Ukraine Region: Eastern Europe & Central Asia Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.5 7/13 9/30 77/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers 0.00 4 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 0.46 5/13 16/30 90/126 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.33 11/13 22/30 108/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.55 3/13 4/30 46/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.61 3/13 3/30 50/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.73 11/13 7/30 60/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 11/13 20/30 103/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.54 4/13 3/30 61/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.37 10/13 16/30 87/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Ukraine Eastern Europe & Central Asia Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.56 4.1 0.69 7.1 0.58 0.67 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.38 0.38 1.2 0.32 4.2 0.63 7.2 0.64 0.48 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.65 1.3 0.44 4.3 0.45 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.28 4.4 0.60 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.60 4.5 0.75 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.55 4.6 0.44 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.64 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.68 2.2 0.35 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.46 8.1 0.28 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.42 5.1 0.75 8.2 0.42 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.10 5.2 0.88 8.3 0.40 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.57 8.4 0.48 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.59 8.5 0.31 0.28 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.45 3.3 0.49 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.42 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.57 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.42 Due process of law 0.54 6.3 0.54 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.37 Respect for due process 6.5 0.37 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 149 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
United Arab Emirates Region: Middle East & North Africa Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.64 1/8 30/38 32/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 0.00 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2..3 7.7 Constraints on 0.55 2/8 36/38 59/126 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.79 1/8 17/38 17/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.36 6/8 38/38 112/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.46 5/8 38/38 98/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.91 1/8 7/38 7/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.72 1/8 20/38 20/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.66 1/8 25/38 26/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.67 1/8 19/38 19/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score United Arab Emirates Middle East & North Africa High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.51 4.1 0.65 7.1 0.56 0.61 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.80 0.60 1.2 0.55 4.2 0.50 7.2 0.66 0.74 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.66 1.3 0.64 4.3 0.72 7.3 0.71 0.70 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.77 0.57 1.4 0.72 4.4 0.33 7.4 0.80 0.45 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.72 1.5 0.33 4.5 0.44 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.55 4.6 0.32 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.25 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.46 2.2 0.78 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.87 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.84 5.1 0.92 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.69 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.82 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.36 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.39 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.69 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.31 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.89 Due process of law 150 0.36 6.3 0.70 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.69 Respect for due process 6.5 0.65 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
United Kingdom Region: EU & EFTA & North America Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.8 10/24 12/38 12/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers -0.01 -1 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2.2 0.84 10/24 11/38 11/126 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.83 8/24 11/38 11/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.80 8/24 10/38 10/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.82 11/24 11/38 11/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.85 14/24 20/38 21/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.82 8/24 11/38 11/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.73 10/24 18/38 18/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.75 8/24 9/38 9/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score United Kingdom EU & EFTA & North America High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.85 4.1 0.72 7.1 0.53 0.64 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.91 0.84 1.2 0.83 4.2 0.94 7.2 0.67 0.72 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.78 1.3 0.83 4.3 0.81 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.78 4.4 0.85 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.85 4.5 0.87 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.88 4.6 0.79 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.89 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.69 2.2 0.85 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.96 8.1 0.68 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.86 5.1 0.91 8.2 0.74 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.64 5.2 0.92 8.3 0.60 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.72 8.4 0.66 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.90 8.5 0.87 0.88 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.81 3.3 0.67 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.77 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.84 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.94 Due process of law 0.78 6.3 0.81 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.81 Respect for due process 6.5 0.77 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 151 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
United States Region: EU & EFTA & North America Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.71 14/24 20/38 20/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 -0.02 -1 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..3 0.73 15/24 18/38 19/126 Constraints on 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.74 13/24 20/38 20/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.77 11/24 13/38 13/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.72 18/24 26/38 27/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.76 21/24 29/38 49/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.73 13/24 19/38 19/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.64 17/24 27/38 30/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.63 16/24 23/38 23/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score United States EU & EFTA & North America High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.80 4.1 0.51 7.1 0.46 0.42 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.82 0.71 1.2 0.74 4.2 0.84 7.2 0.62 0.68 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.77 1.3 0.70 4.3 0.63 7.3 0.67 0.68 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.49 0.36 1.4 0.64 4.4 0.79 7.4 0.79 0.79 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.63 1.5 0.79 4.5 0.73 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.72 4.6 0.83 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.85 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.56 2.2 0.73 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.89 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.84 5.1 0.83 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.50 5.2 0.77 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.69 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.77 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.72 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.70 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.80 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.88 Due process of law 152 0.81 6.3 0.56 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.76 Respect for due process 6.5 0.72 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Uruguay Region: Latin America & Caribbean Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.71 1/30 23/38 23/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers 0.00 -1 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2.2 0.75 2/30 15/38 16/126 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.74 1/30 19/38 19/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.71 2/30 18/38 18/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.76 2/30 18/38 19/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.70 11/30 34/38 73/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.69 1/30 22/38 22/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.75 2/30 17/38 17/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.54 10/30 32/38 42/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Uruguay Latin America & Caribbean High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.80 4.1 0.68 7.1 0.85 0.84 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.81 0.74 1.2 0.72 4.2 0.83 7.2 0.58 0.65 