၂၀ ရာစု၏ နာမည်ကျော်ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ကြီးများ

["20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; &;D vnS vhf ncf +hJy;D xakd e&mwpYf yif o.l jyiof ppf um;EiS *hf smrebf momp um;uukd |r;f usipf mG wwaf jrmucf ohJ n?f 1876 cEk pS tf ouf 18 EpS tf \u00b1,G wf iG f otD 'kd okd n[f m;Awwf uoU vkd 0f icf iG hf &cohJ n?f oul pm;aomtm;upm;rsm;rmS avaS vmS jfci;f \/ vuaf 0u\u203aS pm;jci;f \/ jri;f p;D upm;jci;f EiS phf ce;f csupm;jci;f rsm;uEkd pS of uof n?f otD 'kd okd nyf nm avvh moi,f &l mwiG pf wd 0f ipf m;r\u00b1_ +dSy;D treS wf u,af jym&v#if vy_ \u00b1f mS ;wuf \u00bauaG omausmi;f om;wpaf ,mujfzp+fy;D pmoi=fum;y@kdcs&mwiG f tm;wuf oa&mavhvmoif,lonf? wpfcgwkef;uqdkv#if ol@udkpmoif=um;ydk@cs aomya&mzuqf muotD 'kd ukd kd \u201c'rD mS =unohf tD 'kd \/kd igu'tD we;f xrJ mS q &mjzpaf ewmvoJ w&d t;kH aem\u201df [.l ? 1878 cEk pS wf iG of tD 'kd ukd emrnaf usm=fum;aomabmph werf od m;p.k or;D jzpof l tvJ p[f moma0;vED iS ahf w@GqckH ohJ n?f ,i;f w@kdEpS Of ;D cspof &l n;f pm;t jzptf csde=fumjriphf mG aexikd cf +hJy;D 1880 cEk pS \/f atmuwf bkd mv 27 &uaf e@wiG f tvJ pEf iS ohf tD 'kd wkd @dkvuxf yxf rd ;f jrm;cohJ n?f Ttcsed wf iG rf mS yif o.l zcif rmS tpmtrd uf iqf mjzihf 1878 cEk pS af zazz:0g&vD 9 &uaf e@wiG uf ,G vf eG cf hJ on?f o.l zciaf oq;kH omG ;+y;D aemuf touEf pS qf ,whf pEf pS tf \u00b1,G \u00b1f odS tD kd 'okd nf ,i;f .rod m;ptk wuG f trd af xmiOf ;D p;D jzpvf mc&hJ on?f x@kdaemuof tD 'kd ukd uvkd bH ,D m\u00b1OdS ya'ausmi;f uqkd uwf u+fy;D 1881 cEk pS f wiG af usmi;f rxS uG +fy;D e,;l a,mucf \u00b1ikd jfynof @lvw$ af wmwf iG f ae&m&atmif }uKd;pm;cohJ n?f o@lu&kd yD wbf vpuf ef (Republican) wiG tf a\u00b1;G cs,cf &H +y;D &D ywbf vpuf euf Okd ;D p;D O;D aqmi&f etf wuG f EpS }furd wf ikd wf ikd f ta\u00b1;G ccH &hJ on?f otD 'kd .kd uaH umi;f oxuaf umi;f vm+y;D o@lb0wiG f vsijfrepf mG w;kd wurf _ rsm;\u00b1vdS monuf akd w@G&rn?f o@kdaomvf n;f 1884 cEk pS wf iG of .l b0rmS wpf -47-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; pp+DyKduoJG mG ;&on?f azaz:0g&vD 12 &uaf e@wiG of .l or;D av;tvJ p\u00b1f pk bvhJ ;D uzkd mG ;jri+fy;D aemuf o.l Ze;D onwf iG f ausmuuf yaf &m*g\u00b1adS =umi;f aw@G\u00b1&dS on?f xakd &m*gjziyhf iaf zaz:0g&vD 14 &uaf e@cspof rl sm;ae@wiG f u,G f veG of mG ;c\u00b1hJ mS on?f o.l rcd irf mS vn;f aeraumi;f jzp+fy;D wukd zf KdGutf zsm; a&m*gu&kd um 1884 cEk pS \/f azaz:0g&vD 14 &uaf e@naeyikd ;f wiG f u,G vf eG f omG ;c&hJ \u00b1mS on?f To@dkjzihf 1884 cEk pS wf iG f \u00b1pk buhJ taemubf uqf oD @kdc&;D EiS If 'guwkd m (Dakota) Yw&d pd m> eaf r;G jrLa&;tvyk vf yk =fun&hf ef }uKd;pm;on?f o@ltaee@J 'guwkd m.vol ul i;f rrhJ u_ o.l &ixf rJ S cpH m;ae&aoma=uu0JG r;f en;f rw_ @kd ajzord Ehf ikd vf rd rhf n[f ,k =kHunof n?f taemubf u\u00b1f dS vql ;kd val yrsm;uo@l ukd \u201cav;v;kH \u201d EiS hf \u201cajcaxmuaf ysm\u201dh ponrhf av;rpm;rccH srd coH mjzpf atmiaf jymqjkdci;f rsm;ujkdzwof e;f I wjzn;f jzn;f o@luqkd e@fusivf monhf orl sm;ukd tajctaetvukd af y:rwl nIf jzwxf ;kd Om%of ;kH aomwf ejf yef rsm;jzijhfzpaf p orH %ud ohJ @kdrmausmaompw;D vuof ;D rsm;jzijhfzpaf p wjzn;f jznf;tEdkif,lvmcJhonf? [email protected]'goudkawmhol.ig;r#m; avuS ckd ;kd omG ;onohf cl ;kd rsm;rtS y rnof rl #ord nrf [wk af y? ocl ;kd rsm;uol .ig;zr;f avuS ckd ;kd +y;D onthf cg otD 'kd okd nf =ur;f wr;f voS n'hf guwkd majr rsuEf mS jyiuf rkd rb_ J ocl ;kd rsm;.aemuuf Ekd pS yf w=f umvukd +f y;D wahJ emuyf ikd ;f aemuqf ;kH ocl ;kd rsm;uzkd r;f rcd .hJ ? x@kda=umihf ta\u00b1t\u203aS &yuf \u201cajcaxmuaf ysmh w+hJrKd@}u;D om;[mocl ;kd awuG kd zr;f Eikd cf whJ ,\u201df v@kdemrnwf iG cf ohJ n?f Tum vwpaf v#muwf iG f otD 'kd ukd pmrsm;pwiaf &;om;+y;D pma&;q&mjzpvf m on?f oal &;om;aompmtyk xf wJ iG f 1889\u20131896 cEk pS wf iG xf wk af 0aom \u201cAmerica\u2019s Westward Expansion\u201d av;tyk wf uJG ykd gxwk af 0cohJ n?f 1889 cEk pS wf iG f &yD wbf vpuf eof rwR [m&qD iuf ,i;f ukd tar&ud ejfynf o@l0eaf qmirf a_ umrf \u00b1iS tf z@JG0iwf pOf ;D tjzpf ce@fxm;vukd of n?f 1895 cEk pS f -48-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; wiG \u00b1f pk buhJ e,;l a,mu+frKd@e,yf vk yd bf 'k tf z@JG0ijfzpvf mon?f aemuwf pf EpS wf iG f &yD wbf vpuf eof rwR ru(f c)f ui;f av (Mckinley) uo\u2039luakd &wyf . taxaG xvG uaf xmutf wiG ;f a&;rLS ;tjzpcf e@ftycf ohJ n?f \u00b1pk buhJ t ar&ud e.f a&wyfprG f;tm;udkwk;d cs\u203aJjri\u2021 wfh ifchoJ jzihf tar&dueof nvf nf; urmB ph pyf rJG sm;wiG f yIkd yg0ivf monuf akd w@G&rn?f pyed Ef iS thf ar&ud epf pyf JG rsm;twiG ;f \u00b1pk buhJ ajcvsiwf y&f i;f wiG f 'Ak vkd }fu;D tjzpwf u\u00bafupG mG wm0ef xr;f aqmicf ohJ n?f 1898 cEk pS wf iG f \u00b1pk brhJ mS e,;l a,mu+frKd@0etf jzptf a&;G c&H +y;D 1900 cEk pS wf iG f orwR ruuf i;f av;.atmuwf iG f 'wk ,d orwR ta\u00b1;G c&H avon?f 1901 cEk pS wf iG f ruuf i;f av;uvyk }fuoH wjfzwjfci;f c&H +y;D o\u2039lae&mu\u00b1kd pk bqhJ uf c&H \u00b1odS n?f xokd uwf r;f jyn+hfy;D aemurf S \u00b1pk buhJ rrd wd iG tf ciG ahf &;\u00b1odS nthf wikd ;f orwR tjzpf 1904 cEk pS wf iG tf a\u00b1;G cs,cf cH &hJ on?f ool rwR ouwf r;f wpaf v#muvf ;kH wiG f }u;D rm;aomaumyf akd &;\u00b1iS ;f rsm;.tm%mrsm;ukd ue@f ow&f etf wuG f vu0f g;}u;D tyk cf sKyaf &;vyk if e;f rsm; usiohf kH;jyevf nxf l axmiaf &;vyk if e;f rsm;ukd pwitf pysKd;vyk af qmicf ohJ n?f x@kdxurf u t ar&ud e.f yxrO;D q;kH trsKd;om;O,smOuf kd zavm&f 'D gjynef ,Yf 1903 cEk pS f EiS hf 1906 cEk pS wf iG f yxrO;D q;kH trsKd;om;ausmuwf ikd uf kd ,eG ;f ri;f (Wyom- -ing) wiG wf naf qmucf ohJ n?f Eikd if jHcm;a&;&mwiG vf n;f \u00b1pk buhJ tar&ud eof nf \u201ccsKdompmG pum;ajym+y;D wwk }fu;D }u;D wpaf csmi;f uikd of n\u201df [ak =ujimcohJ n?f o\u2039l,=kHuncf surf mS t u,If tjcm;aomEikd if rH sm;u tar&ud eof nf rrd .d tusKd;rsm;ukd ppaf &; +crd ;f ajcmurf r_ sm;jzithf umtu,G af y;a=umi;f ovd #if tar&ud e.f v+kHcKHa&; rmS y+kdy;D w;kd jri\u2021 vhf mvrd rhf n[f Il yi?f reG \u00b1f ;kd pmcsKyaf =umihf uma&;b;D ,e;f yif v,xf YJ Eikd if jHcm;a&wyrf sm;\u00b1vdS mjci;f rS umu,G +fy;D vuwf itf ar&ud ef ukd tar&ud ejfynaf xmipf wk pcf uk om =um;0ipf uG zf uEf ikd of n?f -49-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; \u00b1kpbJhonf yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;wnfaxmifa&;udk tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJh on?f 1906 cEk pS wf iG f Russo\u2013Japanese ppyf uJG kd +y;D q;kH atmijf yKvyk cf ohJ nhf twuG f Ebkd ,(f v)f quk ckd s;D jri\u2021 jhfci;f ccH &hJ on?f \u00b1pk buhJ orwR &mx;l rS 1908 cEk pS wf iG tf +ird ;f pm;,cl ohJ n?f 1912 orwR a\u00b1;G aumufyGJwGif ol\u2039.ae&mudkqufcH&\u00b1SdcJhaom0DvsHxyf(zf).ay:vpDudkr \u00f3udufojzifh oEl iS \u00f2hfyid If raJ \u00b1;G cohJ n?f x\u2039kda=umihf &yD wbf vpuf e.f ruJ Ekd pS zf \u2039JG coJG vjdkzp+fy;D aemuf 'rD ukd &uwf ptf rwf 0;l (')f \u00b10kd vD qf iuf orwR jzpvf mchJ onf? \u00b1pk bohJ nf 1919 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD 6 &uaf e@touaf jcmuqf ,tf \u00b1,G wf iG f aoq;kH omG ;cahJ omvf n;f o.l tartG EpS rf sm;use&f pcf ohJ n?f otD 'kd okd nf tar&ud e.f orwR aumi;f wpaf ,mujfzpof nof mru opmP \u00b1adS omcif yeG ;f onpf jHyzciEf iS Ehf ikd if aH wmtf wuG tf usKd;jyKonof mru urmB wpcf vk ;kH tusKd;twuG tf usKd;jyKvyk af qmicf ahJ om jynof @lom;aumi;f wpaf ,muf jzpcf ohJ n?f ool npf ma&;q&maumi;f wpaf ,mujfzp+fy;D v@ltciG thf a&; vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;Y rem;raeyg0iaf qmi\u00b1f uG of nof mru acgi;f aqmirf t_ &nf tcsi;f EiS jhfynphf okH nEhf ikd if aH &;orm;wpaf ,mujfzpof n?f rrd .d te;D tem; wp0f ukd \u00b1f udS rmB }u;D ukd ypkH oH iG ;f onof mru rnof nthf vyk uf rkd qvkd yk &f m wiG vf wG vf yrf \/_ w&m;Oya'atmuwf iG wf &m;r#wrE_ iS phf wd cf sr;f omrt_ ay: wGifrlwnfonf? o.l emrnf \u201cxu'f \u201dD utkd pjJGyKI 0u0f \u00b1H yk uf av;rsm;ukd xu'f \u00b1D yk [f ak c: onf? -50-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu tdrfOD;pD;xdef;csKyf&mrSm jzpfay:vmwJhtcuftcJawG taMumif;udkem;vnfygu wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh jy\u00f3emawGtaMumif;udkem;vnfvmzdkUeD;pyfvmNyD;\/}} \\\"Any Woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country.\\\" ]]tmPm\u00bdSdw,fqdkwm rdef;rwpfa,mufeJUwlw,f\/ wu,fvdkUoifbmjzpfw,f qdkwmudkajymjy&&if oifrdef;rjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;\/}} \\\"Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you aren't.\\\" ]]wu,fvdkUuRefrvdkcsifwJht&mudk&rnfqdkvQifuRefrtvGefU tvGefpdwf\u00bdSnfEdkifygonf\/}} \\\"I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end.\\\" rg*&uof ucf sm (1925- ) rm*&uof ucf sm (Margaret Thatcher) on,f l Eukd wf uuf i;f 'rd ;f .yxrO;D q;kH trsKd;or;D 0e}fu;D csKyjfzp+fy;D 1979 cEk pS rf S 1990 txtd yk cf sKycf ohJ n?f oufcsmu+Adwdef.pD;yGg;a&;zGH\u0152+zdL;wdk;wufvmatmif vyk af qmirf n[f uk wad y;+y;D orl u T&nrf eS ;f csuof \u0152kd a&mu&f adS tmif tp;kd &yikd pf u\u00b6f rkH sm;ukd a&mi;f csjci;f EiS hf y*k v~ ud yikd tf jzpof \u0152kd ajymi;f vjJ ci;f rsm;vyk uf ikd cf ohJ n?f rm*&uaf &mbwof nf uek pf qkH ikd af &mi;f o.l or;D jzp+fy;D 1925 cEk pS af tmuf wbkd mv 13 &uwf iG f =urof rf (Granham)\/ viuf eG ;f \u00b1id_ ;f ,m; (Lincolns- -hire) wiG zf mG ;jricf ohJ n?f atmupf z@kd'wf uoU vkd wf iG af tmijf ricf +hJy;D onhf aemuf rm*&uof nf oak woejyK\\\"gwyk nm\u00b1iS wf pOf ;D jzpvf mon?f x@kd aemuof rl u Oya'ynmuqkd uvf uof i=fum;I 0wvf akH wm&f a\u00b1@Saewpf -51-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; O;D jzpvf mon?f 1951 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mv 13 &uaf e@wiG 'f eJ pof ucf sm (Denis Thatcher) qkd aom atmijfriaf omp;D ygG;a&;orm;wpaf ,muEf iS vhf uxf ycf ohJ n?f rm* &uof ucf smonf ueG qf maA;wpyf gw0D iwf pOf ;D jzp+fy;D 1959 cEk pS af tmuwf kd bmvwiG f (Finchely) uukd ,kd pf m;jyK&ef a\u00b1;G cs,jfci;f c&H on?f aemiEf pS Ef pS tf =um;wiG [f m\u00b1rkd urf vD ef (Harold Macmillan) tp;kd &.yipf iEf iS Ehf ikd if tH mrcH a=u;XgewiG f wzJG uyf gvrD etf wiG ;f a&;rLS ;tjzpf aqmi\u00b1f uG cf ohJ n?f 1964 cEk pS f taxaG xaG \u00b1;G aumuyf wJG iG f ueG qf maA;wpyf gw\u00b1D ;H_ ErdS chf +hJy;D [m\u00b1kd 0vD pif (Harold Wilson) u0e}f u;D csKytf opjf zpvf mcohJ n?f ueG qf maA; wpyf gwaD cgi;f aqmijfzpvf motl u'f 0y[f u(f o)f (Edward Health) uol rukd twukd tf ctH p;kd &.yipf iEf iS Ehf ikd if tH mrcaH =u;XgewiG f ajyma&;qckd iG \u00b1hf dS y*k K~dvtf jzpcf e@fxm;cohJ n?f x@kdaemuof rl u twukd tf cyH gwbD urf tS rd f ,mXge (atmuwf bkd m 1965)\/ b\u00bfma&; ({+yvD 1966)\/ avmipf mEiS phf rG ;f tif (atmuwf bkd m 1967)\/ o,,f yl @kdaqmiaf &; (E0kd ibf m 1968) EiS yhf nm a&; (atmuwf bkd m 1969) w@kdYto;D o;D wm0e,f cl &hJ on?f 1970 cEk pS tf axaG xaG \u00b1;G aumuyf rJG sm;Y ueG qf maA;wpyf gwtD Eikd &f onhf tcsdefwGif oufcsmuynma&;ESifhody`Ha&;&mwdk@Y twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvm on?f 1970 cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mvwiG tf ouf 7 EpS af usmuf av;rsm;t wuG f ausmi;f rsm;YE@kd tvum;wukd af u|;ru_ kd &yqf ikd ;f ypjfci;f EiS ahf usmi;f wiG tf pm;tpmz;kd rsm; jri\u2021 whf iaf y;jci;f rsm;vyk of nthf wuG f tjii;f ygG;rr_ sm; jzpaf y:apcohJ n?f xtkd csed wf iG f 0e}fu;D csKytf u'f 0y[f u(f o)f onf uek af ps;Ee_ ;f ay:vpED iS 0hf if aiaG y:vprD sm;csrwS &f ef }uKd;pm;cohJ nthf wuG f tvyk of rm;or*E~ iS yhf \u00cbyd uQ -52-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; jzpaf y:apcohJ n?f oul w&m;r0iqf EjNyrr_ sm;twuG f Oya'jyXge;f Eikd &f e}fuKd; pm;rr_ sm;a=umihf tvyk of rm;tvyk \u00b1f iS yf \u00cbyd uuQ jkdzpaf y:apcohJ n?f 1973 cEk pS wf iG f owK\u02c6wiG ;f tvyk of rm;rsm;. \u201ctyk cf sKyrf t_ wuG tf vyk vf yk jfci;f \u201d (Work-to-rule) qEjNyjci;f rsm;a=umihf v#ypf p\\\"f gwtf m;jzwaf wmujfci;f rsm;r =umc%jzpaf y:+y;D wpyf gwof ;kH &utf vyk vf yk jf ci;f rsm; jzpaf y:vmon?f 1974 wiG [f u(f o)f u \u201crnof tl yk cf sKyof n\u201df qokd nuhf pd tP ay: taxG axaG \u00b1;G aumuyf uJG akd c:,ul si;f ycohJ n?f TwiG tf u'f 0y[f u(f o)f u t Eikd rf &awmbh J [m\u00b1(kd v)f 0vD qf iEf iS ahf vbmygwrD mS tm%mjyevf n&f \u00b1vdS m onf? 1975 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD wiG f oucf smutu'f 0y[f u(f o)f ukd ueG qf maA; wpyf gw.D acgi;f aqmitf jzpf ,OS +fyKditf a\u00b1;G c&H epf ed af c:cohJ n?f azaz:0g&vD 4 &uof ucf smu[u(f o)f urkd J 130 rEJ iS hf 119 rjJzithf Eikd &f \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f x@kd aemuf Tta&;}u;D aom trsKd;or;D Eikd if aH &;ygwaD cgi;f aqmijfzpvf mon?f [u(f o)f u \u00b1;H_ ErdS jhf ci;f uvkd urf cEH ikd yf J oucf sm.uubf ed uwf iG tf vyk f quvf yk &f ejf ii;f qecf ohJ n?f 1976 cEk pS rf wvf 16 &uaf e@wiG *f srd ;f acgv*ef (James Collaghan) u[m \u00b1vkd 0f vD qf i.f 0e}fu;D csKy&f mx;l ukd qucf &H ,cl ohJ n?f wpjfzn;f jzn;f ouf csmu vu,f m0g'0D g'uykd Ikd vucf uH siohf ;kH um aps;uuG pf ;D ygG;a&;pepof @kdyIkd tm\u00b1pkH ukd vf mon?f 1978 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD wiG f orl uvrl sm;uEikd if jHcm;wikd ;f jynfrSa\u00b1$@ajymif;aexdkifvmolrsm;. \u201cv$rf;rdk;r_\u201d cH&rSmudkpdk;&drfonfht a=umi;f red @fceG ;f ajym=um;cohJ jzihf jypwf i\u00b1f @_Hcsjci;f ccH &hJ on?f 1978 cEk pS wf iG Ef ikd if tH }u;D tuJ \\\"Chancellor of the Exchequer\\\" jzpof 'l eJ pf [aJ v (Denis Healey) uaiaG =u;rsm;tay: wi;f =uypf mG xed ;f csKyjfci;f rsm;jyK vyk cf ohJ n?f aiaG =u;xed ;f csKy&f mwiG f jynof wl @kd.ynma&;EiS uhf se;f rma&;t -53-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; wuG f &eyf akH irG sm;uykd gjzwaf wmucf ohJ n?f a0zeof ;kH oyof rl sm;u To@kdjyK vyk jf ci;f rsm;a=umihf aiaG =u;xwk vf yk rf u_ tkd ajccaH ompepf (Monetarism) ujkdzpaf y:vmapon?f 1978 cEk pS wf iG f jynof wl @kdtwuG tf o;kH p&wd rf sm; jzwaf wmuvf ukd of nthf wuG f rauseyrf r_ sm;jzpaf y:vm+y;D qEjNyyrJG sm;ay: ayguvf mcohJ n?f x@kda=umihf 1979 cEk pS tf axaG xaG \u00b1;G aumuyf wJG iG f av bmygwtD a&;erd chf ohJ n?f TwiG rf m*&uof ucf smu +Awd ed Ef ikd if .H yxrO;D q;kH trsKd;or;D 0e}fu;D csKyjfzpf vmon?f 1979 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvwiG f oucf smu Oa&myp;D ygG;a&;toikd ;f t 0ikd ;f (European Economic Community\u2013EEC) .xyd of ;D tpn;f ta0;wuf a&mucf +hJy;D EEC xoJ @kd +Awd ed xf nohf iG ;f &aomaiyG rm%twuG f nEd\u2021 id_ ;f aq;G aE;G rr_ sm;jyKvyk cf ohJ n?f oucf smtp;kd &onf 'eJ p[f aJ vtpysKd;cahJ om aiaG =u;xed ;f csKyrf _ (moneta- -rist) ay:vpuD qkd uvf uuf siohf ;kH cohJ n?f 1979 cEk pS Ef iS hf 1980 cEk pS rf sm;wiG f aioG yd of n;f rE_ e_ ;f avsmeh n;f omG ;aomvf n;f tvyk vf urf EhJ e_ ;f rmS EpS qf w;kd ygG;vmon?f 1981 cEk pS wf iG f Exchequer .t}u;D tujJzpof l qm*suzf &[D kd 0D (Sir. Geoffrey Howe) ujynof tl wuG f to;kH p&wd rf sm;jzwaf wmucf hJ on?f Tumvwpaf v#muwf iG f jynof @lqEaN umu,f cl surf sm;Y +Awd ed .f orikd ;f a=umi;f wpaf v#muwf iG f rm*&uof ucf smonf jynof tl }uKdutf en;f q;kH 0e}fu;D jzpcf ohJ n?f oucf smtp;kd &u y*k v~ ud yikd of @kdajymi;f vjJ ci;f prD uH ed ;f jzihf &eyf akH i\u00b1G mS azcG Jh on?f TwiG +fAwd od #a=u;ee;f quof ,G af &;vyk if e;f \/ +Awd od #av,mOcf &;D omG ;vma&;vyk if e;f \/ \u00b1vkd \u00b1f KGdu(f p)f EiS +hfAwd od #pw;D vyk if e;f ponEhf ikd if yH ikd vf yk f ie;f rsm;ukd y*k v~ ud vuof @kd jyeaf y;jci;f tygt0ijfzpof n?f 1982 cEk pS {f +yvD 2 &uaf e@wiG tf m*siwf ;D em;uazguh vef (Falkland) u|e;f -54-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; prk sm;uukd sK;ausmof rd ;f yukd cf ohJ n?f aemuwf p&f urf mS yif urmB uh vk or*~ oEXdM gef 502 uxkd wk jfyecf srwS cf +hJy;D tm*siwf ;D em;ukd azmuh veuf |e;f prk sm;rS xuG cf mG omG ;&eaf wmi;f qckd ohJ n?f {+yvD 5 &uaf e@wiG +fAwd od #[email protected]&wyf onf azg(h p)f armifh (Portsmouth) rxS uG cf mG &ef azguh veuf |e;f pbk uqf oD @kd O;D wncf ohJ n?f +Awd ed uf azguh veuf |e;f pyk wyf wvf nrf ikd f 200 uokd ;D oe@fZkH tjzpaf =ujimc+hJy;D 1982 cEk pS af rv 2 &uaf e@wiG f tm*siwf ;D em;ppof abmF *sief &,(f v)f b,vf uf &mEukd ekd pjfrKyyf pcf ohJ n?f aemuEf pS &f utf =umwiG +fAd wed of abmF \u00b1zS ;D v(f ')f rmS ';kH ysjHzithf ypcf &H on?f arv 21 &uaf e@wiG +fAwd od #wyrf sm; azmuh veuf |e;f ppk euf mavmwh iG f qudk af &muvf mon?f wukd yf rJG sm;quvf ujf zpyf gG;+y;D aemuqf ;kH wiG af zgph weaf v (Post Stanley) utzr;f q;D c&H +y;D tm*siwf ;D em;wyrf sm;u 1982 cEk pS *f |evf 14 &uaf e@wiG f vuef ucf st\u00b1;H_ ccH ohJ n?f ppyf rJG sm;atmiEf ikd af om a=umihf rm*&uof ucf sm. emrnaf usm=fum;vmaoma=umihf 1983 cEk pS f wiG uf si;f ycahJ omtaxaG xaG \u00b1;G aumuyf YJG ueG qf maA;wpyf gwuD rtJ rsm; q;kH 144 rjJzithf Eidk &f cohJ n?f oucf smu 0ef}u;D csKyaf &mef ,&f D*iEf iS fh &if;ESD;pGmaygi;f oif;quqf rH _&\u00b1cSd hJ on?f x@kdaemuof wl @kdEpS Of ;D EpS zf upf v;kH u qAkd ,D u,f el ,D tH ay: wi;f rmpmG quqf &H eof abmwcl ohJ n?f oucf smutkd rsm;u acgi;f rmaomtrsKd;or;D [0k ipf m;ac:a0:=uon?f o@kdaomf 1983 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvwiG +fAwd od #w@kdEiS hf }uKdIaq;G aE;G rr_ \u00b1ydS J +Awd od #vuaf tmucf uH &ief 'g (Grenada) utkd ar&ud w@kdu usK;ausmof rd ;f yukd cf ohJ nthf wuG f oucf sma'goxuG cf &hJ on?f oucf smtp;kd &u rrd wd @kd.ay:vpjDzpaf om tvyk of rm;or*.~ tm%m av#mch sjci;f uqkd uvf uuf siohf ;kH cohJ n?f trsm;tay:pmemaomqEjN yyJG rsm;EiS hf qikd yf wd jfci;f rsm;jyKvyk jfci;f ukd wm;jrpof n?f or*a~ cgi;f aqmirf sm;u -55-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; oywd af rmS uyf wJG iG f jyKvyk rf nvhf y_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;tay: rrd wd @kd.tz@JG0irf sm;urkd J xnchf ikd ;f &rnjfzp+fy;D or*r~ TS tz@JG0irf sm;tm;v;kH .vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rt_ ay: wm0ef ,&l rnjfzpof n?f tp;kd &u tvyk \u00b1f iS Ef iS thf vyk of rm;y\u00cbyd ujQzprf t_ ay:*\u00b1rk pukd yf wJ i;f rmpmG quqf cH +hJy;D 1984 cEk pS wf iG jfzpyf gG;cahJ om rikd ;f w;l vyk of m;rsm; .pwicf ahJ omoywd af rmS urf r_ mS 12 v=um+y;D rnof nahf tmijfrirf r_ rS &chJ acs? 1985 cEk pS rf wvf 13 &uaf e@wiG f usi;f ycahJ om Konstantin Chernenko .tobk Y acgi;f aqmiof prf aD c;(v)f ubkd macsm(h A)f (Mikhail Gorbachev) EiS ahf w@GqckH ohJ n?f ubkd macsm(h A)f rS Perestroika ay:vpjDzpaf om jyevf nxf l axmiaf &;ay:vpoD puf kd a=ujimvukd of nthf cg oucf sm.qAkd ,D ujfynf axmipf tk ay: tjriaf jymi;f voJ mG ;on?f qAkd ,D u.f p;D yg;G a&;yrkd xkd ad &murf _ \u00b1vdS map&e&f n\u00b1f ,G cf sujfzihf p;D ygG;a&;\/ Eikd if aH &;Yvukd af vsmr#wr\u00b1_ vdS mjci;f EiS hf ,Oaf us;rj_ yKjyiaf jymi;f vrJ r_ sm;jyKvyk cf ohJ n?f ubkd macsm(h A)f uqAkd ,D uf jynaf xmipf tk wiG ;f aps;uuG pf ;D ygG;a&;peprf sm;pwiuf siohf ;kH +y;D purf v_ yk f ie;f EiS phf ukd yf sKd;a&;vyk if e;f rsm;Y u,kd yf ikd vf yk if e;f rsm;w;kd cs@Jvyk uf ikd &f ef tm;ay;chJ onf? 1986 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvwiG f usi;f ycahJ omtpn;f ta0;ywJG pcf Yk oucf smu Oa&myaivG vJ ,S Ef e_ ;f ,E &W m; (European Exchange Rate Mechanism) xoJ @kd 0irf nthf }uaH y;ru_ kd y,cf scohJ n?f rnof @kdqakd pumrl xvkd twiG ;f wiG of ucf smu vZl ibf wOf a&myaumipf (D Luxembourg European Coun- cil) tpn;f ta0;ytJG wiG ;f Yyif Single EuropeanAct xYJ vurf wS xf ;kd &eof abmwlcJhonf? 1986 cEk pS {f +yvD wiG f oucf smu tar&ud eAf ;kH }uaJ v,mOrf sm;ukd +Awd ed Ef ikd f iwH iG &f yef m;ciG ahf y;+y;D vpAf sm;Eikd if uH kd A;kH }u&J etf ciG ahf y;cohJ nthf wuG f a0zef -56-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; jci;f rsm;pmG &\u00b1cdS ohJ n?f xtkd csed wf iG f vpAf sm;Eikd if uH kd tajccaH om t}ur;f zuof rm;w@kdutar&ud euf kd tcgaygi;f rsm;pmG wukd cf ukd cf ohJ n?f 1987 cEk pS tf axaG xaG \u00b1;G aumuyf wJG iG f trsm;rqJ EEN iS thf rwaf ygi;f 102 &\u00b1cdS +hJy;D ww,d t}urd tf m%mjyevf n&f \u00b1vdS mon?f xEkd pS rf yS if oucf smukd EpS f 100 twiG ;f ouwf r;f t\u00b1nS qf ;kH 0e}fu;D csKytf jzpf towrf wS cf cH &hJ on?f vcl eG af umujfci;f ukd paumwh veYf 1989 cEk pS {f +yvD wiG f pwiaf =ujim+y;D (aemiwf pEf pS tf =umwiG +fAwd ed Ef ikd if wH pEf ikd vf ;kH o@kd) aumucf oH nthf wuG of l r.emrnuf qkd ;kd \u00b1mG ;ysupf ;D apcohJ n?f tceG tf opuf kd vtl rsm;puk r}uKduyf J aemuqf ;kH wiG f jynof ql EjNyyrJG sm;jzpaf y:apcohJ n?f 1990 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mvwiG uf eG qf maA;wpyf gw.D acgi;f aqmitf jzp0f iaf &muf ,OS +fyKdicf &hJ m yxrt}urd wf iG tf Eikd &f cahJ omvf n;f 'wk ,d t}urd wf iG rf l \u00b1;H_ erd hf cohJ n?f 1990 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mv 28 &uaf e@wiG f rm*&uof ucf smu 0e}fu;D csKy&f mx;l rES wk xf uG cf +hJy;D ,i;f .ae&mwiG *f |eaf r*smu tpm;x;kd ae&m,cl hJ onf? 1992 cEk pS rf wvf wiG f oucf smu atmuvf w$ af wmrf ES wk xf uG cf ohJ n?f r=umcirf mS ytJ xuvf w$ af wmYf \u201cBaroness Thatcher of Kesteven\u201d tjzpf wm0e,f al qmi\u00b1f uG cf ohJ n?f -57-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]rsufvHk;wpfvHk;twGuf rsufvHk;udkay;qyf&&ifawmh ur\u00c7mwpf0Srf;vHk;yg rsufpduef;ukefawmhrSmaygh\/}} \\\"An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind.\\\" ]]yxrawmholwdkUuoifhudkOayu\u00a9mjyKMuw,f? NyD;awmholwdkUuoifhudkavSmifajymif &,farmMuvdrfhMur,f? NyD;awmhoifhudkwdkufcdkufMuw,f? aemufawmh oiftEdkif&oGm;wmbJ\/}} \\\"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.\\\" ]]ur\u00c7may:rSm udk,fjrifcsifwJhajymif;vJrItwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudkajymif;vJ&r,f\/}} \\\"We must become the change we want to see in the world.