhJ gon/f taxaG xG a&m*gukq&m0efrsm;tzGJU(&efukef)rS pDpOfaom pOfqufrjywf aq;ynmoifMum;a&;tpDtpOf\\ Public Health module wiG f vel mneT ;f yUdk&mü vudk ef m&rnohf rm;usi0hf wrf sm; (Ethical Consideration in Patient Referral)acgi;f pOjfzivhf n;f aumi;f ? q&m0eEf iS ahf q;urk PÜ rD sm; quqf aH &;(Relationship between Physicians and Industries)acgif;pOfjzifhvnf;aumif; a[majymykdUcsrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfvm EkdifcJhonf/ 2008 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif ykodrfNrdKUüusif;yaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efnDvmcHü aq;ynmusifh0wftvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJwpf&yfudk atmifjrifpGm pnf;½Hk;usif;yEdkifcJhygonf/ xkdtvkyf½kH aqG;aEG;yGJ\\aemufqufwGJtjzpf taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m0efrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fNyD; orm;usifh0wf vupf pJG mtyk uf dk pwiaf &;om;jzpcf yhJ gon/f 2009cEk pS Of ;D yikd ;f wiG f urmÇ qh &m0etf oi;f Bu;D EiS hf aemaf 0; Eikd if H q&m0etf oi;f wUkd y;l aygi;f ycYkd sonhf tajccoH rm;usi0hf wqf ikd &f m bUJG veG of iwf e;f udk atmijfricf hJ

ygonf/ þoifwef;\\ jy|mef;pmtkyfjzpfaom urÇmhq&m0eftoif;BuD;\\ aq;ynmusifh0wf vufpGJ (Fundamentals of Medical Ethics) pmtyk uf dk tajccaH usm½;dk jyKvsuf taxaG xaG &m*guk q&m0efrsm;twGuf tajccHorm;usifh0wf vufpGJpmtkyfukd a&;om;xkwfa0vdkuf&jcif;jzpfygonf/ qifjcifawG;awm&rnfh erlemjyóemrsm;wGif taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm; BuHKawGUae&aom tjzpftysufrsm;udk xyfavmif;jznfhpGufay;xm;ygonf/ uREkfyf\\xkwfa0xm;NyD;jzpfaom usihf0wf qkdif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;teufrS tcsKdUukd þpmtkyf\\ aemufqufwGJwGif yl;wGJwifjyxm;ygonf/ pm½oI rl sm;taejzihf aq;ynmusi0hf wtf ajccrH sm;udk o&d odS wrd rl Mduvsu?f aepY OBfuKHawUG aeMu&aom vlem? q&m0efESifh vlrItodkif;t0ef;e,fy,ftoD;oD;ü aq;ynmusifh0wfESifhavsmfnDpGm usifhBuH tm;xkwfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/



udk,fa&;tusOf; 1954 cEk pS f \"EjkzLNrKdUwiG f tb O;D xeG ;f ci?f trd a':oe;f ñeG Uf wrYkd S ar;G zmG ;on/f &euf ek NfrKdU NrKdUrtxuwf e;f ausmi;f wiG f pwiyf nmoi,f cl hJ onf/ &efukefyJcl;u&ifwef;jrifhausmif;wGif 10wef;txd ynmoif,lcJh on/f 1971 cEk pS wf iG f tajccyH nmtxuwf e;f pmar;yuJG dk atmijfriof n/f 1979ckESpf rwfvwGif &efukefaq;wuúodkvf (1) rS aq;ynmbGJU&&SdcJh on/f 1980cEk pS rf S ,aeUxwd idk af tmif u,kd yf idk af q;uck e;f awmuaf vQmuf zGifhvsuf toufarG;rIjyKaeonf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHrS cs;D jri§ ahf om Hubert Humphrey Fellowship ynmoiqf uk &dk &cdS ohJ n/f • tywpf Oxf wk *f sme,rf sm;? vpOxf wk rf *Z¾ i;f rsm;wiG f aq;ynmay; aqmi;f yg; 300 ausmf a&;om;NyD;pD;NyD;jzpfonf/ • jrerf m-tar&ud ef EpS Ef ikd if H ynma&;? ,Oaf us;r?I vrl aI &;? use;f rm a&; tjyetf veS zf v,S af &; ( Myanmar-United States Friendship Exchange: MUSFEX ) tpDtpOfrsm;udk apwemh0efxrf; aqmif&Gufaeonf/ • ajrmuuf ,½f vkd idk ;f em;jynef ,&f dS Medicine & Beyond tzUJG Mu;D \\ jrerf mEikd if qH ikd &f m nE§d idI ;f a&;rLS ;wm0euf dk vu&f xdS r;f aqmiaf eqJ jzpfonf/ • 2005 cEk pS wf iG f Institute of International Education, Washington D.C rcS s;D jri§ ahf om Alumni Impact Award qk &&cdS ohJ n/f • 2009 cEk pS wf iG f World Medical Association ESifh Norwegian Medical Association wUdk y;l aygi;f usi;f yaom Fundamentals of Medical Ethics oiwf e;f 'yD vrdk matmivf urf wS f &&cdS ohJ n/f

rmwdum 1 19 ygarmu© (tb) OD;vSjrifh\\ Oa,smZOf 21 ed'gef; 24 [pfykdua&;wD;pf\\ uwdopömjyKvTm 25 jrefrmaq;wuúodkvfbJGU&q&m0efrsm;\\ uwdopömjyKvTm 29 jrefrmEdkifiHüvuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynmusifh0wftajctae 33 orm;usifh0wfqdkonfrSm 35 orm;usifh0wfudk bmaMumifhavhvmxm;oifhygovJ orm;usihf0wfESifhw&m;Oya' 38 41 tcef; 1 44 46 orm;usifh0wf\\ xl;jcm;csufrsm; 50 urÇmhq&m0eftoif;BuD;\\ *sDeDAmaMujimpmwrf; 52 orm;usifh0wf[m ajymif;vJrI&Sdwwfygovm; urÇmUq&m0eftoif;BuD;\\ tcef;u@ 55 usifh0wfrSefuefzdkU csOf;uyfenf;rsm; 62 usifh0wfqdkif&m tajccHoabmw&m;BuD; (4) &yf 67 68 tcef; 2 72 78 vlemeJUq&m0ef 80 vlem-q&m0efcsdwfqufjcif;ESifh oabmwlnDrI&,ljcif; tusKd;r&Sd tv[óukocsufrsm; qkH;jzwfEdkifpGrf;r&SdaomvlemtwGuf qkH;jzwfay;jcif; vQKdU0Sufcsufukd xdef;odrf;ay;jcif; b0tpwnfrI jyóemrsm; b0ed*kH;jyóemrsm;

tcef; 3 85 87 q&m0efESifhvlrItzGJUtpnf;qufqHa&; 90 ESpfcGopömxm;&Sd&jcif; 95 t&if;tjrpfa0jcrf;okH;pGJjcif; 98 vlxkusef;rma&;vkyfief; urÇmvkH;qkdif&musef;rma&; 1 01 104 tcef; 4 107 108 q&m0eftaygif;tazmf 109 aq;ausmif;om;ESifh oifMum;a&;q&m0ef qufqHa&; 112 usifh0wfESifh ravsmfnDaom tjyKtrlrsm;ukd wkdifMum;jcif; tjcm;usef;rma&;avmuom;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&; 115 yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 121 y#dyu©ajz&Sif;jcif; 123 126 tcef; 5 129 130 orm;usifh0wfESifh aq;bufqdkif&mokawoe 131 okawoejyKrItwGuf usifh0wfqdkif&mvkdtyfcsuf okawoeokH;oyfa&;aumfrDwDtwnfjyKcsuf 133 okawoetEÅ&m,fESifh aumif;usKd; 136 okawoejyKolu@ESifh q&m0efu@ y#dyu©jzpfrI 138 c&mrIwftoday;jcif; rajz&Sif;Edkifao;aom jyóemrsm; tcef; 6 q&m0efrsm;\\ wm0efESifh &ydkifcGifhrsm; rdrdtay: xm;&Sd&r,fh wm0ef aq;ynmusifh0wf\\ tem*wftvm;tvm

aemufqufwGJ (u)? pOf;pm;awG;awm&ef usifh0wfjyóemrsm; 140 aemufqufwGJ (c)? jrefrmEdkifiHaq;aumifpDrS xkwfjyefxm;aom 145 taxGaxGaq;ukorIqdkif&m nTefMum;csufrsm; 152 aq;ukcGifhvkdifpif y,fzsufEdkifaom tajctae 153 aemufqufwGJ (*)? usifh0wfqkdif&ma0g[m&rsm; 156 aemuqf uwf JG (C)? Medical Ethics Resources on Internet 158 aemufqufwJG(i)? urÇmhq&m0eftoif;BuD;rS orm;usifh0wf 142 160 oif½dk;jy|mef;csuftcsKdU aemufqufwJG(p)? a'gufwmjrifhOD;(*sDyD) a&;om;xkwfa0NyD;cJhaom 161 165 usifh0wfqkdif&maqmif;yg;rsm; 166 - q&mZD0u\\ orm;usifh0wfESifh pHerlemukxkH;rsm; 170 - vel mth ciG thf a&; (Patient's Rights) 174 - q&m0efUtcGifhta&; (Doctor's Rights) 178 - vlemnTef;ykdUjcif; (Referral Ethics) 181 - vlemrSwfwrf;qkd&m0,f (Medical Record) 185 - q&m0eUf vuaf &; (Doctor's Handwriting) - orm;ac:aqmifvmaoma&m*g (Iatrogenesis) - aq;avmurS tm&aursm; (Kickback)

ygarmu©orm;awmfBuD; (tb)OD;vSjrifh\\ Oa,smZOf ESifh aq;avmuom;rsm;odkU yefMum;csuf a'gufwmjrifhOD;(*sDyD)a&;om;jyKpkonfh taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m0evf upf JG tajccoH rm;usi0hf wf Fundamentals of Medical Ethics – General Practitioner’s Manual ESifh aq;ynmusifh0wfqdkif&m aqmi;f yg;rsm; pmtyk of nf jrerf mah q;ynmavmutwuG f yxrO;D q;Hk aom usifh0wfvufpGJpmtkyftjzpf xGufay:vmcJhwmukd vdIufvSJpGm BuKdqtdk yyf gw,/f a&;om;jyKpwk ijfyonhf a'guwf mjriOhf ;D (*syD )D uvdk n;f csD;usL;*kPfjyKtyfygw,f/ ,ctk cg q&m0eOf ;D a&awrG sm;jym;vmonthf avsmuf vel m rsm;tm; use;f rma&;apmiahf &mS urf aI y;Mu&mwiG f tcsKUd aomq&m0erf sm; zufrS usifh0wfodu©m avsmh&Jtm;enf;vmvsuf&Sdaejcif;ukd vlxku tm;&auseyfrIr&SdMuojzifh jynfolvlxktwGif; wD;wdk;ajymqdkvmae Mujci;f ? use;f rma&;0eBfu;D XmeEiS hf jrerf mEikd if aH q;aumipf oD Udk vtkd yf ovkd ta&;,al y;yg&ef widk Mfum;rjIyKvmMujci;f ? r*Z¾ i;f *sme,rf sm;wiG f vn;f aq;avmutwiG ;f rEpS NfrKdUz,G &f m pwd yf suzf ,G &f muok rrI sm;EiS hf cpH m;BuKHawUG ae&jci;f rsm;udk &izf iG ahf jymqadk &;om;um jynof vl xl tk m; toad y;aejci;f rsm; jzpaf y:vmaeygw,/f tcsKUd u w&m;pqJG &dk ef qE´ rsm;yif ay:ayguvf su&f adS eMuygw,/f 'gaw[G m tcrk S bmaMumihf jzpaf y:vm&ov?J tvsiwf ek ;f u bmjzpvf Ukd r&cdS &hJ ovqJ wkd mawuG dk uRefawmfwdkU qef;ppfzdkUvdkygw,f/ ppBfuKdacwaf q;avmuudk avvh mygu 1920 cEk pS 0f e;f usif avmurf mS aq;ausmi;f om;O;D a& EpS pf Of 70 rS 90 avmuof m&cdS NhJy;D ? 1923 cEk pS uf pvUkd &euf ek af q;aumvyd f (Rangoon Medical College)udk Faculty of Medicine under University of Rangoon taeeUJ ziG vhf pS vf ukd f wJhtcgrSm ESpfpOf ausmif;om;OD;a& 40omvQif vufcHcJhygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcgrSm aq;ynmukd avhvmvkdufpm;csifaom

ausmif;om;rsm; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmwJhtwGuf 1948-49 ckESpf upNyD; ausmif;om; 120 txd w;kd jri§ vhf ucf vH mcyhJ gw,/f 1950 cEk pS af vmurf mS yJ Branch Medical College, Mandalay taeeUJ ? EpS pf Oaf usmi;f om; 50jzihf Second MBBS twe;f rS pwizf iG vhf pS cf yhJ gw,/f 1962-63 awmvf eS af &; tp;kd &vuxf uaf &muwf thJ cgrmS awmh ausmi;f om;O;D a&[m wpEf pS vf sif 550 w;kd jri§ vhf Ukd vmcyhJ gw,/f t'hJ tD csed rf mS aq;ausmi;f o;Hk ausmi;f &adS eNy;D ? &euf ek uf 350? rEaÅ v;rmS 150 eUJ r*vF m'ukH 50 vucf cH yhJ gw,/f ,aeUumvrmS aq;ausmi;f ig;ausmi;f txjdzpaf y:vmNy;D wpEf pS vf Qif 0icf iG jhfyKwhJ aq;ausmi;f om;O;D a&u o;Hk axmief ;D yg;avmutf xd jzpvf maeygw,/f aq;wuoú vkd f (1) uawmh ausmif;om;OD;a& trsm;qkH;ygyJ/ ppNfy;D cgp *syeaf cwrf mS q&m0e?f oel mjyKrsm; rvaHk vmuof jzihf vel mrsm; touqf ;Hk ½;HI rI rsm;jzpcf &hJ onuf kd jyKjyiaf jymi;f vvJ akd om qE&´ odS rl sm;u aq;ynmoiMfum;a&;udk pwd yf g0ipf m;pmG eUJ oi,f cl MhJuygw,/f a0'em&iS rf sm;tm; touuf ,qf ,vf jkdci;f ? a&m*ga0'emcpH m;rrI sm; ouof map vjdkci;f pwhJ jyi;f jyaomqEr´ sm;aMumihf pwd 0f ipf m;r(I Interest)? tx0Hk goemyg&rD (aptitude)? tMuief m u½Pk meUJ jyKpvk okd nhf [etf rtl ,m(attitude)pwhJ tcsuof ;Hk csuaf y:rwl nNfy;D aq;ynmudk avvh m vkdufpm;cJholrsm; aygrsm;vmcJhygw,f/ 1962 ckESpfrwkdifciftxd aq;ynmoifMum;vkdaomyk*¾dKvfwkdif;[m 10 wef; odkUr[kwf wuoú vkd 0f iwf e;f atmijfriNfy;D vQif &euf ek wf uoú vkd of Ukd avQmuxf m;Mu&ygw,/f (Intermediate of Science) twef;rSm Physics, Chemistry & Biology bmom&yfawGukd 2 ESpfMumoif,lMu&NyD; bmom&ywf idk ;f rmS trwS &f mcikd Ef eI ;f 50 ausmwf ahJ usmi;f om;widk ;f udk aq;aumvyd of Ukd quvf uyf nm oiMfum;ciG ahf y;xm;ygw,/f 10 we;f rmS trwS rf sm;rsm; D rsm;rsm;&aep&mrvydk g/ wuoú vkd 0f iwf e;f atmijfriNfy;D owl ikd ;f aq;ausmi;f wuaf &muEf ikd cf iG hf &MdSuygw,/f aq;ynmvudk pf m;orl sm;[m rrd wd &Ykd UJ Interest, Aptitude EiS hf Attitude udk tajccNH y;D ,MHk uncf ikd rf maom Dedication jzihf u,dk yf ikd qf Ee´ UJ cucf eJ uef wJ hJ aq;ynmawuG dk oiMfum;cMhJuwmjzpyf gw,/f a0'em&iS rf sm; a&m*gaysmuuf i;f apa&; touf&Snfapvdka&;awGukd pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&GufMuzdkU pdwfykdif;jzwfNyD; aq;ausmif;wufcJhMuol rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ aq;aumvyd rf mS ig;EpS of iwf e;f wuNfy;D pmar;yaJG tmijfriNfy;D wmeUJ aq;uok ciG vhf ikd pf i&f &zdS Ukd aq;aumipf rD mS register vyk &f ygw,/f atmipf m&i;f xuG Nfy;D wmeUJ aq;aumvyd rf sm;uae atmijfriof l pm&i;f udk jrerf mEikd if aH q;aumipf uD dk yUdk ay;&ygw,/f atmiNfy;D wahJ usmi;f om;widk ;f udk aq;aumipf uD register vyk af y;ygw,/f t'hJ wD ;Hk u registration fee u 2 usyyf aJ y;&ygw,/f aiG 2 usyef UJ wpf ouvf ;Hk aq;uok ciG vhf ikd pf i&f &odS mG ;Muygw,/f q&m0euf si0hf wof ud m© eUJ rnnD wG wf maw&G vdS mc&hJ if 2 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