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.75 1.3 0.66 4.3 0.62 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.66 4.4 0.76 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.76 4.5 0.83 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.89 4.6 0.76 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.83 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.81 2.2 0.68 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.92 8.1 0.39 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.82 5.1 0.69 8.2 0.46 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.55 5.2 1.00 8.3 0.29 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.42 8.4 0.52 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.70 8.5 0.77 0.71 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.62 3.3 0.64 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.64 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.76 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.83 Due process of law 0.75 6.3 0.58 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.58 Respect for due process 6.5 0.80 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 153 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Uzbekistan Region: Eastern Europe & Central Asia Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.46 12/13 17/30 94/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 0.00 2 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2..3 7.7 Constraints on 0.33 12/13 26/30 118/126 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.38 9/13 15/30 95/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.31 13/13 27/30 119/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.39 12/13 21/30 109/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.91 1/13 1/30 9/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.44 9/13 17/30 96/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.51 8/13 8/30 72/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.44 6/13 6/30 67/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Uzbekistan Eastern Europe & Central Asia Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.17 4.1 0.58 7.1 0.46 0.65 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.32 0.30 1.2 0.21 4.2 0.48 7.2 0.73 0.42 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.66 1.3 0.31 4.3 0.35 7.3 0.51 0.70 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.57 0.34 1.4 0.44 4.4 0.32 7.4 0.38 0.24 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.35 1.5 0.32 4.5 0.57 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.51 4.6 0.20 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.18 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.48 2.2 0.33 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.40 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.39 5.1 0.88 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.41 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.83 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.28 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.25 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.62 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.27 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.43 Due process of law 154 0.46 6.3 0.59 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.26 Respect for due process 6.5 0.28 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Venezuela Region: Latin America & Caribbean Income Group: Upper Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.28 30/30 38/38 126/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers -0.01 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 0.18 30/30 38/38 126/126 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.32 28/30 37/38 111/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.29 30/30 38/38 122/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.33 30/30 35/38 120/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.48 30/30 38/38 123/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.20 30/30 38/38 126/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.28 30/30 38/38 125/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.14 30/30 38/38 126/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Venezuela Latin America & Caribbean Upper Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.32 4.1 0.58 7.1 0.44 0.51 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.18 0.05 1.2 0.13 4.2 0.14 7.2 0.09 0.21 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.45 1.3 0.10 4.3 0.19 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.12 4.4 0.25 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.25 4.5 0.61 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.19 4.6 0.05 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.30 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.54 2.2 0.31 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.18 8.1 0.13 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.37 5.1 0.24 8.2 0.13 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.41 5.2 1.00 8.3 0.04 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.19 8.4 0.14 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.20 8.5 0.28 0.03 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.19 3.3 0.26 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.35 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.26 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.40 Due process of law 0.44 6.3 0.10 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.01 Respect for due process 6.5 0.14 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 155 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Vietnam Region: East Asia & Pacific Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.49 11/15 10/30 81/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 -0.01 -2 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..3 0.45 12/15 17/30 92/126 Constraints on 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.40 13/15 11/30 88/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.46 11/15 14/30 81/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.46 11/15 14/30 97/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.77 8/15 4/30 40/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.45 14/15 16/30 93/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.45 11/15 16/30 94/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.46 10/15 4/30 60/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.38 4.1 0.62 7.1 0.50 0.57 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.34 0.32 1.2 0.37 4.2 0.46 7.2 0.50 0.41 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.53 1.3 0.53 4.3 0.44 7.3 0.47 0.53 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.45 0.49 1.4 0.60 4.4 0.40 7.4 0.51 0.33 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.44 1.5 0.40 4.5 0.33 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.44 4.6 0.44 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.37 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.63 2.2 0.48 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.36 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.44 5.1 0.92 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.34 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.41 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.52 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.34 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.56 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.42 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.39 Due process of law 156 0.54 6.3 0.50 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.41 Respect for due process 6.5 0.38 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Zambia Region: Sub-Saharan Africa Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.47 12/30 1257/30 92/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers -0.01 -4 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 0.48 16/30 13/30 80/126 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.40 15/30 12/30 89/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.38 20/30 21/30 105/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.45 22/30 18/30 103/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.69 12/30 13/30 78/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 20/30 19/30 102/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.47 14/30 15/30 88/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.43 11/30 7/30 70/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.48 4.1 0.51 7.1 0.46 0.45 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.39 0.43 1.2 0.37 4.2 0.40 7.2 0.39 0.66 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.47 1.3 0.58 4.3 0.42 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.58 4.4 0.43 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.43 4.5 0.67 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.47 4.6 0.29 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.41 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.47 2.2 0.42 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.53 8.1 0.53 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.39 5.1 0.62 8.2 0.50 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.26 5.2 1.00 8.3 0.23 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.44 8.4 0.50 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.24 8.5 0.42 0.45 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.42 3.3 0.46 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.48 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.45 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.42 Due process of law 0.38 6.3 0.41 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.40 Respect for due process 6.5 0.43 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 157 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Zimbabwe Region: Sub-Saharan Africa Income Group: Low