\\\" r[wWr*END (1896-1948) bmoma&;\/ Eikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmiEf iS ahf vm uwk EW iS vhf ol m;w@kdtusKd ;aqmi&f uG f ol 1869-1948 r[wrW *EDN (Mahatama Gandhi) onf 1869 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 2 &ufae@wGif tEd ,dN Eikd if yH bkd e'f gY ar;G zmG ;cyhJ gon?f ool nf 20 &mpk wiG tf xi&f mS ;q;kH aom avmuwk &W mEiS Ehf ikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf? *ENDonftdENd,vlrsdK;rsm; tm; t=ur;f rzujfird ;f csr;f aomen;f vr;f jzihf +Awd od # tyk cf sKyrf v_ uaf tmurf S vwG vf yEf idk &f ef jyKvyk cf jhJy;D tEd ,dN widk ;f ojlynof m;rsm; roS @luakd v;pm;tyaf om zci}fu;D wpOf ;D tjzpf totd rwS \u00f0fyc=hJuygon?f tEd ,dN vrl sKd;rsm;rS o\u2039ltm; r[wrW *E[DN ak c:q=kdu+y;D \u201cjrijhfrwaf omo\u201dl [k t\\\"yd g`,&f on?f *EoDN nf tajymi;f tvuJ kd rvvkd m;aom\/ x;kH wr;f \\\"avh ukd rpeG @fy,vf akd omrod m;prk S qi;f ouvf m+y;D touf 13 EpS tf &,G wf iG f -58-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; uwpf wbmqakd omtouf 12 EpS tf &,G rf ed ;f uav;EiS hf rbd rsm;.ppD Orf _ jzithf rd af xmijfyKcohJ n?f *EwDN iG f om;&wemav;O;D ar;G zmG ;cyhJ gon?f om; [m&vD mEiS rhf mevD mukd tE,dN wiG af r;G zmG ;c+hJy;D \/ om;a';z'f gEiS &hf r'f gukd awmif tmz&ud wukd wf iG f ar;G zmG ;cyhJ gon?f *EoDN nf vtl rsm;tm;v;kH tm; cspcf if =uief mrx_ m;aomvf n;f rrd .d om;r,m;tay:wiG f pn;f ur;f wus=uyf =uyrf wrf w\u00b1f cdS ohJ n?f *EoDN nvf e'f ewf iG f Oya'bmom&ytf m; omG ;a&muaf vvh moi,f cl +hJy;D 1891 cEk pS wf iG f tE,dN o@kdvuaf w@Gto;kH cs&ef jyevf naf &mu&f vdS mon?f ojlyeaf &mu+fy;D vten;f i,tf wiG ;f rcd iuf ,G vf eG of mG ;cyhJ gon?f xtkd csed f wiG f *EtDN ouf 21 EpS yf i&f adS o;on?f tE,dN wiG f rrd .d w&m;Oya'twwf ynmukd vuaf w@Gto;kH cs&mwiG f atmijfrirf r_ &cdS ahJ oma=umihf 1893 cEk pS f wGif emwmvfawmiftmz&duodk@ a&S\u203aaetoif;wpfckY tvkyfvkyf&ef ajymi;f a&@$omG ;ygon?f xtkd csed wf iG f awmitf mz&ud onf +Awd od #[email protected] cf sKyrf v_ uaf tmuwf iG f &Sdaeao;onf? +Adwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;xH rdrd.wef;wltcGifhta&;udk wifjy awmi;f qokd nthf cg rw&m;zEd ydS rf u_ ckd &H +y;D tjcm;aomtE,dN vrl sKd ;rsm; vnf; Todk@yifcHpm;ae&a=umif;olod&SdjrifawG@vmonf? olESifhtjcm; aomtE,Nd vrl sKd;rsm;onf rsuEf mS jzLrsm;EiS thf x;l we;f &xm;wrJG sm;wiG f p;D ciG rhf jyKjci;f \/ wn;f cckd e;f awmaf wmrf sm;rsm;wiG f owl @kdtm; vurf cjHci;f w\u2039kdt jyif &ukd Ef uS jfci;f \/ rw&m;ojzijhfyKrql uqf jHci;f rsm;ucdk &H on?f ool naf 'o ctH Ed ,dN vrl sKd;rsm;tay: rw&m;jyKrql uqf jHci;f rsm;ukd cck &H eOf ya'en;f vr;f utkd o;kH jyKcohJ n?f [Ed LN t,0l g'vr$ ;f r;kd r\/_ Jainism EiS chf &p,f mebf momom oemw@kdvr$ ;f r;kd r\/_ pma&;q&m}u;D rsm;jzpaf om Tolstoy EiS hf Thoreau w@kd. vr$ ;f r;kd rp_ onwf @kda=umihf *EoDN nf Satyagraha (treS wf &m;uckd spcf irf )_ \/ trmS ;rsm;ukd t=ur;f rzuaf omen;f vr;f rsm;jzihf ajz&iS ;f jci;f vr;f pOuf kd a&; -59-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; om;cohJ n?f Eikd if aH &;qikd &f mrw&m;rr_ sm;ukd cck wH ukd cf ukd of nhf o.l t=ur;f rzuvf r;f pOrf sm;wiG f oywd af rmS ujfci;f \/ trsm;EiS yhf ;l aygi;f aqmi&f uG rf r_ &dS jci;f \/ vuuf r;f pmapmif rsm;a&;om;jci;f EiS rhf jyi;f xeaf omcck rH r_ sm;yif jzpyf g on?f awmitf mz&ud wiG f aexikd vf monthf EpS f EpS qf ,tf wiG ;f wiG *f EDN onf t}urd af ygi;f rsm;pmG axmicf sjci;f c&H on?f 1914 cEk pS wf iG f awmitf m z&ud wukd tf p;kd &rS *E.DN awmi;f qckd surf sm;ukd rsm;pmG vucf vH mon?f awmitf mz&ud wukd wf iG f atmijfrirf &_ &+dSy;D aemuf 1914 cEk pS Yf *EoDN nf tEd ,dN Eikd if oH @kdjyevf mcohJ n?f o.l ,m,vD yk if e;f rwS qihf v@loud mQ tm;t ojdyK&ef pn;f &;kH v\u2039H_aqmaf &;vyk if e;f tm; tEpS Ef pS qf ,af usmtf xd jyKvyk vf m c&hJ on?f *EtDN ouf 45 EpS tf &,G wf iG f +Awd od #tyk cf sKyrf v_ uaf tmurf S tE,dN vrl sKd;rsm;vwG vf yaf &;&&adS &;twuG f Eikd if aH &;avmuxoJ @kd0iaf &muf vmcohJ n?f 1919 cEk pS wf iG f +Awd ed tf p;kd &ukd rEpS of uaf omqEjNyyrJG sm; yrkd kd }u;D xmG ;vmcohJ n?f +Awd ed wf \u2039kdrS yek uf e&f evf \u2039H_aqmaf omorl sm;tm; t us,cf sKycf s&ejfzpaf om \u00b1vkd utf uOf ya' (Rowlatt Acts) uxkd wk of ;kH onhf tcsed wf iG f *ErDN vS n;f oe;f aygi;f rsm;pmG aomaemuvf ufkd of m;rsm;tm; qJG aqmiaf ponhf \\\"Satyagraha\\\" vr;f pOof puf kd csucf si;f xwk jf yeaf =ujimap onf? 1919 cEk pS f {+yvD wiG f \\\"Rowlatt Acts\\\" qEjN yyjJG ci;f ukd +Awd ed f \\\"Amritsar\\\"+Ad wod #ppof m;rsm;. t=ur;f zuEf rdS Ef iS ;f rj_zpaf om \\\"Amritsar\\\" tpvk ukd tf \u00f0yH vukd of wjfzwrf t_ m; jzpaf pcyhJ gon?f +Awd ed tf p;kd &onf tEd ,dN rvS n;f rrd d [email protected]=u;ee;f }uKd;rsm;ukd jzwaf wmu+fy;D te;D &&dS xm;vr;f rsm;uvkd n;f jzwf awmuvf ukd af =umi;f owi;f &&odS nthf cg jAwd vd #tp;kd &onf Eidk if aH wmtf a&;ay:tajctae (State of Emergency) tm;a=ujimvudk jfy;D rnof nthf pn;f ta0;rsm;rjyKvyk &f a=umi;f a=ujimvukd yf gon?f +Awd od #tp;kd &rS rnf onthf pn;f ta0;yuJG rkd S rjyKvyk &f ef ywd yf ixf m;aomvf n;f a'ocyH gwnD D -60-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; vmctH pn;f ta0;rmS jzpaf jrmucf ohJ n?f x\u2039kda=uminhf ae 5 em&D 15 red ptf csed wf iG f +Awd od #-tEd ,dN ppwf yrf S ppof m;rsm;tpn;f ta0;yuJG kd 0e;f &vH ukd yf g on?f wy&f i;f rLS ;&,*f seD ,'f ikd ,f m (Brigadier Reginald Dyer) .tred @ft& ppof m;rsm;onf vuef urf phJ pk n;f qEjNyaeaoma,musfm;\/ red ;f rrsm;EiS uhf av;oil ,rf sm;tm;ypcf wcf ohJ n?f Typcf wrf o_ nf tcsed f 10 red prf #=um jriIhf aoewuf sOqf aH ygi;f 1\u02dc650 r#ypcf w+fy;D ppof m;wpOf ;D v#if y#r;f r#tm; jzihf usnqf H 33 v;kH r#ypcf wcf ohJ n[f k wuG qf &ygon?f xtkd jzptf ysuf wiG f vOl ;D a&aygi;f 379 O;D aoq;kH a=umi;f +Awd ed tf &m&dS Raj raS zmjfyygon?f o@kdaomf tjcm;aomowi;f tcsutf vurf sm;wiG rf l vOl ;D a&aygi;f 1\u02dc000 txuaf oq;kH +y;D \/ 2\u02dc000 O;D a&tx'd %&f m&&odS n[f k azmjfyxm;ygon?f cpJG wd uf qk &m0ef a'guwf mprprf S vOl ;D a& 1800 ce@faoq;kH o@dkr[wk 'f g%f &m&&cdS ohJ nf [ak zmjfyxm;ygon?f T Amritsar tpvk ukd tf \u00f0yvH ukd of wf jzwrf w_ iG f +Awd od #tm;axmucf cH zhJ ;l aom oe;f aygi;f ajrmurf sm;pmG aomvl rsm;u tEd ,dN ukd axmucf tH m;ay;vmonthf jzpof @kd ajymi;f vcJ yhJ gon?f 1920 cEk pS wf iG f *EoDN nf tEd ,dN .Eikd if aH &;wiG =fu;D p;kd vr$ ;f r;kd aomy*k Kd~vwf pOf ;D jzpvf mon?f oul tEd ,dN trsKd;om;nvD mcuH kd jyKjyiaf jymi;f vvJ ukd +fy;D rd r.d +ird ;f csr;f aom vyk if e;f prD uH ed ;f jzpaf om rnof n+hfAwd od #tz@JGtpn;f rsm; EiS rhf y;l aygi;f bJ jAwd od #tp;kd &.xwk uf ek yf pnP ;f rsm;\/ vyk if e;f rsm;uodk ywd f armS ujfci;f w@kdjyKvyk cf ahJ oma=umihf axmiaf ygi;f rsm;pmG aomvrl sm;zr;f q;D csKyaf EmS ijf ci;f ccH &hJ ygon?f 1922 cEk pS wf iG f *EuDN ,kd wf ikd af xmi'f %f 6 EpS uf s&epf &D ijfci;f ccH &hJ on?f o@kd aomf 2 EpS af emuyf ikd ;f axmirf S vw$ af jrmuvf m+y;D Eikd if aH &;avmurES w_ f xuG of mG ;I q;kd &mG ;aeaom[Ed LN -rpl vi.f quqf aH &;wi;f rmrj_ yevf nf aumi;f reG vf mapa&;wiG f tm&pkH ukd af qmi&f uG af ecohJ n?f 1930 cEk pS wf iG f qm;tceG af umucf aH =u;tay: qEjNyonthf aejzihf pn;f &;kH a&;w&yuf jkdyK vyk cf jhJy;D axmiaf ygi;f rsm;pmG aomvrl sm;jzihf qm;\u00b1&dS myivf ,of @kdcswD ujfy;D -61-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; rrd wd @kdu,dk wf ikd yf ivf ,af &uae qm;xwk vf yk Ef idk of nohf auwF wctk ae jzijhfyocyhJ gon?f +Awd od #rS csrwS xf m;onOhf ya't& tEd ,dN jynof jlynof m;w@dkonf tajc cpH m;aomuuf ek jfzpof nhf qm;xwk vf yk af &;vyk if e;f udk rxwk vf yk &f ef wm; jrpxf m;on?f vikd pf icf iG jhfyKcsu&f adS om qm;xwk vf yk af &;pu&f rkH sm;wiG of m 0,,f pl m;o;kH ciG &hf odS n?f \u201ai;f ciG jhfyKcsu&f xm;aom qm;xwk vf yk af &;pu&f kH rsm;tm;v;kH rmS +Awd od #w@kdyikd qf ikd xf m;ygon?f yivf ,of @kdcswD uyf uJG kd *ErDN S 24 &u=fumO;D aqmipf pD Ocf +hJy;D yivf ,af &rqS m;rsm;uxdk wk vf yk cf ohJ n?f T csD wuyf wJG iG f axmiaf ygi;f rsm;pmG aom vxl tk itf m;yg0icf yhJ gon?f {+yvD 5 &uaf e@wiG f vxl rk sm;EiS thf wl yivf ,of @kd*EaDN &mu&f odS mG ;+y;D eeH uf 8 em&D 30 red ptf csed wf iG f obm0qm;tv;kH tcuJ kd *ErDN pS wiaf umu,f cl ohJ n?f TwiG f *EoDN nf jAwd o#w\u2039kd.qm;rxwk &f Oya'ukd csKd ;azmuaf vjyjD zpf on?f To@kdjyKvyk jf y;D aemuyf ikd ;f tjcm;aomygvmonvhf pl ok nvf n;f qm;rsm;updk wiaf umu,f cl yhJ gon?f To@kdjyKvyk of nhf wpyf gwtf wiG ;f wiG f jAwd od #Oya'uckd sKd ;azgurf j_ zihf axmirf sm;wiG vf rl sm;jynohf mG ;jy;D *EDN u,kd wf idk rf vS n;f axmixf oJ @kd xnohf iG ;f jci;f ccH &hJ ygon?f 1931 cEk pS wf iG f tEd ,dN trsKd;om;ueG *f &uyf gw.D wpOf ;D wn;f aomu,kd f pm;v,S tf jzpf ve'f ewf iG f usi;f yonphf m;y0JG ikd ;f aw@GqakH q;G aE;G yoJG @kd wuf a&mucf yhJ gon?f o@kdaomf 1934 cEk pS wf iG f ygwrD ES w_ xf uG of mG ;+y;D t=ur;f r zuaf omen;f vr;f utkd o;kH jyKum Eikd if aH &;vyk &f mS ;rw_ iG yf g0icf ohJ n?f *sm0g [mvmae\u00b1;l (Jawaharlal Nehru) roS @lacgi;f aqmiaf e&mukd qucf &H \u00b1cdS hJ onf? *EuDN tEd ,dN jynpf ;D ymG ;a&;tm; rrd wd @kd.&y&f mG \\\"avph ;D ymG ;a&;vr;f pOtf widk ;f jyKusi&hf evf vkd m;aomvf n;f 0e}fu;D csKy*f sm0g[mvmae\u00b1;l rS oabmrwnl D aoma=umihf tEd ,dN wiG af cwrf pDS u&f rkH sm;\/ &xm;vr;f rsm;EiS ahf cwrf yDS @kdaqmif -62-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; quof ,G af &;vr;f rsm;ukd pwiwf naf qmuaf von?f 1945 cEk pS wf iG f +Awd ed tf p;kd &u 1947 avm'h af rmibhf wwf etf ptD pOEf iS bhf m oma&;,=kHunrf t_ ay:rwl n+fy;D u,kd yf ikd tf csKytf jcmtm%m\u00b1dS vwG vf yf aom Eikd if aH &;toiG uf ;l ajymi;f omG ;rnhf tEd ,dN EiS yhf gupwP eEf ikd if xH al xmif a&;ywof uIf aomvf n;f aumi;f +Awd od #tp;kd &rS apph yaf q;G aE;G yjJGyKvyk cf yhJ g on?f 1857 cEk pS uf wn;f u +Awd od #[email protected] ekd ED ikd if jHzpcf ahJ om tE,dN Eikd if H onf 1947 cEk pS =fo*wk vf 15 &uwf iG vf wG vf yaf omEikd if jHzpvf mon?f [Ed LN EiS rhf pl viwf @kdt=um; txud \u00b6%k ;f onf q;kd &mG ;pmG quvf ujfzpaf y:ae on?f *EDN u tEd ,dN Eikd if pH n;f v;kH n!D w$ af &;twuG f [Ed LN EiS rhf pl viwf @kd+ird ;f csr;f pmG aexikd &f ef pn;f &;kH ajymqckd ohJ n?f To@kdEiS hf 1948 cEk pS wf iG tf Ed ,dN ([Ed LN trsm;pjkzpof n)f EiS yhf gupwP etf jzpEf pS Ef ikd if jHzpvf mon?f ta&@Syikd ;f EiS hf taemuyf ikd ;f rmS (rpl vitf rsm;pjkzpof n)f \/ ta&@SygupD weof nf ,cuk |Eykf f w@kdac:aeaomb*vF m;a'&h jfSzpvf mon?f *EoDN nf tEd ,dN Eikd if EH pS yf ikd ;f uoJG mG ; onuf qkd e@fusi+fy;D \/ Tbmoma&;tyk pf Ek pS cf tk =um; jzpaf y:aomt=ur;f zurf r_ sm;twuG f tveG 0f r;f en;f ayon?f 1948 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD 13 &uf wiG tf ouf 78 EpS &f +dSyjDzpaf om*EoDN nf ao;G ,okd &H qJ EjNyyrJG sm;&ywf e@fomG ; apon&hf n&f ,G cf sujfzihf tpmiwcf OH yok af pmiahf ecohJ n?f 5 &ujfynohf nhf aemuyf ikd ;f qe@fusiof al cgi;f aqmirf sm;rS cukd &f ejf zprf r_ sm;u&kd ywf e@f&eof abmwnl cD ohJ jzihf *EoDN ntf pmiwcf OH yok af pmijhfci;f u&kd ywf e\u2039fapcyhJ gon?f *E.DN tpmiwcf OH yok af pmirhf w_ iG f t=ur;f zurf j_zpaf y:aeonhf [Ed LN EiS rhf pl viEf pS zf upf v;kH &ywf e\u2039fapjy;D 4i;f EpS zf @JGpv;kH tm; t&uS &f apcyhJ gon?f o@kd aomvf n;f ,ae@xwd ikd yf if owl @kd.bmoma&;qikd &f mtxud &%k ;f rmS , ae@txqd uvf ujf zpyf mG ;aeqjJ zpyf gon?f 1948 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD 30 &u\/f ool nOf yok af pmijhfci;f r&S yqf ikd ;f +y;D 12 &uf aemuyf ikd ;f wiG f a'vYD [Ed LN bmoma&;poJG wl pOf ;D . vyk }fuoH wjfzprf u_ ckd &H -63-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; avon?f *E.DN =oZmtm%monf om;pOaf jr;quf tquqf utf ay: quvf utf yk pf ;kd aeqjJzp+fy;D tar&ud evf rl sKd;rmwivf ol mui;f onvf n;f tar&ud eEf ikd if .H vrl a_ &;ajymi;f vaJ &;twuG f *E.DN t=ur;f rzuaf om qEjN yre_ n;f vr;f utkd o;kH jyKcohJ n?f *E.DN tobk Y cs;D usL;*%k jfyKonphf um;aygi;f rsm;pmG txrJ S xi&f mS ;aom&l yaA'ynm&iS wf pOf ;D jzpof n[f k Albert Einstein rTS uohJ \u2039kdajymomG ;yg on?f \u201cGenerations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood.\u201d t\\\"yd g`,uf awm-h \u201caemivf mrnhf aqpG Orf sKd;qurf sm;---taee\u2039J'vD tkd ao;G tom;e\u2039J tou\u00b1f iS cf hJ whJ vwl pf a,mu\u00b1f cdS whJ ,qf wkd m ,=kHun=furmS r[wk bf ;l \u201d v\u2039kdqckd whJ ,?f -64-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]vGyfvyfa&;qdkwmudk,fvkyfcsifwmudkvkyfwmr[kwfbJeJU udk,fvkyfoifhwJht&mudkvkyfwmjzpfw,f\/}} \u201cFreedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we ought.\u201d ]]vlrIa&;w&m;rQwrIudktMurf;zufwJhenf;eJU,lvdk&rSmr[kwf\/tMurf;zufrIqdkwm olvdkcsifwJht&mudk owfvdkufwmjzpfw,f\/}} \u201cSocial justice cannot be attained by violence. Violence kills what it intends to create.\u201d ]]tem*wf[m'DaeUrSmpw,f\/ reufjzefrSmprSmr[kwfbl;\/}} \u201cThe future starts today, not tomorrow.