registration ukd acwåqkdif;iHhxm;wm? &yfqkdif;xm;wmrsKd;awG&Sdayr,fh aemufjyefavQmufvdkuf&if jyef&&SdEdkifygw,f/ pmar;yGJatmifjrifw,fqdkwm[m twwfynm&SifwpfOD;tjzpf vlemawG&JUtoufukd u,wf iEf idk af tmif uRr;f usiwf waf jrmuxf m;w,qf wkd thJ aMumi;f aq;ausmi;f uae totd rwS jfyKay; vukd wf mjzpyf gw,/f aq;uok ciG vhf idk pf iqf wkd muawmh jrerf mEikd if tH wiG ;f rmS b,af e&mrmS yjJzpjfzpf aq;uok ciG &hf wdS ,qf wkd hJ tciG thf a&;wp&f yaf y;vukd wf mygy/J Register vyk wf thJ cgrmS aq;aumipf uD xwk jfyexf m;whJ av;rsuEf mS yg&wdS hJ usi0hf wof ud m© vr;f ñeT cf suf pm&uG af v;awuG dk ay;a0av&h ydS gw,/f ,cvk n;f ay;aewek ;f ygy/J aq;ynmbUJG EiS ;f obif wuaf &muwf thJ cgrmS ygarmuc© sKyuf ae t\"|d mejfyK opmö 8 csuuf dk widk wf naf y;ygw,/f t'hJ D 8 csuuf vn;f tck a'guwf mjriOhf ;D (*syD )D jyKpxk m;whJ pmtkyfxJrSmygygw,f/ aemufykdif;rSmawmh wpfcsufwdk;vmvdkY 9 csufjzpfoGm;ygw,f/ aq;ynmvnf;atmifjrifNyD;NyD/ aq;ukocGifhvkdifpifvnf;&NyD;NyDqdk&if? EdkifiHawmftpdk;& use;f rma&; 0eBfu;D XmermS tvyk vf yk cf siwf qhJ E&´ &dS if avQmuxf m;vUkd &ygw,/f u,dk yf ikd af q;uck e;f ziG Nhfy;D *syD vD Ukd ac:whJ General Practitioner vn;f vyk vf Ukd &ygw,/f wjcm;urk PÜ aD wrG mS vn;f 0ivf yk vf Udk &ygw,f/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifwJhtcGifhta&;awG trsm;BuD; &SdcJhygw,f/ usef;rma&;0efBuD;XmerSm vuaf xmuqf &m0ewf paf ,mu&f UJ Basic Pay Scale u 350 usy&f ydS gw,/f &mS ;yg;p&wd uf 75usyf jzpwf mrUkd wpvf updk pk ak ygi;f 425 usy&f ygw,/f uek af ps;EeI ;f uvn;f rBu;D jriahf o;awmh q&m0ef wpaf ,muf rod m;pak v;a,muf aumi;f aumi;f reG rf eG 0f 0vivf if pm;aomu?f 0wpf m;qi,f iEf ikd Nfy;D rbd awuG vdk n;f axmuyf EhH ikd wf thJ jyi?f tvLS twe;f awvG n;f vyk Ef ikd cf MhJuygw,/f tvyk uf vn;f ayg? q&m0efOD;a&uenf;? vlemOD;a&uvnf;enf;NyD; rdrd0ifaiGeJU tqifajyaewJhtcsdefjzpfygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;cgprSm wkdif;jynftaeeJU txl;ukq&m0efawG xGufay:vmapa&;twGuf State Scholar ynmoiqf ak waG y;Ny;D t*vF eEf ikd if uH ydk Udk ay;aewthJ csed vf n;f jzpyf gw,/f wcsKUd vn;f omG ; Muw,/f wcsKUd vn;f jynwf iG ;f rmS yJ quvf yk Mfuw,/f *syD aD wvG n;f tqiaf jyaeMuwthJ wuG f avmb? a'go? arm[awG r&MdSuygb;l / tx;l ojzihf q&m0ewf paf ,muef UJ wpaf ,muf tcsi;f csi;f nñD wG rf &I dS atmif jrerf mEikd if qH &m0etf oi;f u wpvf udk EpS cf gavmuf picnic xuG af y;wthJ ptD pOaf wG vyk af y; ygw,/f wpaf ,muef UJ wpaf ,muf cspcf spcf icf i&f i;f &i;f E;DS E;DS aygi;f oi;f qupf yrf aI w&G vdS mNy;D wpOf ;D wavrmS usi0hf wof ud m© avsm&h wJ mawrG sm;&cdS &hJ if tm;v;Hk u 0ikd ;f Ny;D q;Hk rNy;D awm?h ajz&iS ;f omG ;Eikd af tmif ynmay;jyKjyifoGm;MuwmawG &SdcJhygw,f/ q&m0eftoif;aeeJU usifh0wfxdef;odrf;a&;tydkif;awGukd awmaf wmrf sm;rsm; vyk af qmiaf y;Eikd cf yhJ gw,/f bUJG EiS ;f obirf mS &wG qf ckd &hJ whJ t\"|d mef 8 csuef UJ aq; tajccHorm;usih0f wf 3

aumipf &D UJ ñeT Mfum;vmT awuG kd jyevf naf tmuaf rah vvh mraI wG jyKvyk af v&h wdS thJ wuG f usi0hf wof ud m© eUJ ywof uNfy;D tBu;D tus,f emrnyf suaf vmuwf mawG ray:aygucf yhJ gb;l / tm;v;Hk tqiaf jycyhJ gw,/f t'J tD csed wf ek ;f u vel maw[G m q&m0eaf wuG dk tirf wef av;pm;Munnf KdMuw,/f aq;½rHk mS aq;uok ae&i;f oUl bmomol uuH ek of mG ;wmuadk wmirf S aq;uok ay;wqhJ &m0eqf &mrawuG kd aus;Z;l tx;l wi&f adS Mumi;f vel m&iS af wG aqrG sK;d awuG owi;f pmxrJ mS xnohf iG ;f azmjfywmawG &cdS yhJ gw,/f q&m0eaf wtG yikd ;f uvn;f tBu;D tus,f usi0hf waf zmuzf suwf mawG r&cdS yhJ gb;l / aq;ausmi;f ig;EpS f wmumvtwiG ;f usi0hf wof ud m© eUJ ywof uNfy;D Oya'a&;&m aq;ynmbmom&yrf mS wpef m&oD iwf e;f o;Hk Burd f yUdk cswmavmuyf J &cdS yhJ gw,/f post mortem &icf ½JG oHk iwf e;f ay;wthJ cgrmS vn;f BuKH&iBfuKHovkd usi0hf wof ud m© a&;&mawuG kd aq;G aE;G yUkd csomG ;wmaw&G ydS gw,/f uok a&;qikd &f m cpJG wd ?f aq;u?k uav; ynm? om;zmG ;r;D ,ypf ojzihf bmom&yqf ikd &f m q&m0eBfu;D q&m0erf Bu;D awuG vn;f tx;l ojzihf twiG ;f vel maweG UJ quqf yH ?Hk ajymqykd ?Hk vel meab;rmS ae&m,yl ?Hk uikd wf ,G yf Hk pwmawuG dk u,kd yf ikd f Role Model taeeUJ jyKrql uqf H oijfyomG ;Muygw,/f tohJ vkd unl oD iMfum;wmaw?G ausmi;f om; tcsi;f csi;f n&D i;f tpuf adk rmi&f i;f ErS oz,G f w;kd w;kd wwd wf wd qf ;Hk ryjhJyiwf mawaG Mumihf usi0hf wof ud m© ysufqD;rIqkdwmawG[m ajymyavmufatmif r&SdcJhygbl;/ e,tf a0; awmBuKdtMHkum;rmS omG ;a&mutf rxI r;f Mu&whJ 0exf r;f q&m0eaf wtG aeeUJ vn;f tcsed wf e&f if NrKdUBu;D jyBu;D oiMfum;a&;aq;½BHku;D awuG dk jyevf naf jymi;f a&UT ae&mcsxm;ay;wmawG &wdS thJ wuG f rnn;f rnLbJ omG ;a&mutf rxI r;f Muygw,/f oiMfum;a&;aq;½BHku;D awuG dk jyeaf &mu&f if en;f ynmaw?G usi0hf waf wG jyevf nqf n;f y;l &awmrh mS yqJ wkd hJ c,H cl sutf jynehf UJ vyk af qmiMfuwthJ wuG f tp;kd &0exf r;f tyikd ;f rmS vn;f jyóem axaG xxG ;l x;l ray:aygucf yhJ gb;l / tjyirf mS vyk af ewhJ *syD aD weG UJ 0exf r;f q&m0eaf wtG Mum;rmS vel mjyKpak pmiahf &mS uaf &;eUJ ywof uNfy;D wpzf uef UJ wpzf uf uikd ;f uRe;f rDS uRe;f uidk ;f rDS qokd vkd tay;t,al wwG nNhfy;D awmh tqiaf jyaecyhJ gw,/f jrerf mEikd if uH ar;G xwk vf udk wf qhJ &m0eaf wuG dk NAwd ed Ef ikd if &H UJ General Medical Council u 1937 cEk pS uf pNy;D totd rwS jfyK vucf cH yhJ gw,/f aq;ausmi;f o;Hk ausmi;f u atmiwf ahJ tmipf m&i;f awuG dk EpS pf Of General Medical Council udk yUkd ay;&ygw,/f tohJ vydk Udk vudk wf meUJ owl Ukd u automati- cally tvdktavsmuf todtrSwfjyKygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm 1975 ckESpfavmufupNyD; tJhovdk totd rwS jfyKwmudk ½wk of rd ;f vukd yf gawmwh ,/f ½wk of rd ;f vukd &f wthJ aMumi;f &i;f uawmh jrerf mEikd if H aq;ausmif;awGrSm ausmif;om;awGwkd;NyD; vufcHaewJhtwGuf q&m-ausmif;om;tcsdK;tpm;? ausmif;om;-vlemtcsKd;tpm;? pmoifcef;xJrSm acsmifacsmifcsdcsd xdkifEdkif? pmoifMum;Edkif? a&;Edkif? 4 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

rSwfEdkifwmawG csKdU,Gif;vmwmaMumifh t&nfcsif;jynfhaq;ynmoifMum;a&; tqifhrrDbl;qdkNyD; jiif;y,fvkdufwmygyJ/ awmvf eS af &; tp;kd &wuvf mwthJ cgrmS aq;ausmi;f om;O;D a&ukd w;kd Ny;D vucf vH mcyhJ gw,/f r*Fvm'kHrSm aq;ausmif;topfwpfck xyfzGifhNyD;? &efukef? rEÅav;eJU r*Fvm'Hkausmif;okH;ausmif;udk ausmi;f om; 550txd vucf vH mygawmwh ,/f ausmi;f 0icf iG ahf &;G cs,&f mrmS vn;f pwd tf m;xuof ef olawG yg0ifrvmEdkifawmhbJ wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmifjrifwJholawGxJu trSwftrsm;qkH; yxr 550 udk aq; (1)? aq;(2) eUJ aq;-re;f udk jzeUf a0ay;vudk yf gw,/f val wmvf al umi;f awG &&wdS ,f vUkd qMkduygw,/f awmvf n;f awmMfuygw,/f awmvf eG ;f awmh b0iuf idk of mG ;Muwmaw?G wpOf ;D uwdk pOf ;D aygi;f oi;f quqf aH &; ysujfym;vmwmaw&G vdS mygw,/f aq;ausmi;f rwuvf udk &f wohJ al wtG aeeUJ vlr0ifqefUawmhovdk cHpm;vmMu&ygw,f/ vlrIa&;todkif;t0ef;rSm odrfi,fvmMu&ygw,f/ aq;wuoú vkd f (1) taeeUJ uReaf wmf owjdyKrwd muawmh ausmi;f om; 350 xuJ yxrq;Hk Roll Number wpfuae ESpfq,ftpdwftxd &&Sdxm;olawGu? aemufydkif; Roll Number rSmae&wJh ausmi;f om;ausmi;f oal wuG dk tzurf weof vkd jyKrql uqf MHuwmawG &vdS mygw,/f ausmi;f om;tcsi;f csi;f pwd 0f r;f ujJGym;raI w&G vdS mNy;D interpersonal relationship, cohesion pwhJ cspcf i,f MHkunf u;dk pm;whJ pwd af wG avsmeh n;f vmMuygw,/f 'gaw[G m aemuyf ikd ;f rmS q&m0eaf wG usi0hf wof ud m© ysuaf p&whJ taMumif;&if;&JU wpfpdwfwpfydkif;taeeJU yg0ifvmygw,f/ t'hJ aD wmh tikd tf ,vf af t pepuf aumi;f wmaw&G odS vkd raumi;f wmawvG n;f ygvmygw,/f aq;ausmi;f pa&muwf hJ yxrq;Hk Fresher’s Meet rmS aq;wuoú vkd (f 1) ausmi;f om;awuG bmawG ar;ovqJ &kd if jrerf mEikd if rH mS b,NfrKdUu q&m0evf yk &f if practice taumi;f q;Hk v/J b,bf momudk tx;l uvk ukd pf m;&if 0iaf itG &q;Hk jzprf mS vJ pojzihf aq;ynmrvudk pf m;cirf mS ? interest aw?G atti- tude aw?G aptitude awuG kd ab;acguxf m;Ny;D p;D ymG ;a&;qeqf eef UJ 0ivf mMuwmawG ygvmw,/f aq;ynmoicf sivf odk al w&G UJ tciG thf a&;udk ywd yf iwf thJ yikd ;f rsK;d awG &vdS mMuygw,/f q&m0ejfzpvf m Mu&ivf n;f aq;uok wmxuf p;D ymG ;a&;qeqf ef aq;a&mi;f wmaw?G aq;½aHk xmiwf mawG aq;ynm ckwkH;vkyfNyD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifvmwmawG &SdvmMuwJhtwGuf aq;avmu usifh0wfodu©m[m avsmh&Jvm&ygw,f/ ausmi;f om;rsm;vmawmh pmayoiMfum;wthJ cgrmS q&mawtG aeeUJ yrkd kd tm;pukd xf wk vf m Mu&ygw,/f Meaningful Teaching qwdk m r&&cSd yhJ gb;l / aq;wuoú vkd (f 1) rmS ausmi;f om;O;D a&uom w;kd vmNy;D q&mO;D a&u rw;kd cyhJ gb;l / pmoicf e;f taqmutf OaD wuG vdk n;f rw;kd csUJ cyhJ gb;l / [wdk ek ;f u tajccHorm;usih0f wf 5

ausmi;f om; 40 vucf wH hJ pmoicf e;f rmS ausmi;f om; 300 ausmf xm;&vdS mygw,/f q&mawuG tqi;f &cJ H tyiyf e;f cNHy;D ? &&EdS ikd wf thJ ciG thf a&;twiG ;f rmS yJ jzpaf jrmuaf tmif oiMfum;ay;cMhJuwthJ wuG f &euf ek af q;ausmi;f xuG qf &m0eaf w&G UJ t&ntf ao;G [m urmÇ ay:rmS ausmMfum;vsu&f adS ewek ;f ygy/J tdkift,fvfat pepfeJU0ifvmNyD; wpfa,mufeJU twktNydKifjzpfvmMu? pdwf0rf;awGuGJMu? avmbawGwdk;vmMu? pwmawG[m q&m0efrsm; usifh0wfysufjym;apaom taMumif;&if;awGvdkU qEdk idk yf gw,/f aemuyf ikd ;f rmS q&m0eaf wuG rsm; tvyk uf &mS ; jzpvf m&jyeyf gw,/f aq;ausmi;f awuG wpEf pS uf kd ausmi;f om; 550 vucf aH eNy;D ? q&m0ejfzpvf moal wuG wpEf pS uf kd 350-400 avmu&f dS aewJhtcsdefrSm tpkd;&tvkyfcefUay;Ekdifwmu 150-200 avmufyJjzpfaeygw,f/ usefwJholawGu tjyifrSm tvkyfvkyfMu&ygw,f/ *sDyDvkyfawmh vnf; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;u raumif;vmcJh awmh xiof avmuf rw;kd Eikd Mfuawmyh gb;l / 'geUJ yJ aq;avmueUJ rpy[f ywf hJ p;D ymG ;a&;awG vyk vf m Muygawmhw,f/ ukefaps;EIef;awG wdk;jrifhvmwm eJUtrQ vpmaiGeJUravmufijzpfvmMuygw,f/ q&m0efusifh0wfeJU ravsmfnDwJh tvkyfawGukd vkyfudkifvmMuygawmhw,f/ 'gawG[mvnf; usi0hf wof ud m© ysujfym;apwhJ tyikd ;f wpcf yk J jzpyf g w,f/ rdom;pkpdwfr&SdMuwJhtjyif wpfa,mufeJU wpaf ,muf tNiKd;awxG m;Mu? Jealousy awG 0if vmMu? Vindictive jzpvf mMu pojzihf pwd \"f mwf awyG sujfym;Ny;D u,dk xf i&f mu,kd pf ikd ;f vyk uf ek Mfuyg awmhw,f/ 1970 cEk pS af vmuwf ek ;f u Eikd if jHcm;ujyef vmwhJ q&m0ewf ppf qk &dk if &euf ek jfyerf a&mucf if vrf;rSmwif avmbawGwufNyD; wpfESpftwGif; owl Ukd &mS azEG ikd rf ,0hf iaf iuG dk tavmi;f tpm;vyk Nfy;D tcsif;csif; NydKifqdkifvmMuwmawG &SdcJhygw,f/ avmbaw0G iNfy;D vyk uf idk vf udk MfuwthJ wuG f t'J D tyk pf xk uJ q&m0ewf paf ,mu[f m w&m;pvJG n;f 6 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

c&H ? pwd \"f mwuf sa&m*g&Ny;D touqf ;Hk ½;HI omG ;&wmawmif jzpcf yhJ gw,/f tNyKditf qidk uf rsm;? twUkd tqdwfursm;? yckH;wufausmfeif;? &mxl;vkwmawG jzpvf mMuNy;D q&m0ewf paf ,muef UJ wpaf ,muf [&D Mdowyå wÜ &m;awuG i;f r?hJ vpl wd rf &MdSuawmbh eJ UJ tpOtf quf xed ;f ord ;f vmcwhJ hJ ntD puf adk rmiEf rS rdom;pkpdwf\"mwfawG ysufjym;ukefMu? &efNidK;awG zGJUukefMuwmawG[m q&m0efavmu&JUusifh0wf odu©mysufjym;apwJh taMumif;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ ukefaps;EIef;BuD;vmvdkU pm;0wfaea&; p&dwfu BuD;vmwJhtjyif touf&G,fBuD;vdkufvm whJ om;or;D awuG kd usL&iS af wG tNyKditf qidk xf m;ay;&wmawG &vdS mMujyewf ,/f &wvhJ ceUJ ravmuf awmh ty0kd iaf iuG dk &wehJ n;f vr;f eUJ &mS BuMHuavawmh q&m0euf si0hf waf wG azmuzf suuf ek Mfuygw,/f uek uf sp&wd af wuG mrad tmif aiuG ydk zJ &d mS aeMuwthJ wuG f tusiphf m&wd aå wG u,kd uf siwhf &m;awG ysujfym; vmMu&wmjzpfygw,f/ aps;uuG pf ;D ymG ;a&;pepef UJ twl jyiyf aq;uXk me (y*k v¾ ud aq;½?kH aq;ce;f Bu;D aw)G ay:ayguf vmwJhtcgrSm tpdk;&oifMum;a&;aq;½kHeJU txl;ukaq;½kHBuD;awGrSm trIxrf;aewJh q&m0efBuD; awG[m tykd0ifaiG&atmifqdkNyD; aq;½kHtcsdefawGukdzJhvdkU oGm;a&mufvkyfaqmifay;wmawG &Sdvm jyewf ,/f 'qD &m0eBfu;D aw&G UJ o;D oeUf vel mawtG wuG f aq;½wHk iuf ok ay;ciG uhf dk tp;kd & aq;½BHku;D awuG ueoYf wvf mwthJ cgrmS jyiyf rmS &adS ewhJ y*k v¾ ud aq;½aHk wrG mS wiNfy;D uok ay;Muygawmwh ,/f aq;uok c? pr;f oycf awuG dk rw&m;&,Mlu/ vel mawtG aeeUJ ay;ae&wmursm;Ny;D ? 0eaf qmirf eI UJ prf;oyfwmawGudk rausreyfjzpfvmMuygawmhw,f/ wpfa,mufeJUwpfa,muf wD;wdk;ajymqdkMu? rcHr&yfEdkifawmh wkdifMu? awmMu? *sme,fr*¾Zif;awGrSm &ifzGifhMuwmawG&Sdvmygw,f/ vwl paf ,mu[f m ar;G vmuwn;f u u,dk vf ;Hk w;D eUJ vmcMhJuwmyg/ aowthJ cgrmS vn;f ajrBu;D xuJ jdkrKyf 'grrS [wk f r;D ½UId cvH udk Mfu&wmygy/J jrerf mjynrf mS rUkd vUkd opof m;acgi;f aweG UJ tvqS iaf eMu wmyg/ wjcm;wikd ;f jynrf mS opof m;uvn;f &mS ;awmh ywd jfzLeUJ ywNfy;D ajrjrKy?f r;D ½UId ? a&xyJ pcf svudk Mfu& wmygy/J 'vD bdk 0rsK;d qwkd moad evsuof m;eUJ avmb avmb avmb qwkd mudk tawmroyEf ikd Mfub;l jzpaf eMuygw,/f 'gawuG dk owxd m;rMduzUkd q&m0eaf wtG aeeUJ vtdk yvf mygNy/D q&m0eaf wxG rJ mS 0yd óem w&m;xidk Nfy;D ÓPpf Of 7 qihf 8 qihf a&mu&f adS eygNyqD wkd hJ y*k K¾vd Bfu;D awuG ,dk wf ikd af wmif avmbwBu;D eUJ aq;uok caw?G cpJG wd uf ok cawuG dk vel mawqG uD rwewf q&,al eNy;D uok ay;aewm awG &adS ewek ;f ygy/J owl Udk u,dk cf sn;f vn;f tjypwf ivf Ukd r&ygb;l / q&m0eaf w&G UJ pwd \"f mwaf wG ysupf ;D vmatmi?f usi0hf waf wG azmuzf suvf matmif zewf ;D weG ;f yaYkd ewhJ yw0f e;f usif tajctaeawuG vn;f tifrwefrS aMumufp&maumif;vSygw,f/ tajccHorm;usih0f wf 7