The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.4 26/30 17/20 116/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 0.03 3 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2..3 7.7 Constraints on 0.33 28/30 19/20 117/126 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.31 23/30 15/20 115/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.33 25/30 17/20 116/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.35 29/30 19/20 118/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.67 16/30 11/20 84/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.38 25/30 15/20 117/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.46 16/30 8/20 91/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.37 16/30 8/20 88/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa Low Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.33 4.1 0.41 7.1 0.42 0.45 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.41 0.30 1.2 0.32 4.2 0.27 7.2 0.52 0.58 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.54 1.3 0.44 4.3 0.36 7.3 0.41 0.51 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.35 0.36 1.4 0.36 4.4 0.30 7.4 0.33 0.23 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.36 1.5 0.30 4.5 0.47 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.24 4.6 0.13 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.34 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.49 2.2 0.29 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.42 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.29 5.1 0.63 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.22 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.38 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.16 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.40 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.43 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.32 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.46 Due process of law 158 0.45 6.3 0.35 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.34 Respect for due process 6.5 0.29 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation
Section Four Behind the Numbers 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 159
Methodology Snapshot: Steps to Produce the Rule of Law Index The production of the WJP Rule of Law Index® can be summarized in 11 steps: 1 The WJP developed the conceptual framework summarized in the Index’s nine factors and 47 sub-factors, in consultation with academics, practitioners, and community leaders from around the world. 2 The Index team developed a set of five questionnaires based on the Index’s conceptual framework to be administered to experts and the general public. Questionnaires were translated into several languages and adapted to reflect commonly used terms and expressions. 3 The Index team identified, on average, more than 300 potential local experts per country to respond to the QRQs and engaged the services of leading local polling companies to implement the household surveys. 4 Polling companies conducted pilot tests of the GPP in consultation with the Index team, and launched the final survey for full fieldwork. 5 The Index team sent the questionnaires to local experts and engaged in continual interaction with them. 6 The Index team collected and mapped the data onto the 44 sub-factors with global comparability. 7 The Index team constructed the final scores using a five-step process: a. Codified the questionnaire items as numeric values b. Produced raw country scores by aggregating the responses from several individuals (experts and/or general public) c. Normalized the raw scores d. Aggregated the normalized scores into sub-factors and factors using simple averages e. Produced the normalized scores, which are rounded to two decimal points, and the final rankings 8 The data were subject to a series of tests to identify possible biases and errors. For example, the Index team cross-checked all sub-factors against more than 70 third-party sources, including quantitative data and qualitative assessments drawn from local and international organizations. 9 A sensitivity analysis was conducted by the Econometrics and Applied Statistics Unit of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with the Index team, to assess the statistical reliability of the results. 10 To illustrate whether the rule of law in a country significantly changed over the course of the past year, a measure of change over time was produced based on the annual difference in the country-level factor scores, the standard errors of these scores (estimated from a set of 100 bootstrap samples), and the results of the corresponding t-tests. 11 The data were organized into country reports, tables, and figures to facilitate their presentation and interpretation. For tables organized by income group, the WJP follows the World Bank income classifications. 160
Methodology remaining countries in future editions of the Index. Depending on the particular situation of each country, one of three different The WJP Rule of Law Index is the first attempt to systematically polling methodologies is used: face-to-face, telephone, or online. and comprehensively quantify the rule of law around the world The GPP is carried out in each country every other year. The and remains unique in its operationalization of rule of law polling data used in this year’s report were collected during the dimensions into concrete questions. The WJP Rule of Law Index fall of 2018 (for 71 countries), fall of 2017 (for 52 countries), 2019 report presents information on eight composite factors the fall of 2016 (for two countries), and the fall of 2014 (for that are further disaggregated into 44 specific sub-factors (see one country). Detailed information regarding the country page 10). Factor 9, Informal Justice, is included in the conceptual coverage (cities covered or nationally representative), the polling framework, but has been excluded from the aggregated scores companies contracted to administer the questionnaire, and the and rankings in order to provide meaningful cross-country polling methodology employed in each of the 126 countries is comparisons. presented on page 164. The country scores and rankings presented in this report are The QRQs complement the household data with assessments built from more than 500 variables drawn from the assessments from in-country professionals with expertise in civil and of more than 120,000 households and 3,800 legal experts in 126 commercial law, criminal and constitutional law, labor law, and countries and jurisdictions, making it the most accurate portrayal public health. These questionnaires gather timely input on a of the factors that contribute to shaping the rule of law in a range of topics from practitioners who frequently interact with country. state institutions. Such topics include information on the efficacy of courts, the strength of regulatory enforcement, and the Data Sources reliability of accountability mechanisms. To present an image that accurately portrays the rule of law as experienced by ordinary people, each score of the Index is The questionnaires contain closed-ended perception questions calculated using a large number of questions drawn from two and several hypothetical scenarios with highly detailed original data sources collected by the World Justice Project in factual assumptions aimed at ensuring comparability across each country: a General Population Poll (GPP) and a series of countries. The QRQ surveys are conducted annually, and the Qualified Respondents’ Questionnaires (QRQs). These two data questionnaires are completed by respondents selected from sources collect up-to-date firsthand information that is not directories of law firms, universities and colleges, research available at the global level, and constitute the world’s most organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), comprehensive dataset of its kind. They capture the experiences as well as through referrals from the WJP global network of and perceptions of ordinary citizens and in-country professionals practitioners, and all are vetted by WJP staff based on their concerning the performance of the state and its agents and the expertise. The expert surveys are administered in five languages: actual operation of the legal framework in their country. English, French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. The QRQ data for this report include more than 3,800 surveys, which The GPP surveys provide firsthand information on the represents an average of 30 respondents per country. These data experiences and the perceptions of ordinary people regarding were collected from May 2018 through early November 2018. a range of pertinent rule of law information, including their dealings with the government, the ease of interacting with state Data Cleaning and Score Computation bureaucracy, the extent of bribery and corruption, the availability Once collected, the data are carefully processed to arrive at of dispute resolution systems, and the prevalence of common country-level scores. As a first step, the respondent level data crimes to which they are exposed. are edited to exclude partially completed surveys, suspicious data, and outliers (which are detected using the Z-score method). The GPP questionnaire includes 127 perception-based Individual answers are then mapped onto the 44 sub-factors of questions and 213 experience-based questions, along with the Index (or onto the intermediate categories that make up each socio-demographic information on all respondents. The sub-factor), codified so that all values fall between 0 (weakest questionnaire is translated into local languages, adapted to adherence to the rule of law) and 1 (strongest adherence to the common expressions, and administered by leading local polling rule of law), and aggregated at the country level using the simple companies using a probability sample of 1,000 respondents.3 (or unweighted) average of all respondents. In previous editions of the Index, the poll has been conducted in the three largest cities of each country. However, the World This year, to allow an easier comparison across years, the Justice Project’s goal was to update its methodology to include resulting 2019 scores have been normalized using the Min-Max nationally representative polls. Towards this end, nationally method with a base year of 2015. These normalized scores representative polls were conducted in 55 countries this were then successively aggregated from the variable level all the year. Nationally representative polls will be conducted in the 3 Due to small populations or obstacles to data collection in certain countries, the sampling plan was adjusted in some cases. One adjustment was to decrease the sample size. For more information on specific countries and sample sizes, see pages 164-166. 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 161