\u201d ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (1920-2005) *Wefayg(v)f II (Pope John Paul II) ukd urmB wpvf m$ ;b&k m;z;l xuG af om yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D [vk tl rsm;uo\u00b1d xdS m;ygon?f olonf\u00b1dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;ordkif;t wiG ;f tjcm;aombmoma&;acgi;f aqmirf sm;xuf urmB tE@HS\u00b1adS e&mrsm;o@kdc&;D xuG +fy;D val ygi;f rsm;pmG EiS phf um;ajymczhJ ;l onyhf *k Kd~vwf pOf ;D jzpof n?f ool nf yyk &f [e;f ri;f .tyk cf sKyyf pkH epuf kd acwrf aDS tmiaf jymi;f vEJ ikd cf ohJ n?f ,ciuf yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D rsm;onf vrl sm;EiS ahf 0;umG pmG ae+y;D Auwf eD eEf iS hf a0;aomae&mrsm;wiG f romG ;cbhJ ;l acs? o@kdaomf *|eaf yg(v)f taeEiS hf rrd wd iG f c&;D pOrf sm;jzijhfynEhf uS af eon?f ool nf bmoma&;acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D t jzpf twD vtD wiG ;f 102 }urd \/f tjyibf uwf iG f 144 }urd f b&k m;ausmi;f rsm; o\u2039kdc&;D xuG cf +hJy;D o.l yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D jzpof nohf uwf r;f 26 EpS tf wiG ;f Eikd if H aygi;f 130 Eikd if oH @kdc&;D xuG cf ohJ n?f ool nf tjcm;yyk rf sm;omG ;cahJ om c&;D pOf -65-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; uvD rkd wD mrsm;aygi;f vukd vf #if owl pOf ;D wn;f omG ;cohJ nuhf vD rkd wD mu yIkd rsm;aeygon?f 1978 cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mv 16 &uaf e@Y *|eaf yg(v)f touf 58 EpS of m\u00b1dS ao;onthf csed wf iG f yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D tjzptf a\u00b1;G cs,cf cH &hJ on?f To@kdEiS hf *|eaf yg(v)f II onf EpS qf ,&f mptk wiG ;f touf ti,qf ;kH yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D jzp+fy;D 15 &mpEk pS af emuyf ikd ;f \u00b1dS yxrq;kH aomtwD vED ikd if oH m;r[wk of nhf yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D vn;f jzpcf ohJ n?f o@lukd vtl rsm;u=unnf Kdz,G af umi;f +y;D wn+fird &f iuhf surf \u00b1_ +dSy;D o@lukd aw@Gz;l aomorl sm;u yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D utkd od Om%\/f tvi;f a&miaf y;onyhf *k Kd~v[f k rwS ,f +ly;D ool mG ;onrhf nohf nahf e &mwiG rf qkd o@lukd jynof vl xl uk }uKduEf pS of u=fuon?f rwfv 4 &uf 2004 ckESpfwGif*|efayg(vf)onfyD,yf(pf) (Pius ix) EiS phf ed @fywD mw@kdrvS IJG ool uwf r;f t\u00b1nS qf ;kH yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D jzpcf ohJ n?f emZDacwfuausmif;om;b0 yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D . i,ef mrn&f i;f rmS cg\u00b1vkd 0f @kdvm (Karol Wojtyla) jzp+fy;D ar v 18 &uf 1920 cEk pS Yf 0g'0kd ud_ (f p)f yvkd eEf ikd if wH iG zf mG ;jricf ohJ n?f otl ouf \u00b1pS Ef pS tf \u00b1,G wf iG f rcd iaf oq;kH omG ;cohJ n?f o;kH EpS af emuyf ikd ;f o.l tpuf wkd pf a,muuf ejDre;f tzsm;a&m*gEiS ahf oq;kH omG ;on?f [email protected] mS wy=fuyf }u;D wpOf ;D jzp+fy;D 1941 cEk pS wf iG uf ,G vf eG cf ohJ n?f o@ltouf 20 t\u00b1,G wf iG f o.l rod m;p0k iof ;kH a,muuf qkd ;kH \u00b1;H_ c&hJ on?f cg\u00b1vkd 0f @kdvmonf oil ,cf si;f rsm;EiS thf pvk ukd af eww+fy;D pu;D p;D jci;f \/ ajcusif c&;D xuG jfci;f \/ awmiwf ujfci;f \/ a&u;l jci;f EiS ahf vaS vmS jfci;f w@dkukd }uKduEf pS f ouof n?f x@kdtwl pmutkd ywwf uwk }fuKd;pm;aom ausmi;f om;wpOf ;D vn;f jzpof n?f ool nf bmompum;wiG tf veG xf ;l c|e+fy;D bmompum; -66-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; 11 rsKd;uukd |r;f usipf mG ajymEikd of n?f emZvD uaf tmu\u00b1f dS yvkd eEf ikd if wH iG f ausmi;f om;wpaf ,mujfzpaf om cg\u00b1vkd f taeESifhbmoma&;udk tvGefvdkufpm;aomoljzpfonf? olonf \u00b1dkref uuof vpjfzp+fy;D r,af wmrf m&uD kd wu,yf i=funnf Kdav;pm;+y;D o.l u,kd yf ikd af qmiyf 'k uf vuwf ibf momjzihf ''Totus tuus'' jzp+fy;D vuwf ijfzihf \u201ctm;v;kH oithf wuG jfzp+fy;D t\\\"yd `g,rf mS \u2018rm&\u2019D \u201d jzpof n?f cg\u00b1vkd 0f @kdvmonf yvkd eof rikd ;f wiG f touf 38 EpS tf \u00b1,G wf iG tf outf i,f q;kH *%kd ;f csKybf ek ;f }u;D (b;D a\u00b1mS h(y)f ) jzpvf mon?f aemuuf ;kd EpS wf iG f touf ti,qf ;kH uuof vp*f %kd ;f csKy}f u;D jzpvf m+y;D bmomw&m;r\u00b1adS omEikd if H }u;D twiG ;f \u00b1vdS rl sm;ukd bmoma&;vr;f !e$ rf r_ sm;ay;cohJ n?f 1978 cEk pS wf iG f vtl rsm;t=hHoaponthf csuwf pcf rk mS *%kd ;f tyk rf sm;.aumvyd af usmi;f rS o@ltm; \u00b1rkd euf uof vpbf &k m;ausmi;f uOkd ;D aqmi&f ef a\u00b1;G cs,cf ohJ n?f ol.tjrif wpcf sKd@u *|eaf yg(v)f uakd wmvf eS af &;orm;[k xijfri=fuon?f ool nvf @l tciG thf a&;tay:wiG f rm;rm;rwrf w&f ywf naf y;jci;f \/ pptf p;kd &rsm;ukd a0 zeqf e@fusijfci;f \/ *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;EiS jhfyevf nof ijhfrwaf ygi;f pn;f a&;\/ tjcm;aom bmomw&m;,=kHunof rl sm;EiS hf pum;pjrnaf jymqakd q;G aE;G yvJG yk jfci;f EiS whf urmB v;kH \u00b1cdS &p,f mebf mom0iwf @kd. n!D w$ af &;twuG }f uKd ;pm;cohJ n?f trsm;u yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D taeEiS hf rrd .d Zmw&d yaf jryvkd ewf iG f pn;f v;kH nD !w$ rf v_ y_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;jyKcohJ nthf wuG f Oa&my\u00b1udS eG jfrLeppf epuf ukd nl ID y aysmuaf pon[f ak jym=uon?f x@kdtwl vcl sr;f omEiS qhf i;f &J om;rsm;t =um;\u00b1odS nhf vp[f mrw_ @kduokd \u00b1d jdSci;f \/ t&i;f \u00b1iS pf eprf sm;veG ;f jci;f tay: a0zef jci;f EiS hf taemuEf ikd if wH @kd.\u00b1yk 0f g'w@kdtay: a0zejfci;f w@kdjyKvyk cf ohJ n?f -67-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; o@lukd omG ;yyk af vvi$ ahf jymorl sm;uo@luwkd ;kd wujfyKjyiaf jymi;f vrJ u_ qkd e@f usi+fy;D wu,ahf cwof pwf iG jfzpaf y:aeaomt&mrsm;ukd qe@fusi+fy;D em&uD kd aemujfyeqf oJG [l xk i=fuon?f wpcf sKd@u o@lukd tpeG ;f a&muaf \u00b1;S \u00b1;kd t,0l g' \u00b1+dSy;D trsKd;or;D &[e;f cjHci;f \/ oaEw< m;q;D jci;f EiS uhf ,kd 0f ezf sujfci;f w@kdtm; wm;q;D rt_ ay: o@luakd 0ze=fuon?f oul vtl rsm;.vOl ;D a&rsm;veG ;f jci;f [qk akd omt,tl qukd '\u00be&,D wkH r;f pum;tjzprf wS ,f +ly;D ueG 'f ;kH ukd AIDS a&m*gumu,G af &;twuG of ;kH jci;f onf xakd &m*grsm;jye@fymG ;a&;twuG tf ultnDay;onf[kqdkonf? {+yvD 2002 cEk pS wf iG f tar&ud euf uof vp*f %kd ;f csKyf 12 a,muuf kd 2 &uwf mtwtl pn;f ta0;ac:,+ly;D tar&ud wiG uf uof vp&f [e;f rsm;u uav;i,rf sm;tay: vid qf uqf aH &;vyk jfci;f ponhf ausmrf aumi;f =um;r aumi;f t\u00b1y_ tf ax;G rsm;ta=umi;f ukd aq;G aE;G ajymq=kduon?f yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D u oEl iS 0hf iaf &muaf w@GqakH om*%kd ;f csKy}fu;D rsm;ukd &[e;f rsm;EiS bhf m omw&m;u uav;rsm;tay:vid qf uqf rH v_ yk jfci;f onf \u201c&mZ0wrf \u201d_ [k rwS ,f +ly;D b&k m;ocirf supf xd wJ iG f \u201cxwd vf e@fz,G af umi;f aomtjyp\u201df [qk kd onf? vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;jcif; yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D onf 1981 cEk pS wf iG f ay:w*l ED ikd if rH ,af wmrf m&.D zmwrD m bbl &k m;ausmi;f o@kdomG ;pOtf wiG ;f o@luakd oewEf iS yhf pIf vyk }fuoH wjfzwf &e}fuKd;pm;cahJ omvf n;f oul ,i;f taeEiS vhf wG af jrmuEf ikd jfci;f rmS r,af wmf rm&.D unl aD oma=umi[hf ,k ql on?f aemiwf iG of @lu}kduKd;pm;I owrf nhf w&l uED ikd if oH m;rmrutf vtD *g (MahmetAliAga) ukd axmixf wJ iG of mG ; aw@G+y;D o@luckd iG vhf w$ cf ohJ n?f x@kdtwl zuwf rD mb&k m;ausmi;f o@kdomG ;+y;D r,af wmrf m&uD kd o@ltm;ao -68-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ab;ruS nl cD ohJ nthf wuG f aus;Z;l wi&f eof mG ;onthf csed wf iG f \\\"g;uikd xf m; aom&[e;f wpaf ,muuf o@lu\\\"kd g;EiS xhf ;kd owaf wmrh nahf emuf bmrrS vyk f yoJ @lzmomo&l yqf ikd ;f cohJ n?f vltrsm;. \u201cykyf&[ef;rif;\u201d .b0aemufqHk;c&D; yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D .aemuqf ;kH b0wiG f a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;ukd cpH m;&on?f 1992 cEk pS wf iG f o.l trl }u;D twiG ;f jri;f zak &mief muckd xJG wk cf +hJy;D 1993 cEk pS wf iG f o.l ausmuek ;f tqpvf cJG +hJy;D 1993 cEk pS wf iG af ygi\u00b1f ;kd usO;f jci;f EiS hf 1996 cEk pS f wiG tf tl wuuf kd cxJG wk vf ukd &f on?f x@kdtwl *|eaf yg(v)f onf yguicf eef raf =uma&m*g\/ \u00b1;kd quaf &mief m\/ wiyf g; q\u00b1kH ;kd emusOjfci;f EiS hf 1991 cEk pS wf iG vf yk }fuoH wjfzw&f e}fuKd;pm;ra_ =umihf em wm\u00b1nS af &m*gponwf @kduckd pH m;c&hJ on?f 1992 cEk pS wf iG tf \u00b1l dS jri;f zek muckd JG xwk cf &hJ +y;D 1992 cEk pS wf iG f rawmwf qacsmvf cJ ahJ oma=umihf wiyf g;q\u00b1kH ;kd rsm;cpJG wd cf &hJ on?f Ta&m*grsm;=um;xuJ yif yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D onf urmB tE@HSc&;D pOuf kd quf vyk &f eqf ;kH jzwcf sucf s+y;D orikd ;f 0icf &;D pOtf jzpf usK;bm;Eikd if \/H awmitf mz&d u\/ q;D &;D ,m;\/ ,ul &ed ;f \/ *&Ed ikd if oH @kdomG ;+y;D vol e;f aygi;f rsm;pmG w@kud kd aw@GqkH Ew_ qf ucf +hJy;D vil ,vf \u00b1l ,G rf sm;uvkd n;f aw@GqckH yhJ gon?f o@kdaomf 2005 cEk pS af zaz:0g&vD wiG f *|eaf yg(v)f II rmS tou\u00b1f LS jci;f tcuf tcwJ @kda=umihf aq;\u00b1ckH %c%wucf &hJ on?f &uof waW ygi;f rsm;pmG =um+y;D aemuf o.l av\u00b9yeG uf ckd uJG +ky;D aemuf tou\u00b1f LS yukd uf kd o@lvnaf csmi;f xoJ @kd xnfhoGif;ay;cJhonf? azaz:0g&vD 27 &uf 2005 cEk pS wf iG f we*aF EaG e@r,af wmrf m&tD m; 0wjfyK -69-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; &eaf cgi;f avmi;f x;kd aumi;f cs;D ay;jci;f ukd u,kd wf ikd rf vyk Ef ikd bf J rrd .d vuf axmuuf vkd yk cf ikd ;f c&hJ on?f Tt}urd of nf o.l yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D ouf wr;f wpaf v#muf yxrq;kH t}urd jfzpof n?f c&paf wm\u00b1f iS of exf ajrmuaf wmrf al om ae@aumi;f cs;D r*vF may;yrJG S vIJG t jcm;uuof vp*f %kd ;f csKywf @kdukd wm0eaf y;I o@lu,kd pf m;wm0exf r;f aqmif apon?f c&paf wm\u00b1f iS of exf ajrmuaf wmrf al om we*aF EaG e@wiG f yyk &f [e;f ri;f }u;D u rrd .d AmwuD ejfyLwi;f aygurf S rsuEf mS az: jyvm+y;D ped @fywD mpuJG wiG &f yaf eaomvxl }ku;D ukd aumi;f cs;D ay;cohJ n?f opl um;ajym&e}fuKd;pm;chJ aomvf n;f aemuqf ;kH wwd qf wd pf mG yif pwd xf YJ aumi;f cs;D ay;c&hJ on?f yyk &f [e;f ri;f . use;f rma&;wpwpq;kd \u00b1mG ;vm+y;D aemuwf iG f oul aq;\u00b1okH @kd ac:omG ;rnuf rkd vakd wmyh J AmwuD eef e;f awmwf iG of mae&ef q;kH jzwcf ohJ n?f {+yvD EpS &f uwf iG f *|eaf yg(v)f II u,G vf eG of mG ;+y;D o.l tourf mS 84 EpS jfzpf onf? -70-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]cHpm;rIuae vIHUaqmfrIeJUtouf\u00bdSifvGwfajrmufrIwdkUudk qGJxkwfEdkif&r,f\/}} \\\"We shall draw from the heart of suffering itself the means of inspiration and survival.\\\" ]]udk,f&wJhpm;0wfaea&;twGuftoHk;jyKNyD; udk,fay;wJht&meJUtoufwm wpfckudk aqmufvkyfEdkifw,f\/}} \\\"We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.\\\" ]]wdkUtaumif;qHk;vkyfaew,fvdkUajymwm bmrStoHk;rusygbl;\/ vdktyfaewJht&mudk vkyfwJhtcg atmifjrifrI\u00bdSd&r,f\/}} \\\"It is no use saying, \u2018we are doing our best. You have got to succeed in doing what is necessary.