avmbeUJ ywof uNfy;D awmh tvsiwf ek ;f uvn;f avmbBu;D wqhJ &m0eaf w&G cdS yhJ gw,/f tx;l ojzihf tEd ,d´ vrl sK;d q&m0eaf w[G m airG uwf ,f aitG qrwe&f rS aq;uok ay;wmawG &cdS whJ ,/f jrerf mvxl uk vn;f a&m*gouof mr,?f tou&f nS rf ,qf &kd if b,af vmuyf uJ ek uf ek f acs;imS ;aygiEf HS a&mi;f csNy;D aq;uok c,H wl wMfuygw,/f awmaetMHkum;uvel mawqG &kd if aiaG Mu;rwwEf ikd Mfuygb;l / owl Ukd udk jrerf mq&m0eaf wuG tcaMu;airG ,bl J tvum;uok ay;wmrsK;d awG &ydS gw,/f t&iaf cwf u pyg,&f ,S vf pqf &kd if vel mwpaf ,muuf dk pr;f oycf 32 usy,f yl gw,/f ½;kd ½;dk q&m0euf 16 usyf ,wl m[m x;Hk pvH jdkzpaf eygw,/f aq;aumipf uD owrf wS af y;xm;wmvn;f r[wk yf gb;l / wynqhf &m 0eaf wuG dk rmS Mum;&w,/f pr;f oycf 16 usyf rwwEf ikd wf vhJ el mawuG dk tvum;uok ay;vudk yf g/ a&m*gouof momG ;vUkd &&dS if vel maw[G m aiaG Mu;r[wk af omvf n;f owl Ukd rmS &adS ewhJ MuuOf wUdk Muuwf Udk to;D tEaHS wG qetf wd af wG pwmawuG dk q&m0eaf wqG uD kd Munnf Kdaus;Z;l witf m;Bu;D veG ;f vUkd vmyUkd ay;MuwhJ apwemwUHk jyerf aI w[G mjzihf 16 usyrf u wezf ;kd Bu;D rm;vyS gw,/f wpcf gwav e,uf vmwhJ vel m? vr;f rmS cg;yukd Ef uId cf vH ukd &f vUkd aq;uok caiG &iS ;f ray;Eikd wf thJ jyi?f owl Udk trd jfyevf r;f p&wd f ukdawmif ukd,fu pkdufxkwfay;vdkuf&wmrsKd;awG BuHK&Ekdifygw,f/ apwemeJUukoay;vdkufzdkUom ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ 'DvkdvlemawG[m q&m0ef&JU apwemawGukd b,fawmhrS rarhwwfMuygbl;/ q&m0euf om rrwS rf &d iaf er,?f owl Udk awG u rwS rf ad eNy;D pm;aomuqf ikd rf mS awUG &if jzpjfzp?f ½;Hk wpcf ck rk mS awUG &ijfzpjfzpf BuKH&if MuHKovdk q&m0efukd jyefvnf aus;Zl; wUHk jyeof mG ;wmrsK;d awG &MdSuygw,/f apwem eUJ uok ay;vukd &f wthJ wuG f vel mrmS a&m q&m0efrSmyg ESpfzufpvkH; yDwdjzpfNyD; MunEf ;l use&f paf ecwhJ wyf gw,/f tvLS 'ge wpfck jyKvdkuf&ovdk om\"kac:,lxkdufyg w,/f owi;f pmxxJ nNhfy;D aioG ed ;f q,?f &m? axmifaomif;csDNyD; tcrf;tem;eJU vLS 'ge;f whJ tvLS awxG uaf wmif yNdky;D reG f jrwfygao;w,f/ [kdwkef;u q&m0efawGonfomvQif vel mudk pr;f oywf ,?f a&m*gtrnf azmf 8 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

xwk wf ,?f vtdk ywf ahJ q;udk prescription a&;ay;&w,/f oel mjyKawuG q&m0e&f UJ ñeT Mfum;csutf wikd ;f vyk af qmiaf y;Mu&ygw,/f aemuyf ikd ;f rmS awmh urmÇ uh se;f rma&;tzUJG Bu;D uae Basic Health Work- ers tajccuH se;f rma&;0exf r;f qNkdy;D tyk pf wk pcf uk dk zUJG vudk yf gw,/f t'hJ tD yk pf xk rJ mS q&m0eaf wtG jyif olemjyKawG vufaxmufusef;rma&;rSL;awG? 0rf;qGJq&mrawG? PHS-1, PHS-2 vdkUac:wJh Public Health Supervisors - jynof Ul use;f rma&;Bu;D Muyaf w?G awmBuKd tMHk um;rmS q&kd if volunteer health workers awuG adk wmif xnohf iG ;f zUJG pn;f xm;ay;ygw,/f yPmr use;f rma&;apmiahf &mS urf eI ,yf ,rf mS q&m0eaf wuG dk aus;vuuf se;f rma&; aq;ay;ce;f vUkd ac:whJ Rural Health Center(RHC) txad tmif yUkd vwT cf ahJ yr,hf q&m0eaf w[G m RHC txd romG ;bJ NrKdUrmS ywJ uNfy;D practice vyk af ewthJ wuG f prD cH su[f m ysujf ym;omG ;c&hJ ygw,/f Primary Health Care level rmS Health For All by the year 2000 qNkdy;D awmh Alma Ata Declaration t& oel mjyKaw?G use;f rma&;rLS ;awG tajccuH se;f rma&; 0exf r;f awG tuek vf ;Hk udk t\"ud aq;0g;prD cH sutf & prescription a&;ay;Eikd zf Ukd prescribers tjzpf totd rwS jf yK ay;vudk yf gw,/f tajccuH se;f rma&; 0exf r;f aw[G m vel mvm&if ar;jre;f ? pr;f oy?f a&m*gtrnf azmxf wk Nf y;D &if aq;ay;zUkd prescription a&;ay;Mu&ygw,/f 'tD wuG f Standard Treatment Guide- lines ac: pñH eT ;f uxk ;Hk awuG dk use;f rma&;apmiahf &mS urf aI y;aewhJ level tvudk f xwk af y;xm;wm &ydS gw,/f Oyrm/ Township Hospital twuG f wpcf ?k Station Hospital twuG wf pcf ?k RHC twuG f wpcf ?k Sub-center twuG wf pcf qk Nkdy;D awmh yPmruse;f rma&; apmiahf &mS urf tI qihf av;qithf vudk ?f vufpGJpmtkyfawG jyKpkay;xm;ygw,f/ tJhvkd aqmif&Gufae&wJhtwGuf orm;usifh0wfqkdwmukd Medical Ethics qkdwmxuf usef;rma&;0efxrf;tm;vkH;eJU tusKH;0ifatmif Health Ethics qdkNyD; tajccHorm;usih0f wf 9

ajymi;f voJ wrf wS af y;vmygw,/f omG ;zuqf ikd &f m q&m0eaf wtG wuG vf n;f jrerf mEikd if rH mS Dental Medical Council uae usifh0wfodu©mawG xdef;odrf;ay;aeygw,f/ vufaxmufusef;rma&;rSL; Health Assistant aw?G Nurses aw?G PHS-1, PHS-2 awtG wuG vf n;f aumipf aD v;awuG ae xed ;f ord ;f vmwthJ wuG f Health Ethics qwkd m ay:vm&ygw,/f aq;xwk vf yk wf uhJ rk PÜ aD w?G aq;0g;pu½f aHk wtG wuG vf n;f usi0hf wof ud m© apmixhf ed ;f raI wG &Sdvmygw,f/ aq;0g;ta&mif;jr§ifhwifwmawGukd Ethics eJU xdef;odrf;xm;ygw,f/ aq;0g;wpfck xwk vf yk &f if efficacy, safety, side effects, poisoning effect, contraindication, drug interaction pwhJ aq;0g;&UJ Basic information of a drug awuG kd azmxf wk tf oad y;&ygw,/f aq;0g;&UJ raumi;f wthJ yikd ;f awuG dk xed 0f uS xf m;vUkd r&ygb;l / 'gawuG dk FDA: Food and Drug Administration vUdk ac:whJ tpm;tpm eJUaq;0g;xdef;uGyfa&;tzGJUu xdef;csKyfay;ygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHaq;0g; Oya't& National List of Essential Drugs qwdk mudk Eikd if &H UJ xyd of ;D yg&*Bl u;D awjG zpwf hJ clinicians aweG UJ public health experts awG pharmacologist aw?G pharmacist awuG a&;qxJG wk jf yexf m;Ny;D jzpyf gw,/f t'hJ pD m&i;f rmS ryg0ifwJh aq;0g;awGukd jynfwGif;rSm xkwfvkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdygbl;/ a&mif;cscGifh r&Sdygbl;/ okH;pGJydkifcGifh vnf;r&Sd/ jynfwGif;ukd wifoGif;cGifh? vSL'gef;cGifhvnf;r&Sdygbl;/ cGifhjyKxm;wJhaq;ukd jynfwGif;rSm vLS 'ge;f csi&f if vel mwpOf ;D ptD wuG f full course tjynthf pvHk LS zUkd vtkd yyf gw,/f vLS r,ahf q;0g;&UJ trn?f aq;prG ;f ti?f pwmawuG dk jynwf iG ;f rmS uidk wf ,G tf o;Hk jyKr,hf use;f rma&;0exf r;f awG em;vnwf bhJ mom eUJ a&;xm;&wthJ jyif aq;0g;&UJ expiry date vn;f yg&&dS ygrh ,/f tcak cwf Globalization eUJ twl usiohf ;Hk vmwhJ Market economy peprf mS aq;urk PÜ BDu;D awG u aq;wpfrsKd;rsKd;aMumfjimr,f? ta&mif;jr§ifhwifr,fqdk&if EdkifiHjcm;u ynm&SifawGukdzdwfac:NyD; [dkw,fBuD;awGrSm a[majymyGJawG vkyfvmMuw,f/ jynfwGif;u ygarmu©wpfOD;OD;udk obmywd vyk cf ikd ;f wwwf ,/f aq;urk PÜ uD ,dk pf m;v,S uf aq;taMumi;f awaG [majymNy;D aq;erel mawaG y;vUdk owl Ukd aq;udk o;Hk pzJG Udk jrLp,G Mfuw,/f q&m0eaf wtG aeeUJ owl Ukd ajymwthJ wikd ;f prescribe vyk af y;zUdk rvkdtyfygbl;/ cke ajymjyxm;wJhaq;0g;wpfck&JU tajccHowif;tcsuftvufawGukd avhvmNyD; ,MkHuncf su&f rdS S csichf sed Nfy;D awmh o;Hk pzJG Ukd oiyhf gw,/f tusiohf ud m© ysuwf hJ q&m0eBfu;D wcsKUd [m aq; urk PÜ eD UJ y;l aygi;f Ny;D urk PÜ xD wk af q;0g;awuG dk prescribe vyk zf Ukd jrLq,G af eMuygw,/f owl Ukd u,dk wf ikd f vn;f prescription awuG dk 'ikd cf aH &;ay;aeygw,/f 'vD adk &;ay;wthJ wuG f urk PÜ aD wuG wpvf wpvf ukd a':vm 700 u ae 1000 txd ay;aew,vf Ukd Mum;ryd gw,/f open door market economy pepf ay:vmuwn;f u 'vD kd vyk pf m;aeMuwm Mumjrichf yhJ gNy/D [wdk avmurS aq;½BHku;D wp½f tHk ay:rmS yg&*lBuD;wpfa,mufeJU aq;ukrÜPDukd,fpm;vS,fwdkU prescription a&;wm enf;wJhtay:rlwnfNyD; 10 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

tBu;D tus,&f ejfzpf pum;rsm;MuvUdk [;dk av;wausmaf usmef UJ ypG yd pG jdzpof mG ;cyhJ gao;w,/f 'gaw[G m q&m0eaf wzG uuf rvyk of irhf vyk xf ukd wf mawuG dk vyk cf rhJ vd Ukd jzpcf &hJ wmyg/ q&m0eaf weG UJ aq;urk PÜ D awG quqf wH ahJ e&mrmS EpS zf upf v;Hk u pn;f ur;f uvem;eUJ usi0hf waf wuG dk vudk ef musiohf ;Hk zUkd vykd gw,/f aq;y½kdrdk;&Sif;wpfckrSm aq;0g;&JU tajccHtcsuf 8 csufyg0if&r,fvdkU jrefrmEdkifiHaq;0g;Oya'rSm azmjfyxm;Ny;D jzpyf gw,/f aumi;f wthJ csuuf av;uykd J &iS ;f jyNy;D o;Hk pMJGuzUkd omomx;kd x;dk Ny;D ajymomG ;wm aw[G m usi0hf wef UJ ruudk nf yD gb;l / FDA taeeUJ urk PÜ aD wuG vkd n;f guidance ay;zUkd vydk gw,/f National List of Essential Drugs ryg0iwf hJ aq;awuG kd ro;Hk p&JG ½rHk u? zsuqf ;D yp&f r,thf xd jrerf mEikd if H aq;0g; Oya'rmS jy|me;f xm;wm&ydS gw,/f jrerf mEikd if H FDA rmS register rvyk xf m;wahJ q;0g;awuG dk zsuqf ;D ypzf Ukd vtdk yaf eygw,/f tcwk avm owi;f pmawrG mS jrerf m FDA rmS rwS yf wHk irf xm;xm;whJ widk ;f &i;f aq;eUJ allopathic aq;awuG dk azmxf wk af Mujimay;aewmawG &ydS gw,/f 'vD akd q;0g;awuG dk ord ;f qn;f zsuqf ;D zvYkd n;f vykd gw,/f q&m0eaf wG prescription a&;wthJ cgrmS vel memrn?f vel m&UJ tou?f usm;r? vyd pf m? a&m*g wwd ud susudk a&;zUkd vydk gw,/f Ny;D rS Rx qNkdy;D ñeT ;f r,ahf q;tr,af w&G UJ generic name udk trwS pf Of wyNf y;D a&;ay;&ygw,/f generic rovd Ukd &&dS if trade name or brand name uadk &;yg/ Ny;D &if aq; tr,wf pcf pk tD wuG f dosage ? rvD *D &rbf ,af vmuuf dk wpaf eUb,Ef pS Bfurd af omu&f rv?J b,Ef pS f &uaf omu&f rvJ pojzihf wwd ud susa&;Ny;D vurf wS xf ;kd &ygw,/f vurf wS af tmurf mS rS q&m0ef emrnuf dk block letter eUJ xixf i&f mS ;&mS ; a&;ay;&ygw,/f q&m0erf wS yf wHk itf rwS f (qr) uydk g a&;&ygw,/f q&m0e&f UJ w,vf zD ek ;f eyH gwef UJ vyd pf m orYkd [wk f aq;ce;f &UJ vyd pf mudk azmjfy&ygw,/f prescription wpcf rk mS aq;tr,f 4 r,xf uf ryMkduygb;l / trsm;tm;jzihf 3r,0f e;f usiyf J &wdS wf ygw,/f vuaf &;vuof m;&iS ;f rS aq;a&mi;f vukd wf ohJ l aq;ay;vukd wf ohJ al wuG rrmS ;r,iG ;f &atmif vyk af qmiaf y;Eikd rf mS jzpyf gw,/f prescription a&;wm[mvn;f usi0hf wof ud m© rmS ta&;Bu;D wthJ yikd ;f u ygaeygw,f/ aq;½aHk q;ce;f awuG xwk af y;whJ rwS wf r;f awrG mS q&m0eñf eT Mfum;csuuf dk zwvf Ukd &atmif a&;&r,fhtjyif vlemem;vnfatmif &Sif;jyzdkUvdkygw,f/ aq;tmedoifawGudkvnf; &Sif;jy&yghr,f/ 'aD q;aomu&f if acgi;f r;l wwwf ,?f tyd cf sirf ,/f um;rarmi;f ygeUJ / tjriahf y:rwuyf geUJ / jrpuf r;f em;ukd roGm;ygeJU/ rD;zdkem;rSmraeygeJU pojzifh &Sif;jyay;zdkYvdkygw,f/ owday;&r,fhtcsufawGukd q&m0euf &iS ;f jyay;&ygrh ,/f 'vD &kd iS ;f jyEikd zf Ukd &m vel mwpaf ,muef UJ ppaf q;pr;f oywf thJ cgrmS ten;f q;Hk 15 red pcf eUf Munahf y;zUkd vydk gvrd rhf ,/f vel mtopwf paf ,muuf dk Munrhf ,qf &kd if 15 red puf ae red pf 30 txd tcsed vf tkd yyf gw,/f vel mta[mi;f q&kd iaf wmh 'aD vmurf Mumygb;l / uReaf wmuhf kd tajccHorm;usih0f wf 11

