building-integrity-and-countering-corruption

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269982372 Management Aspects of Building Integrity and Countering Corruption in Defense Article  in  Journal of Defense Management · January 2012 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0374.1000e109 CITATIONS READS 0 96 1 author: Todor Tagarev Institute of Information and Communication Technolofies, Sofia, Bulgaria 105 PUBLICATIONS   217 CITATIONS    SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Hybrid Influence View project Driving Innovation in Crisis Management for European Resilience (Driver+) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Todor Tagarev on 29 March 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Defense Management Tagarev, J Def Manag 2012, 2:1 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0374.1000e109 REdeitsoeriaarlch Article OpOepnenAcAccceessss Management Aspects of Building Integrity and Countering Corruption in Defense Todor Tagarev* Head, Centre for Security and Defense Management IICT - Bulgarian Academy of Science, Bulgaria Corruption in defense is much more than a moral issue. Cases of • Transparency of defense decision making processes. corruption impact negatively the efficiency of defense establishments, • Accountability for implementation and results. while defense budgets are under ever increasing pressures. Further, • Integrity of organizations, business processes and individual unchecked corruption reduces the level of defense capabilities, impacts the operational effectiveness of the armed forces and puts soldiers lives behavior. at increased risks. It lowers the military’s standing in society and the The implementation of the approach in a given defense level of respect by international partners. In its extreme manifestation, establishment requires rational assessment of corruption risks, corruption may threaten democratic governance mechanisms and identification of areas to be urgently addressed, and elaboration of a even the foundations of a modern state. strategy and action plan, taking into account own experience and good practices available internationally [6]. The increasing understanding of problems associated with defense- National and international integrity building efforts already related corruption led, inter alia, to the launch of the NATO Building contributed to the understanding of the problem of defense corruption Integrity Initiative in 2008. Its first phase focused on the development and the awareness of available good practices and tools to remedy it. of a training course, a defense integrity self-assessment tool, and a One persisting challenge is how to prevent corruption in defense, compendium of good practices in building integrity and reducing distinguishing in advance a discrepancy between allocated resources corruption in defense, published jointly by NATO and the Geneva and anticipated output. Another one is to provide a clear linkage Center for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) [1]. between defense policy objectives, capability targets, defense programs, procurement decisions and actually delivered output, and to preserve These efforts helped to understand better and structure the areas this audit trail in changing circumstances. of defense activities with high corruption risks, as well as the specific Thus, defense management research can greatly facilitate further reasons that increase corruption risks in defense-related activities. Not efforts in enhancing integrity, transparency and accountability. Studies surprisingly, the list of most corruption prone activities included: on capability planning, analysis of alternatives in force structuring, programming and procurement, process integrity and process • Personnel policies and management. improvement could be replicated elsewhere and thus contribute to • Defense budgeting and financial management. increasing efficiency in a defense organization. • Defense procurement. On many other issues, however, national experience is often • Offset arrangements. unique and reference models are lacking. Hence, analysts should seek • Outsourcing, privatization, and public-private partnerships. relevant examples in the experience of other defense organizations. • Utilization of surplus weapon systems, equipment, and Of considerable utility might be international studies comparing across several countries approaches, models and data and creating infrastructure. benchmarks for: • Involvement of defense personnel in economic activities • Measuring results, e.g. defense capability levels. • Estimating capability costs [7]. and, more generally, the functioning of state-owned defense • Measuring performance of defense organizations. companies. • Efficiency of outsourcing and public-private partnerships. • Outsourcing of services in ongoing military operations. • Defense activities in countries with unresolved territorial *Corresponding author: Dr. Todor Tagarev, Head, Centre for Security and disputes. Defense Management IICT - Bulgarian Academy of Science, Bulgaria, E-mail: The search for good practices followed a strategic approach, [email protected] elaborated by Prof. Francois Melese, Director of the Defense Resource Management Institute at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey Received January 14, 2012; Accepted January 16, 2012; Published January 25, [2]. It combines the ethical with the economic perspective and builds 2012 on the Nobel Prize winning work of Gary Becker [3], accepting that elected officials, military and civilian employees, contractors and Citation: Tagarev T (2012) Management Aspects of Building Integrity and other defense actors are rational players that weigh marginal costs and Countering Corruption in Defense. J Def Manag 2:e109. doi:10.4172/2167- benefits before choosing to get involved into an act of corruption or 0374.1000e109 not. Thus, the approach goes beyond internationally mandated Copyright: © 2012 Tagarev T. This is an open-access article distributed under norms, such as the conventions of the United Nations [4] and the the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and [5], to incorporate important aspects of defense management, such as: source are credited. J Def Manag Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000e109 ISSN: 2167-0374 JDFM, an open access journal

Citation: Tagarev T (2012) Management Aspects of Building Integrity and Countering Corruption in Defense. J Def Manag 2:e109. doi:10.4172/2167- 0374.1000e109 • Integrity of resource allocation processes. Page 2 of 2 • Structures and career models for military and civilian Compendium of Best Practices. Geneva: DCAF, 2010. personnel, etc. And although research findings will not allow to distinguish with 2. Francois Melese (2010) “A Strategic Approach to Building Integrity and certainty a case of actual or potential corruption, they would indicate Reducing Corruption in Defence,” in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption areas of low performance that may be a result of either corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices. Geneva: DCAF, 2010: 13-21. or poor management, and provide recommendations to enhance the integrity of defense organizations. Thus, management can add 3. Gary Becker (1968) Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of substantially to ethical, legislative, and law enforcement measures in Political Economy 76: 169-217. countering corruption in defense. References 4. United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003) General Assembly resolution. 1. Todor Tagarev (2010) Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A 5. Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and related documents. Paris: OECD 2011. 6. Mark Pyman and Anne-Christine Wegener (2011) Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence and Security: 20 Practical Reforms, Foreword by Lord Robertson of Port Ellen. London: Transparency International. 7. Benchmarking Studies and Capability Costing (2011) RTO Technical Report TR-SAS-063. Paris, Research and Technology Organization. J Def Manag Submit your next manuscript and get advantages of ISSN: 2167-0374 JDFM, an open access journal OMICS Group submissions View publication stats Unique features: • User friendly/feasible website-translation of your paper to 50 world’s leading languages • Audio Version of published paper • Digital articles to share and explore Special features: • 200 Open Access Journals • 15,000 editorial team • 21 days rapid review process • Quality and quick editorial, review and publication processing • Indexing at PubMed (partial), Scopus, DOAJ, EBSCO, Index Copernicus and Google Scholar etc • Sharing Option: Social Networking Enabled • Authors, Reviewers and Editors rewarded with online Scientific Credits • Better discount for your subsequent articles Submit your manuscript at: http://www.editorialmanager.com/pharma Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000e109