way up to the factor level to produce the final country scores, value (downward arrow) if there was a change leading to a rounded to two decimal points, and rankings. In most cases, the statistically significant deterioration in the score. This measure GPP and QRQ questions are equally weighted in the calculation complements the numerical scores and rankings presented of the scores of the intermediate categories (sub-factors and in this report, which benchmark each country’s current sub-sub-factors). performance on the factors and sub-factors of the Index against that of other countries. The measure of change over time is A full picture of how questions are mapped onto indicators and constructed in three steps: how they are weighted is available on the WJP Rule of Law Index website at worldjusticeproject.org. 1. First, last year’s scores are subtracted from this year’s to obtain, for each country and each factor, the annual Data Validation difference in scores. As a final step, data are validated and cross-checked against qualitative and quantitative third-party sources to provide an 2. To test whether the annual changes are statistically additional layer of analysis and to identify possible mistakes or significant, a bootstrapping procedure is used to inconsistencies within the data. Most of the third-party data estimate standard errors. To calculate these errors, 100 sources used to cross-check the Index scores are described in samples of respondent-level observations (of equal Botero and Ponce (2011).4 size to the original sample) are randomly selected with replacement for each country from the pooled set of Methodological Changes to this Year’s Report respondents for last year and this year. These samples Every year, the WJP reviews the methods of data collection are used to produce a set of 100 country-level scores to ensure that the information produced is valid, useful, and for each factor and each country, which are utilized to continues to capture the status of the rule of law in the world. calculate the final standard errors. These errors—which To maintain consistency with previous editions and to facilitate measure the uncertainty associated with picking a tracking changes over time, this year’s questionnaires and data particular sample of respondents—are then employed maps are closely aligned with those administered in the past. to conduct pair-wise t-tests for each country and each factor. In order to improve the accuracy of the QRQ results and reduce respondent burden, proactive dependent interviewing 3. Finally, to illustrate the annual change, a measure of techniques were used to remind respondents who participated in change over time is produced based on the value of the last year’s survey of their responses in the previous year. annual difference and its statistical significance (at the 95 percent level). This year, no new questions or indicators were added to the Index. Overall, 100 percent of questions remained the same Strengths and Limitations between the 2017-2018 and 2019 editions of the Index. The Index methodology has both strengths and limitations. Among A description of the variables is available at its strengths is the inclusion of both expert and household surveys worldjusticeproject.org. to ensure that the findings reflect the conditions experienced by the population. Another strength is that it approaches the In a few instances, the WJP uses data from third-party sources measurement of rule of law from various angles by triangulating to measure an element of the rule of law that is not possible information across data sources and types of questions. This to measure through the GPP or QRQs. Out of more than 500 approach not only enables accounting for different perspectives variables used to calculate the Index, 13 variables are from on the rule of law, but it also helps to reduce possible bias that third-party sources. might be introduced by any other particular data collection method. Finally, it relies on statistical testing to determine the Tracking Changes Over Time significance of the changes in the factor scores over the last year. This year’s report includes a measure to illustrate whether the rule of law in a country, as measured through the factors of the With the aforementioned methodological strengths come a WJP Rule of Law Index, changed since the previous year. This number of limitations. First, the data shed light on rule of law measure is presented in the form of arrows and represents dimensions that appear comparatively strong or weak, but are not a summary of rigorous statistical testing based on the use of specific enough to establish causation. Thus, it will be necessary bootstrapping procedures (see below). For each factor, this to use the Index in combination with other analytical tools to measure takes the value of zero (no arrow) if there was no provide a full picture of causes and possible solutions. Second, statistically significant change in the score since last year, a in previous editions of the Index, the methodology has only positive value (upward arrow) if there was a change leading to a been applied in three major urban areas in each of the indexed statistically significant improvement in the score, and a negative countries for the General Population Poll. However, the World 4 Botero, J. and Ponce, A. (2011) “Measuring the Rule of Law”: WJP Working Paper No.1, available at worldjusticeproject.org/publications. 162
Justice Project’s goal was to update its methodology to include 3. Given the uncertainty associated with picking a nationally representative polls. Towards this end, nationally particular sample of respondents, standard errors have representative polls were conducted in 55 countries this year. been calculated using bootstrapping methods to test Nationally representative polls will be conducted in the remaining whether the annual changes in the factor scores are countries in future editions of the Index. Third, given the rapid statistically significant. changes to the rule of law occurring in some countries, scores for some countries may be sensitive to the specific points in time 4. Indices and indicators are subject to potential abuse when the data were collected. To address this, the WJP is piloting and misinterpretation. Once released to the public, they test methods of moving averages to account for short-term can take on a life of their own and be used for purposes fluctuations. Fourth, the QRQ data may be subject to problems unanticipated by their creators. If data are taken out of of measurement error due to the limited number of experts in context, it can lead to unintended or erroneous policy some countries, resulting in less precise estimates. To address this, decisions the WJP works constantly to expand its network of in-country academic and practitioner experts who contribute their time and 5. Rule of law concepts measured by the Index may expertise to this endeavor. Finally, due to the limited number of have different meanings across countries. Users are experts in some countries (which implies higher standard errors) encouraged to consult the specific definitions of and the fact that the GPP is carried out in each country every the variables employed in the construction of the other year (which implies that for some countries, some variables Index, which are discussed in greater detail in the do not change from one year to another), it is possible that the methodology section of the WJP Rule of Law Index test described above fails to detect small changes in a country’s website. situation over time. 6. The Index is generally intended to be used in Other methodological considerations combination with other instruments, both quantitative A detailed presentation of the methodology, including a table and qualitative. Just as in the areas of health or and description of the more than 500 variables used to construct economics, no single index conveys a full picture of a the Index scores, is available at: worldjusticeproject.org and in country’s situation. Policy-making in the area of rule Botero, J. and Ponce, A. (2011) “Measuring the Rule of Law”: of law requires careful consideration of all relevant WJP Working Paper No.1, available at: dimensions—which may vary from country to country worldjusticeproject.org/publications. —and a combination of sources, instruments, and methods. Using the WJP Rule of Law Index The WJP Rule of Law Index has been designed to offer a reliable 7. Pursuant to the sensitivity analysis of the Index data and independent data source for policy makers, businesses, non- conducted in collaboration with the Econometrics and governmental organizations (NGOs), and other constituencies Applied Statistics Unit of the European Commission’s to assess a country’s adherence to the rule of law as perceived Joint Research Centre, confidence intervals have been and experienced by the average person, identify a country’s calculated for all figures included in the WJP Rule of Law strengths and weaknesses in comparison to similarly situated Index. These confidence intervals and other relevant countries, and track changes over time. The Index has been considerations regarding measurement error are designed to include several features that set it apart from other reported in Saisana and Saltelli (2015) and Botero and indices and make it valuable for a large number of countries, thus Ponce (2011). providing a powerful resource that can inform policy debates both within and across countries. However, the Index’s findings The following pages (164-166) list the coverage and polling must be interpreted in light of certain inherent limitations. methodology for the GPP in the 126 indexed countries and jurisdictions. 1. The WJP Rule of Law Index does not identify priorities for reform and is not intended to establish causation or to ascertain the complex relationship among different rule of law dimensions in various countries. 2. The Index’s rankings and scores are the product of a rigorous data collection and aggregation methodology. Nonetheless, as with all measures, they are subject to measurement error. 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 163
Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year Afghanistan Nationally representative D3 Systems & ACSOR Surveys Face-to-face 3006 2018 Albania Nationally representative Face-to-face 1000 2018 Algeria Nationally representative IDRA Research & Consulting Face-to-face 1000 2018 Angola Nationally representative WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1010 2018 Antigua & Barbuda Nationally representative partner Face-to-face 513 2018 Argentina Nationally representative Marketing Support Consultancy Face-to-face 1010 2018 Australia Nationally representative Online 1067 2018 Austria Vienna, Graz, Linz DMR Insights Online 1008 2017 Bahamas Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 StatMark Big Picture Marketing Strategy & Research YouGov DMR Insights Bangladesh Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna Org-Quest Research Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 2016 Barbados Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 513 2018 WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1000/401 2014/2017 Belarus Minsk, Gomel, Mogilev partner Online 1007 2018 YouGov Face-to-face 1000 2017 Belgium Nationally representative Face-to-face 1010 2018 Belize City, Belmopan, San Ignacio/Santa CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1000 2018 Belize Elena Nationally representative Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1000 2017 Benin Nationally representative Captura Consulting Bolivia Face-to-face 1000 2018 Bosnia & Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla Kantar TNS MIB Face-to-face 1049 2017 Herzegovina Face-to-face 1001 2018 Botswana Nationally representative BJKA Consulting Face-to-face 1029 2017 Datum Internacional/About Brazil Face-to-face 1000 2014 Brazil São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador Market Research Face-to-face 1006 2018 Alpha Research Ltd. Online 1000 2017 Bulgaria Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna Kantar TNS Face-to-face 1011 2017 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso, Koudougou Indochina Research Cambodia Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kampong Cham Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 508 2018 Cameroon Nationally representative YouGov Face-to-face 1000 2018 Canada Toronto, Montreal, Calgary Face-to-face 561 2017 Santiago, Valparaíso/Viña del Mar, Datum Internacional S.A./Cadem S.A. Face-to-face 1011 2017 Chile Antofagasta Face-to-face 1010 2018 Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou WJP in collaboration with local Online 1013 2017 China partner Face-to-face 1083 2018 Nationally representative Tempo Group Online 1017 2017 Colombia San José, Cartago, Alajuela Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 512 2018 Costa Rica Abidjan, Bouaké, Daloa Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1014 2018 Cote d'Ivoire Nationally representative Ipsos d.o.o. Face-to-face 703 2017 Croatia Prague, Brno, Ostrava YouGov Face-to-face 1000 2017 Czech Republic Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Mbuji-Mayi Kantar Public Senegal Face-to-face 1000 2018 Congo, Dem. Rep. Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg YouGov Online 1010 2017 Denmark Nationally representative StatMark Face-to-face 1037 2017 Dominica Nationally representative CID Latin America Online 1014 2017 Dominican Republic Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca Dichter and Neira Online 1040 2018 Ecuador WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1000 2017 Cairo, Alexandria, Giza partner Online 1048 2018 Egypt CID-Gallup Latin America Face-to-face 1103 2018 Nationally representative Norstat Eesti El Salvador Tallinn, Tartu, Narva Infinite Insight Ltd. Estonia Addis Ababa, Gondar, Nazret YouGov Ethiopia Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere YouGov Finland Nationally representative ACT Market Research and Consulting France Company Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi YouGov Georgia Infinite Insight Ltd. Nationally representative Germany Nationally representative Ghana 164
Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year Greece Grenada Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras YouGov Online 1015 2017 Guatemala Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 Guinea Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 1008 2018 Guyana Conakry, Nzerekore, Kankan Mercaplan Central America & Face-to-face 1065 2018 Honduras Nationally representative Caribbean Face-to-face 527 2018 Hong Kong SAR, Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma Kantar Public Senegal 2017 China Hungary Nationally representative StatMark 2017 India Indonesia Budapest, Debrecen, Szeged CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1100 2017 Iran Nationally representative Face-to-face 1004 2018 Italy Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung WJP in collaboration with local 2017 Jamaica Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan partner 2018 Japan Rome, Milan, Naples 2017 Kingston, Portmore, Spanish Town Ipsos Hungary Face-to-face 1000 2017 Jordan Nationally representative Face-to-face 1059 2018 Market Xcel Face-to-face 1004 Kazakhstan Nationally representative Face-to-face 1010 2018 Kenya MRI (Marketing Research Indonesia) Online 1004 Kyrgyzstan Almaty, Astana, Shymkent Face-to-face 401 2017 Lebanon Nationally representative BJKA consulting with local partner Online 1000 2018 Liberia Nationally representative MHA Research 2018 Macedonia, FYR Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon Face-to-face 1000 2017 Madagascar Monrovia, Gbarnga and Buchanan YouGov 2018 Malawi Skopje, Kumanovo, Bitola Face-to-face 1000 2017 Malaysia Antananarivo, Toamasina, Antsirabe Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 1099 2017 Mali Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu Face-to-face 1000 2017 Mauritania Klang Valley, Johor Bahru, Ipoh Acorn Marketing & Research Face-to-face 1000 2017 Mauritius Nationally representative Consultant (M) Sdn Bhd 2018 Mexico Nationally representative WJP in collaboration with local 2018 Moldova Nationally representative partner 2018 Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey WJP in collaboration with local 2017 Mongolia Chisinau, Balti, Cahul partner 2017 Morocco Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan Infinite Insight Ltd. 2017 Mozambique Myanmar Casablanca, Fes, Tangier Ipsos 2017 Namibia Nationally representative 2018 Nepal Yangon, Mandalay, Nay Pyi Taw REACH SAL 2018 Netherlands Nationally representative 2018 New Zealand Kathmandu, Pokhara, Lalitpur Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1113 2017 Nicaragua Nationally representative Ipsos dooel Skopje Face-to-face 1017 2018 Niger Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch DCDM Research Face-to-face 1000 2017 Nigeria Managua, León, Masaya Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1039 2017 Norway Niamey, Zinder, Maradi Acorn Marketing & Research 2018 Pakistan Nationally representative Consultant (M) Sdn Bhd Face-to-face 1000 2018 Panama Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim Marketing Support Consultancy 2017 Peru Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1012 2017 Philippines Panama City, San Miguelito, Las Cumbres DCDM Research Face-to-face 1000 2017 Nationally representative Face-to-face 1000 2018 Manila, Cebu, Davao 2016 Data Opinión Pública y Mercados Face-to-face 1000 Face-to-face 1043 Georgian Opinion Research Business Face-to-face 1000 International (GORBI) Face-to-face 1000 Face-to-face 1009 Mongolian Marketing Consulting Face-to-face 1000 Group LLC Face-to-face 1001 WJP in collaboration with local partner Quest Research Services Myanmar Survey Research Co., Ltd (MSR) Quest Research Services Solutions Consultant Face-to-face 1000 Online 1113 YouGov Online 1000 Big Picture Marketing Strategy & Face-to-face 1100 Research Face-to-face 1011 CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1083 Online 1007 Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1840 Face-to-face 1000 Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 Face-to-face 1008 YouGov Gallup Pakistan (affiliated with Gallup International) Gallup Panamá Datum Internacional S.A. APMI Partners 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 165
Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year Poland Warsaw, Krakow, Lodz Grupa IQS Face-to-face 1000 2018 Portugal Lisbon, Porto, Amadora YouGov Online 1016 2017 Acorn Marketing & Research Online 1000 2018 Republic of Korea Nationally representative Consultant (M) Sdn Bhd Alpha Research Ltd. in collaboration Face-to-face Romania Nationally representative with local partner 1000 2018 WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face Russia Nationally representative partner Face-to-face 1000 2018 Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face Rwanda Kigali Kantar TNS Face-to-face 316 2018 Senegal Pikine, Dakar, Thiès Ipsos Strategic Marketing d.o.o. Face-to-face 1012 2017 Serbia Belgrade, Novi Sad, Nis Infinite Insight Ltd. Online 1002 2017 Sierra Leone Nationally representative Survey Sampling International Face-to-face 1165 2018 Singapore Nationally representative Ipsos d.o.o. Face-to-face 1000 2017 Slovenia Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje Quest Research Services Online 1006 2017 South Africa Nationally representative YouGov Face-to-face 1014 2018 Spain Nationally representative Kantar LMRB Face-to-face 1051 2018 Sri Lanka Colombo, Kaduwela, Maharagama DMR Insights Face-to-face 1010 2017 St. Kitts & Nevis Nationally representative DMR Insights 500 2018 St. Lucia Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 St. Vincent & the DMR Insights Grenadines Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 Suriname CID-Gallup Latin America Online Sweden Nationally representative YouGov Face-to-face 510 2018 Tanzania Nationally representative Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1049 2018 Thailand Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha Infosearch Limited Face-to-face 1037 2018 Togo Bangkok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Udon Thani Marketing Support Consultancy Face-to-face 1000 2018 Trinidad & Tobago Nationally representative CID-Gallup Latin America Face-to-face 1005 2018 Tunisia Nationally representative BJKA Consulting Face-to-face 1006 2018 Turkey Big Tunis, Sfax, Sousse Kantar Insights Face-to-face 1001 2017 Uganda İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir Kantar Public East Africa Face-to-face 1039 2018 Ukraine Kampala, Nansana, Kira GfK Ukraine 1062 2018 United Arab Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1079 2017 Emirates partner United Kingdom Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah YouGov Online 1011/200 2011/2017 United States YouGov Online Uruguay Nationally representative BM Business Partners Face-to-face 1056 2018 Nationally representative WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1086 2018 Uzbekistan Nationally representative partner/Ipsos 1000 2018 WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face Tashkent, Namangan, Samarkand partner Face-to-face 1000/300 2014/2018 Indochina Research (Vietnam) Ltd. Face-to-face Venezuela Caracas, Maracaibo, Valencia Intraspace Market Consultancy Ltd. Face-to-face 1015 2018 Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Hai Phong Quest Research Services 1000 2017 Vietnam Lusaka, Kitwe, Chipata 1014 2017 Zambia Nationally representative 1001 2018 Zimbabwe 166
Contributing Experts The WJP Rule of Law Index 2019 was made possible by the generous contributions of academics and practitioners who contributed their time and expertise. The names of those experts wishing to be acknowledged individually are listed below. This report was also made possible by the work of the polling companies who conducted fieldwork, and the thousands of individuals who have responded to the General Population Poll around the world. Afghanistan Albana Fona Nawel Lahouel Nelson Silva María Eugenia Montero LPA Law Firm Empresa Nacional de Seguros A. R. Rahimghiyasa Okba Lemdjed Bellabas de Angola Hewlett Packard Enterprise Brunilda Subashi Abdul Hadi Zamani Universiteti Ismail Qemali Salima Aloui Orlando de Oliveira Buta Maria Gabriela Peralta Al Mujahid Legal Services Vlorë Société d’Avocats Goussanem & Aloui Rosa Pedro Ahmad Jawad Dorant Ekmekçiu MWENHO María Paola Trigiani Afghan Civil Society Forum Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Yaya Farouk Organization Anonymous Contributors Alfaro Abogados Drini Hakorja Anonymous Contributors Anicée Van Engeland Antigua & Barbuda Martin Alejandro Bello Cranfield University Eglantina Biba Angola Frost & Fire Consulting Kema Benjamin Pirovano & Bello Abogados Baryalai Hakimi Adelino Naquarta Marshall & Co. Kabul University Enxhi Kallogjeri Martín Langsam Frost & Fire Consulting Adolfo Rasoilo Stuart Alexander Lockhart Bentulhuda Yaqubi Stuart A. Lockhart Legal Universidad Isalud Kabul University of Medical Gentiana Tirana Armindo Sá Silva Services Sciences Sá Silva & Associados Mercedes Balado Gjergji Gjika Anonymous Contributors Bevilacqua Bilal Ahmad Rahimi Gjika & Associates Barros Gaspar Simão Kandahar University Gabinete Legal Angola Argentina MBB Balado Bevilacqua Irv Vaso Advogados Abogados Hashmat Khalil Nadirpor Kalo & Associates Adrián R. Tellas LESPA Campos Domingos Mercedes Lorenzo Jonida Melani Braja Agostinho Alberto Gonzalez Torres Khalid Massoudi Wolf Theiss CDA Baker McKenzie Hewlett Packard Enterprise Masnad Law Firm Merita Gjorga Cássia Sousa Alberto Justo Giles Nicolás Soler Khalid Sekander Oltjan Hoxholli Catarina Martins Neto Analia V. Durán Fulbright Mazhar Bangash LPA Law Firm Fernandes MBB Balado Bevilacqua RIAA Barker Gillette ADCA- Carvalho & Associados Abogados Omar Esteban Fornetti Anonymous Contributors Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam Celmira Maria Domingos Andres Sanguinetti A-M-Ch-C-F-RM Afghan Anti-Corruption Algeria Matias Da Silva Lenos Estudio Moltedo Network Associada A Ordem Dos P. Eugenio Aramburu Abdelkader Zouaid Advogados de Angola Carlos María Ferrer Deheza Mushtari Daqiq Estudio Ferrer Deheza PAGBAM Adnane Bouchaib Chilandissa Nilson Monteiro Rahmanullah Shahab Claudio Jesús Santagati Pablo Alejandro Pirovano Afghan Anglo Legal Amel Benredjal Correia Vicente Pongolola Defensoria General de Lomas CVP - Sociedade de de Zamora Pirovano & Bello Abogados Sanzar Kakar Badis Mendil Advogados, R.L. Afghanistan Holding Group Daniela Carrara Rosa María Oller López Berbar Ababakrine Seddik Cristiano Santana Agostinho Universidad de Buenos Aires Sara Balagh Sanda Paciência Estudio Jurídico Oller López & Kakar Advocates Chems-Eddine Hafiz CKA & Associados Dante Graña Asociados LPA-CGR Avocats Fundación Avedis Donabedian Sayed Ramiz Husaini Domingos Ukwahali Chilala Sandra S. Guillan USP Cylia Moulai DUCEA - Sociedade de Diego Silva Ortiz Advogados, R.L. Silva Ortiz, Alfonso, Pavic & De Dios & Goyena Abogados Shahrzad Shamim Ghalem Omar Louge Consultores Shajjan & Associates E. Salesso Ribeiro Karima Chalal Federico A. Borzi Cirilli Silvina Sesarego Thomas Kraemer Cabinet d’Avocat Karima Edevaldo de Almeida Ceballos & Ceballos Kakar Advocates Chalal Augusto Gustavo Ferrante Soledad Espasandin Zabihullah Khaled Goussanem Elsa Tchicanha Allende Ferrante Abogados CAHPO Société d’Avocats Goussanem Gabinete Legal Angola Estudio Jurídico Curutchet - & Aloui Advogados Humberto Federico Rios Odriozola Zamira Saidi Estudio Rios Abogados Shajjan & Associates Medafer Faiza Gilberto Pelinganga Anonymous Contributors Université d’Alger Lucila Escriña Anonymous Contributors Hermenegildo Teotónio da Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Mohamed Sadek Djane Silva e Sousa Australia Albania Hamed Mosaiko - Instituto para a Maria Eugenia Cantenys Cidadania Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Breen Creighton Agron Alibali Nabil Mellah RMIT University Frost & Fire Consulting UNOP Brendan Ashdown John Toohey Chambers David Hooke SC Edouard Tursan d’Espaignet University of Newcastle; University of New England Esther Stern Flinders University of South Australia Fiona McDonald Australian Centre for Health Law Research 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 167
George Williams Martin Risak Imran Anwar Esther Obiora Arthur Maksim Shapelevich University of Vienna Stepanovski, Papakul and University of New South Tanjib Alam & Associates Rehoboth Law Chambers Partners Wales Rupert Manhart Manhart Einsle Partner Imteaz Mannan Jaydene O. Thomas Oksana Puchkovskaya Greg Patmore Rechtsanwälte; ÖRAK Stepanovski, Papakul and Save the Children Capital Law Chambers Partners University of Sydney Thomas Frad Karasek Wietrzyk Junayed Ahmed Chowdhury Jefferson Cumberbatch Serg Gartsev James A. Gillespie Rechtsanwälte GmbH RSO “Your Chance” Vertex Chambers University of the West Indies Menzies Centre for Health Thomas Hofmann Tatiana Ignatovskaya Policy PALLAS HOFMANN Khandaker Mashfique Sharon R. Harris Stepanovski, Papakul and Ahmed Partners Kate Burns Anonymous Contributors Harris & Harris Law Rahman’s Chambers Vadzim Samaryn University of Technology Bahamas Tanya A. Hinds Belarusian State University Sydney M. Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury Ashley D. Williams Vasili Zavadski Lucinda Browne Alexiou, Knowles & Co. M. R. I. Chowdhury & Anonymous Contributors TimeAct Associates Hewlett Packard Enterprise Demetria Severe Viachaslav Shastak Mahim al Hasan Belarus Mary Anne Noone Joseph A. Walker Vital Kalyada Halsbury Chambers Vertex Chambers Alena Salei VVK law La Trobe University Koren Debi Williams Masud Khan Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm Vitali Nikanovich Mary E. Crock Williams Fidulex EDU-HUB The Legal Circle Alexander Botian Sydney Law School Nerissa A. Greene Yury Evgeny Razvodovsky Halsbury Chambers Md Khademul Islam Choyon Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm International Academy of Merrilyn Walton Sobriety Ron O. Pinder Sattar&Co. Alexey Korol University of Sydney Anonymous Contributors Sharanda Humes-Forbes Md Salequzzaman Stepanovski, Papakul and Neil James Partners Belgium Shavon D. Bethel Supreme Court of Bangladesh; Australia Defence Association Douglas Sands & Associates The Legal Era Aliaksandr Dzerhachou Ann Witters Claeys & Engels Nicholas Cowdery Tavares K. LaRoda Mir Shamsur Rahman Human Rights Center “Spring” Sunshine Holdings Limited Arent Lievens University of Sydney; University of Asia Pacific Aliaksei Kralko Advocatenkantoor Lievens & University of New South Vann P. Gaitor Lievens Wales Higgs & Johnson Muhammad Rashel Siddiqui Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Christoph Van der Elst Peter Cashman Wayne R. Munroe Rashel’s Law Corner Tilburg University; Gent Munroe & Associates Anastasia Morgun University University of Sydney S. H. Taskeen Emon Anonymous Contributors Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm Damas François Peter Sainsbury Rahman’s Chambers CHU de Liège Bangladesh Anatoly Leshanok University of Sydney S. M. Abid Ur Rahman Freek Louckx A. H. M. Belal Chowdhury Republican Public Universiteit Antwerpen; Vrije Sarah Hill FM Associates Tanjib Alam & Associates Association “People Plus” Universiteit Brussel Selborne Chambers A. S. M. Alamgir Sabbir Hossain Andrei Famenka Jean Jacqmain Institute of Epidemiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles Sean Cooney Disease Control and Research Solidarity Center Bangladesh World Health Organization Jean-Marc Gollier University of Melbourne Ali Asif Khan Salman Sadiq Khan Andrei Vaso Eubelius Law Firm Hossain & Khan Simon Rice Associates FM Associates Gomel Regional Narcological Jean-Michel Dogné Dispensery Université de Namur University of Sydney Badhan Roy Shahana Rahman Rahman’s Chambers Artemev Sergej; Artsemyeu Jelle Janssens Tom Faunce Rahman’s Chambers Siarhei Ghent University Bilqis Amin Hoque Australian National University Environment and Population Shakina Akter Belorusian State University Johan Put Research Centre University of Leuven Veronica Taylor Rahman’s Chambers Dmitry Kovalchik Darras Abdullah Luk Delbrouck Australian National University Tanjib Alam & Associates Tanim Hussain Shawon Stepanovski, Papakul and Partners Pascal Vanderveeren Anonymous Contributors Farhana Islam Khan Supreme Court of Bangladesh Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed & Dmitry Petrovich Patrick Henry Associates Tanvir Quader Austria Pieter De Koster Ferdausur Rahman Vertex Chambers Dmitry Semashko Catholic University Leuven Clemens Egermann A.S & Associates Tanzeer Ahmad Stepanovski, Papakul and Valerie Flohimont Barnert Egermann Illigasch Gazi Md Rokib Bin Hossain Partners Université de Namur Rechtsanwälte GmbH The Legal Circle Rahman’s Chambers Elena Sapego Vincent Chiavetta Gerhard Jarosch Ibtida Farhat Tropa Tasmiah Nuhiya Ahmed LITIS S A.S & Associates Stepanovski, Papakul and Eurojust Bangladesh Institute of Law Partners and International Affairs Ivo Greiter Elena Sheleg Anonymous Contributors Greiter Pegger Kofler & Stepanovski, Papakul and Partners Partners Barbados Julian Feichtinger Kanna Kostevich Andrew C. Ferreira CHSH International University Chancery Chambers MITSO Karl Stoeger Andrew C. Greaves Kirill Tomashevski University of Graz International University Manfred Ketzer Chester L. Sue MITSO Hausmaninger Kletter Chester L. Sue & Co. Lada Maisenia Martin Reinisch Denise Haynes Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm Brauneis Kluser Prändl LuminLaw Maksim Maksimov Attorneys at Law Diana R. Douglin Verkhovodko & Partners LLC ReginaLex 168
Xavier Van Der Smissen Justin Y. Tossou Nicolás Soliz Peinado Mirjana Šarkinović Anonymous Contributors PSI Salazar & Asociados Yves Brulard Ognjen Riđić Brazil DBB Justine Françoise Houzanme Raul A. Baldivia International University of Réseau des ONG et Baldivia Unzaga & Asociados Sarajevo Abel Simão Amaro Anonymous Contributors Associations des femmes Veirano Advogados contre la féminisation du Rene Soria Saucedo Osman Sinanović Belize VIH-Sida Boston University University of Tuzla Adriana L. S. Lamounier Rodrigues Adler G. L. Waight Lucien Dossou-Gbete Rodrigo Jimenez Cusicanqui Samil Ramić Universidade Federal de Minas Barrow & Williams LLP Clinique Louis Pasteur Salazar & Asociados Municipal Court in Bugojno Gerais Estevan Perera Marius W. de Jong Roger Marcelo Longaric Selma Mezetovic Medic Alexandre Fragoso Silvestre Estevan Perera & Company Ministry of Foreign Affairs Saucedo University of Sarajevo Briganti Advogados LLP Indacochea & Asociados Nadine Dossou Sakponou Slaven Dizdar Alexandre Gustavo Melo Marvin L. Manzanero Rosario Baptista Marić & Co. Law Firm Ltd. Franco de Moraes Bahia Ministry of Health Ore Yewou Akotchiwa Universidade Federal de Ouro Gisele Sandra Salinas Zijad Dzafic Preto Rodwell R. A. Williams Université d’Abomey-Calavi C.R. & F. Rojas University of Tuzla Barrow & Williams LLP Ana Paula Avila Pierre Togbe Sergio Mario Reynolds Ruiz Zijad Hasić Universidade Federal do Rio Ryan J. Wrobel Université d’Abomey-Calavi Bufete Reynolds Legal Advice Parliamentary Assembly of Grande do Sul Wrobel & Co. Bosnia and Herzegovina Sadikou Ayo Alao Teddy Cuentas Bascopé Ana Paula de Barcellos Tania Moody Gerddes Afrique Zinka Grbo Universidade do Estado do Rio Barrow & Williams LLP Víctor Vargas Montaño University of Sarajevo de Janeiro Anonymous Contributors Herrera & Abogados Victor M. D. Lizarraga Sr. Anonymous Contributors André de Melo Ribeiro UHS Bolivia Yerko Ilijic Crosa Dias Carneiro Advogados Proyecto ACCESO, California Botswana Wayne A. Piper Arletta Añez Valdez Western School of Law Beto Vasconcelos Eisen Consultancy Abdool Rahim Khan Carlos Gerke Siles Anonymous Contributors Rahim Khan & Co. Carlos Ayres Anonymous Contributors Estudio Jurídico Gerke Maeda, Ayres e Sarubbi Bosnia & Herzegovina Bugalo Maripe Advogados Benin Ernesto Rojas Cabrera University of Botswana Universidad Mayor de San Adnan Duraković Carolina Dzimidas Haber Adebiyi Adam Sadia Simón Cochabamba University of Zenica Buhle Ncube Defensoria Pública do Estado RIFONGA LegalWise Botswana do Rio de Janeiro Heidy María Sandoval Andrea Zubović-Devedžić Adeloui Arsène-Joël Natusch CMS Reich-Rohrwig Heinz Edward Fashole Luke II Carolina Giesbrecht Forte Université d’Abomey-Calavi Indacochea & Asociados Luke & Associates Korbage de Castro Denis Pajić Korbage de Castro Sociedade Agathe Affougnon Ago Ivan Cáceres Ibañez University of Mostar Džemal Emmanuel Kagiso Jani de Advocacia Barreau du Bénin Caceres & Asoc. Bijedić Tshekiso Ditiro & Jani Legal Practice Chiavelli Facenda Falavigno Aline Odje Ivan Lima Magne Emir Spaho Universidade de São Paulo Centro de Estudios Sobre Law Office Spaho Joanne Robinson Barnabe Georges Gbago Justicia y Participación Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company Cynthia Lessa Da Costa Barreau du Bénin Enisa Mesic Universidade Federal de Juiz Javier Mir Peña Society of Nephrology, Dialysis Kwadwo Osei-Ofei de Fora Bertin Koudoufio Mir & Asociados and Kidney Transplantation in Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company Ministère de la Santé; Croix- Bosnia and Herzegovina Daniel Bushatsky Rouge Béninoise Jorge Omar Mostajo Barrios Lethogonolo Makgane Advocacia Bushatsky Universidad Mayor de San Hana Korać Makgane Attorneys César Guegni Andés University of Travnik; Daniel de Pádua Andrade Cabinet d’Avocats Charles International University of Moagi Moloi Universidade Federal de Minas Badou U & Partners José Carlos Bernal Novi Pazar Minchin & Kelly - DLA Piper Gerais Guevara & Gutiérrez, S.C. Africa Charles Badou Lana Bubalo David Braga Junior Cabinet d’Avocats Charles José Ramiro Vega University of Mostar Džemal Mpho Nothothozela Hospital dos Servidores Badou U & Partners José Ramiro Vega SRL Bijedić Serumola Públicos do Estado de São Bookbinder Business Law Paulo Chris Balogoun Juan José Lima M. Lejla Balić Centro de Estudios Sobre University of Sarajevo Munyaka Wadaira Elival da Silva Ramos Christian Chaffa Justicia y Participación Makuyana Universidade de São Paulo Ministère de la Santé Mehmed Ganic Makuyana Legal Practice Julio César Landívar Castro International University of Emilio Peluso Neder Meyer Elie N. Vlavonou Kponou Guevara & Gutiérrez, S.C. Sarajevo Neo Thelma Moatlhodi Universidade Federal de Minas Barreau du Bénin Mbeha Attornyes Gerais Luis Félix A. Alípaz Echazú Mehmed Spaho Félix Fanou Academia Nacional de Law Office Spaho Patrick Akhiwu Eraldo Silva Júnior Université d’Abomey-Calavi Ciencias Jurídicas Pakmed Group Defensoria Pública da União Meliha Povlakic Gonçalves Wilfrid Eric Manuel Urenda University of Sarajevo Piyush Shama Estêvão Mallet Université d’Abomey-Calavi Urenda Abogados Piyush Sharma Attorneys & Universidade de São Paulo Miralem Porobic Co. Guedje Ludovic Milenka Saavedra Muñoz Fabio Martins Di Jorge Bufete Aguirre Sociedad Civil Mirela Cokic Dzinic Tapiwa Gachala Di Jorge Advocacia Hugues Pognon University of Tuzla Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company Société Civile Professionnelle Mónica Vivian Céspedes Fabio Queiroz Pereira d’Avocats Pognon & Machicao Tshekiso Tshekiso Universidade Federal de Minas Detchenou Tshekiso Ditiro & Jani Legal Gerais Practice 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 169