*sme,wf pcf uk ar;z;l ygw,/f &euf ek NfrKdUu jyiyf emrnBfu;D aq;½BHku;D wpcf rk mS tirf wef emrnBfu;D whJ tx;l uqk &m0eBfu;D wpaf ,mu[f m naezuf ESpfem&DtwGif;rSmyJ vlem 300ukd Munfh½Iay;aewmudk b,fvdk oabmxm;ygovwJ /hJ uReaf wmuf Munwhf ohJ tl ay:rmS rwl nf w,fvdkU/ aemufa&m*g tajctaeeJU vlemta[mif;awGudk Mun½hf &I whJ tay:rmS vn;f rwl nyf gw,vf Ukd / pO;f pm;Munhf aygh Asm/ red pf 120 rmS vl 300 Mun½hf wI ,qf akd wmh vl wpaf ,muuf dk red p0f uaf wmif tcsed af y;Eikd rf mS r[wk yf g b;l / t'hJ aD wmh jzpEf ikd rf jzpEf idk f ciAf sm;wUkd bmom pO;f pm;MunMfhuyg/ oUl [m eUJ ol MunEhf ikd wf ,qf &kd if o&Yl UJ twwyf nm tawUG tBuKHeUJ o&Yl UJ prG ;f tief UJ Mun½hf oI mG ;wthJ yikd ;f yJ jzpyf gvrd rhf ,/f ciAf sm;wtYkd aeeUJ tcsed af y;wm en;f w,xf i&f if omG ;rjyMueUJ ayg/h tcsed rf sm;rsm;ay;whJ q&m0eqf uD dk omG ;Mu ygvUkd / u,kd of cd siwf mawuG dk ar;jre;f Eikd af q;G aE;G Eidk rf ,hf q&m0eaf wqG rD mS jyovUkd &ygw,/f q&m0ewf paf ,muf emrnBfu;D NyqD &kd if vel mawuG vn;f t'hJ qD &m0eqf uD ydk J pNkyKH Ny;D vukd wf ;kd aeMuygw,/f u,kd hf a&m*geUJpy[f yof vm; rpO;f pm; awmbh J EvS ;Hk tx;l uk q&m0ef qrD mS vn;f Aukd ef mwmudk omG ;jy vkdufMuwmyJ/ vlemawGzuf uvn;f tx;l uvk Ukd emrnBfu;D wikd ;f oel UJ jyorjSzpaf wmrh mS yJ qwkd phJ wd af wG rar;G jrLMuygeUJ / a'gufwmjrifhOD;a&;xm;ovdk aq;uok a&;rmS vel mu,dk wf ikd f yg0iqf ;Hk jzwEf idk wf hJ tciG thf a&;awG &&adS pzUkd vel meUJ q&m0exf ad wUG csed f awmaf wmrf sm;rsm;ay;zUdk vtkd yyf gvrd rhf ,/f q&m0euf vel m&UJ a&m*gtaMumi;f udk &iS ;f jyay;zUkd vykd gw,/f cpJG wd uf ok rvI &kd if bmah Mumivhf &dk wmv/J vel mu rccJG si&f iaf wmirf S vel moabmayguf em;vnvf matmif tcsed ,f Nly;D &iS ;f jy&ygrh ,/f tcsed rf ay;Eikd wf thJ cgrsK;d rmS tcuk Reaf wmofh abmxm;udk ar;jref;vkdufovdkrsKd; jyóem&yfawG jzpfvm&ygawmhw,f/ 12 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

tx;l uak wmaf wmrf sm;rsm;[m owl Ukd qaD &muvf mwvhJ el mawuG dk u,dk ef UJ qikd of njfzpaf p rqikd f onfjzpfap vufcHxm;vkdufNyD; aoaocsmcsm rprf;oyfawmhbJ &SdorQ Battery of tests awGudk tuek vf yk cf svudk wf m vel mcrsm 7 oed ;f cJG 8 oed ;f avmuf uek of mG ;&ygw,/f CT Scan a&m? MRI a&m? tuek af vQmuvf yk cf ikd ;f awmwh mygy/J aemuqf ;Hk a&m*g&mS rawUG ayr,hf aq;tr,f 19rsK;d avmuf ay;vwT vf udk wf mrsK;d awG &adS eygw,/f 'gah Mumihf tx;l uak wuG 'gawvG yk &f r,qf wkd ikd ;f avQmuvf yk f raebJ ukd,fwwfEdkifwJhaiGeJUcsifhcsdefMunfhzdkUeJU? aiGaMu;rwwfEdkifcJh&if aps;EIef;oufomwJh rdom;pk q&m0eaf v;aweG UJ second opinion oabmrsK;d &i;f &i;f E;DS E;DS widk yf iMfunzhf Ukd vtdk yyf gw,/f touf 13 EpS tf &,G uf av;wpaf ,muf zsm;wmudk tx;l uqk &m0eBfu;D wpaf ,muqf rD mS 3 &uf uok aevukd wf ,/f wpaf eUudk o;Hk yvk i;f avmuf Drip cswd wf ,/f tzsm;uvn;f rus? Antibi- otics uvkd n;f pvHk iaf tmiaf y;xm;w,/f ao;G pp0f r;f ppf CT Scan, X-Ray, Ultrasound, MRI ½ukd wf m awtG jyif iuS zf sm;y;kd udk en;f rsK;d peHk UJ &mS w,?f rawUG b;l / aiG 7oed ;f caJG vmuuf ek Nfy;D av;&uaf jrmuaf eU rmS ? aq;awG 19rsK;d avmuaf omuaf e&whJ uav;u rc&H yEf ikd af wmvh Ukd aemuof rm;awmBfu;D wpOf ;D qD ukd ajymif;jyMuw,f/ uav;u AdkufemaevdkY Adkufukdprf;Munfhvkdufawmh tonf;a&mifaewmudk csucf si;f omG ;awUG awmwh mygy/J yxrq&m0eBfu;D u Aukd af y:vuwf iNfy;D rpr;f oyvf ukd bf uJ ;dk / 0r;f uudk f y;kd aMumihf ton;f a&miaf ewuhJ av;udk aomuaf q;EpS rf sK;d aomucf ikd ;f ½eHk UJ aemuxf yof ;Hk &utf wiG ;f rmS yJ tzsm;usomG ;Ny;D aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT jfzpof mG ;Muygw,/f tcak cwf tx;l uqk &m0eaf w[G m \"mwcf JG pr;f oywf mawuG dk tm;u;dk veG ;f Ny;D vel mudk aoaocsmcsm rpr;f oyMfuawmyh gb;l / EvS ;Hk cek wf muadk wmif auscultation vyk wf m tusrÐ cRwbf eJ UJ tay:uae em;axmiaf ew,qf ukd wn;f uukd [;kd wek ;f u physical signs awG oiMfum;ay;cwhJ hJ a'guwf mO;D a&ZT ?H ar*sma&ZT uH dk ocsKØi;f uE;Id Ny;D uReaf wmuf ajymjyvudk cf siyf gw,/f q&mBu;D oiof mG ;cwhJ whJ ynahf wuG oixf m;whJ twidk ;f rvyk bf J tay:,aH v;eUJ vkyfaeMuygw,fvdkU/ clinical method qkdwm[m wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh vkyfaqmifoGm;&wmrsKd;yg/ tx;l uqk Nkdy;D tx;l upk widk ef UJ vyk af eMuwmawG trsm;Bu;D yg/ tpmtrd vf r;f aMumi;f yg&*al wuG vn;f Aukd ef morl eS of rQukd ½;dk ½;kd aq;rsKNdy;D Barium Meal \"mwrf eS ½f udk wf mawG rvyk af wmbh eJ UJ tay:ua&m atmufuyg endoscopy awGMunfh? NyD;wmeJU tpmtdrft0u a&mifaew,f? ykd;aMumifhjzpf&wm? temjzpaf wmrh ,qf kd Ncrd ;f ajcmu?f H. pylori aq;awuG dk 3 vuae 5v avmutf xd wukd af wmwh mygy/J 2 oed ;f cJG 3 oed ;f cuJG ek of mG ;Ny;D aysmuvf m;qadk wmvh n;f raysmu/f owl Ukd u ton;f ukd rpr;f MunMhfu awmbh eJ UJ reS af jymi;f yMJunahf eMuawmwh mu;dk / aemuqf ;Hk rawmh 0r;f uudk af ysmuaf q;eUJ yJ aysmuuf i;f omG ;&wmrsK;d awG &vdS mygw,/f Armvrl sK;d aw[G m rqvmpm;? i½wk of ;D pm;? csi;f pm;? Muuof eG pf m; tajccHorm;usih0f wf 13

ywl thJ pm;tpmpm;wohJ al wrG Udk vUkd owl Ukd &UJ mucous membrane udk reS af jymi;f x;dk Munvhf udk &f if e&D aJ ermS ayg/h t'hJ gukd temjzpaf wmrh ,f a&miaf ew,f bmnmavQmuaf jymNy;D aq;awuG dk 4-5v aomucf ikd ;f vukd Mfuawmwh my/J a&m*geUJ aq;eUJ wjcm;pjDzpaf ewmayg/h ajymvwdk mu a0'emwpcf [k m wp&f uf EpS &f uf aq;uok Ny;D vUkd &&dS if jyevf npf pd p&f r,/f awmiBfu;D uvel m ausmi;f q&mrBu;D wpaf ,muf paraplegia eUJ &euf ek af &muvf mNy;D Neurophysician wpaf ,muef UJ jyow,/f Ny;D awmh Neurosur- geon ujdkyw,/f Myelogram vyk Mfunvhf udk af wmh cg;qpf L4 eUJ L5 Mum;rmS tBuwd &f vdS Ukd c&GJ r,f ajymw,/f c&JG iaf ysmurf mS vm;vUkd rccJG if uReaf wmufh dk vmwikd yf iwf ,/f uReaf wmuf cNJGy;D &i&f uyf ikd ;f twiG ;f vr;f jyeaf vQmuEf ikd rf mS ygvUkd &iS ;f jyvudk yf gw,/f 'geUJ cNJGy;D 6ywf avmuMfumwmawmif aq;½uHk rqi;f &ao;wmeUJ uReaf wmwfh pcf gvmajymw,/f Myeloma qwkd m zad ewthJ Buwd uf dk cpJG wd zf ,xf wk f vdkuf&if vrf;avQmufvdkU&r,fhOpöm/ 'geJUaemufxyf Neurosurgeon wpfa,mufeJU ajymif;NyD;jyo Munchf ikd ;f vudk af wmh yxrq&m0ecf pJG wd vf ukd wf mu atmuef m;en;f en;f a&muaf ewhJ tBuwd af vmuuf dk yJ cGJpdwfay;vdkufwmukd;/ tay:rSmu tBudwftBuD;BuD;u usefaeao;w,f/ 'geJUaemufwpfcg jyecf xJG wk ,f vl udk rf S vel mu yuwad umi;f omG ;w,/f vr;f jyeaf vQmuEf ikd wf ,/f t'hJ gaw[G m q&m0ef awGbufu Malpractice vkdUac:w,f/ rjyKoifhrjyKxdkufwJh t&mawGygyJ/ taemuEf ikd if rH mS q&kd if avsmaf Mu;ay;&vUkd udk avmurf mS r[wk yf gb;l / 'uD pd rö mS q&m0eaf w&G UJ uRr;f usirf I prG ;f tiaf wG usqi;f aeNy;D usi0hf wof ud m© ysupf ;D aewmudk jyoaeygw,/f tx;l uak wtG aeeUJ aoaocsmcsmrpr;f wmaw?G jyevf nof ;Hk oywf mawG avsmeh n;f veG ;f aeygw,/f uReaf wmthf aeeUJ orl sm;e,yf ,uf kd 0iaf jym&wm[m usifh0wfeJUywfoufaevdkUyJ jzpfygw,f/ [wkd ek ;f u uvk m;q&m0eaf w[G m aq;ce;f rmS 'veaf wxG m;Muw,/f vel mypJG m;awxG m;w,/f Taut vYdk ac:wmaygah v/ tcak cwrf mS vn;f 'grsK;d awG en;f en;f yg;yg; jyeaf y:vmaewmawG awUG & w,f/ jyifytxl;ukaq;½kHBuD;wpf½kHrSm jzpfysufcJhwJh uRefawmhrdwfaqGwpfa,mufqdk&if aq;½kHrSm tcsed yf ikd ;f xidk wf hJ ojlyaeus cpJG wd qf &m0eBfu;D eUJ jyozUkd tvmrmS q&m0eBfu;D rvma&muEf ikd wf mukd vn;f oad &m aq;½Hk reception rmS &wdS hJ vel mypJG m; tautawuG ? aq;½rHk mS vu&f &dS adS ewhJ cpJG wd qf &m0ef aemuwf pOf ;D eUJ jyojzpaf tmif vel mpwd rf ygbJ ZwG tf wi;f zewf ;D vukd Mfuygawmwh ,/f 'g[m vel mudk v,k l vudk wf myJ jzpyf gw,/f aq;½eHk mrnyf suaf pwhJ 'vD kd reception 'veaf wuG dk azsmuzf suyf pMfuzUkd vtkd yf ygw,/f u,dk ahf q;½rHk mS xidk wf qhJ &m0eaf wuG vkd n;f em;vnof abmayguaf tmif &iS ;f jyxm;zUkd vykd gw,/f tyk cf sKyaf &;yikd ;f eUJ ywof uwf uhJ si0hf wtf csKUd uvdk n;f ajymjyvudk yf gO;D r,/f touf 55 EpS f &wdS hJ vel mwpaf ,muf rsuvf ;Hk wpzf uyf wd Nf y;D Ptosis jzpaf ew,/f q&m0euf 3rd Nerve palsy rsm; jzpfavrvm;/ Pituitary tumor rsm;jzpfrvm; pOf;pm;&wmaygh/ vlemukd history ,lNyD; \"mwfrSef 14 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

½udk &f r,hf taMumi;f ajymvudk af wmh vel m&UJ or;D u tm;v;Hk vyk Nfy;D NywD ?hJ q&mBu;D ajymwthJ wikd ;f brain tumor ygywJ /hJ cpJG wd zf Ukd airG wwEf idk vf Udk q&mBu;D eUJ vmuwk mygvUkd ajymygw,/f aiuG b,af vmuf uek rf mS vn;f ar;Munvhf udk af wmh 38 oed ;f uek rf ,wf /hJ vel mu purf vI ,,f mrmS tractor armi;f whJ tvkyfvkyfawmh aiGaMu;rwwfEdkif&Smbl;/ cGJrSaysmufrSmjzpfNyD; aiGaMu;rwwfEdkifwJhtwGuf &efukef aq;½BHku;D udk vaJT y;vudk yf gw,/f OPD u p&wd rf Qay; pep&f adS ewmaMumihf airG oiG ;f Eidk &f if bmrS rwwEf ikd bf ;l qNkdy;D jyeaf &muvf mw,/f purf vI ,,f mrmS EpS af ygi;f 25 EpS af usmf tvyk vf yk af eol jzpaf wmh Xmeqidk &f mñeT cf sKyuf aewpqf ihf tutl naD wmi;f zUkd tMuaH y;vukd rf wd m ay:rvmawmh ygb;l / wikd ;f jyntf usK;d udk awmuaf vQmupf rG ;f prG ;f wrH xr;f aqmivf mcwhJ hJ tractor armi;f orm;Bu;D udk qkv'fwpfcktaeeJU tcrJh rukoay;EdkifMuawmhbl;vm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;awGu ynm&yfqdkif&m usifh0wftaeeJU jyefvnfokH;oyftajz&SmzdkU vkdvmygvdrfhr,f/ jyiyf aq;½BHku;D awrG mS vel mtce;f ctjyif tx;l uqk &m0eBfu;D &UJ tc? aq;½Hk Ward MO tc? oel mjyKq&mrtc pojzihf vel mukd vmMunwhf idk ;f Munwhf ikd ;f vel mawuG ay;aeMu&w,/f t*vF eEf idk if H ve'f eNfrKdUu London Clinic &UJ erel mudk ajymjyygrh ,/f t'hJ rD mS aq;½wHk u&f if wpaf eUukd 10 aygif ay;&w,/f 10 aygixf rJ mS tx;l uvk mMunchf ? Ward MO tc? oel mjyKq&mraw&G UJ tceUJ tpm;t aomuaf wtG wuG yf g tuek yf gw,/f aq;z;kd eUJ \"mwcf pJG r;f oycf awuG awmh oyof yaf y;&w,/f 'rD mS u awmh tx;l uwk paf ,muuf wpaf eU 6 cgvmMun&hf if oUl twuG f 6 Burd pf may;ae&w,/f ward MO u em;Muyef UJ axmupf r;f wikd ;f ? vel muvtkd yvf Udk ac:vudk wf thJ cgwikd ;f tcaMu;aiaG y;ae&w,/f oel mjyKaw&G UJ tzsm;wikd ;f wm a&ywwf ukd af y;wmawuG tp tcaMu;aiaG y;ae&w,/f aq;uok ay; wmudk uek yf pnö ;f a&mi;f ovvkd yk vf mw,/f 'gaw[G m rvyk of iwhf mawyG g/ tce;f cxrJ mS 0eaf qmirf I awtG uek yf gae&r,thf &mawyG J jzpyf gw,/f wpcf g vuzf u&f nqf idk af wrG mS vkd x;l wUkd &,S wf Ukd ygvmae jyefw,f/ prf;oyfc ESpfqay;Edkif&if wef;pDapmifhp&mvdkbl;/ &S,fqdk&if vlema&mufa&mufcsif; q&m0efukd,fwdkif oGm;ac:NyD; Munfhay;&wmrsKd;awG&Sdvmw,f/ xl;&S,fqdk&ifawmh aq;cef;xJrSm xikd cf tHk aumi;f pm;eUJ xikd cf ikd ;f Ny;D csucf si;f Mun½hf aI y;&w,/f airG suEf mS uykd MJunvhf mMuw,/f rx;l Eikd f r&,S Ef ikd wf vhJ el mawtG zUkd rsuEf mS i,vf m&awmwh mayg/h usi0hf wof ud m© tysuqf ;Hk uawmh u,dk wf m0ef ,l uok ay;aewvhJ el mawuG dk nzurf mS ta&;ay:jyóemwuvf m&if omG ;rMunafh y;csiMfuawmbh ;l / ta&;ay: wpcf gvmMun&hf if tx;l uqk &m0eBfu;D wpaf ,muuf dk wpaf omi;f ? wpaf omi;f c?JG EpS af omi;f ? o;Hk aomi;f txad y;xm;wmuadk wmif u,dk vfh el mawuG dk ypyf ,xf m;csiMfuw,/f aq;½wHk iwf ek ;f u owl yYkd J wifcdkif;vdkufMuNyD; wu,fwrf;ta&;BuD;vmwJhtcgusawmh vmrMunfhcsifMu? aemufqkH; vlemeJU tajccHorm;usih0f wf 15