\\\" qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf) (1874-1965) qm(&)f 0ipf wecf syaf cs;(v)f (Sir Winston Churchill) onf rm;rm;rwrf w&f yf wnIf zuqf p0f g'ukd qe@fusiaf omEikd if aH cgi;f aqmif wpOf ;D jzp+fy;D wurmB v;kH u'rD ukd a&ppD epwf iG f ,=kHunf r\u00b1_ vdS matmiEf iS hf +Awd ed Ef ikd if uH 'kd wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f atmijf rirf &_ \u00b1adS tmiOf ;D aqmiEf ikd cf ohJ n?f 0ipf wevf ,D ekd wpf yipf mcsyaf cs;(v)f onf E0kd ibf mv 30 &uf 1974 cEk pS f wiG bf v,[f if (Blenhiem) ee;f awmaf tmupf z@kd\u00b1i_d ;f ,m; (Oxfordshire) wiG zf gG;jriof n?f o.l zcif avm(h ')f &eaf 'gch yaf cs;(v)f rmS xi\u00b1f mS ;ausm=fum; aomEikd if aH &;orm;wpOf ;D jzpof n?f csyaf cs;(v)f onpf i[f wf (p)f Sandhust ppof iwf e;f ausmi;f wiG f atmijfri+fy;D pprf x_ r;f cohJ n?f ool ntf aemuf ajrmuyf ikd ;f tEd ,dN EiS phf 'l eEf ikd if \u00b6H dS ppaf jrjyirf sm;Y wm0e,f cl &hJ on?f ppxf wJ iG f trx_ r;f aepOtf wiG ;f csyaf cs;(v)f u ae@pOpf paf =u;ee;f pmrsm;uzkd w+fy;D \\\"The Story of The Malakand Field Force (1898)\\\" EiS hf \\\"The River War\\\" ponhf -71-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; pmtyk rf sm;uakd &;om;cohJ n?f 1899 cEk pS wf iG f +Awd ed pf pwf yrf ES w_ xf uG cf +hJy;D \u201carmei;f z@kdpf Morning Post owi;f pmwiG f ppyf oJG wi;f axmutf jzpf wvvyk cf ohJ n?f awmitf mz&d uwiG \u00b1f adS om btkd m (Boer) ppyf YJG owi;f axmuaf epOtf wiG ;f btkd m (Boers) rsm;uo@luzkd r;f q;D I axmiof iG ;f tusO;f csccH &hJ on?f o@kdaomof l vwG af jrmuvf monthf csed wf iG f acgi;f }u;D yikd ;f owi;f rsm;ukd a&;om;cohJ n?f t*vF eof @kdjyeaf &muof nthf csed wf iG f o.l taw@Gt}uKHrsm;ukd a&;om;I \u201cLondon to Ladysmith\u201d pmtyk tf jzpf 1900 cEk pS wf iG xf wk af 0jze@fcscD ohJ n?f 1900 cEk pS wf iG cf syaf cs;(v)f u t;kd [r;f (Oldham) ygvrD ewf iG f ueG qf maA; wptf z@JG0ijfzpvf m+y;D vrl a_ &;jyevf nwf naf xmirf v_ yk if e;f rsm;ukd axmuf coH jlzpvf mon?f 1904 cEk pS wf iG f o.l ygwtD }u;D turJ sm;vvkd m;aomt ajymi;f tvuJ ekd m;rvnef ikd af oma=umihf csyaf cs;(v)f uvpbf &,yf gwoD @kd ajymi;f v&J ejfii;f cek cf ohJ n?f 1905 cEk pS af \u00b1;G aumuyf wJG iG f vpbf &,yf gwtD Eikd &f aomtcg csyaf cs;(v)f ukd uvkd ekd \u00b1D ;kH Yvuaf xmutf wiG ;f a&;rLS ;tjzpf ce@ftyjf ci;f c&H on?f 1908 cEk pS wf iG f uubf ed utf wiG ;f o@kduek of ,G af &;bwk tf [email protected] OuXU t jzp0f iaf &mucf +hJy;D 1910 cEk pS wf iG jfynxf aJ &;0e}fu;D jzpvf mon?f jynxf aJ &; 0e}fu;D wpaf ,mutf jzpof vl yk af qmicf ohJ nthf &mrsm;rmS tusO;f axmif rsm;wiG f jyevf nxf al xmiaf &;vyk if e;f rsm;jzpaf om tusO;f axmitf wiG ;f y nmay;a[majymyrJG sm;EiS thf usO;f om;rsm;twuG f *wD ya'omyrJG sm;usi;f y ay;jci;f tygt0iwf @kdjzpof n?f x@kdjyif axmixf uG tf usO;f om;rsm;ukd tul tnDay;aomtzGJ@rsm;udkxlaxmifay;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl 0u(f v)f (\u00b1)fS (Welsh) rikd ;f w;l vyk of m;rsm;qEjNyywJG iG f csyaf cs;(v)f u ppwf yf o;kH cohJ nthf ay:o\u0152l ukd jyi;f xepf mG a0zecf =hJuon?f 1911 cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mvwiG f csyaf cs;(v)f onf a&wytf }u;D tuJ (First -72-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; Lord of theAdmiralty) jzpvf mc+hJy;D acwrf aDS oma&wyjfzpvf matmiuf nl D ay;cohJ n?f csyaf cs;(v)f onf 1912 cEk pS wf iG f a&wyrf awm.f av,mOyf s0H ef aqmirf _ (The Royal Naval Air Service) uwkd naf xmiaf y;cohJ n?f x@kdt jyif &\u00b1vdS maomen;f pepof prf sm;ukd aumi;f reG pf mG to;kH jyKEikd &f eaf va=umi;f Xge (Air Department) uwkd naf xmicf ohJ n?f csyaf cs;(v)f u z@HG+zKd ;w;kd wuf rr_ sm;wiG f tveG yf ipf wd vf y_ \u00b1f mS ;wu\u00bafuaG oma=umihf av,mOaf rmi;f oif wef;udkwufa&mufcJhonf? 1914 cEk pS yf xrurmB ppjfzpaf y:csdewf iG f csyaf cs;(v)f u ppaf umipf wD iG 0f if a&muyf g0icf ohJ n?f rnof @kdyiqf akd pumrl 1915 cEk pS 'f g'eef ,wf &m;a[m, ajymyJG (Dardanelles Campaign) ratmijf rirf t_ ay: tjypwf ijf ci;f c&H on?f x@kdaemuf \u201cChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\u201d tjzpaf e&m ajymi;f ay;jci;f c&H on?f tp;kd &.ppaf &;r0l g'rsm;wiG f yg0iyf gwof u&f ef =o Zm tm%mr\u00b1adS wmoh nahf emuf opl wd rf csr;f omawmyh J aemuqf ;kH +Awd od # wyrf awmxf wJ iG f jyevf ntf rx_ r;f +y;D taemuyf ikd ;f a\u00b1w\u203aS e;f ae&mrsm;wiG \u00b1f dS aom \u201cRoyal Scots Fusiliers\u201d wy&f i;f uOkd ;D aqmicf ohJ n?f 1917 cEk pS wf iG f tp;kd &tvyk xf jJ yevf n0f iaf &mu+f y;D vuef ucf ,J r;f r;D ausmu0f e}fu;D tjzpwf m0exf r;f aqmiof n?f 1919 cEk pS rf S 1921 cEk pS tf xd oul ppaf &;pp&f mEiS ahf va=umi;f qikd &f mbuwf iG f wm0e,f &l aomtwiG ;f a&;rLS ;jzpcf +hJy;D 1924\u20131929 cEk pS tf xd 0e}fu;D (Chancell of the Exchequer) tjzpwf m0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ n?f xEkd pS rf sm;aemuyf ikd ;f q,Ef pS tf wiG ;f o@ltwuG f \u201cuqH ;kd r;kd armS iuf saomEpS f rsm;\u201d [qk &kd ayrn?f tEd ,dN rsm;.rrd ud ,kd yf ikd tf yk cf sKyaf &;tay: qe@fusiaf &; EiS hf Abdication crisis\u2013tciG thf m%mvuvf w$ af &;ta&;awmyf tkH wiG ;f tu'f 0y(f w)f tm;axmucf tH m;ay;rw_ @kda=umihf o@luvkd tl rsm;uvurf caH wmoh jzihf o.l emZ*D smrerD sm;ay:ay:uvf mjci;f EiS +hfAwd ed tf aeEiS hf vuf eutf optf qe;f rsm;jyevf nwf yqf i&f etf }uaH y;jci;f w@kdukd rnof rl #t -73-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; a&;rvyk af wmah y? 1939 cEk pS 'f wk ,d urmB ppjfzpaf y:onthf csed tf wiG ;f csyf acs;vof naf &wy.f t}u;D tuJ ( First Lord of the Admiralty) jzpvf m on?f 1940 cEk pS af rvwiG f Neville Chamberlian u0e}fu;D csKy&f mx;l rES w_ f xuG +fy;D aemuf csyaf cs;vuf ,i;f .&mx;l uqkd ucf cH ohJ n?f o.l emZ*D smr erD sm;atmuwf iG f vurf ajrmutf \u00b1;H_ ray;cjhJ ci;f a=umihf wikd ;f jynrf oS @lukd }uKduEf pS of u=fuon?f ppyf tJG wiG ;f umvrsm;Y ryirf ye;f bJ o.l wm0ef rsm;ukd xr;f aqmicf +hJy;D tar&ud eof rwR \u00b1pk bEhJ iS qhf uqf aH &;rsm;aumi;f reG f +y;D wpcf gwp&f qH uqf aH &;cucf aJ om qAkd ,D u,f el ,D jH ziyhf iqf uqf aH &; aumi;f reG af tmif aqmi\u00b1f uG Ef ikd cf ohJ n?f 1945 cEk pS pf pyf tJG +y;D a\u00b1;G aumuyf rJG sm;wiG f csyaf cs;vuf tm%muvkd uf v$wcf H&aomvf n;f twduk ftcHygw.D acgif;aqmiftjzpf quvf u&f yf wn+f y;D rrd .d ppaf t;ppyf (JG Cold War) tay:p;kd &rd rf r_ sm;EiS \u201chf Iron Curtain*\u201d [al ompum;to;kH tEe_ ;f ukd wipf m;ausm=fum;vmatmivf yk f aqmicf +hJy;D Oa&myESifh \\\"Trans\u2013Atlantic\\\" wdk@pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_\u00b1Sdatmifvkyf aqmiEf ikd cf ohJ n?f 1951 cEk pS wf iG of ul 0e}fu;D csKytf jzpjfyevf nwf iaf jrm\u2021 uf jci;f c&H on?f 1955 cEk pS wf iG f Ew_ xf uG cf ahJ omvf n;f orl aocitf csed wf tkd wiG ;f txd 0e}fu;D tjzpf wm0exf r;f aqmicf ohJ n?f 0ipf wecf syaf cs;(v)f ao q;kH omG ;onwhf ikd f o.l Eikd if aH &;vy_ \u00b1f mS ;aqmi\u00b1f uG rf a_ woG mrupmtyk af ygi;f ajrmurf sm;pmG uvkd aJ &;om;cohJ n?f x@kda=umihf 1953 cEk pS wf iG Ef bkd ,(f v)f pm ayquk &kd \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f csyaf cs;vof nf 1965 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD 24 &uaf e@wiG f u,G vf eG cf +hJy;D o@luEkd ikd f iaH wmuf *%k jf yKo+*Kd vcf ohJ n?f * Iron Curtain \u201couH e@fve@fum\u201d qokd nphf um;v;kH pm0gaqmEikd if rH sm; (ueG jfrLepEf ikd if H \u2013t\\\"ud tm;jzithf ar&ud EiS thf aemuOf a&myEikd if )H w@kdukd cjJGcm;xm;onphf n;f rsO;f jzp+f y;D 1945 rS 1991 cEk pS pf paf t;ppyf uJG ek qf ;kH onthf csed uf mvwiG jf zpof n?f -74-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]uRefawmfr[kwf&ifb,foljzpfrvJ\/ aemufNyD;tckrSr[kwfvdkU&Sd&if b,fawmhjzpfrvJ\/}} \\\"If not me, who? And if not now, when?\\\" ]]raeUuoiftrsm;BuD;vkyfcJhNyD;NyDvdkUxifae&if 'DaeUoif trsm;BuD;rvkyfEdkifawmhbl;\/}} \\\"If what you have done yesterday still looks big to you, you haven't done much today.\\\" ]]uRefawmf[muGefjrLepform;wpfa,muf? wu,fhuGefjrLepform;yg\/ wjcm;ol awGtwGufawmhpdwful;,Ofp&mbJjzpfvdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fhuRefawmhftwGufawmhw u,fh&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfckyg\/}} \\\"I am a Communist, a convinced Communist! For some that may be a fantasy. But to me it is my main goal.\\\" raD c;vaf *:bmacsm(h A)f ( 1931- ) rD ac;vaf *:bmacsm(h A)f (Mikhail Gorbachev) onf 1931 cEk pS wf iG af r;G zmG ;c+hJy;D 1985 cEk pS rf S 1991 ckESpftxd qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH (USSR) .acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzpcf yhJ gon?f qAkd ,D uf EiS thf a&@Syikd ;f Oa&myEikd if rH sm;.ueG jfrLep0f g'ukd jzKwcf s +y;D jyKjyiaf jymi;f vaJ &;0g'uwkd naf qmu&f etf aumif txnfazmfcJhonfhaemufqHk;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; vn;f jzpcf yhJ gon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf qAkd ,D upf epuf jkdyevf n&f iS of eaf p&ef jyKvyk rf nqf kd aomvf n;f \u201ai;f pepuf jkdzKwcf scyhJ gon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f . taemuwf ikd ;f Eikd if H rsm;tx;l ojzithf ar&ud ejfynaf xmipf Ek iS jhfzpyf mG ;aeaomwi;f rmra_ jzav#mh csiaf omay:vpoD nf 1940 cEk pS uf wn;f uurmB }u;D ukd cjJGcm;cahJ omppf at;y}JGu;D +y;D q;kH &etf wuG f ta&;}u;D aomxn0hf irf w_ pcf jk zpcf ohJ n?f -75-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; raD c;vaf *:bmacsm(h A)f onf qAkd ,D uof rwR Eikd if H Privolnoye rS 1931 cEk pS f rwvf 2 &uaf e@wiG af r;G zmG ;cohJ n?f ool npf ukd yf sKd;a&;qikd &f mv,,f m&wd f ord ;f a&;purf y_ pnP ;f rsm;jyiqf iof wl O;D .om;jzpyf gon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f . tb;kd jzpof l Pantelei Yefimovich Gopkalo onuf eG jfrLepyf gw(D CPSU). tz@JG0iwf pOf ;D jzp+f y;D \/ (trsm;yikd vf ,,f majrvyk if e;f ) Kolkhoz &mG .OuXU wpOf ;D jzpyf gon?f 1937 cEk pS wf iG of tl m; NKVD* v#Kd\u01520uS yf vk yd wf @kdrvS ,D eG f xa&mpf u;D Leon Trotsky uakd xmucf oH nhf yek uf eof tl z@JGtpn;f .acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D trj_zihf zr;f q;D axmicf scyhJ gon?f axmiwf iG f 2 EpS ef ;D yg;EydS pf uf zr;f q;D csKyaf EmS ijfci;f c&H c+hJy;D \/ 1938 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mvwiG f jyevf nvf wG af jrmuf vmcJhygonf? \u201ai;f jzpyf sucf ohJ n&hf mZ0iof rikd ;f a=umihf a*:bmacsm(h A)f u o.l Eikd if aH &;tm; toiG af jymi;f vrJ a_ y;apcohJ nhf t\\\"ud tcsujfzpof n[f ak jymqckd yhJ gon?f o@ltb;kd onf ueG jf rLepof rm;qeaf eqjJ zp+f y;D rrd .d ajr;tm; Karl Marx\/ Frederick Engels EiS hf veD if (Lenin) [email protected] if e;f qikd &f mrsm;jzihf quEf ,G f apcyhJ gon?f (v,D eG xf a&mpf u;D .vyk if e;f ta=umi;f urkd rl ajymjycahJ y)? 'wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f u a*:bmacsmAh .f &mG u*kd smrepf pof m;w@kd ord ;f yukd f jci;f ccH &hJ ygon?f aemuyf ikd ;f wiG f rrd ud ,kd wf ikd Tf o@kda&;om;cyhJ gon?f \u201cpp+fy;D oGm;onfhtcsdefwkef;uu|efawmfhtouf 14 ESpfbJ&Sdygao;w,f? u|ef awmwf @kd&@JrsKd;quuf awmh ppwf iG ;f rjSzpaf y:cwhJ uhJ av;rsm; rsKd;qujfzpyf g w,?f 'pD pyf aJG w[G m u|eaf wmwf @kdb0avmiuf |r;f apcwhJ ,?f u|Eyfk wf @kd&,hJ ck vu&f udS rmB tm; aw@Gjri}fuKHaw@G&ydS EkH iS jhfyKrul si}hfurH a_ wuG vkd n;f jzpvf map ygw,f?