uawmufuq jzpfvmwhJtcgrSm aemufq&m0efeJUajymif;jyawmhqkdNyD; vlemukdvG,fvG,fululyJ abandon ypyf ,xf m;ovdk vyk yf pvf udk Mfuw,/f a'guwf mjriOhf ;D (*syD )D [m taxaG xaG &m*guk q&m0ewf pOf ;D jzpaf ewmaMumihf oUl pmtyk uf dk taxaG xaG &m*guqk &m0evf upf vJG Ukd trnwf yaf y;xm;wmyg/ wu,af wmh aq;ynmusi0hf wqf wkd m [m vel mapmiahf &mS urf eI UJ yg0iyf wof uaf ewhJ tx;l uqk &m0eaf w?G oel mjyKaw?G \"mwcf cJG e;f 0exf r;f aw?G vel m&UJ rod m;p0k iaf w?G Xmeqidk &f mtzUJG tpn;f aw?G vrl aI &;toi;f tzUJG aw?G widk ;f &i;f aq;q&maw?G aq;ynmay;aqmif;yg;a&;aewJholawGeJU? vlemawGudk,fwkdifyg vufpGJvufukdifjyK zwf½IMunfhzdkU vdktyfwJhpmtkyfwpftkyfvdkU uRefawmfajymvkdufcsifygw,f/ q&m0eaf wG oud m© w;kd wuvf m&atmif jrerf mEidk if aH q;aumipf eD UJ aq;ausmi;f awuG csn;f xed ;f ord ;f vyk af qmiaf evUkd r&Eikd yf gb;l / yw0f e;f usitf ajctaejzpwf hJ pm;0waf ea&; rvaHk vmu&f whJ taMumi;f aw?G uek af ps;EeI ;f Bu;D jrivhf m&wthJ aMumi;f aw?G 0iaf ieG UJ o;Hk aiG rnrD QwthJ yikd ;f awaG Mumihf val wtG usiphf m&wd aÅ wG ysupf ;D vm&ov?kd q&m0eaf wvG n;f usi0hf waf waG vsm&h vJ m&wmjzpyf gw,/f 'gawuG dk xed ;f ord ;f &atmif aq;aumipf wD pcf wk n;f udk tm;u;dk aevUkd r&ygb;l / jrerf mEikd if aH q;aumipf D taeeUJ 2000 cEk pS uf pNy;D tcsuf 31 csuyf g0iwf hJ taxaG xaG q;uok rqI ikd &f m ñeT Mfum;csurf sm; qdkwmukd q&m0efbGJU&NyD; vma&mufrSwfykHwifwJh q&m0efwdkif;udk a0iSxm;NyD;jzpfygw,f/ tck a'guwf mjriOhf ;D (*syD )D &UJ tajccoH rm;usi0hf wvf upf pJG mtyk f aemuqf uwf (JG c)rmS vn;f xnohf iG ;f azmjfy xm;wmudk awUG &ygw,/f bUJG EiS ;f obif t\"|d meof pmö u;kd csuuf vdk n;f xnahf y;xm;ygw,/f q&m0ef wikd ;f [m 'ñD eT Mfum;csuaf wuG kd zw½f NIy;D jzpaf eMuygNy/D em;vnof abmayguxf m;Ny;D vn;f jzpMfuyg w,/f 'gayr,hf bmah Mumihf 'vD dk usi0hf wtf itf m;awG avsmeh n;f ae&ovqJ wkd muawmh cek ajymcwhJ hJ yw0f e;f usitf oikd ;f t0e;f &UJ zsuqf ;D rtI yikd ;f awG &adS evUkd vn;f jzpyf gw,/f a'guwf mjriOhf ;D azmjfyvukd f whJ World Medical Association &UJ usi0hf wof ud m© vr;f ñeT cf suaf wuG dk zw½f NI y;D &if yrdk okd abmayguf vmygvdrfhr,f/ q&m0efawGtusifhodu©m jrifhwufvm&atmif a'gufwmjrifhOD;u enf;enf;yg;yg; ovl uvf rS ;f r&DS m usi0hf wof ud m© avsm&h rJ aI wuG dk q&m0erf sm;? vel mrsm;eUJ jynof vl xl k oabmayguf v,G af tmif en;f en;f avmuyf J azmjfyay;vudk wf myg/ 'xD urf u tusiyhf suaf ewmawG trsm;Bu;D &adS eygw,/f *sme,af wG r*Z¾ i;f awuG dk jyezf wMfunvhf udk yf g/ trsK;d prHk auseycf suaf wuG dk &izf iG ahf e wmaw?G q&m0eaf wuG dk w&m;pzJG Ukd jyiqf iaf ewmaw?G taemuEf ikd if aH wrG mS vkd Law suit aweG UJ avsmaf Mu; awmi;f csiaf ewhJ tyikd ;f awuG kd awUG jri&f ygvrd rhf ,/f q&m0eaf wuG si0hf wof ud m© jriwhf uvf m&atmif aq;aumipf &D UJ vyk ef n;f Oya' xuG &f rdS vmao;wmaMumihf aocsma&&mwvhJ yk af qmicf suaf wG vyk f 16 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

ray;Eikd af o;ygb;l / vu&f tdS aetxm;rmS aq;aumipf uD wpyf ikd ;f ? use;f rma&;0eBfu;D Xmeuwpyf ikd ;f ? oiMfum;a&;aq;½uHk q&m0eBfu;D aw&G UJ Role Model eUJ raysmuyf suaf tmif peH rel mjy oiMfum;ay;zUdk uwpyf ikd ;f vtdk yaf eygvrd Ohf ;D r,/f aq;oyd aHÜ usmi;f taeeUJ tvsiwf ek ;f u aq;ynm curriculum ig;EpS f twiG ;f rmS usi0hf wef UJ ywof uNfy;D o;Hk em&yD oJ iMfum;ay;c&hJ wmudk tcak emuyf ikd ;f rmS PSM Depart- ment eUJ Medico-legal Department wUdk y;l aygi;f Ny;D oiwf e;f awG seminar awG w;dk csUJ vyk af qmivf mae ygNy/D 2003 cEk pS uf vyk cf whJ hJ Sixth Medical Education Seminar rmS q&m0eaf w&G UJ usi0hf wof ud m© awG avsm&h vJ m&wthJ wuG f aq;ynmoiMfum;whJ EpS uf mv twe;f wikd ;f rmS yxrEpS of i½f ;dk upNy;D ? aemuf qkH;ESpftxd q&m0efusifh0wfudk oifMum;ay;zdkU? tvkyfoifq&m0eftydkif;? bGJUvGefoifwef;tydkif; awrG mS vn;f Medical Ethics udk oiMfum;ay;omG ;zUkd tqjkdyKwiof iG ;f xm;cNhJy;D jzpyf gw,/f ]]orm; usifh0wfqdkwm[m b,folrjyKrdrdr}I } qdkovdkygyJ q&m0efawGukd,fwdkifuyJ xdef;odrf; apmifh a&Smuof Gm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ pm;0waf ea&; rvaHk vmuwf mxu?f yw0f e;f usiuf vUHI aqmaf ewmxu?f rrd ud ,dk wf ikd tf ay:rmS om rwl nyf gw,/f u,dk af umi;f &if acgi;f b,uf rdk S ra&UG ygb;l / u,dk [hf meUJ u,dk of m xed ;f Muyg/ u,kd phf wd uf udk ,kd of m xed ;f ord ;f Muyg/ orl sm;trmS ;vyk wf mudk u,dk uf vudk rf vyk rf yd g apeUJ / orl sm;rmS ;aewmawUG &ivf n;f u,dk uf jyKjyivf wkd phJ wd ef UJ unl aD qmi&f uG af y;zUkd vtdk yyf gw,/f q&m0eaf wG usi0hf wof ud m© jrirhf m;vmapzUkd aq;aumipf ?D aq;ausmi;f aw?G q&mawtG jyif jynof l vxl &k UJ tce;f u@uvn;f ta&;Bu;D ygw,/f jynof vl xl uk 0ikd ;f 0e;f xed ;f ausmi;f omG ;zUdk vydk gw,/f usifh0wfeJUravsmfnDwJh ukd,fvdkcsifwmukd,fvkyfapcsifwmawGukd vkyfaqmifapzdkU q&m0efawGukd aiaG Mu;tajrmutf jrm;ay;Ny;D rcikd ;f MuzvYkd n;f vtdk yyf gw,/f vql wdk m airG uaf rmwwMfuw,f qakd v widk ;f ? u,dk uf ,dk wf ikd uf q&m0ejfzpaf ewmrUkd avmb rzurf MduzUkd vtdk yyf gw,/f usi0hf wof ud m© avsm&h wJ maw[G m NrKdUBu;D awrG mS tjzprf sm;Muygw,/f jyiyf aq;uck e;f awG aq;½aHk wuG dk aq;aumipf eD UJ use;f rma&;0eBfu;D Xmeu xed ;f ord ;f zYkd vtdk yaf eygw,/f tx;l ojzihf taxaG xaG &m*guqk &m0erf sm; tzGJU (General Practitioners’ Society) taeeJUvnf; *sDyDq&m0eftcsif;csif; xdef;ausmif;oGm;zdkU vydk gw,/f tx;l uqk &m0etf zUJG awuG vn;f tx;l uak wtG csi;f csi;f xed ;f ausmi;f MuzUkd wm0e&f ydS gw,/f orm;usi0hf wqf wkd mudk rajymcif q&m0eaf wG tuek vf ;Hk vlUusifh0wfukd tvsifxdef;Muyg/ vvl cl si;f b,fvdkapmifha&Smuf&rvJ/ b,fvdkulnD&rvJ/ b,fvdkMuifemw&m;awG xm;&rvJ/ aq;ukorI tyikd ;f usrS rrd ud Rr;f usiwf waf jrmuxf m;whJ aq;ynmeUJ vel mawuG dk b,vf ckd pH m;roI uof matmif vyk af y;Murv/J aemuqf ;kH taeeUJ q&m0etf aygi;f udk uReaf wmyf eMfum;csiwf muawmh u,dk ohf ud m© udk ukd,fwdkifxdef;odrf;Muyg/ vlYusifh0wfawGukd xdef;odrf;MuNyD; q&m0efY usifh0wfodu©meJUaygif;pyf tajccHorm;usih0f wf 17

aq;uok omG ;Mur,qf &kd if ukodkvfvnf;& 0rf;vnf;0wJh rGefjrwfwJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;wpfck tjzpf ay:xGef;vmygvdrfhr,fvdkU ,kHMunfrdygw,f/ q&m0efawG? aq;avmuom;awG tukefvkH; vel mudk ynmay;a[majymraI wG jyKvyk af y;Muyg/ aq;uok ae&i;f vel mem;vnaf tmif &iS ;f vi;f ajymqrkd aI wG vyk af y;Muyg/ u,kd uf ,kd wf ikd f avmbrzubf J vel mtwuG f tcsed af y;Eikd wf hJ q&m0erf sm; tjzpf jyKral exidk Mfuyg/ compassion jyn0hf whJ u,wf i&f iS qf &m0erf sm;tjzpf jriaf wUG vykd gw,/f vlemrsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;tm;vkH; ukd,fpdwfESpfjzmusef;rm csrf;omMuygap/ tb a'gufwmvSjrifh MBBS, DTM&H, FRCP ,cif aq;ynmygarmu©ESifhorm;awmfBuD;/ tNidrf;pm;ygarmu©csKyf/ aq;wuúodkvf (1)? &efukefNrdKU/ rSwfcsu/f (tbonf 1928 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif; om,m0wDc½kdif? okH;q,fNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif 10 wef;atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif &efukefaq;aumvdyfrS MBBS bGJU &&SdcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif Civil Assistant Surgeon tjzpf &efukefaq;½kHBuD; tcef;trSwf 15-16 wGif ygarmu© umvfe,frif;pdef\\ vufatmufü pwiftrIxrf;cJhonf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme a&SUwef; ppfajrjyifaq;wyfrSL; (Team Leader)tjzpf vm;½Id;ajcvsifwyf&if; trSwf(6) odkU volunteer avQmuxf m;Ny;D 0EiS uhf ;dk ueeYf ,af jrrsm;oUkd vnS vhf naf q;uok cohJ n/f 1955 rS 1958 cEk pS tf wiG ;f UK Eikd if wH iG f DTM&H ESifh MRCP oifwef;wufa&mufatmifjrifcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf &efukefaq;½kHBuD;tcef; trSwf 1- 2 wGif ar*sma&TZH vufaxmuftjzpf trIxrf;cJh&jyefonf/ oifMum;a&;wm0ef wGJzufvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ 1961 rS 1963 txd awmifBuD;pyfpHxGef;aq;½kHodkU ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;onf/ 1963 wGif &efukefaq;½kHBuD;odkU jyefa&TUcJNyD; 1967 ckESpfwGif aq;ynmygarmu©jzpfvmonf/ 1971 ckESpfwGif FRCP todtrSwfjyKcH&NyD;? &euf ek af q;wuoú vkd (f 1) \\ aq;ynmXmerLS ; jzpvf mon/f 1984 crk S 1988 cEk pS tf xd ygarmuc© sKyjfzpcf ohJ n/f jrefrmEdkifiHaq;aumifpDtzGJU0iftjzpf 1964 ckESpfrS 2008 ckESpftxd wm0ef,lcJh&mwGif 2000 ckESpfrS 2008 ckESpftxd aq;aumifpDOuú|tjzpf xrf;&GufcJhonf/) 18 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

ed'gef; vlUavmuBuD;yGm;wkd;wufapa&;twGuf vltrsm;vdkufemMu&ef vrf;jya&SUaqmifaom usrf;wpfapmifudk avmuewD d [kac:qkdygonf/ eDwd[lonf vkdufem&rnfhpnf;urf;[k t\"dyÜm,f&yg on/f avmutwuG f avmuewD ud sr;f Bu;D &odS vkd A'k b¨ momw&m;awmwf iG vf n;f vol m;wYdk wm0e,f l vdkufemusifhoHk;&rnfh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; &SdESifhaeNyD;jzpfygonf/ rdb0wf? om;orD;0wf? rdwfaqG0wf? q&mh0wf? wynfh0wf? tBuD;tuJ0wfponfwdkYrSm vlvlcsif;qufqHrIukd tajccHaom usifh0wfrsm;[k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;vdkufem&rnfh 0denf;odu©mrsm;vnf;&Sdaeonf/ xkdenf;wlpGm vlemrsm;ukd aysmufuif;csrf;omatmif aq;ukoay;aeMu&aomq&m0ef (orm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;) twGuf vn;f orm;usifh0wf [íl owrf wS xf m;&NdSy;D jzpyf gon/f aq;uok rrI sm; w;kd wuaf umi;f reG f jzpxf eG ;f vmap&ef pHerlemxm;usifhBuHMu&rnfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;yg&Sdaeojzifh orm;eDwd [k ac:qdkvdkU&Edkif ygon/f taemuwf idk ;f aq;ynm\\ zciBfu;D [pyf udk a&;w;D p(f bpD -D 430-370) \\ uwod pmö widk wf nf csuf (Hippocratic Oath) onf vnf;aumif;? jrefrmhaq;avmuwGif q&mwpfqljzpfcJhaom orm;awmfZD0u(bDpD-564-483)\\orm;ukxkH;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? xdkrSwpfqifh 20&mpkwGif quvf uaf y:xuG vf maom urmÇ qh &m0etf oi;f Bu;D (World MedicalAssociation) \\ *seD AD maMujim pmwr;f (Declaration of Geneva) onvf n;f aumi;f aq;urk jIzihf touaf r;G 0r;f ausmi;f jyKaeMuuek f aom q&m0erf sm;? orm;awmrf sm;twuG f peH rel mxm;vudk ef moiohf nhf orm;usi0hf wrf sm;yijfzpaf wmoh n/f jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1953ckESpf rwdkif acwfumvwpfavsmufvkH; t&nftcsif; rjynfh0ol aq;q&mrsm; EiS hf t&ntf csi;f jynrhf oD ql &m0erf sm; a&m>yr;f Ny;D aq;uok ciG &hf &adS ecMhJuon/f jrerf mEikd if H aq;uok a&;qikd &f mtuOf ya' (Burma Medical Act) udk jy|me;f vudk af omtcgwiG f jrerf mEidk if aH q;aumipf D (Burma Medical Council) [ak y:ayguvf mNy;D q&m0erf sm;uodk m aq;uok ciG rhf wS yf wHk if (Medical Register) xkwfay;vsuf aq;ynmtqifhtwef;ukd xdef;uGyfjcif;ESifh orm;*kPft*FgESifh ravsmfnD aom rtyrf &musirhf pd mä rsm;udk ta&;,jlci;f rsm;udk t\"ud xm; vyk af qmiaf y;Eikd cf yhJ gon/f xUkd aMumihf vlxkrSav;pm;MunfndKaom t&nftcsif;&Sd odu©mjynfh0onfhq&m0efrsm;tjzpf &yfwnfvmcJhMuyg onf/ aemufwGifaq;aumifpDOya'yg tcsuftvufrsm;rSm ajymif;vJvmaomacwfESifh tHr0ifjzpf vm&NyD; zGJUpnf;vdkufonfhaq;aumifpDrSmvnf; ESpfumvtawmfMumatmif wdrfjrKyfoGm;cJh&ygonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif usef;rma&;XmerS q&m0efrSwfykHwifa&;bkwftzGJU (qrbkwf) ukd jyefvnfzGJUpnf;ay; NyD; aq;aumifpD\\ vkyfief;wm0eftcsKdUukd jyefvnf vkyfaqmifvmEdkifcJhygonf/ 2000 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDrS Oya'trSwf 1^ tajccHorm;usih0f wf 19

2000 jrefrmEdkifiHaq;aumifpD Oya'ukd jy|mef;ay;vdkufNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHaq;aumifpDukd jyefvnf zGJUpnf;vsuf . . . (u) t&nftaoG;rDí xda&mufaom usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI vkyfief;rsm;ukd trsm;jynfolwdkU cHpm;cGifh &&Sdap&ef? (c) q&m0efrsm;\\ usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIt&nftaoG;? tqifhtwe;f udk xed ;f ord ;f jri§ whf i&f e?f (*) aq;ynmukdacwfESifhtnD tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;pGm avhvmoifMum;Edkifap&ef? (C) aq;ynmwdk;wufrIukd q&m0efrsm; pOfqufrjywf avhvmqnf;yl;Edkifap&ef? (i) q&m0efrsm;\\ *kPfodu©mxdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifEdkif&ef? (p) q&m0e\\f usi0hf wof ud m© rsm;EiS thf nD vudk ef mapmixhf ed ;f a&;twuG f BuD;MuyfuGyfuJEdkif&ef[lí &nf&G,fcsufBuD; 6&yfjzifh vkyfaqmifvsuf &Sdaeygonf/ 2003 jynEhf pS f jrefrmEdkifiHaq;aumifpD\\ aq;bufqkdif&m orm;usifh0wfvrf;nTefcsuf rsm;onf jrerf mq&m0erf sm;twuG f orm;usi0hf w(f Medical Ethics)rsm;yijfzpyf gon/f jynof vl xl \\k usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIwGif a&SUwef;wkdufppfrSL;rsm;toGif wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif&GufaeMuaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm; (acwftac:- *sDyD q&m0efrsm;)twGuf aq;uko&if;vdktyfovdk &nñf eT ;f to;Hk jyKEikd of nhf Eidk if wH umtqirhf D usi0hf wvf upf pJG mtyk wf ptf yk f vtdk yaf eygon/f txuf wiG af zmjfycahJ om orm;usi0hf wqf idk &f m vr;f ñeT cf sutf o;D o;D udk aygi;f pn;f u;kd um;í urÇmhq&m0ef toif;BuD;\\ usifh0wfvufpGJpmtkyfukd ausm½kd;jyKxm;aom tajccHorm;usifh0wfvufpGJ pmapmif wpfckukd a&;om;xkwfa0vkduf&ygonf/ *sDyDq&m0efrsm;omru txl;uk q&m0efrsm;? wkdif;&if;aq; q&mrsm;? vlemrsm; aeUpOfBuKHawGYae&aom aq;ukorIjzpfpOfrsm;rS usifh0wfqkdif&mjyóemrsm;ukd ulnDajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/ orm;awmfBuD;q&mZD0u (bDpD/ 564-483) 20 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

*&dbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom [pfykdua&;wD;pf opömjyKvTmrl&if; Hippocratic Oath—Classical Version I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else. I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art. tajccHorm;usih0f wf 21

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot. Translation from the Greek by Ludwig Edelstein. From The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation, and Interpretation, by Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1943. [pyf udk a&;w;D p\\f t\"|d mejfyKvmT (rl&if;*&dbmomrS vk'f0pftuf',fpwdef;\\ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkcsufukd jrefrmvkd qDavsmfatmif jyefqdkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/) aq;0dZÆmtausmftarmf q&mocifrsm;jzpfMuukefaom orm;&Sif tydkvdktm;vnf;aumif;? awmifa0S;ukdif tufpfuvD;pfyD;,yfpf ewfrif;? a&m*0dZÆm-[dkuf*sD;a,hewfrif;? tqdyfNyD;0dZÆm-yifae; a&;S ewrf i;f wEYdk iS whf uG 0Zd mÆ aZm*f s?D [;l &m;ociof rm;&iS tf aygi;f wUkd tm; ouaf oxm;vsuf þuwd opmö wikd wf ncf suuf dk u,kd pf rG ;f ÓPpf rG ;f &odS a&UG vukd ef musiMhfuH tm;xwk yf grn[f k tuREyfk uf ,dk wf idk f opömjyK usdefwG,ftyfyg\\/ tuREfkyftm; aq;ynmoifMum;ay;vdkufMuukefaom q&mocifrsm;tm; rdbESifhwpf*dkPf; wnf;xm;vsuf rdom;pkozG,f axmufyHhqnf;uyfrIjyKygtHh/ q&mocifwkdY\\om;orD;rsm;ukdvnf; rdrd\\nD&if; tpfukdarmifESrrsm;ozG,f rSwf,lí? xdkolwkdYrS aq;ynm qnf;yl;vkdonf &SdcJhygaomf rdrdrS tcaMu;aiGr,lbJ aq;ynmjyefvnfydkUcs oifMum;ay;tyfygrnf/ aq;ynmoifMum;vkdol reS of rQuvkd nf; orm;jrwwf kUd \\ usihf0wfEiS hfavsmfnpD mG rdrwd wfajrmufxm;NyD;aom aq;ynmrsm;udk qufvufjzefYjzL;ay;qyfygrnf/ 22 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

*vD mey*k K¾dvrf sm;tm; tusK;d jzpxf eG ;f apaom tm[m&\"mwpf mrsm;uodk m ay;ur;f vr;f ñeT f vsuf ab;Oyg'frjzpfap&efESifh w&m;rQwjcif;jzpfap&ef ukd,fpGrf;&Sdoa&GU ulnDapmifha&Smufygrnf/ ab;Oyg'fjzpfapaomaq;ESifh aoapwwfaomaq;rsm;ukd vlemrS awmif;qkdvmonfhwkdif atmif u,dk wf ikd af y;jci;f ? wpyf g;otl m;ay;apjci;f EiS hf tBujHyKjci;f rsm;udk tcgcyof rd ;f a&mS iMfuOyf grh n/f rdrd\\odu©mESifh wwfuRrf;onfhynmukd wefzdk;xm;umuG,faomtm;jzifh udk,f0efaqmif rdciftm; uav;ysufusap&ef b,faomtcgrQ jyKvkyfrnfr[kwfyg/ cGJpdwf&efrvkdtyfaom a0'emonfrsm;tm; \"m;wifcGJpdwfjcif;rsm;rS a&SmifMuOfygrnf/ vlemyifhzdwfojzifh aq;uko&eftvdkUiSm rnfonfhtdrfokdU 0ifa&mufonfjzpfap vlem\\ use;f rma&;tusK;d uodk m aqmi&f uG yf grn/f vel mtm; xcd udk ef pef maprrI sm;EiS hf rz,G rf &mjzpaf prrI sm; ray:ayguaf p&ef xed ;f ord ;f umu,G yf grn/f tx;l ojzihf trd &f dS a,musmf ;^red ;f r powl Ukd EiS hf vid rf uI pd ö azmufjym;arSmufrSm;rIrsm; r&Sd&avatmif tcgcyfodrf;xdef;odrf;a&SmifMuOfygrnf/ aq;uok rjIzppf Oüf aomvf n;f aumi;f vel m\\b0jzppf Of wpaf vQmuvf ;Hk üaomvf n;f aumi;f rrd ud ,kd wf idk Mfum;o&d orQ jriof &d orQtv;Hk puHk dk jyiyf urmÇ oYkd rayguMfum;&atmif xed ;f ord ;f apmihf a&Smufygrnf/ aygufMum;ajymqkdjcif;ukd &S,fzG,fvdvdjzpf&yftjzpf cH,lygrnf/ þodkYt\"d|mefjyKonfhtwdkif; rusKd;rayguf xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkifonf jzpfygaomf aumi;f usK;d r*vF mtjzmjzmEiS hf jynphf &Hk ygapom;/ tu,wf EKÅ rxed ;f Eikd ?f rord ;f Eikd ?f t\"|d mef usK;d ayguf rapmiahf &mS uEf ikd of nf jzpaf omjfim;t?hH raumi;f aomab;? raumi;f aomtE&Å m,?f &epf ,G f toG,foG,fESifh &ifqdkifawGUBuHK&vsuf ewfrdpämwdkU\\ usdefpmtoifhcH&ygapom;/ [pfykdua&;wD;pf(bDpD/ 430-370) aq;awmifa0S;ukdif Asclepius ewfrif; 23 tajccHorm;usih0f wf

jrerf mEidk if qH &m0erf sm; aq;wuoú vkd bf UJG EiS ;f obiüf &wG qf Mkdu&onhf t\"|d mejfyKuwod pmö urmÇ wpvf mT ; ausmMfum;xi&f mS ;cahJ om orm;[;l &m;Bu;D rsm;tm; ouaf oxm;í uREyfk of nf þt\"|d mejfyK uwod pmö udk &wG qf kd opmö jyKygt/hH 1/ uREyfk of nf vol m;tm;v;Hk wUkd \\ u,dk \\f use;f rma&;? pwd \\f csr;f oma&;udk tuREyfk \\f ta&;uohJ Ukd ,lqygtHh/ 2/ uREkfyftm;aq;ynmoifMum;ay;cJhaom q&morm;rsm;tm; rdbozG,f ½kdaoav;pm;ygtHh/ 3/ uREkfyfonf vkyfazmfukdifzuf aq;ynm&Sifrsm;ukd nD&if;tpfudkarmif&if;ESruJhodkUav;pm;pGm quqf yH gt/Hh 4/ uREyfk of nf orm;aumi;f wpOf ;D \\ u,dk uf siwhf &m;EiS hf reG jfrwof n*hf Pk of ud m© tpOtf vmudk xdef;odrf;ygtHh/ 5/ uREykf of nf qn;f y;l wwaf jrmuxf m;aom aq;ynmjzihf *vD mey*k K¾dvrf sm;\\use;f rma&;udk apwem arwåma&SUxm;í vlrsKd;bmom qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; pGrf;pGrf;wrH apmifha&SmufukoygtHh/ 6/ uREyfk of nf *vD mey*k K¾dvrf sm;tm; uok aepOf awUG jriMfum;o&d onhf vQKUd 0uS tf yaf om twiG ;f a&; upd rö sm;udk ziG qhf tdk yof nwf Ukd rvS íJG rnof nthf cgwiG rf qkd ziG [hf jci;f rS a&mS iMfuOyf gt/hH 7/ uREyfk of nf vol m;wUdk tm; ab;Oyg'jfzpaf pwwaf omaq;? aoapwwof nhf aq;rsm;udk u,dk wf ikd f ay;jci;f raS omvf n;f aumi;f ? owl pyf g;tm; ay;apjci;f raS omvf n;f aumi;f tcgcyof rd ;f a&mS iMfuOf ygtHh/ 8/ uREyfk of nf w&m;r0iaf om uok jci;f wrYkd S tNrwJ ap a&mS iMfuOyf gt/hH 9/ uREyfk of nf qn;f y;l wwaf jrmuxf m;aomaq;ynmjzihf vol m;wUkd \\ b0EiS thf ouuf dk wezf ;kd xm; av;pm;pGm umuG,fapmifha&SmufygtHh/ ,ck uwod pmö jyKonthf wikd ;f aqmi&f uG yf gaomf tuREyfk of nf aumi;f usK;d r*vF mtjzmjzmEiS hf jynfhpkHygapom;/ aq;wuúodkvf (1) &efukef\\trSwfwHqdyf 24 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

jrefrmEkdifiHü vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom aq;ynm usifh0wftajctae Current Situation on Unethical Practice in Myanmar (aq;wuúodkvf Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXme aemufqHk;ESpftydkif;(u) oif½kd; (Lecture Notes) twGJ (3) wGifazmfjyxm;csufukd bmomjyefqdkwifjyygonf/) 1999 ckESpf ZEé0g&DvwGif &efukefaq;wuúodkvf(1) Oya'qdkif&maq;ynmXmeESifh umuG,fa&;ESifhvlrIa&;aq;ynmXmewdkU ESpfckyl;aygif;NyD; taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm;tMum; aq;ynmusi0hf wf wezf ;kd xm;rEI iS jhfyóem&yrf sm; (ethical values/issues) udk ood mEikd &f ef &euf ek NfrKdU wiG f avvh mrwI p&f yjfyKvyk cf yhJ gon/f y*k v¾ ud u@rS taxaG xaG &m*guqk &m0ef (34) O;D yg0icf yhJ g onf/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m usifh0wfudpörsm; awGU&SdvmcJhygonf/ 1/ vlemñTef;ydkUjcif;ESifhywfoufí . . . 1.1/ vel mñeT ;f yUdk c vucf &H ,jlci;f ^ awmi;f cjHci;f onf usi0hf wEf Sifh avsmfnDygovm;/ 1.2/ vel mwpaf ,muuf dk &nñf eT ;f ay;yUkd vudk af omtcgwiG f wcsKUd aom tp;dk &aq;½rHk sm;rS tcsKUd aom tx;l uqk &m0erf sm;EiS hf ta&;ay:Xme wm0euf sq&m0erf sm;onf yUdk vwT vf ukd af om taxG axaG &m*guqk &m0etf m; ErdS chf sjci;f EiS hf apmuf m;armuf m;aom tjyKtrrl sm;jyKrjlci;f (insulting and degrading manners)? 1.3/ tcsKdUaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm;onf aq;uko tcaMu;airG sm; yrdk &kd &vdS adk om &n&f ,G cf sujfzihf wriaf emuuf spmG vel mtm; aq;½Hk oUkd r[wk f tx;l uqk &m0exf oH Ukd vJT ajymif;ay;aeMujcif;? 1.4/ tcsKUd aom tx;l uqk &m0erf sm;onf tx;l uok ruI @Ny;D q;Hk ygaomvf n;f vel mtm; rvl ykdUvTwfay;vdkufaom taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efxH jyefvnfvTJtyfray;jcif;? 1.5/ taxaG xaG &m*guqk &m0eEf iS hf tx;l uqk &m0etf Mum; vel mvaJT jymi;f r-I jyevf nvf aJT jymi;f rI pepfusepGm r&Sdao;jcif;? tajccHorm;usih0f wf 25

2/ aq;ukoa&;usifh0wfESifhywfoufí . . . 2.1/ aq;uko&efjiif;qdkjcif; (u) taxaG xaG &m*guqk &m0ewf pOf ;D tx;l ojzihf trsK;d or;D q&m0ewf pOf ;D onf na&;nwm tcsed f rawmwf iG f trd yf ivhf el mtm; vkdufvHMunfh½I&ef odkUr[kwf ta&;ay:ukorIay;&ef jiif;qkd vkdufjcif;onf usihf0wfESifhavsmfnDygovm;/ (c) aq;½wkH uuf ok &evf tkd yof nhf qi;f &aJ omvel mrsm;tm; a'oqikd &f m tp;kd &aq;½wkH pcf ck rk S vufcH&efjiif;qdkjcif;? (*) aq;½kH0efxrf;wpfOD;rS aq;ypönf;wpfckckukd uG,f0Sufxdef;odrf;xm;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh vlem twuG f aumi;f reG xf ad &muaf om ukocsuf jzpfay:rvmap&ef jyKrljcif; (refusal of optimal treatment)? 2.2/ tcsKUd tx;l uqk &m0erf sm;onf rvtkd yaf om ppaf q;pr;f oyrf rI sm;udk xycf gwvvJ jJyKvyk f jci;f EiS hf vtdk yof nxf uf yrdk jdkyKvyk jfci;f (unnecessary repetition and over investigation)? 2.3/ tcsKUd aomtx;l uqk &m0erf sm;rS vel m\\uek uf sp&wd jfzihf yrdk tkd x;l jyKvyk af qmijfci;f (over specialization at the expense of the patient)? 2.4/ tcsKdUtxl;ukq&m0efrsm;rS vlemtm; pepfwus prf;oyfppaf q;jci;f rjyKvyk bf J tvsif tjref a&m*gazmxf wk uf ok raI y;aejci;f (hasty diagnosis and treatment)? 2.5/ vel m\\awmi;f qckd suaf Mumihf tmeod irf aocsmaom aq;0g;rsm;uodk ;kH paJG eMujci;f (using drugs of questionable potency due to patients' demand)? 2.6/ arah q;ay;cxH m;&aomvel mtm; *½rk pukd jfci;f (cpJG wd uf ok rI jyKvyk af epOtf wiG ;f vel mrS o&d adS eaMumi;f tcsujfytoad y;ygaomvf n;f *½rk pukd jfci;f )- (neglecting patient under anesthesia)? 3/ owi;f tcsutf vurf sm;ziG [hf jci;f (Disclosure of information) 3.1/ vlemukdqkH;cef;wdkifukoEdkif&eftwGuf a&m*gtrnftrSefukd z;Hk u,G Nfy;D vrd nf majymqxkd m; jcif;/ (uifqma&m*gukd \"mwfa&mifjcnfay; uko&rnfhtajctaersKd;)? 3.2/ vQKUd 0uS xf m;&rnthf csuEf iS hf vxl tk usK;d p;D ymG ; (confidentiality versus community interest) - ( tdyfcsftdkifADvlemESifh vlxk0efaqmifrIrsm;,SufEG,faejcif; - Oyrm/ vlxktyef;ajz a&ul;uefwGif tdyfcsftdkifADydk;&Sdaeaom qD;ylanmif;usvlem a&ul;aerI)? 26 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

3.3/ vel m&&adS oma&m*g^'P&f monf &mZ0wrf aI Mumihf jzpaf y:&aMumi;f vel mu,dk wf ikd rf S z;Hk u,G f xm;aomtcg q&m0efrS rnfodkUjyKrl&rnfenf;/ 3.4/ wUHk jyevf ,G af omjyóem (sensitive issues) rsm;\\ owi;f tcsuftvufrsm;ukd xkwfazmf jcif; (tysKdpifwpfa,muf ukd,f0ef&Sdvmjcif;ukd 4if;\\tpfudk^armif jzpfoltm; zGifh[ ajymqkdjcif;)? 4/ aocgeD;vlemukdukojcif;ESifh aopm&if;a&;ay;jcif; (Management of dying cases and certification of death) 4.1/ aocge;D vel mukd uok ay;&ef awmi;f qvkd maomtcg q&m0ewf pfa,muftaejzifh rnfuJh odkU jyKrl&rnfenf;/ rukobJ aq;½oHk Ukd vaJT y;vudk jfci;f onf usi0hf wEf iS ahf vsmnf yD govm;/ uok ay;aepOüf aoq;Hk omG ;cyhJ gu? q&m0eaf ygah vsmrh aI Mumihf jzp&f on[f k pyG pf vJG mz,G f &Sdonfrsm;ukd rnfokdUumuG,fxm;&rnfenf;/ 4.2/ vel mraoq;Hk rD aemuqf ;Hk uok ay;c&hJ aom wpOf ;D wn;f aom q&m0ewf paf ,mujfzpaf e& onthf wuG f aopm&i;f (death certificate) a&;ay;Eikd yf govm;/ 4.3/ vlemaoqkH;&aom vwfwavmtaMumif;&if;ESihf aemufcHtaMumi;f &i;f rsm;udk o&d xdS m;ol q&m0efwpfa,muftaeESifh aopm&if;a&;ay;Edkifygovm;/ 4.4/ aopm&i;f a&;ay;&jci;f twuG f tcaMu;aiG owrf wS af wmi;f cjHci;f onf usi0hf wEf iS ahf vsmnf yD g ovm;/ 5/ u,dk 0f eaf qmijfci;f u,dk 0f eyf sujfci;f EiS yhf wof uaf om usi0fh wjfyóemrsm; 27 5.1/ rvdkvm;tyfaom ukd,f0efukojcif;ESifh w&m;r0ifudk,f0ef zsufjcif;udpö&yfrsm;wGif taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0efrsm;\\ (pm&dwåydkif;qkdif&mESifhOya'ydkif;qkdif&m) rxif&Sm;aom tcef; u@ (ill-defined role – moral and legal) wiG &f adS ejci;f / tysKdpifrsm;\\rvdkvm;tyfaomukd,f0efukd rnfuJhodkUajz&Sif; &rnef n;f / trd af xmi&f odS l trsK;d or;D \\ rvvkd m;tyof nuhf ,dk 0f euf dk rnof Udk ajz&iS ;f &rnef n;f / u,dk 0f eyf suaf tmijfyKvyk af ejci;f udk wm;q;D Eikd f &ef rnof Udk aom vr;f ñeT cf surf sm;&odS en;f / (guidelines for preven- tion of induced abortion)? tajccHorm;usih0f wf