\u201d *NKVD onqf Akd ,D u,f el ,D .H v#Kd@0uS yf vk yd wf yzf @JGjzp+fy;D pwmviaf cwwf iG f Eikd if aH &;EydS f uyG rf r_ sm;twuG f wm0e,f &l on?f -76-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; a*:bmacsmh(Af)onf armfpudkwuUodkvfY Oya'qdkif&mbmom&yftm; wuaf &muof i=fum;jci;f rjyKcif aumu&f wd of rd ;f rq_ ikd &f mwm0ecf tH jzpf wm0exf r;f aqmicf yhJ gon?f ausmi;f om;b0wiG yf if ueG jfrLepyf gw(D CPSU) wiG tf z@JG0itf jzpf y;l aygi;f yg0icf +hJy;D Raisa Titorenko EiS vhf uxf yxf rd ;f jrm; cyhJ gon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f wuoU vkd af usmi;f qi;f +y;D aemuf urG qf rkd ukd eG jfrLepvf il ,f rsm;tz\u2039JG (Komsomol Communist Youth Organizaion) wiG f tcsed jfyn0hf ef xr;f wpOf ;D tjzpwf m0exf r;f aqmicf yhJ gon?f 1995 cEk pS wf iG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf urG qf rkd ekd ,ef rd wd qf ikd &f maumrf w.D twiG ;f a&;rLS ;wptf jzpcf e@ftyf jci;f c&H ygon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onvf yk if e;f z@HG+zKd;w;kd wurf r_ sm;pmG jyKvyk cf hJ onthf ay: 1960 cEk pS Yf pwm&ykd vkd wf iG f urG qf rkd .kd xyd wf e;f t&m&wdS pOf ;D jzpf vmcohJ n?f aemuEf pS tf wiG ;f wiG af *:bmacsm(h A)f onf armpf u&kd dS 22 }urd f ajrmuuf eG jfrLepyf gwnD vD mcoH @kd urG qf rkd .kd u,kd pf m;v,S tf jzpaf pvw$ jfci;f c&H ygon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf pwm&ykd wkd iG f pukd yf sKd;a&;qikd &f mynmukd (1964-67 cEk pS tf x)d aemuxf yaf vvh moi,f +ly;D 1970 cEk pS wf iG f pwm&ykd ekd ,ef rd wd f qikd &f mwiG f twiG ;f a&;rLS ;wptf jzpf wm0eaf y;tyjfci;f c&H cyhJ gon?f rrd .d vyk if e;f aqmi&f uG rf r_ sm;onf jynef ,vf +kHcKHa&;qikd &f maumrf wD (KGB) . OuXU jzpaf om,&l tD eJ 'f &ykd tkd m; oabmusapcyhJ gon?f xakd =umihf teJ 'f &kd yokd nf rrd .d tm%mutkd o;kH csum a*:bmacsmth m;&mx;l w;kd \u00b9ri\u2021 vhf ukd yf g onf? 1971 cEk pS wf iG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf ueG jfrLepyf gw.D A[akd umrf wtD z@JG0if wpOf ;D jzpvf mcohJ n?f aemuyf ikd ;f wiG f pukd yf sKd;a&;qikd &f mtwiG ;f a&;rLS ;tjzpf wm0e&f adS oma=umihf armpf uokd @kdajymi;f a&@$omG ;ygon?f 1980 cEk pS Yf yvkd pf b&l wkd iG f toutf i,qf ;kH aomtz@JG0iwf pOf ;D jzpvf m+y;D av;EpS tf wiG ;f wiG f -77-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; Konstantin Chernenko .u,kd pf m;v,S jf zpvf mcohJ n?f 1985 cEk pS wf iG f Chernenko u,G vf eG of mG ;cohJ n?f \u201ai;f ae&mtm; A[akd umf rwrD aS *:bmacsm(h A)f tm; ueG jfrLepyf gw.D taxaG xtG wiG ;f a&;rLS ;tjzpf a&;G cs,wf iaf \u00b9rm\u2021 ucf ohJ n?f ygwaD cgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D taejzihf ool nrf vkd vm;aomA[akd umrf w0D irf sm;tm; &wk wf &u&f mx;l rS Ewk xf uG af pcikd ;f vdkufygonf? E_wfxGufoGm;olrsm;tpm;wGif ol.vkyfaqmifcsuftm; axmucf oH abmwnl aD om touif ,&f ,G af omy*k Kd~vrf sm;jzihf jyevf nf tpm;apx;kd cyhJ gon?f 1985 cEk pS wf iG f v,D eG xf a&mpf u;D t&upf jJGci;f EiS vhf mbaf y;vmb,f jlci;f ukd qe@fusiof nthf aejziphf n;f &;kH a&;vyk cf ohJ n?f x@kdaemuf qAkd ,D upf ;D ymG ;a&; pepuf kd yrkd akd umi;f reG wf ;kd wuvf m&etf usKd;jyKaponhf vpbf &,pf ;D ymG ;a&;\/ Eikd if aH &;EiS hf ,Oaf us;rq_ ikd &f mpeprf sm;o@kd jyKjyiaf jymi;f vrJ r_ sm;EiS hf Perestroika (jyevf nzf @JGpn;f r)_ .vtkd ycf surf sm;uvkd n;f ajymqckd yhJ gon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf aps;uuG pf ;D ymG ;a&;uwkd naf qmurf nhf qAkd ,D upf urf _ vyk if e;f rsm;EiS hf pukd yf sKd;a&;vyk if e;f rsm;wiG f y*k v~ ud yikd qf ikd rf r_ sm;jzpaf y:ap&ef tm;ay;onhf ral y:vp0D g'rsm;ujkdyXge;f cyhJ gon?f o@kdaomf qAkd ,D utf m%m yikd rf sm;u jyKjyiaf jymi;f vrJ w_ iG f taxmutf url jyKa=umi;f EiS ahf ps;qikd rf sm; wiG uf ek yf pnP ;f rsm;vakH vmurf r_ &adS =umi;f azmjf yygon?f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf qAkd ,D u.f Eikd if jHcm;a&;ral y:vp0D g'ajymi;f vrJ u_ vkd n;f a=ujimcyhJ gon?f 1987 cEk pS wf iG f a&mef ,&f *D iEf iS ahf w@GqckH +hJy;D (INF) t%jkrL zsuof rd ;f a&;pmcsKyuf kd csucf si;f vurf wS af &;x;kd vukd of n?f wquwf n;f wiG f ta&@SOa&myEikd if rH sm;.jynwf iG ;f a&;&mr0l g'ay:vprD sm;wiG f yg0if aEmS ihf ,uS rf j_yKawmrh nrf [wk af =umi;f &iS ;f vi;f pmG azmjfyc+hJy;D tmz*eef pwP erf S -78-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; qdkAD,ufvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk\u00b1kyfodrf;a=umif; 1989 ckESpfwGifa=u jimvukd yf gon?f ,i;f a=ujimjy;D wEpS wf iG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f rS +ird ;f csr;f a&;Ekd b,(f v)f quk &kd &cdS ohJ n?f ta&O\u203aS a&myEikd if rH sm;wiG f ueG jfrLeptf p;kd &rsm;ukd qe@fusiof nqhf EjNyyrJG sm; wiG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onqf Akd ,D u.f wiuhf m;rsm;tm; apvw$ rf y@kday;chJ onuf okd wjdyK=unyhf g? To@kdjyKvyk jfy;D r=umciaf om vyikd ;f twiG ;f yvkd ef Eikd if \/H [eaf *&\/D bal *;&;D ,m;\/ &al r;e;D ,m;EiS thf a&@S*smreED ikd if rH sm;wiG f ueG jfrL ep0f g'rsm;uykd xwk Ef ikd cf ohJ n?f (a&;S t,0l g'tyk cf sKyrf )_ ueG qf maA;wptf m%myikd rf sm; tm%mwiG \u00b1f adS e aomtcsed wf iG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f rS qAkd ,D ujfynaf xmipf }ku;D 'rD ukd &uwf pf Eikd if jHzpvf m&e}fuKd;pm;rw_ rkd mS atmijfrirf r_ &cahJ y? 1991 cEk pS =fo*wk vf wiG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f onf ueG jfrLepyf gwtD rmcrH sm;rS tm%mord ;f &ef =uKd;pm;chJ onuf akd &mS i&f mS ;Eikd cf ohJ n?f To@kdjyKvyk jfci;f tm; w\u0152kH jyeof nthf aejziahf *: bmacsmh(Af)onfA[kdaumfrwDtm;zsufodrf;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap qAkd ,D uEf ikd if jHyKdvoJ nahf emuyf ikd ;f 1995 cEk pS f 'ZD ibf mv 25 &uaf e@wiG f a*:bmacsm(h A)f &mx;l rES w_ xf uG of mG ;cyhJ gon?f -79-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]tD&efrSmjzpfay:vmwJhawmfvSefa&;rSmvlawGutpv\u00f6 mrfudkvdkcsifw,fvdkUa<u;aMumf Muw,f\/ 'DvlawG[m'Drdkua&pD&zdkUxNyD;a<u;aMumfawmfvSefMuwmr[kwfbl;\/}} \u201cIn the revolution that was achieved in Iran, people were screaming that they wanted Islam; these people did not rise up so their country could have democracy\u201d ]]uREkfyfwdkUudkqefUusifwJhvlawG[muifqmtBudwfeJUwlw,f\/olwdkUudkcGJpdwfjzwfxkwf zdkUvdkw,f\/ 'DvdkrSrvkyf&ifolwdkU[mtm;vHk;udkt*wdvdkufpm;rIawGvkyfrSmjzpfw,f\/}} \u201cThose who are against us are like cancer tumors that need to be removed surgically; otherwise they will corrupt everything\u201d ]]rdcifwpfa,mufuom;udkudk,fwdkifw&m;\u00bdHk;odkUydkUNyD;aemufolr&Jhom;[m BudK;rdefUay;cH&cJhw,f\/ 'DrdcifudkvlawGtwk,loifhw,f\/ \u201cPeople have to learn from the mother who brought her own son to court and then her son was hanged\u201d t,mwdkvmukdrDeD (1902\u20131989) t,mwvkd murdk eD D (Ayatollah Khomeini) .em rnft&if;rSmqm,rf\u00b1l[dkvm-tmvf-rl qm0-D tmv-f urdk eD D (Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al- Khomeini) jzpof n?f ool nbf moma&;acgi;f aqmif wpOf ;D jzp+fy;D Eikd if .H jyiyf raS eIvxl }ku;D ukd O;D aqmi+fy;D t&D erf S r[kd mru&f pD m\u00b1mS ygv0D (Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi) (\u00b1mS ) u+kdyKdvaJ tmif 1979 wiG wf eG ;f veS f Eikd cf ohJ n?f urdk eD oD nf bmoma&;qikd &f mynmwwqf m,paf rmph wzkd m (Sayyid Most- -afa) .om;jzp+f y;D ,i;f .touf 6 vt\u00b1,G wf iG f ,i;f .zciuf ,G vf eG f omG ;cohJ n?f urdk eD .D touf 15 EpS tf \u00b1,G wf iG f ,i;f .rcd iEf iS thf a':aoq;kH omG ;onthf wuG f tpuf }kdu;D ujyKpak pmiahf \u00b1mS ucf ohJ n?f urdk eD oD ntf puf kd }u;D EiS thf wl c&kd euf sr;f ukd tvwG uf surf wS +fy;D \u00b1,DS mtpvP mrf (Shia Islam) -80-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; .tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udkavhvmcJhonf? rsm;r=umruDS rdk eD oD nf (t&yf Arak) +rKd@o@kdomG ;+y;D tpvP mrrf pOf ya'uakd vh vmoi,f cl ohJ n?f 1920 cEk pS tf apmyikd ;f wiG f o.l q&muurG f (Qum) +rKd@o@kd ajymi;f a\u00b1@$cohJ nthf wuG f urdk eD vD oJ @lq&maemuof @kd vukd yf gvmcohJ n?f urdk eD uD \u201ct,mwvkd m\u2013Ayatollah\u201d b@JGtrnuf &kd \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f t,mwvkd m b@JGonf awmaf om\u00b1,DS mausmi;f om;rsm;uakd y;aomb@JGjzp+fy;D t\\\"yd g`,rf mS \u201cb&k m;ociuf ay;aomvuaf qmi\u201df [Il yi?f urdk eD uD euef aJ omt,0l g 'rsm;uvkd ucf +Hy;D ,i;f w@kdrmS avmupn;f prd Of pmP rsm;ukd ypyf ,+fy;D b&k m;. euef aJ om v#Kd@0uS qf e;f =u,rf r_ sm;ukd p;l pr;f \u00b1mS azoG ;kH oyjfci;f yijfzpof n?f urdk eD .D t,0l g'wiG f Oya'\/ ,wk adW A' (usKd;a=umi;f qupf yIf ,=kHunaf p onfhtodynm) ESifh'\\\\edutawG;tac:rsm;yg0ifaoma=umifh ol. aemuvf ukd rf sm;pmG \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f tjcm;aomt&D eEf ikd if oH m;rsm;uohJ @kd urdk eD oD nf t&D eEf ikd if tH wiG ;f Y tjcm; Eikd if rH sm;.0iaf &mupf ;kd r;kd cs,vf ,S rf t_ ay: v;kH 0rvvkd m;acs? Eikd if jHcm;tp;kd &rsm;onf trsm;tm;jziahf cwrf aDS omvf n;f tpvP mrrf p.f \u00b1;kd &muqkd e@f usiaf omEikd if aH &;t,0l g'rsm;uakd xmucf tH m;ay;on?f yxrO;D q;kH acgi;f aqmiwf paf ,murf mS &qD m\u00b1mS ygv0jDzp+fy;D 1921 cEk pS tf wiG ;f \u00b1\u00b1k mS ;tp;kd &. axmucf uH nl rD j_zihf t&D eyf xrO;D q;kH z@JGpn;f tyk cf sKyyf tkH p;kd &ukd z,xf wk yf pf EdkifcJhonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;udk=unfh+yD; trsufa'goxGufaomfjim; vn;f urdk eD uD 1930 cEk pS rf sm;twiG ;f Eikd if aH &;vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;wiG yf g0iyf wf oucf jhJci;f r\u00b1adS y? oul Eikd if aH &;vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;.acgi;f aqmirf mS bmoma&; vyk af qmiaf omvrl sm;.vuxf wJ iG f \u00b1&dS rn[f ,k =kHunof n?f x\u2039kda=umihf oul tjcm;bmoma&;acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzpof nhf t,mwvkd m[,&f .D tq;kH tjzwjfzpof nhf &qD m\u00b1mS . t&D eEf ikd if tH ay:ajymi;f vrJ u_ vkd ukd ef m& rnuf vkd ucf cH &hJ on?f 1941 cEk pS wf iG f urkd eD uD ygvm0tD p;kd &tm;to;kH r -81-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; usaomtp;kd &[ak =ujim+y;D tred @ftm;v;kH ukd tm%m\u00b1iS tf yk cf sKyrf t_ p;kd &u ay;+y;D bmrwS ezf ;kd r\u00b1bdS ;l [qk ckd .hJ ? 1941 cEk pS wf iG f ygvg0.D ae&mukd o.l om;r[kd mru&f qD m\u00b1mS ygvm0uD +Awd ed \/f jyiof pEf iS thf ar&ud ewf @kd.tutl njDzi&hf \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f 12 EpS af emu+fy;D wiG f tar&ud eaf xmuvf rS ;f a&;at*sipf D (CIA) u Shah [email protected][mrwd uf kd ,i;f w@kd.&eof jlzpaf om0e}fu;D csKyrf [kd m rurf pkd m'uf (Mohammad Mosaddeq) ukd y,cf s&mwiG uf nl cD ohJ n?f =o Zmwuof rd ;f aomtz@JGu urkd ief uD kdShah tay:a0zerf r_ sm;jyKonhf twuG f ztd m;yIkd ay;cohJ n?f 1960 cEk pS Of ;D yikd ;f wiG f \u00b1mS w@kdutjzLa&miaf wmvf eS ;f a&;upkd wicf +hJy;D taemuf wikd ;f t,0l g'rsm;jzpaf om trsKd;or;D rsm;tciG thf a&;\/ we;f wnl rD #&\u00b1adS &;EiS hf bmoma&;utkd ajcrcaH omynma&;rsm;ponwf @kduxkd nohf iG ;f ay;cohJ n?f urkd eD uD urG \u00b1f zdS uZf uD sr;f pmoiaf usmi;f (Faziye Seminary) wiG yf nmoif =um;aepOfrSmyif a'go}uD;pGmjzifh\[email protected]:vpDudk wdkufcdkufxdk;ESufcJh on?f x@kda=umihf \u00b1mS w@kduo@lukd 1963 cEk pS wf iG af xmicf sc+hJy;D 1964 cEk pS wf iG f t&D eEf ikd if rH xS uG of mG ;&ef jynEf iS 'f g%af y;cohJ n?f urkd eD tD &D wEf ikd if H (Iraq) ajrmuyf ikd ;f wiG \u00b1f adS om \u00b1,DS [email protected]@f\u00b1iS ;f aom+rKd@jzpof nehf m*swf (Najaf) wiG tf ajccsaexikd of n?f xadk e&mYyif urkd eD uD o.l t,0l g'rsm;uakd usmi;f om;aygi;f 12\/000 ausmxf oH \u0152kd jze@fa0cohJ n?f em*swf (Najaf) +rKd@raS eIyJ &p+frKd@o@kd 1978 cEk pS af emuyf ikd ;f wiG f ajymi;f a\u00b1@$aexikd cf ohJ n?f urkd eD uD t&D ef Eikd if oH m;rsm;u\u00b1kd mS EiS ,hf i;f [email protected]&ud erf [mrwd rf sm;ukd +zKdcyJG p&f eEf iS ,hf i;f utar&ud ewf @kdukd \u201cu|Eykf wf @kd&OhJ ;D aEmS urf sm;u'kd jrwukd ,f ol \u201dl [ak c:qkd on?f aemuqf ;kH \u00b1mS w@kdu tm%mrwS ukd jfzKw+fy;D 1979 cEk pS Zf eef 0g&vD wiG f wikd ;f jynrf ES iS xf wk vf ukd jfci;f ukd c&H onthf csed wf iG f urkd eD uD t&D eof @kdjyevf mchJ on?f 'ZD ibf mvwiG f z@JGpn;f tyk cf sKyyf tkH ajccOH ya'opwf pcf uk kd csrwS cf +hJy;D t&D eEf ikd if uH kd tpvP mrjfynof @lorwR Eikd if [H ak =umjfimc+hJy;D ,i;f utkd rD ef (rkd [mruaf e&muqkd ucf rH nohf )l [tk rnaf y;c+hJy;D b0touwf mtwuG Of ;D -82-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; aqmiaf y;rnahf cgi;f aqmitf jzpf rwS ,f jlci;f c&H on?f urkd eD aD tmijfri+fy;D aemuwf pEf pS wf iG f t&D wrf tS &D euf wkd ukd cf ukd cf +hJy;D \u00b1pS Ef pS f =umy\u00cbyd upQ wicf ohJ n?f ppaf &;twuG f uek uf sp&wd rf sm;rsm;jym;vm+y;D aemuqf ;kH wiG uf rkd eD rD oS .l pum;twikd ;f \u201ctqyd &f nwf pcf uG af omujfci;f \u201d [ak jym+y;D uvk or*.