6/ aq;bufqkdif&mOya'ESifhywfoufaom jyóemrsm; (Medico-legal) 6.1/ jypfrIxkdufaom ukd,f0efzsufcsrIukd uko&mü taxGaxGa&m*gukq&m0ef\\tcef;u@? 6.2/ trsm;wumod&Sdxm;onfh (emrnfBuD;) ukd,f0efzsufcsaeolrsm;ukd rnfodkUjyKrlaqmif&Guf oifhoenf;? 6.3/ aoq;Hk &onhf vwwf avmtaMumi;f &i;f EiS hf tajcctH aMumi;f &i;f urkd o&d xdS m;aom aoq;Hk ol tm; q&m0efrS aopm&if;a&;ay;oifhygovm;/ 6.4/ rl;,pfaq;rokH;pGJzdkU q&m0efrSñTefMum;xm;onfukd rvdkufemaom aq;pGJolvlemtm; rnfonhftcsdefwGif wdkifwef;zdkUvkdtyfygovJ/ 7/ taxGaxG 7.1/ &rf;ukrsm;twGuf bmawGjyKvkyfay;oifhygovJ? 7.2/ y*k v¾ ud \"mwcf cJG e;f rsm;EiS hf y*k v¾ ud aq;0g;rsm;wiG f t&ntf csi;f xed ;f uyG rf EI iS hf pEH eI ;f owrf wS rf I uif;rJhae&aomudpörsm;? 7.3/ aq;qidk rf sm;rS rmS ;,iG ;f pmG tñeT ;f ay; aq;a&mi;f csaerrI sm; (Oyrm? qmvzf mrwnohf tl m; Septrim aomuof ;Hk &ef tMuaH y; a&mi;f csaerrI sm;)? 7.4/ y*k v¾ ud aq;½rHk sm;ü aq;uok c,H rl pI epof nf tveG tf ri;f aps;EeI ;f jrirhf m;aejci;f (0eaf qmif rIt& aiGaMu;ay;ae&jcif;)/ xdkjyóemtay: pnf;urf;owfrSwfrIavsmhenf;aejcif;/ 7.5/ vuaf xmuuf se;f rma&;rSL;tm; taxaG xaG &m*guqk &m0ef trnuf dk to;Hk jyKapí aq;urk I cGifhjyKxm;jcif;udpö/ 28 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

orm;usi0fh wqf okd nrf mS orm;usifh0wfqdkwmukd t\"dyÜm,frzGifhqdkcif EkdifiHwdkif;rSm BuHKawGY&EdkifwJh atmufygtjzpftysuf erlem 4 ckukd OD;pGmyxr avhvmMunfh½IvdkufMuygpdkUvm;/ erlemjyóem-1/ a'gufwmarmifazonf yk*¾vduaq;½kHBuD;wpfckwGif tcsdefykdif; aq;ukorIwm0ef,lae& aom cGJpdwfq&m0efwpfa,muf jzpfygonf/ ol\\n*sLwDtcsdefNyD;qkH;cgeD;wGif trsKd;orD;vlem wpfa,mufukd rdcifjzpfolu az;rulnDvsuf prf;oyfcef;twGif;odkU ac:aqmifvmonf/ rdcifjzpfol u vel mred ;f rudk aq;uok p&wd af iG ten;f i,af y;xm;cNhJy;D ? trd rf mS use&f pcf ohJ nhf uav;i,rf sm;tm; apmifha&Smuf&ef&SdaeaMumif; wm0efusq&mrukd ajymqkdrSmMum;í vlemukdaq;½kHü xm;&pfcJhygawmh onf/ vlemrSm rdef;rukd,frSaoG;qif;aeNyD; qD;pyfü udkufcJemusifaeonfh a0'emcHpm;ae&ygonf/ a'guwf marmiaf z pr;f oyMfun½hf vI ukd af omtcg u,dk 0f eyf suaf eaMumi;f oUkd wn;f r[wk f u,dk 0f ezf suf csxm;aMumif; od&Sdvdkuf&ygawmhonf/ csufcsif;qkdovkd om;tdrfjcpf (dilatation and curettage) ukoay;vkdufygawmhonf/ vlemtajctaepdwfcsoGm;&ef aq;½HküwpfaeUwm wufa&mufaexdkif &ef vdktyfonfhtwGuf olemjyKq&mrrSwpfqifh aiGaMu;wwfEdkif rwwfEdkif ar;jref;Munfhcdkif;vkdufyg onf/ aemufxyftcsdefykdif;wm0ef,l&ef a'gufwmarmifat;a&muf&SdvmNyDjzpfojzifh a'gufwm armifazrSm vlemtm;pum;wpfcGef;rQyif rajymEdkifawmhbJ tdrfokdUjyefoGm;ygawmhonf/ tajccHorm;usih0f wf 29

erlemjyóem-2/ vlemawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m cHpm;ae&wJha&m*ga0'em wpfckwnf;ukdyJ wjcm;q&m0efawG qDrSmjyovmNyD;umrS olUqDrSm xyfrH vma&mufjyoaeMuwJhtwGuf a'gufwmvGifarOD;wpfa,muf awmfawmfhukd pdwfysufaerdygw,f/ olYqDrSmjyovdkUNyD;oGm;&ifvnf; 'Da0'emukdyJ wjcm;q&m0efawG qrD mS xyrf oH mG ;a&mujfyowmrsK;d uvdk n;f BuKHawUG ae&ygw,/f vel mawtG aeeYJ 'vD vdk yk af eMuwm[m use;f rma&;t&i;f tjrpaf wuG dk jzKe;f w;D yp&f ma&muaf ewthJ jyif vel muh se;f rma&;twuG vf n;f tusKd; r&SdwJhjzpf&yfvkdU olukd,fwkdif ,kHMunfrdygw,f/ a&m*ga0'emwpfckwnf;ukdyJ? [dkjy'Djyqufvuf jyKvyk faewJhvlemrsKd;a&mu&f dSvm&if olUqDrSmaq;ukorIray;Edkifawmhbl;vUdk ajymjyzUdk qHk;jzwvf dkuf&yg w,wf /hJ 'vD ykd pHk rH sK;d eUJ use;f rma&; t&i;f tjrpaf wG tvoJG ;Hk pm;jyKaeMuwmawuG kd umu,G wf m;q;D Eikd zf Ukd EdkifiHawmftqifhaq;aumifpDukdcsOf;uyfNyD; tpdk;&tydkif;ukd tBuHay;zdkU olYcrsmBuH&G,fxm;ygw,f/ erlemjyóem-3/ a'gufwmarmifpdef[m NrdKUawmfaq;½kHBuD;rSm 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifaewJh cGJpdwfcef;tul taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m0eftopfav; wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/ cGJpdwfcef;xJrSm vkyfouf&ifh cGJpdwf q&m0eBfu;D wpaf ,mu&f UJ tjyKtrul adk wUG &vdS udk &f Ny;D xwd vf eUf wek vf yI of mG ;c&hJ ygw,/f cpJG wd qf &m0ef BuD;[m acwfrrDawmhwJh cGJpdwfukoenf;awGukdokH;pGJNyD; cGJpdwfukoaewJhtwGuf vlemawG[m ykdrdk emusifaeMu&NyD;? emvefxwmawGvnf; aES;auG;ae&ygawmhw,f/ vlemawGukdvnf;½dkif;pdkif;wJh aemufajymif usDp,frIawG jyKvkyfavh&SdwJhtwGuf olemjyKawGeJU0efxrf;awGuawmif rsufESmylMu& ygw,f/ a'gufwmarmifpdeftaeeJU vkyfoufEkNyD; i,f&G,foljzpfaewmaMumifh cGJpdwfq&m0efBuD; &UJ tjyKtrul dk ra0ze&f bJ &J adS ewthJ jyi?f txutf mPmyidk af wuG vdk n;f rwidk Mfum;&bJ &J adS e&ygw,/f tajctaeawG aumif;rGefvm&atmif olUtaeeJU wpfckckawmh jyKvkyfoifhw,fvdkU awG;awmaerd aeav&JU/ a'gufwmarmifpdefae&mrSm oifomqkd&if b,fvdk ajz&Sif;ay;rSmvJ/ erlemjyóem-4/ a'gufwmrcifvS[m e,fNrdKUwpfNrdKUrSm ukd,fykdifaq;cef;zGifhaewm ESpfESpfq,feD;yg;Mumjrifh aeygNyD/ olYaq;cef;ukd aq;ukrÜPDwpfcku t½kd;tqpfa&mif&rf;a&m*g(Osteoarthritis)twGuf pw;D ½ukd rf yg0iaf omta&miaf vsmah q;(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: NSAID)wprf sK;d udk aq;ukoa&;wGif prf;oyftokH;jyK&ef okawoejyKrIwpfck jyKvkyfay;zdkUtwGuf zufpyftusKd;wl jyKvyk zf Udk ur;f vrS ;f vmygw,/f aq;0g;wcsKUd udk axmuyf ahH y;r,vf Ukd vn;f ajymqykd gw,/f aq;urk PÜ D 30 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

u 'aD q;uadk ps;uuG rf mS topjfzeaYf 0Eikd zf Udk BupH naf e&mrmS a'guwf mrcivf &S UJ aq;ce;f u vel mawuG dk pr;f oyof ;Hk paJG y;zUdk ur;f vrS ;f wmyjJzpyf gw,/f aq;o;Hk prJG aI wuG dk rwS wf r;f xm;&&dS rmS jzpNfy;D aq;wUHk jyef rIawGukdvnf; aq;ukrÜPDukd owif;ydkY ay;tyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aq;wpfvkH;okH;pGJay;wkdif; a'gufwm rcifvSukd ukrÜPDu aiG 8000 usyf ay;tyfrSmjzpfygw,f/ a'gufwmrcifvSwpfa,muf 'Dvdk okawoersKd;ukd t&ifwkef;u rjyKvkyfcJhzl;ygbl;/ tckokawoerSm olukd,fwdkifyg0if&awmhrSm jzpfwJhtjyif tydk0ifaiGvnf; &&dSawmhrSmjzpfvkdU0rf;omaerdygw,f/ okawoejyKykdifcGifhtwGuf usi0hf wqf idk &f m tmrccH su&f &xdS m;Ny;D jzpaf Mumi;f aq;urk PÜ uD tmrcaH jymMum;wthJ wuG f a'guwf m rcifvSwpfa,muf qufvuf pkHprf;raeawmhbJ 0rf;omtm;&eJU ukd,fydkifaq;cef;zGifh&if; okawoe jyKcsufukd vufcHaqmif&Gufay;aeygNyD/ tckwifjyvkdufwJh tjzpftysuferlemawGtm;vkH;udk Munfhvdkuf&if q&m0efawG&JUaq;odyÜH twwfynmuRrf;rIawGjzpfwJh aoG;wkd;a&m*gukd b,fvdkuko&r,f? qD;csKda&m*gudk b,fvkdprf;oyf ppaf q;&r,qf wkd maweG UJ ywof uwf mawrG [wk bf ?J q&m0eaf w&G UJ tjyKtrl (Behavior)eUJ q;Hk jzwf csucf srI (Decision-Making)pwhJ trtl usiyhf ikd ;f qidk &f maweG UJ ywof uaf ewmuakd wUG &rmS jzpyf gw,/f wpef n;f tm;jzihf q&m0e-f vel mEpS Of ;D EpS zf upf v;Hk &UJ wezf ;kd xm;rI (Values)? &yikd cf iG (hf Rights)? wm0ef,lrI (Responsibilities) pwmawGeJU ywfoufaewmudk awGUjrif&Edkifygw,f/ ta&jym;uGJ&S omG ;wvhJ el mwpaf ,muuf dk b,vf cdk sKyaf y;&r,?f t½;kd usK;d omG ;whJ vel mudk b,vf ydk pkH eH UJ ausmuyf wwf ;D pn;f ay;&r,qf wkd maw[G m aq;ynm&yrf mS jii;f caHk ep&mrvwkd uhJ pd aö wG jzpaf eayr,?hf wbD aD &m*gudk b,fvkduko&r,f? aoG;wdk;a&m*gudk b,fvdkaq;awGwGJNyD; okH;&r,fqdkwmawGudkawmh q&m0ef wpfa,mufeJU wpfa,muf tjrifuGm[rIawG &SdaeqJyJjzpfygw,f/ q&m0efawG&JUtjyKtrlydkif;ukd Munfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; wlnDwmawG&Sdovdk uGJjym;jcm;em;wmawGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f/ Oyrm-okawoe jyKzUkd twuG f vel m&UJ oabmwcl suuf dk ,&l r,qf wkd mudk q&m0ewf ikd ;f u o&d edS m;vnvf ucf H oabmwl xm;Muayr,?f h uok csuuf dk jii;f qeaf ewvhJ el mwpaf ,muef UJ &iqf ikd af wUG BuKH&wthJ cgrsK;d rmS 'grrS [wk f b,fvdkyJukouko? aumif;usKd;xufqdk;usKd;awGom rsm;vmapr,fhtajctaersKd;eJU BuHKawGUvm&wJh tcgrsKd;awGrSmawmh q&m0efu vlemukd b,fvdkb,fyHktusKd;&Sdatmif tMuHay;&rvJqdkwmawGudk q&m0eftrsm; oabmwlEdkifwJh qkH;jzwfcsufrsKd;&&SdvmzdkU&m cJ,Of;vm&ygawmhw,f/ 'DvdktajctaersKd;awGrSm q&m0eftrsm;pk usifhBuH&r,fh usifh0wftwkdif; wpfenf;tm;jzifh orm;usifh0wftwdkif; vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;onfomvQif taumif;qkH; taxmuftuljzpfvmap rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if usifh0wfqdkwm bmukdac:qkdwmygvJ/ tajccHorm;usih0f wf 31

usifh0wf(Ethics) qkdwm bmukdac:wmygvJ/ tusihf ovD oud m© pwphJ wd af eoabmxm;pm&wd å (Morality) ydkif;qkdif&m avhvmrIukd usifh0wfvdkU ac:qkdygw,f/ twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyeÜ f umvok;H &yfpv;kH twGuf val w&G JUtjyKtrlEiS hf pm&dwåydik ;f qkid &f m qkH;jzwfcsufawGukd pepfwusa0zefydkif;jcm;NyD; wHkUjyefrIawGudk avhvm wJh ynm&yfjzpfygw,f/ Ethics is the study of morality: careful and systematic reflection on an analysis of moral decisions and behavior, where past, present or future. wpfenf;tm;jzifh pm&dwåydkif;qdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;ukd em;vnf oabmaygufjcif;vdkU t\"dyÜg,f owfrSwfvdkU&ygw,f/ vlawG&JUpm&dwå (Morality)ydkif;qdkif&mudk avhvmawmhr,fqdk&if &ykdifcGifhawG (Rights)? wm0efawG (Responsibilities)? yg&rDpGrf;tm;awG (Virtues) yg0ifywfoufaeovdk? aumif;wm (Good)?”q;kd wm (Bad or Evil)? reS uf ewf m (Right)? rmS ;,iG ;f wm(Wrong)? w&m;rQwr&I wdS m(Justice)? wpfzufowfuswm (Unjustice) awGvnf; yg0ifae&ygawmhw,f/ tajccHtm;jzifhawmh usifh0wf(Ethics)qdkwm[m odrIudpö (Matter of Knowing)jzpfNyD; pm&wd (å Morality)qwdk muawmh jyKruI pd ö (Matter of Doing)vUdk qEkd ikd yf gw,/f ord jIyKr'I eG wf aJG ejci;f [m usifh0wfyJ jzpfygawmhw,f/ usifh0wf&JUoabmobm0ukd em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;&if orm;usifh0wfqdkwmudk t\"dyÜg,f zGifhqdk MunfhMuygpdkUvm;/ orm;usifh0w(f Medical Ethics)qdkwm bmukdac:wmygvJ/ orm;usifh0wfqdkwm aq;ukorIeJY toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKaeMuwJh q&m0efwdkif;twGuf pm&dwåydkif;qdkif&m vrf;ñTefcsufawGukd ac:qdkwmjzpfygw,f/ aq;ukoaepOfrSm vlemawGeJUqufqH a&;? q&m0eftcsif;csif; qufqHa&;awG yg0ifaeygw,f/ orm;usifh0wfukd q&m0efawG&JU tjyK trlawGeJU cH,lcsufawGu xdef;csKyfay;xm;&ygw,f/ aq;avmuwpfckvkH;&JU usifh0wfjzpfvdkU aq;ynmusifh0wf vvYkd n;f ac:qMkduygw,/f 32 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

Medical Ethics means the moral principles, which should guide the members of the medical profession in the course of the practice of medicine and their relationship with their patients, and other members of the profession. It is governed by the collective opinion and behavior of the medical profession. orm;usifh0wf t,ltqa[mif; u q&m0eef UJ vel mquqf aH &;uodk m tm½pkH ukd xf m;wmjzpyf gw,/f orm;usifh0wf t,ltopf uawmh vel muadk q;uok Eikd zf Ukd twuG f q&m0eaf w[G m trsm;wumudk rSDckdae&w,f/ awmif;qdkvmcsufawGaMumifh y#dyu©awGjzpfvmNyD;? usifh0wfqkdif&mjyóemawG ay:ayguvf maew,vf Ukd c,H xl m;ygw,/f (New ethics recognizes that doctors are dependent of others for patient care and that moral issues may arise that represent conflicting demands) ZD0usifh0wf(Bioethics or Biomedical Ethics)eJU b,fvkd uGmjcm;rI&SdygovJ/ yrkd udk s,jfyeNYfy;D owaå vmuwpcf vk ;Hk eUJ quEf ,G wf hJ tjyKtryl idk ;f qidk &f mawuG dk avvh mwhJ bmom&yfukdawmh ZD0usifh0wfvdkY ac:qdkMuygw,f/ orm;usifh0wfeJY ESD;EG,frI&Sdayr,fh vlom; rsK;d E,G \"f avph ½ukd f (Traditional values)awuG kd xnohf iG ;f pO;f pm;avrh &ydS gb;l / q&m0efcsif; jyKrlqufqHMuwJhavmu0wf (avmuGwf) qdkwmaum &dSygovm;/ avmu0wqf wkd m vUl tvmT to;D o;D rmS &adS e&ygw,/f q&m0eaf vmu&UJ avmu0wuf adk wmh t*vF yd vf kd Medical Etiquette vYkd ac:qykd gw,/f q&m0etf csi;f csi;f ,O,f Oaf us;aus; (Coutesy) eUJ ta&;w,wl av;wpm;(Respect)eUJ tjyetf veS f quqf jHyKral eMuwmudk ac:qwkd m jzpyf gw,/f Oyrm q&m0etf rsK;d or;D udk rrvaYdk c:qwdk mrsK;d ? q&m0etf rsK;d om;udk a'guwf m 'grrS [wk f q&mvUdk tav;xm;ac:qdkwmrsKd;awGtjyif tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufNyD;om; q&m0efBuD;awGukd ta&;ay; qufqHwmrsKd;awG[m q&m0efavmu&JU avmu0wfawGjzpfygw,f/ orm;usifh0wfukd bmaMumifhavhvmxm;oifhygovJ/ q&m0efqdkwm[m aq;ukorIuRrf;usifae&ifNyD;wmygyJ/ usifh0wfqdkwmukd aq;ausmif;rSm wek ;f u avvh mc&hJ wmrrS [wk wf m/ rod m;pxk rJ mS rS avvh m&wOhJ pmö y/J usi0hf wpf mtyk af wG zwaf e&if vn;f tyykd gy/J u,kd ahf &US uq&m0eaf wG vyk of vkd u,kd uf vudk vf yk vf udk &f ivf n;f Ny;D wmygy/J pOqf uf rjywf aq;ynmawGukd trDvkdufae&vkdU orm;usifh0wfqdkwmukd avhvmzkdUtcsdefr&Sdygbl;/ pwJh pwJh taMumif;jycsufawGeJU orm;usifh0wfudk rsufuG,fjyKvmaeMuwmawG &Sdaeygw,fwJh/ tajccHorm;usih0f wf 33

,ckumvrSm yk*¾vduaq;½kHawG? aq;cef;awG? wdk;yGm;vmNyD; aq;ukop&dwfawG BuD;rm;vm vdkU aq;avmuBuD;wpfckvkH;udk pD;yGm;a&;qefvmw,fvdkU a0zefrIawG&Sdvmaeygw,f/ usifh0wf apmixhf ed ;f rI tqithf we;f awvG n;f avsmuh svmaew,vf Ykd pyG pf rJG aI wG &vdS mae&ygw,/f aq;z;dk 0g;c awG tqrwef aps;wuf,lvmMuwmawG? aq;0g;awGukd t&rf;uma&m ñTef;ay;vmaeMuwmawG? rvtdk ybf J cpJG wd rf aI wG jyKvyk vf maeMuvmwmaw?G \"mwcf pJG r;f oyrf aI wuG dk tBurd Bfurd f xycf gwvvJ J prf;oyfcdkif;aeMuwmawG? aq;axmufcHcsuftwkawG a&;ay;aeMu&wmawG[m t\"duusifh0wf jyóemBu;D awG jzpvf maeygw,/f 'gth jyif HIV a0'emonaf wuG kd cjJGcm;quqf wH m? aq;z;kd usoihf aiG yrkd akd wmi;f cwH m? u;l puvf mrmS p;kd vUkd aq;uok ay;zUdk jii;f qwkd maw[G m orm;usi0hf wef UJ ravsmnf D wJhtjyKtrlawGjzpfvmaeygw,f/ (Lecture notes-volume 3: Forensic Medicine Department. University of Meidcine-1) taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m0efavmurSmvnf; rrSefuefwJh aq;vufrSwfaxmufcHcsufawG a&;ay;ae&wmaw?G rvtkd ybf J aq;x;kd ay;ae&wmaw?G taMumaq;oiG ;f ay;ae&wm? yvk i;f cswd af y; ae&wm? vlemawGu ,kHMunfykHtyfvGef;vdkU ukd,hf&JUuRrf;usifrIabmifukd ausmfvGefNyD; vkyfaqmifay; aeMu&wm? \"mwfcGJprf;oyfaumfr&SifcawG vufcH,laeMuwm? vlem&JUtwGif;a&;awG aygufMum;ae wm? vlemñTef;ydkYrIrSm pdwfwdkif;rusjzpfaeMu&wm? aq;ukrÜPDawG&JU aq;0g;ta&mif;jr§ifhwifa&; awuG &dk iqf ikd af eMu&wm? pwmaw[G m aq;ynmusi0hf wef UJ ywof uaf ewuhJ pd aö wG jzpvf mvaYdk eygNy/D aq;avmurSm usifh0wf[m rjzpfrae yg0ifvmae&ygNyD/ usifh0wfajccHrl (Ethical Principles) awjGzpwf hJ val wuG tdk a&;xm; av;pm;&jci;f (Respect)? usK;d aMumi;f toad y;Ny;D oabm wlnDcsuf&,ljcif; (Informed Consent)? owif;tcsuftvufukd vQKdU0Sufxdef;odrf;ay;xm;&jcif; (Confidentiality) pwmaw[G m vlem-q&m0ef quqf aH &;&JUtajccrH al wjGzpaf eygw,f/ 'Dral wuG kd vufawGUusifhBuHMu&mrSm b,f[mawGurSefw,f b,fvdktjyKtrlawGu rSm;,Gif;w,fqdkwmawGukd q&m0efawG? vlemawG? vlem&Sifrdom;pk0ifawG? usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufaeMuolawGtMum;rSm oabmxm;uGJvGJrIawG &SdaeqJyJ jzpfygw,f/ aq;ynmusifh0wf(orm;usifh0wf)ukd avhvmod&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh q&m0efawG &ifqkdifawGUBuHK ae&wJh usifh0wfqdkif&mtcuftcJawGukd usKd;aMumif;qifjcifoHk;oyfEdkifNyD; cdkifrmwJhqkH;jzwfcsuf (Rational and principled manner)eUJ vudk ef musiohf ;Hk vmEikd rf mS jzpyf gw,/f vel maweG UJ quqf aH &; awrG mS omru q&m0etf csi;f csi;f quqf aH &;? &y&f mG vxl ek UJ quqf aH &;eUJ oak woejyKvyk if e;f awrG mS yg taxmuftuljzpfaprSmjzpfygw,f/ 34 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

(Medical Professionalism) qdkwJhpum;&yf aq;ynm&JUzcifBuD;jzpfwJh *&daq;ynm&Sif [pfykdua&;wD;pf vufxuf- c&pfawmfray:cif bpD D 5 &mpuk wn;f u usi0hf wqf wkd m[m aq;ynm&UJ tc&mjzpcf yhJ gw,/f aq;ynmudk (Profession) wpf&yftaeeJU cH,lcJhMuygw,f/ Profess qkdwJhpum;&yf[m rSefuefpGm vkyfaqmifyghr,fvdkU vla&SU ola&SUrSm rdrd&JU,kHMunfcsufukd xGufqkdjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ q&m0efawG[m vlemawG&JUtusKd;ukd rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;xuf ydkrkdtav;xm;yghr,fvdkU vltrsm;a&SUrSm uwdu0wfjyKcJhMuolrsm; jzpfygw,f/ Professionalism qkdwmuawmh tqifjhrifhwJh twwfynmwpfckukd uRrf;usifpGmwwfajrmuf ydkifEdkif xm;NyD;wJholu olwwfodxm;wJhynmeJU jrifhjrwfpGmtoufarG;jrLjcif;vdkUt\"dyÜm,f&ygw,f/ (the skill, competence or character expected of a member of a highly trained profession)/ aq;ynmuRr;f usiwf waf jrmuxf m;Ny;D oal w[G m Medical Professionalism udk usiBhfuaH eMuorl sm; jzpyf gw,/f usi0fh wef UJ Professionalism quof ,G yf wof uaf ewmawuG dk aemuyf ikd ;f tce;f u@awG rSm ykdrdkodomxif&Sm;vmygvdrfhr,f/ orm;usifh0wfESifhvlYtcGifhta&; ,aeUumvrSmawmh aq;ynmusifh0wf[m vlYtcGifhta&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI&JUvTrf;rdk;jcif;ukd cH,lvmae&ygNyD/ ,Ofaus;rIawG trsKd;rsKd;taxGaxGrsm;ajrmifvSwJh (Pluralistic) urÇmBuD;rSm vlrsKd; p½kdufawG trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;aeMuwJhtwGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlYtcGifhta&; oabmwlnDcsufawGu EdkifiHwdkif; ,Ofaus;rIwdkif;u vufcHEdkifwJh aq;ynmusifh0wf tajccHtkwfjrpfawGukd csrSwfay;EdkifNyD jzpfygw,f/ twif;tMuyfajymif;a&TUae&mcsxm;rI? n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufrI pwJh vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufrI awGaMumifh ay:aygufvm&wJh aq;bufqkdif&m jyóemawGukdvnf; q&m0efawG &ifqkdifvmae&NyD jzpfygw,f/ usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI(Healthcare)[m vlYtcGifhta&;wpf&yf jzpfw,fqdkwJh jiif;ckHrI awvG n;f &vdS maeygw,/f widk ;f jynwf pjfynrf mS use;f rma&; apmiahf &mS ucf ,H yl idk cf iG hf b,vf &kd &adS eovJ qwkd mawuG usi0hf wef UJ vtYl ciG thf a&;upd &ö yaf wuG dk q;Hk jzwaf y;rmS jzpyf gw,/f vUl tciG thf a&;qikd &f m jyóemawG[m aq;ynmusifh0wfrSm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&wJh tcsufawG jzpfvmaeNyDjzpfygw,f/ orm;usifh0wfESifhw&m;Oya'/ aq;ynmusifh0wf[m Oya'ynmeJUvnf; ESD;EG,faejyefygw,f/ EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm aq;ukoa&;eJU okawoejyKa&; qkdif&musifh0wfjyóemawGukd Oya'owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;&SdNyD; jzpfygw,f/ usifh0wfcsKd;azmufwJhq&m0efawGukd ta&;,ltjypfay;wmawG? aq;ukocGifhvkdifpifzsuf tajccHorm;usih0f wf 35

ord ;f wmawuG dk tzUJG tpn;f zUJG Ny;D xed ;f ord ;f aqmi&f uG af vh &MdSu ygw,/f treS wf u,af wmh usi0hf wef UJ Oya'[m wpof m;wn;f usaewm r[wk yf gb;l / rMumcPqodk vkd usifh0wf[m Oya' owfrSwfcsufukd ausmfvGefNyD; jrifhjrwfwJh tjyKtrlwpf&yf taeeJU apmifhpnf;&wmrsKd;jzpfygw,f/ &Hzef&Hcg Oya'u cGifhjyKxm;wJh usifh0wfeJUravsmfnDwJh tjyKtrlawGukdawmif? q&m0efawGtaeeJU jiif;qefusifhBuHMuzdkU orm;usifh0wfu cGifhjyKay;xm;&ygw,f/ (Quite often ethics prescribes higher standards of behavior than does the law, and occasionally ethics requires that physicians disobey laws that demand unethical behavior)/ wpEf ikd if eH UJ wpEf ikd if H Oya'owrf wS f csufawGu rwlnDEdkifayr,fh? usifh0wfqkdwmuawmh EdkifiHe,fedrdwfawGukdausmfvTm;NyD; vkdufemapmifh pnf;&wJht&mrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ aq;ynmqdkwm[m odyÜHynmeJU 0dZÆmynm&yfESpfckpvkH;ukd aygif;pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f/ odyÜHynm&yfydkif;rSm awGUjrifod&SdwmawG? wdkif;xGmod&SdwmawG yg0ifygw,f/ uRrf;usifwJhq&m0ef wpfa,muftaeeJU tema&m*g&JUvu©PmawGukd azmfxkwfNyD; usef;rmvmatmif jyKpkukoay;&yg w,f/ odyÜHenf;usaq;ynmrSm vlwpfOD;csif;tay:? ,Ofaus;rItay:? bmomw&m;? vGwfvyfrI? tcGifhta&;&&SdrIeJU wm0ef,lEdkifrItay:awGrSm rlwnfNyD; uefYowfrIawG&Sdae&ygw,f/ 0dZÆmynm &yfydkif;rSmawmh wwfodxm;wJhaq;odyÜHynm&yfukd vlemwpfa,mufcsif;tay:rSm? rdom;pktay:rSm? vlxktay:rSm b,fvdk tokH;csrvJqdkwmawG yg0ifaeygw,f/ tokH;csykHtokH;csenf;awG[mvnf; wpforwfwnf;rwlnDEdkifygbl;/ jyKpkykHjcif;rwlnD&wmawG[m ZD0ur®ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfwpf&yf r[wk vf Ukd bJ jzpyf gw,/f 'vD jkdcm;em;csuaf waG Mumihf 0Zd mÆ ynm&y?f vrl al &;oyd yHÜ nm&yef UJ usi0hf wyf ikd ;f qdkif&m qufqHrIawG[m ta&;ygvm&ygawmhw,f/ wjcm;bmom&yfawG&JUtod(Insights)eJU? owif;tcsuftvuf (Data)awGu usifh0wfukd tm;jznfhqnf;ay;xm;ygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aq;ukopOf BuHKawGU&wJh ra0cGJEdkifwJhjyóemwpf&yfukd ½IjrifrIbufaygif;pkHuae jyZmwfqefqef wifjyvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh omrefaq;ukorItjrifxufydkNyD; aq;ynmusifh0wftjrifukd a&mifjyef[yf apEdkif? okH;oyfvmapEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/ orm;usifh0wfvufpGJpmtkyf[m aq;ynmusifh0wf tajccHed'gef;eJU t\"duusifh0wfjyóem Bu;D awuG odk m azmxf wk of mG ;rmS jzpyf gw,/f aq;ynmwwaf jrmuxf m;Ny;D oal wtG wuG f usi0hf wtf jrif ydkif;ukdtav;xm;vmapNyD; rdrdaq;ukorI jzpfpOfwpfavQmufrSm usifh0wfjyóemawG aygufayguf vm&if b,fvkdajz&Sif;rvJqkdwmawGukd odom½kHavmufom &nfñTef;xkwfa0&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ usifh 0wfqdkif&m qufvufavhvmzdkUvdktyfonfrsm;ukd aemufqufwGJ pm&if;rSm azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ 36 a'gufwmjrifhOD; (*sDyD)

tce;f (1) &nf&G,fcsuf/ þtcef;udkavhvmNyD;ygu oifonf . . . - usifh0wfu aq;ynmrSm bmvdkYta&;BuD;ae&ovJqdkwmukd &Sif;jyvmEdkifrnf/ - aq;ynmusifh0wf\\ taMumif;&if;cHrsm;ukd ydkif;jcm;od&Sdvmrnf/ - usifh0wfqdkif&m qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEdkifzdkU csOf;uyfenf;toG,foG,fukdod&SdvmNyD; udk,fydkif csOf;uyfenf;ukd owfrSwfvmEkdifrnf/ aq;ynm&JUxl;jcm;csuf oridk ;f wpaf vQmuuf ydk MJunMhfun?hf urmÇ ah e&ma'otvudk uf ydk MJunMhfunhf q&m0ejfzpwf ,qf kd wm[m wpfenf;enf;awmh xl;jcm;aew,fvdkUqkdMuygw,f/ vlawG[molwkdUcHpm;ae&wJha0'emawG? tema&m*gawG aysmufuif;csrf;omapcsifMuvdkU 'grSr[kwf ykdrdkusef;rmvmapcsifMuvkdU q&m0efawG quD dk tm;u;dk wBu;D eUJ jyotutl nD awmi;f cwH wMfuygw,/f rjri0f ahH q;q&mqwkd phJ um;vkd owl Ukd &UJ ukd,fcE¨mwpfukd,fvkH; zkH;uG,fvQKdU0Sufxm;&r,fhae&mawGygrusefatmif ,kHMunfpGmeJUyJ ukdifwG,fcGifh pr;f oycf iG ahf waG y;Muygw,/f bmaMumivhf qJ adk wmh q&m0eaf wuG ,dk MHkunMfu(Trust)vUdk yjJzpyf gw,/f q&m0eaf wuG dk tqithf we;f owrf wS af y;xm;csu[f m wpEf ikd if eH UJ wpEf ikd if H rwnl MDuygb;l / wpEf ikd if wH n;f rmS awmif wpaf e&meUJ wpaf e&m rwnl MDuygb;l / a,b,k stm;jzihf tqithf we;f owf rwS af y;xm;csu[f m ,,kd iG ;f vmaew,vf Ukd xi&f ayr,hf q&m0etf rsm;puk ,kd wf idk uf t&iwf ek ;f uvkd t½kdtaorcHMu&awmhbl;vdkU cHpm;vmaeMu&ygw,f/ (Many physicians feel that they are no longer as respected as they once were)/ wcsKUd aom Eikd if aH wrG mS q&dk if use;f rma&;apmiahf &mS urf uI dk xdef;csKyfaewJholawG[m q&m0efawG r[kwfawmhbJ jAL½dkc&ufawG? refae*smawGqDukd wjznf;jznf; a&TUajymif;oGm;aeygw,f/ 'DvlawGu q&m0efawGukd rdwfbufvkdUrjrifawmhbJ ql;an§mifhcvkwfvkdY awmif jrifvmaeMuygw,f/ wpfcsdefwkef;u q&m0ef jyKorQtEkcH&cJhNyD; bmapm'urSrwufcJhMuwJh vlemawGuvnf; q&m0efawG&JU ukocsufawGukd ar;cGef;xkwfvmcJhMuygw,f/ wjcm;q&m0efawG&JU uok csuaf w?G tiwf meuaf y:u owl oYkd &d xdS m;vmwmaweG UJ EiId ;f ,OS vf mMuygawmwh ,/f wpcf sed wf ek ;f u q&m0efawGomvQif jyKvkyfEkdifcJhwJh wcsKdUaomukocsuf? prf;oyfcsufawGudk? tcktcgrSm \"mwfcGJ uRrf;usifolawG? olemjyKawG? aq;0g;uRrf;usif oifwef;wufxm;olawG? aq;a&mif;aeolawG? widk ;f &i;f aq;q&maweG UJ wwaf ,miuf m;&r;f uak wuG awmif jyKvyk vf maeMuygw,/f 'vD dk ajymi;f vJ vmrIawGu q&m0efawG&JUtqifhtwef;ukd xdcdkufvmapaomfjim;vnf;? vlemawGbufuawmh tajccHorm;usih0f wf 37