~ =um;0itf yptf cw&f ypf aJ &;vyk if e;f uvkd ucf cH ohJ n?f 1989 cEk pS Zf eG vf wiG f urkd eD aD oq;kH omG ;onthf cg t&D eEf ikd if oH m;aygi;f rsm;pmG u urkd eD tD wuG f 0r;f en;f a=uucJG &hJ on?f oul ,G vf eG of mG ;onthf csed wf iG f t&D e.f p;D ygG;a&;rmS tveG tf itf m;en;f cahJ omvf n;f tpvP mrEf ikd if uH rkd l aumi;f reG pf mG xal xmiEf ikd cf ohJ n?f -83-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]rkefwdkif;aMumifhxif\u00bdSL;yifrsm;ESifhqdkufy&uf(pf)xif;\u00bdSL;yifrsm;urdrdwdkUtm;omcsuf rsm;ESifhwnfNidrfrIrsm;udkazmfjyEdkif&efaumif;aomtcGifhta&;wpfckjzpfaMumif;owd&yg\/}} \\\"Remember, the storm is a good opportunity for the pine and the cypress to show their strength and their stability.\\\" ]]uRefawmfh&Jhwm0ef[m yJhudkifolwpfa,mufvdkbJ-zcifEdkifiHBuD;jzpfwJh-avSwpfpif;&Jh yJhudkifudkab;uif;pGmxdef;xm;NyD;? rkefwdkif;rsm;tMum;uaevlxkawGudkaysmf\u00bdTifrI ur;f pyof Ukd a&mu&f EdS ikd af tmiyf Ukd aqmizf Ukd wm0e\u00bdf ydS gw,\/f }} \\\"My duty is like that of a helmsman who must steer safely the boat-the Fatherland-through storms and take people to the shores of happiness.\\\" [dkcsDrif; (1890-1969) [kd csrD i;f (Hochi Minh) onf A,D uef raf wmf veS af &;Eikd if aH cgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzp+fy;D aemif wiG f (A,D uef raf jrmuyf ikd ;f ) Democratic Republic of Vietnam .OuXU EiS 0hf e}f u;D csKyjf zpvf mol wpOf ;D jzpyf gon?f [okd nf 1941 cEk pS rf pS IA,D urf ed f vwG vf yaf &; twuG vf y_ &f mS ;cohJ jlzp+fy;D \/ 1945 cEk pS wf iG f Democratic Republic of Vietnam uukd eG jfrLeptf yk cf sKyf a&;pepuf jkdzithf yk cf sKyEf ikd cf ohJ n?f 1954 cEk pS wf iG f jyiof pwf \u2039kdukd ErdS Ef iS ;f wukd xf wk Ef ikd cf ohJ n?f ,i;f onf A,D uf erpf pyf YJG ajrmuyf ikd ;f A,D uef ruf kd rrd td ouqf ;kH omG ;ontf xOd ;D p;D c+hJy;D \/ 6 EpS af emuyf ikd ;f wiG f ajrmuAf ,D uef ryf ikd ;f raS tmiyf &JG \u00b1adS oma=umihf ppyf +JGy;D q;kH omG ;cohJ n?f x\u2039kdaemuf A,D uef rvf rl sKd;rsm; aygi;f pn;f n!D w$ rf p_ wi&f \u00b1vdS m cohJ n?f ,ciuf A,D uef raf wmiyf ikd ;f .\u00f2r\u2039dawmjfzpaf ompikd uf eG f (Saigon)+rKd@ awmuf [kd ckd srD i;f tm;*%k \u00f0fyaomtm;jzi[hf ckd srD i;f +rKd@awm[f k trnaf jymi;f vJ -84-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; vdkufygonf? [ckd srD i;f onf A,D uef rYf 1890 cEk pS wf iG af r;G zmG ;cyhJ gon?f o.l zci!f ,kd eJ f ped [f l (Nguyen Sinh Huy) onjf yiof pwf @kdrS ausmi;f q&mwpOf ;D tjzptf vyk cf e@ftyfjci;f cH&on?f ool nftvGef^m%af umif;ol[k *k%of wi;f ausmaf Zmaomvf n;f jyiof pbf mompum;uokd i,f &l ef jii;f y,cf ahJ om a=umithf vyk jf yKwcf yhJ gon?f x@kda=umihf tou\u00b1f iS af exikd af &;twuG f AD ,uef rwf jynvf ;kH o@kd c&;D vnS vhf n&f +y;D v,of rm;rsm;twuG f 0eaf qmif rv_ yk if e;f rsm;vyk af qmi&f i;f touaf r;G 0r;f a=umi;f jyKcohJ n?f x0kd eaf qmirf _ vyk if e;f rsm;rmS aq;buqf ikd &f m uok ra_ y;jci;f EiS phf ma&;jci;f tvyk rf sm;yg0if ygon?f trsKd;om;a&;0g'wD pOf ;D taejzihf !,kd eJ of nf rrd od m;or;D rsm;ukd jyiof p.f tyk cf sKyaf &;ukd qe@fusiaf wmvf eS &f ef oiaf y;cyhJ gon?f x\u2039kda=umiohf m;or;D rsm;}u;D jyi;f vmaomtcg trsKd;om;0g'uD qkd yk uf ikd xf m;+y;D A,D uef rvf rl sKd; rsm; vwG vf yaf &;twuG f wukd yf 0JG i&f eqf E&N =dSuonrf mS rx;l qe;f ay? [ckd srD i;f .tprf onf jyiof ppf pwf yYf tvyk &f cohJ n?f orl onf rrd &d \u00b6adS om &mx;l utkd o;kH \u00f0yI jyiof pwf yrf S ppvf uef uyf pnP ;f rsm;uckd ;kd ,cl ohJ n?f ol .&n\u00b1f ,G cf surf mS wae\u2039wiG f xvkd uef urf sm;utkd o;kH \u00f0yI jyiof prf sm;uAkd D ,uef rrf wS ukd xf wk &f ejfzpyf gon?f o@kdaomf orl tm;zr;f rod mG ;ojzihf w ouwf u|e;f axmicf sc&H cahJ vonf? !,kd eJ of nf rrd ud ,kd wf ikd jf yiof pbf mompum;oi,f &l ef jii;f qecf ahJ omf vn;f [tkd m; jyiof paf usmi;f o\u2039kdynmoi=fum;&eyf @kdaqmicf ohJ n?f Tonf -85-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; rmS jyiof pwf @kdtm;wukd xf wk &f mwiG f aumi;f aomjyiqf irf y_ ijfzpof n[f k rrd d xijf riaf oma=umijhfzpyf gon?f [ckd srD i;f ausmi;f +y;D onahf emuyf ikd ;f wc%ausmi;f q&mtvyk 0f ivf yk cf yhJ g on?f x@kdaemuf oabmF om;vyk &f ef q;kH jzwvf ukd yf gon?f To@kdjziwhf ikd ;f jyntf E@HStjym;o@kdc&;D vnS vhf ncf iG &hf cohJ n?f jyiof ptf iyf g,mEikd if rH sm;pmG o@kdvn;f rrd ad &mu&f cdS ohJ n?f To@kdc&;D vnS vhf njfci;f jzihf rw&m;ojziahf o;G pyk cf &H ool nf A,D uef rvf rl sKd;wpcf wk n;f omr[wk af =umi;f oal vvh mo&d dS c&hJ ygon?f 1917 cEk pS wf iG f [okd nyf &J pwf iG f tajccsaexikd cf yhJ gon?f um;vrf wf (Karl Marx) a&;om;aom pmtyk rf sm;EiS thf jcm;vu0f 0J g'pD ma&;q&mrsm;a&; om;aom pmtyk rf sm;uzkd w\u00b6f KS+y;D aemuyf ikd ;f ueG jfrLep0f g'wD paf ,mujfzpvf m on?f 1920 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mvwiG f jyiof puf eG jfrLepyf gwuD kd pwizf @JGpn;f vukd f on?f [okd nf ,i;f ygwjDzpaf jrmuaf &;twuG f pwiwf naf xmicf ahJ omt z@JG0iwf pOf ;D jzpcf ohJ n?f [okd nf tjcm;aomjyiof puf eG jfrLepyf grsm;uohJ @kdyif \u00b1\u00b1k mS ;awmvf eS af &;vyk f ie;f rsm;uokd abmuscohJ n?f 1924 cEk pS wf iG f qAkd ,D ujfynaf xmipf ok @kd [kd tvntf ywaf &mucf ohJ n?f armpf uYkd a&mu&f adS epOf rrd .d oil ,cf si;f xH o@kd ueG jfrLepof rm;rsm;tm;v;kH wiG f rrd wd ikd ;f jynof \u2039kdjyeof mG ;&ef wm0e\u00b6f +dSy;D \u201cvxl pk n;f a0;yrJG sm;jyKvyk &f e\/f pn;f &;kH &eEf iS ohf iwf e;f rsm;ay;&e\/f x@kdaemuf vwG vf yaf &;twuG f wukd cf ukd &f mwiG f O;D aqmirf j_yKjci;f \u201d w\u2039kduvkd yk &f rn[f k a&;om;cJhygonf? rnof @kdyijfzpaf p [kd A,D uef rof @kdjyeof mG ;cvhJ #if jyiof ptf m%myikd rf sm;.zr;f q;D rt_ E &W m,rf S ui;f vw$ rf nrf [wk af =umi;f rrd ud ,kd rf rd od wjdyKryd gon?f -86-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; x@kda=umihf w&wk Ef ikd if AH ,D uef ref ,pf yof @kdomG ;a&muaf exikd &f ef q;kH jzwf vukd yf gon?f xakd e&mwiG f wikd ;f wyg;a&mutf rsKd;om;a&;0g'rD sm;tm; \u201cAD ,uef raf wmvf eS af &;tz@JGtpn;f \u201d xoJ @kd0iaf &mu&f epf n;f &;kH a&;vyk af v onf? 1940 cEk pS pf uwf ibf mvwiG f *syepf pof m;rsm;ti'f ckd sKdi;f em;ukd usL;ausmf wukd cf ukd cf yhJ gon?f *smrewD @kdrS y&J puf okd rd ;f yukd cf ohJ nthf wuG f jyiof ppf pf om;rsm;rwS ukd yf qJG iEf &J$ ef tusKd;r\u00b1adS wmah =umi;f oId *syerf sm;xvH uef uf csvukd yf gon?f Ttjzpuf kd aw@Gjri&f onhf [ckd srD i;f EiS ohf .l aemuvf ukd f om;rsm;onf Eikd if jHcm;om;[email protected] cf sKyrf r_ vS wG af jrmu&f ef vyk af qmi&f rnhf tciG thf cga&muvf m+y[D xk ijfriaf oma=umihf A,D urf ed f [ak c:aomtz@JG tpn;f wpcf zk @JGpn;f wnaf xmivf ukd of n?f ppAf vkd cf sKyf Vo Nguyen Giap .acgi;f aqmirf j_zihf A,D urf ed of nf ajymuuf sm;ppqf iaf &;pepjfzihf *syerf sm; tm;wukd cf ukd qf e@fusicf ohJ n?f AD,ufrdefonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxHrS ppfvufeufrsm;ESifhcJ,rf;rD; ausmurf sm;ukd vucf &H &odS nof mru yvk qJ yd uf r;f YA;kH }u+Jy;D onahf emuf tar&ud ejfynaf xmipf xk rH S axmuyf rhH r_ sm;&&cdS yhJ gon?f xtkd csed uf mvwiG f ppbf uqf ikd &f my&,d m,uf akd vvh mo\u00b1d cdS ohJ n?f 1945 cEk pS =fo*wk vf wiG f [\u00b6D \u00b6kd ;DS rm;EiS ehf g*gpmuYD A;kH }urJ j_zpyf mG ;+y;D aemuf *syef rsm;rrS rd wd \u2039kd.r[mrwd rf sm;xH vuef ucf sonthf cg A,D urf ed wf \u2039kdtwuG f rrd .d wikd ;f jynuf kd tyk cf sKyEf ikd of nthf ajctaeaumi;f wpcf &k \u00b1vdS mon?f 1945 cEk pS pf uwf ibf mvwiG f [ckd srD i;f onf A,D uef r'f rD ukd &uwf pof rwR -87-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; Eikd if zH @JGpn;f vukd af =umi;f a=ujimvukd yf gon?f A,D uef rpf pyf tJG +y;D wiG f AD ,uef rwf iG f jzpvf mrntfh ajctaersm;ukd xyd of ;D tpn;f ta0;ywJG iG f z&ef uvi;f '&D pk b\/hJ 0ipf wecf syaf cs;EiS *hf sKd;Zupf wmviwf @kdrqS ;kH jzw+fy;D jzpaf =umi;f A,D urf ed rf rS o&d cdS ahJ y? 4i;f w@kd. oabmwnl cD surf mS A,D uef ruf Ekd pS yf ikd ;f c+JGy;D ajrmuyf ikd ;f ukd w\u00b1wk wf @kdrtS yk cf sKyrf njfzp+fy;D \/ awmiyf ikd ;f urkd l +Awd od #w@kdrtS yk f csKyrf njf zpaf =umi;f A,D uef ruf Ekd pS yf ikd ;f cvJG ukd of n?f 'wk ,d urmB pp+fy;D onahf emuf jyiof pof nAf ,D uef ruf kd jyevf ntf yk cf sKy&f ef }uKd;pm;avon?f [ckd srD i;f rS a=ujimvukd of nAhf ,D uef r'f rD &kd uwf pof rwR Eikd if uH jkdyiof pwf @kdrtS otd rwS rf jyKaoma=umihf A,D uef rEf iS jhfyiof ppf pof m; rsm;t=um;wukd cf ukd rf j_zpyf mG ;avon?f tapmyikd ;f wiG f ppyf &,d m,yf nm u|r;f usiaf omjyiof pwf @kdtm;wukd cf ukd &f mwiG f Avkd cf sKy}f u;D Vo Nguyen Giap rtS cutf crJ sm;&iqf ikd cf &hJ on?f o@kdaomf 1940 cEk pS af rmpf wD ;kH (Mao Zedong) EiS rhf rd .d ueG jfrLepwf yof m;rsm; w&wk Ef ikd if \u00b6H dS cseaf u\u00b1wdS f (Chaing Kai Shek) uEkd rdS Ef iS ;f cohJ nhf 1949 cEk pS af emuyf ikd ;f wiG f tajctaeyrkd akd umi;f reG vf mon?f xtkd cgryS if A,D urf ed Yf '%&f m&orl sm;EiS hf rrd .d ppof m;rsm;vkH +cKHonwhf ypf ce;f jyKvyk vf mEikd af yon?f 1953 ckESpfwGif AD,ufrdefonf AD,uferfajrmufydkif;\u00b1Sdae&mrsm;pGmudk xed ;f csKyf vmEikd of n?f o@kdaomf A,D uef raf wmiyf ikd ;f rmS rjlyiof pwf @kdrS tcikd f trmcsKyuf ikd xf m;+y;D Bo Dai [ak c:aom A,D uef r{f u&mZbf &k iuf jkdynf e,.f ppOf ;D p;D csKytf jzpwf naf xmivf ukd of n?f jyiof pwf @kdonf ppyf wJG iG f tcsed =fumyg0iwf ukd cf ukd &f O;D rn[f k \u00b6iS ;f vi;f pmG o&d aomtcg jyiof ptf p;kd &onf A,D urf ed Ef iS ahf pph yaf q;G aE;G yjJGyKvyk &f ef \u00f3u;d pm;chJ -88-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; on?f jyiof pwf @kdu Eikd if tH p;kd &z@JGpn;f &mwiG f tutl naD y;rnjfzp+fy;D w jzn;f jzn;f A,D uef ruf vkd wG vf yaf &;ay;rn[f uk wjdyKon?f o@kdaomf [ckd sD ri;f EiS thf jcm;A,D urf ed af cgi;f aqmirf sm;rmS jyiof pwf @kdajymonuf rkd ,okH jzihf ppyf uJG okd mquvf uqf iEf aJ$ von?f jyiof pwf @kdonvf n;f ppyf qJG uvf uaf &;uckd ck wH eG ;f veS af von?f A,D uef rf wiG \u00b6f adS omppAf vkd cf sKy}fu;D Navarre ontf csed rf sm;pmG uek vf eG vf m+yjDzpaf om a=umihf A,D urf ed wf \u2039kduakd tmiyf cJG &H ef tcsed af &mu+fy[D ak w;G rvd mon?f x@kd a=umiphf pAf vkd cf sKy}f u;D Vo Nguyen Giap tm;en;f y&,d m,pf pyf }JGu;D qiEf J$ v#if rrd wd @kdjyiof prf tS Eikd &f \u00b6odS mG ;rnrf mS treS yf ijf zpof n[f ek m;vnof abmayguaf von?f 1953 cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mvwiG f ppAf vkd cf sKyf Navarre onf avmEikd if wH iG pf ce;f csxm;aomA,D urf ed rf S ,i;f w\u2039kfd.wypf ce;f o@kd 4i;f w@kdjyef roGm;Edkif&ef Dien Bien Phu wGif&SKyfaxG;aomckcHumuG,fr_udkwnf aqmuaf von?f ppAf vkd cf sKy}f u;D Navarre .avmEikd if wH iG f ppqf irf e_ n;f AsL[mtay:ppAf vkd cf sKy}fu;D Giap rjSyiof ptf m; Dien Bien Phu wiG jfyevf nf wukd cf ukd vf rd rhf n[f rk eS ;f qxm;on?f ppAf vkd }f u;D Navarre .tptD pOtf wikd ;f ppAf vkd rf LS ; Giap .ped af c:ru_ jkdyef vncf ck aH von?f rnof @kdyijfzpaf p Giap onwf [ek wf ;kd wukd cf ukd pf ;D EiS ;f rnhf tpm; Dien Bien Phu u0kd e;f &vH suf jyiof ppf pof m;rsm;ywyf wvf nuf wwk uf si;f w;l avon?f uwwk uf si;f .tjyibf uwf iG tf jcm;uwwk uf si;f EiS whf ;l ajrmi;f rsm;ukd jyiof ppf pwf y&f &dS mtv,Af [okd @kda&muaf tmiwf ;l xm; on?f To@kd jziAhf ,D urf ed of nf jyiof ppf pof m;rsm;&&dS m Dien Bien Phu utkd e;D uycf ck H wukd cf ukd Ef ikd af v+y?D A,D urf ed of nf To@kdjyiqf irf r_ sm;EiS thf wl A,D uef rwf ciG vf ;kH &Sd rrd .d tz@JG -89-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; om;rsm;tm;v;kH upkd pk n;f vukd of n?f To@kdjzihf ppyf pJG wi&f ef tqiof ijhfzpf avon?f Dien Bien Phu u0kd e;f &rH nhf Giap .ppwf yOf ;D a& 7 aomi;f r#&+dSy;D jyiof ppf pof m;rsm;xuf tqaygi;f 5 qyrkd sm;on?f 1954 cEk pS rf wvf 13 &uwf iG f Vo Nguyen Giap uxkd ;kd ppqf iaf von?f A,D urf ed rf jSyiof pwf @kdukd w[ek xf ;kd wukd cf ukd rf u_ kd 56 &urf #cck wH ukd cf ukd ,f i;f jyiof pwf \u2039kd.vuxf wJ iG f Dien Bien Phu e,tf en;f i,[f musecf ohJ n?f tajrmuwf yrf S Avkd rf LS ;}u;D Piroth onrf rd td o;kH jyKcahJ om wukd cf ukd rf e_ n;f y &,d m,tf ay:tjypwf ivf suf rrd .d wyof m;rsm;tm; \u201cusKytf veG of ud mQ usw,\u201df [qk akd von?f x@kdaemuvf uyf pAf ;kH jzihf o\u0152l u,kd uf kd tq;kH p&D if vdkufonf? jyiof pwf @kdonf arv 7 &uaf e@wiG f vuef ucf svukd af von?f jyiof pf burf aS oa=uxcd ukd of l 7 axmirf #\u00b6+dSy;D ppof m;wpaf omi;f wpaf xmicf e@f rmS axmicf sc&H on?f aemuwf ae@wiG f A,D uef rrf S rrd wd @kdqwk cf mG omG ;awmh rn[f jkyiof ptf p;kd &raS =ujimvukd yf gon?f aemuwf vt=umwiG tf ar&d uejfynaf xmipf \/k qAkd ,D ujfynaf xmipf \/k +Awd ed Ef iS jhfyiof pEf ikd if wH @kdrES ikd if jHcm; a&;0e}fu;D to;D o;D rsm;onf u;kd &;D ,m;EiS Ahf ,D uef rwf @kd.y\u00cbyd urQ sm;ukd rrd d w@kdtaejzihf +ird ;f csr;f aomjy\\\\emajz&iS ;f re_ n;f vr;f rsm;ukd aw@G\u00b6vdS #iaf w@G\u00b6dS aumi;f aq;G aE;G &ef *seAD mwiG f aw@GqakH q;G aE;G =uon?f apph yaf q;G aE;G rt_ }urd af ygi;f rsm;pmG jyKvyk +fy;D onahf emuf atmuyf goabm wnl cD surf sm;&\u00b6vdS mon?f (1) A,D uef ruf kd 17 '*D &aD jrmuyf ikd ;f rsO;f +yKditf =um; yikd ;f jcm;xm;rn?f (2) A,D uef raf jrmuyf ikd ;f ukd [ckd srD i;f tm;tyk cf sKyaf prn?f -90-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; (3) A,D uef raf wmiyf ikd ;f ukd Ngo Dinh Diem tm;tyk cf sKyaf prn?f (4) jyiof ppf pof m;rsm; A,D uef rrf xS uG cf mG omG ;&rn?f (5) A,D urf ed of nf awmiAf ,D uef rrf S xuG cf mG omG ;&rn?f (6) A,D uef rvf rl sKd;rsm;onf rrd wd @kdEpS of u&f m A,D uef raf wmiyf ikd ;f wiG f aomvf n;f aumi;f \/ ajrmuyf ikd ;f wiG af omvf n;f aumi;f aexikd &f ef vwG vf ypf mG a&;G cs,yf ikd cf iG &hf odS n?f (7) A,D uef rwf ciG vf ;kH rS taxaG xaG &;G aumuyf uJG kd 1956 cEk pS f Zvl ikd vf r wikd rf wDS iG f tjynjfynqf ikd &f maumrf &iS f .}u;D =uyuf yG uf rJ a_ tmuf wiG uf si;f y&rn?f 4i;f tcsurf sm;tay: &iS ;f vi;f pmG oabmwnl rD &_ +y;D aemuf Ngo Dinh Diem onAf ,D uef rjfynaf xmipf tk wuG f a&;G aumuyf jJGyKvyk &f erf vvkd m;ay? t b,af =umiqhf akd omf rrd wd @kd.Eikd if aH &;O;D wncf surf sm;yg0i&f ef tjcm;aom en;f vr;f rsm;jzihf a&;G aumuyf jJGyKvyk &f epf O;f pm;vmon?f To@kdjzihf a&;G aumuyf rJG sm;rjzpaf jrmucf ohJ nthf wuG f val ygi;f rsm;pmG A,D uef raf wmxJ wGifawmcdk+yD; vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;ydkrdkrsm;jym;vma=umif;awG@&onf? 1959 cEk pS wf iG f Diem tp;kd &t&m\u00b6adS ygi;f 1\u02dc200 ce@fowjfzwjfci;f c&H on?f Tr[men;f AsL[mukd [ckd srD i;f tpuwn;f uyiqf e@fusicf ohJ n?f A,D uf eraf wmiyf ikd ;f &dS vuef uuf ikd wf yzf @JGrsm;onf Diem tp;kd &tay:t=ur;f zuf wukd cf ukd rf nthf pm; rrd wd @kd.tz@JGtpn;f vtkd ycf suaf xmuyf ahH &;rsm;ukd ompO;f pm;vyk af qmiof iahf =umi;f jii;f cek cf yhJ gon?f aemuqf ;kH wiG [f ckd srD i;f onf ajymuuf sm;ppqf iaf &;wyuf kd tutl naD y;&ef oabmwnl vD ukd of n?f vuef uuf ikd tf z@JGi,uf av;rsm;ukd aygi;f pn;f I -91-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; titf m;}u;D rm;aom cck wH eG ;f veS of nthf z@JGjzpvf m&ef tm;ay;wukd wf eG ;f chJ onf? ,if;wdk@oabmwlnDaoma=umifh 1960 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) uzkd @JGpn;f vukd f on?f tar&ud erf sm;ac:ae=ujzpaf om NLF ac: Vietcong onuf jJGym; aom Eikd if aH &;EiS bhf moma&;aygi;f rsm;pmG rS jzpaf y:vmcohJ n?f NLF acgi;f aqmijfzpaf om Saigon a&@Sae Hua Tho onf q\u00b6kd ,S vf pof abmw&m;a&; r0l g'\u00b6odS rl [wk cf ahJ omvf n;f Tvyk \u00b6f mS ;rw_ iG yf g0iof al ygi;f rsm;pmG w@kdonf ueG jfrLep0f g'ukd axmucf tH m;ay;=uaomorl sm;jzpof n?f NLF onrf rd .d ppof m;rsm;ukd oOkH ;D rqS ,Of ;D jzihf tz@JGi,af v;rsm;z@JGpn;f xm;on?f Ttz@JGi,rf sm;tm; Cells [ak c:on?f Ttz@JGi,rf sm;onf twwl utG vyk vf yk af qmi=fuaomvf n;f rrd wd @kdwpOf ;D csi;f pED iS ohf uqf ikd f onthf a=umi;f rsm;urkd o=duacs? Ten;f tm;jzihf rrd wd @kd.ajymuuf sm;wyf z@JGrsm;tzr;f c&H onthf cgwiG af omvf n;f aumi;f \/ !O\u2021 ;f yr;f EydS pf ujfci;f c&H onhf tcgwiG af omvf n;f aumi;f rrd wd \u2039kd.0ecf cH surf sm;u NLF tm;xcd ukd ef pef m apjci;f tveG ef n;f yg;on?f NLF .ueO;D &nrf eS ;f csuyf e;f wikd rf sm;rmS aus;vuaf 'o\u00b6dS awmiof vl ,f orm;rsm;.axmufcHr_udk&\u00b6Sd&eftwGufjzpfonf? NLF rS\u00b6Gmrsm;odk@0if a&mufonfhtcgwGif rdrdwdk@vkdufem&rnfhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;csufrsm;\u00b6Sdyg on?f tz@JGom;rsm;tm;v;kH Tvr;f !e$ cf surf sm;utkd wtd usvukd ef m=u &on?f 4i;f pn;f rsO;f pn;f ur;f vr;f !e$ cf surf sm;rmS - (1) jynof wl @kd.yikd qf ikd rf r_ sm;\/ aetrd rf sm;\/ aumuyf oJ ;D ErHS sm;\/ ajr,mrsm; urkd zsuqf ;D &? (2) jynof rl sm;tvrkd &ydS gu trtd &wukd wf eG ;f Iacs;igS;apjci;f \/ a&mi;f cikd ;f -92-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; apjci;f rsm;rjyKvyk &f ? (3) rrd wd @kduwjdyKonthf wikd ;f uwwd n&f rn?f (4) jynof wl @kdtm;txitf jriaf o;aponphf um;rsm;\/ trtl &mrsm; jzirhf jyKvyk &f ? (5) vxl wk @kd.ae@pOvf yk if e;f rsm;jzpaf om (aumu&f wd jfci;f \/ xi;f acjGci;f \/ a&cyjfci;f \/ pucf sKyjfci;f ponrf sm;wiG uf nl rD a_ y;&ef ponwf @kdjzpyf g on?f 1964 cEk pS wf iG f tar&ud eof rwR Lyndon B. Johnson onrf ;kd +crd ;f uohJ @kd}u;D rm;aomppqf iaf &; (Operation Rolling Thunder) upkd wiqf iEf cJ$ ohJ n?f ,i;f w\u2039kd.tptD pOrf mS A,D uef raf jrmuyf ikd ;f .p;D ymG ;a&;ukd zsuqf ;D &eEf iS Ahf D ,uef raf wmiyf ikd ;f ajymuuf sm;wyrf sm;ukd unl rD r_ &S ywf e@fap&ef tptD pO&f Sd ygon?f Tppqf iaf &;onf &pS yf w=fumppqf iaf &;prD uH ed ;f jzpaf omvf n;f o;kH EpS rf #=umomG ;on?f xtkd awmtwiG ;f wiG f tar&ud eof nf A,D uef rYf A;kH wecf sed wf pof e;f ce@f}ucJ ohJ n?f 1969 cEk pS wf iG f [ckd srD i;f ueG vf eG of mG ;ygon?f -93-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]ppfyGJudkNyD;qHk;apwm[mppfyGJjzpfNyD; aoewfawGudkypfcszdkUtwGufao ewuf ikd zf Ukd vtkd yyf gw,\/f }} \u201cWar can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun\u201d ]]avhusifhysdK;axmifrIr\u00bdSdwJhppfwyf[m xHkxdkif;xdkif;rIdif;wJhppfwyfjzpfNyD; xHkxdkif;wJhppfwyf[m b,fawmhrSrdrd&Jh&efoludk acsrIef;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;\/}} \u201cAn army without culture is a dull-witted army, and a dull-witted army cannot defeat the enemy\u201d ]]ur\u00c7mBuD;&Jhordkif;udkvIyf\u00bdSm;wuf<upGma&;rSwfaewmuvlawGomvQifjzpfw,f\/}} \u201cThe people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history\u201d armfpDwHk; (1893\u20131976) armfpwD ;kH onqf i;f &oJ m;v,of rm;wpf O;D .om;jzpof n?f ool nf 1930 EiS hf 1940 cEk pS rf sm;twiG ;f \u00b1dS w\u00b1wk uf eG jfrLepyf gwvD y_ \u00b1f mS ; rr_ sm;ukd O;D aqmicf +hJy;D 1949 cEk pS wf iG f w\u00b1wk Ef ikd if .H acgi;f aqmi}f u;D wpaf ,mujf zpvf mon?f armof nf 1893cEk pS 'f ZD ibf mv 26&uaf e@wiG [f el ejfynef ,\/f a\u00b1mS i\u00b1f eS af us; \u00b1mG \u00b1vdS ,of rm;rod m;pzk mG ;jrivf mcohJ n?f armpf wD ;kH .zcirf mS wu,pf n;f ur;f \u00b1adS omojl zp+f y;D armuf [email protected] tred @fukd zvD mqe@fusif aeon?f wpcf guarmuf To@kdajymczhJ ;l on?f \u201cu|eaf wmtfh azuausmi;f EpS wf e;f wucf zhJ ;l +y;D pmtyk af wzG wwf wwf ,?f 'gayrthJ aru pmv;kH 0r zwwf wbf ;l ? u|eaf wmuf awmh rod m;pak wtG wuG f \u2018pmwwaf y ww\u2019f wpaf ,muyf aJ yg?h u|eaf wm\u00b1f ;kd &mtpOtf vma[mi;f awoG yd gw,?f 'gayrhJ u|eaf wmrf }uKdubf ;l ? u|eaf wm}fuKduwf mu [;kd a\u00b1;S a\u00b1;S wek ;f u w\u00b1wk jfynf &hJ ta=umi;f awjGzp+fy;D tx;l ojzihf awmvf eS of al w&G thJ a=umi;f jzpwf ,?f \u201d -94-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; armpf wD ;kH ynmoi=fum;pOwf iG f ueG jfzL\u00b1yS .f oabmw&m;rsm;oi=fum; &+y;D w\u00b1wk jfynof rikd ;f \/ pmayEiS zhf vD qkd zkd wD @kduokd i=fum;&on?f 1911 cEk pS wf iG f armof ncf se\u00b1f mS +rKd@ (Changsha) o@kdomG ;c+hJy;D &yD wbf vpuf epf pwf ywf iG pf pf om;tjzpwf m0exf r;f aqmi&f on?f &yD wbf vpuf ewf yof nf 1911 cEk pS f awmvf eS af &;wiG of #if (Qing) ri;f rsKd;ri;f qurf sm;ukd xwk yf ,cf ahJ omojlzpf on?f cse\u00b1f mS +rKd@Y\u00b1adS epOf armuf taemuwf ikd ;f zvD qkd zkd rD sm;ukd avvh mqn;f y;l +y;D owi;f pmEiS *hf sme,rf sm;uvkd n;f zw\u00b1f a_ vvh mcohJ n?f 1918 cEk pS cf se\u00b1f mS wiG \u00b1f adS om[el eqf &mtwwof iaf umvyd wf iG f atmijfrif c+hJy;D yuD i;f o@kdomG ;um yuD i;f wuoU vkd pf m=unwhf ukd Yf tvyk &f \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f r=umcirf mS yif armof nf rm;ppf (Marxist) Eikd if EH iS vhf rl a_ &;taw;G tac:t a=umi;f avvh monthf z@JGwpzf @JGEiS ahf ygi;f r+dy;D aemuwf iG f rm;pp.f ta&;t om;reS of r#ukd rvw$ wf r;f zwof nohf jlzpvf mon?f 1919 cEk pS af rv 4 &uaf e@vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rt_ wiG ;f ausmi;f om;rsm; EiS yhf nmwwrf sm;u w\u00b1wk jfynf . acwrf wDS ;kd wuaf &;twuG f atm[f paf epOf armpf wD ;kH ueG jfzL \u00b1yS tf ,0l g' (Confucianism) . \u00b1;kd &m\\\"avxh ;kH xr;f tartG EpS rf sm;tay: a0zerf r_ sm;jyK vyk cf ohJ n?f oul \u00b1;kd &m\\\"avrh sm;ukd awmvf eS yf ek uf eof nthf cg u,kd cf Em< prG ;f tiEf iS Ohf ;D aEmS utf o;kH jyK&rn[f k tav;teuaf &;om;xm;on?f yuD i;f wiG f ,i;f .yxrZe;D on,f Ouf ikd [f ;DG ( Yang Kaihui) EiS ahf w@GqvkH uxf ycf hJ on?f (armtf ouf 14 EpS tf \u00b1,G wf iG f o@lzciuf o@lu\u00b1kd mG x\u00b1J rdS ed ;f uav; wpaf ,muEf iS vhf uxf yaf y;cohJ n?f o@kdaomaf rmuf Tvuxf yyf uJG bkd ,f awmrh tS otd reS rf jyKcahJ cs?) \u00b1\u00b1k mS ;awmvf eS af &;.=oZmvr$ ;f r;kd ra_ =umihf 1921 cEk pS Zf eG vf wiG f \u00b1eS [f ikd ;f +rKd@Y w\u00b1wk uf eG jf rLepyf gw\u2013D Chinese Communist Party\u2013CCP uzkd @JGpn;f wnf axmifcJhonf? armfpDwHk;u ,if;ygwD.tapmqHk;tzGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf? aemiEf pS Ef pS tf en;f i,wf iG f armpf wD ;kH EiS ohf .l oil ,cf si;f \u00b1\u00b1k mS ;awmvf eS af &; -95-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; atmijfriaf tmixf al xmiaf y;aom veD i.f t,0l g'w@kdukd pwitf o;kH jyKchJ onf? armof nf \u00b1eS [f ikd ;f Eikd if aH &;tz@JGEiS phf witf vyk vf yk cf ohJ n?f qAkd ,D u,f el ,D \u00b1H dS t}uaH y;y*k Kd~vrf sm;tutl njDzihf url iwf e;f (Nationalist Party) trsKd;om; a&;0g'yD gwwD jzn;f jzn;f w\u00b1wk Ef ikd if wH iG tf m%m\u00b1vdS mon?f rwvf 12 &uf 1925 cEk pS wf iG f ,i;f [email protected];f aqmipf e,f wpf if (Sun Yat-Sen) u,G vf eG f omG ;c+hJy;D cseaf u\u00b1wdS uf acgi;f aqmijfzpvf mon?f cseaf u\u00b1wdS rf S tz@JGtpn;f twiG ;f \u00b1udS eG jf rLeprf sm;ukd xwk yf ,zf @kdt+r}J uKd ;pm;cohJ n?f tEydS uf yG rf c&H aomueG jf rLeprf sm;u Jiangxi Soviet tz@JGuwkd naf xmicf ohJ n?f trsKd;om;a&;0g'rD sm;onf 0ikd ;f &yH wd qf @kdrr_ sm;pwijfyKvyk vf monthf wuG f ueG jfrLeprf sm; xakd e&mrS }uKd; pm;xuG of mG ;+y;D w\u00b1wk jfyn.f taemuaf jrmuf buwf iG f trmcpH ce;f topwf pcf ck svukd of n?f 1934 ck EpS af tmuwf bkd m vwiG f armEf iS thf jcm;trsKd;om;wpof ed ;f ausmEf iS ,hf i;f [email protected] m;p0k irf sm; onf t aemuyf ikd ;f \u00b1dS awmiwf e;f rsm;\u00b1&dS ma'oo@kd xuG af jy;wrd ;f a\u00b1mS iof mG ; choJ nf? 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