Fábio Ulhoa Coelho Márcio Souza Guimarães Rômulo Soares Valentini Stanley B. Gyoshev Pascaline Sobgho Universidade Federal de Minas University of Exeter Pontifícia Universidade Márcio Guimarães Advogados Gerais Regis Elisee W. Bonkoungou Católica de São Paulo Associados Anonymous Contributors Sérgio Cruz Arenhart Salifou Konfe Ministério Público Federal Burkina Faso Ministère de la Santé Felipe Asensi Maria Celina Bodin de Sergio Mannheimer Abdoul Karim Saidou Samuel Ibrahim Guitanga Universidade do Estado do Rio Moraes Andrade & Fichtner Université Ouaga II Barreau du Burkina Faso de Janeiro Advogados Universidade do Estado do Abdoulaye Soma Souleymane Tassemebedo Rio de Janiero; Pontifícia Soraia Ghassan Saleh Société Burkinabé de Droit Centre Muraz Fernanda Vargas Terrazas Universidade Católica do Rio Saleh Advogados Associados Constitutionnel de Janeiro Stephane Tiendrebeogo Conselho Nacional de Sueli Gandolfi Dallari Abdul Gafar Victoir Major Conseils Sarl Secretarias Municipais de Universidade de São Paulo Coulidiaty Saúde Maria Clara Oliveira Santos Centre Muraz Ter Tiero Elias Dah Suzana De Queiroz Alves Centre Muraz Universidade Federal de São Defensoria Pública da União Apollinaire Joachimson Fernando Aith João del-Rei Kyélem de Tambela Thomas Ouedraogo Teresa Ancona Lopez Barreau du Burkina Faso; Ministère de la Santé University of São Paulo Universidade de São Paulo Centre de Recherches Maria Valéria Junho Penna Internationales et Stratégiques Traore Youl Yeri Silvie Thiago Bottino Ministère de la Santé Flávia Souza Máximo Federal University of Rio de Fundação Getúlio Vargas Baimanai Angelain Poda Janeiro Anonymous Contributors Pereira Victor Hugo Criscuolo Boubacar Nacro Boson Centre Hospitalier Cambodia Universidade Federal de Ouro Mariana Chies Santiago Universidade Federal de Minas Universitaire Sourô Sanou Preto Gerais Billy Chia-Lung Tai Santos Boubakar Toure Anonymous Contributors Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Fil Blando Tabayoyong, Jr. Gabriel Costa Instituto Brasileiro de Ciências Ki-Zerbo; Centre Hospitalier Pannasatra University of Criminais Bulgaria Universitaire Yalgado Cambodia Shell Brasil Petróleo Ltda. Ouédraogo Andrey Delchev Kit Touch Marilia Bense Othero Andrey Delchev & Partners Boukary Ouedraogo Community Legal Education Gerson Luiz Carlos Branco Ministère de la Santé Center University of São Paulo Assen Vassilev Universidade Federal do Rio Center for Economic Strategy Bruno Ki Long Kimheang Grande do Sol and Competitiveness Pathfinder International Housing Rights Task Force Matheus Cherulli Alcantara Atanas Slavov Etienne Seni Sia Phearum Guilherme Bier Barcelos Viana Sofia University Cabinet FUTURJURIS Housing Rights Task Force Rossi, Maffini, Milman & Viana e Azevedo Advogados Denitsa Rukanova Habib Ahmed Djiga Sophea Im Grando Advogados Sofia Bar Association Université Ouaga II ISDC Mauricio Faragone Gergana Ilieva Hama Diallo Sopheap Chak Heloisa Estellita Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Cambodian Center for Human Faragone Advogados Hristo Botev Ki-Zerbo Rights Fundação Getúlio Vargas Ivan Marinov Hamidou Lamoussa Sopheap Suos Mauricio Maleck Coutinho Delchev & Partners Ouattara Housing Rights Task Force Igor Parente SCPA Loyalty Ivelina Vassileva; Stefana Yun Mane Shell Brasil Petróleo Ltda. Michael Freitas Mohallem Tsekova Ilboudo G. Patrick Schoenherr Agence de Medecine Anonymous Contributors Fundação Getúlio Vargas Preventive Jéssica de Paula Bueno da Jenia Dimitrova Cameroon CMS Cameron McKenna Issoufou Tiendrebeogo Silva Paulo Marcos Rodrigues Nabarro Olswang Association African Solidarité Alain Christian Bikoe Centre Africain de Recherches Universidade Federal de Ouro Brancher Lachezar Raichev Judith Delwende Waongo sur les Politiques Energétiques Preto Penkov, Markov & Partners ADEP et Minières Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Lidia Mladenova Georgieva Kassem Salam Sourwema Asibong Queenta José Ricardo dos Santos Luz Medical University, Sofia Université Ouaga II The Abeng Law Firm Júnior Paulo Rogério Sehn Momiana Guneva Koulika Arnaud Nikiema Benjamin Fomba Kamga Burgas Free University CREFAS Consulting Group Université de Yaoundé 2 Braga Nascimento e Zilio Trench, Rossi e Watanabe Advogados Associados Advogados Nikolai Hristov Küssome Paulin Somda Bérenger Yves Meuke Medical University, Sofia Ministère de la Santé Boutchouang SCPA Jurifis Consult Juliana Cesario Alvim Paulo Sergio João Pavel Petkov Mamadou Traoré Cabinet d’Avocats M.S.T Bethmba Yanou Nadine Gomes Pontifícia Universidade Peter Petrov Barreau du Cameroun Católica de São Paulo Yosifova, Ivanov & Petrov Moussa Ouedraogo Universidade do Estado do Rio MADT Charles Harold Kooh de Janeiro Petko Salchev The Abeng Law Firm Pedro Freitas National Center of Public Nonkani Wendyam Gérard Health and Analyses Ministère de la Santé Christian Aime Chofor Che Leandro Bonini Farias Veirano Advogados Government of Cameroon; Olivier O. Yelkouny University of Pretoria Coutinho e Farias Sociedade de Advogados Rafael Maffini Rossi, Maffini, Milman & Lília Carvalho Finelli Grando Advogados; UFRGS Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Rafael Villac Vicente de Carvalho Luciano Feldens Peixoto & Cury Advogados Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Raoni Macedo Bielschowsky Luis Eduardo Serra Netto Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Duarte Garcia, Serra Netto e Terra Raquel Betty de Castro Marcelo Guedes Nunes Pimenta Pontifícia Universidade Tribunal Regional do Trabalho Católica de São Paulo da 3ª Região Marcia Mannheimer Raquel Lima Scalcon Humboldt Universität zu Marcia Vilapiano Gomes Berlin Primos Roberta de Freitas Campos Primos e Primos Advogados Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Marcio Caldas Rodrigo Giordano de Castro Caldas & Ricciardi Sociedade de Advogados Peixoto & Cury Advogados Rodrigo Infantozzi 170
Epanty Mbanda Daniel M. Campbell Humberto Sánchez Pacheco Angela María Ruiz Sternberg Sonia Botero Cox & Palmer Defensoría Penal Pública Universidad Libre D. Moukouri & Partners Law Universidad del Rosario Firm Fabien Gélinas Javier Soto Solís Anonymous Contributors McGill University Eyzaguirre & Cía. Carlos Andrés Gómez Hyacinthe Fansi González Congo, Dem. Rep. Finn Makela Jorge A. Canales González NFM Avocats Associés Université de Sherbrooke Peralta & Gutiérrez Abogados Universidad Jorge Tadeo Adonis Alphonse Bope Lozano RCP Ismael Dongkeu Gaynor Roger Jorge Bofill Genzsch Shibley Righton LLP Bofill Escobar Abogados Carlos Arturo Toro Lopez Alain Mboko Iyeti The Abeng Law Firm Ministère de la Santé Publique Jabeur Fathally Juan Enrique Vargas Jean Joseph Claude Siewe University of Ottawa Universidad Diego Portales Carolina Posada Isaacs Alexis Kumabuene Kinda Siewe & Partners Law Firm Karen Busby Juan Pablo Cox Leixelard Posse Herrera Ruiz Amani Cibambo University of Manitoba Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Cabinet Amani Jean Stéphane Tang David F. Varela Mbembe Lise Desmarais Luis Parada Annie Bambe Cikunda Université de Sherbrooke DLA Piper Pontificia Universidad Forum pour les Droits des The Abeng Law Firm Javeriana Jeunes et Enfants au Congo Michel W. Drapeau Manuel Jiménez Pfingsthorn Jean-Aimé Kounga University of Ottawa Jara del Favero Abogados Eduardo Cárdenas Centre d’Assistace Juridique The Abeng Law Firm Nayha Acharya Manuel José Fernández B. Dentons Cardenas & Cardenas Charles L. Kitenge Dalhousie University Coordination Médicale John Morfaw María Inés Horvitz Lennon Elizabeth Castillo Bralima Patrick Essiminy Universidad de Chile Strategic Development Stikeman Elliott Municipio de Santiago de Cali Charles-Mugagga Mushizi Initiatives María Trinidad Cifuentes Bashushana Ram Sankaran Silva Enrique Álvarez Posada Centre d’Echanges pour Joyce Nyamboli Sharma Harsanyi Claro y Cía. des Réformes Juridiques et Lloreda Camacho & Co. Institutionnelles Destiny Chambers Thomas A. Cromwell Martín Besio Hernández Borden Ladner Gervais LLP Universidad Diego Portales Guillermo Hernando Bayona Cicéron Bulakio Mvuama Justin Tentienu Njifack Combariza Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Ulisce Desmarais Michele Daroch Sagredo UNDP Desmarais Desvignes Crespo Abdala & Cia. Abogados Didier Mukuna Kadima s.e.n.c.r.l. Gustavo Quintero Navas Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Laurence Djeutchou Mouafo Patricio Morales Aguirre Anonymous Contributors Estudio Jurídico Pérez Donoso Universidad de los Andes Dieudonné Kaluba Dibwa NFM Avocats Associés Université de Kinshasa; Chile Ramon Garcia Odgers Ignacio Santamaria Cabinet Pr Grégoire Bakandeja Martin Kamako Universidad Católica de la & Associés Andrea Abascal Santísima Concepción Lloreda Camacho & Co. Cabinet Kamako Jara del Favero Abogados Dullin Banzuzi Raúl Novoa Galán Joe Bonilla Gálvez Organisation pour la Nicaise Ibohn Bata Benjamín Garretón Smart Protection et Promotion des Eyzaguirre & Cía. Regina Ingrid Díaz Tolosa Muñoz Tamayo & Asociados Droits Humains INB Law Firm Universidad Bernardo Carlos Ossandón Salas O’Higgins Jorge Acosta-Reyes Édouard Kabukapua Njini Rose Futrih Ngong Eluchans y Compañía Bitangila Abogados Ricardo Lillo Universidad del Norte Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Regional Hospital Bemenda Universidad Diego Portales Caterina Guidi Moggia Jorge Andrés Amézquita Emmanuel Kabupwe Noé Momha Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Roberto Guerrero V. Toro Guerrero Olivos Emmanuel Umpula Nkumba Cabinet Cameroun Audit Daniela Horvitz Lennon C3 Corporate Control of Crime African Resource Watch Conseil Horvitz & Cia. Anonymous Contributors S.A.S Eric Makaya Polycarp Ngufor Forkum Edmundo Varas K. China Jorge Enrique Galvis Tovar Morales & Besa Freddy Lokossa Mbokoso National Advanced Police Daniel Albrecht Lloreda Camacho & Co. School Eduardo González Lara Starke Freddy Mulamba Senene Universidad de Valparaíso Jorge Lara Urbaneja Centre d’Arbitrage du Congo Rose Gana Fomban Leke Qingjie He Felipe Hurtado P. Yunnan Institute of Medical LaraConsultores Grégoire Bakandeja wa Université de Yaoundé I Hurtado & Cía. Abogados Information Mpungu Juan Pablo Cruz Escobar Université de Kinshasa; Serge N. Zelezeck Fernando Lolas Stepke Anonymous Contributors Cabinet Pr Grégoire Bakandeja Universidad de Chile SEMTRAV & Associés Colombia Stanley Abane Fernando Maturana Crino Luis Alberto Tafur Calderón Henri Christin Longendja Eyzaguirre & Cía. Alba Yaneth Rincón Méndez Collectif 24 The Abeng Law Firm Universidad Industrial de Universidad del Valle Fernando Patricio Hidalgo Santander Hilaire Kabuya Kabeya Tarh Besong Frambo Araya Marcela Castro Tshilobo Universidad Bernardo Alfonso Plana Bodén Commonwealth Department O´Higgins ARI Consulting Group S.A.S. Universidad de los Andes Hugues Ngoy Nsenga Division Provinciale de la Tommy Agbor Nkongho Gabriela Novoa Andrés Esteban Naranjo Maria Transito Diaz del Santé du Haut Katanga Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS Barrera Castillo Kouengoua & Mbattang Law ARI Consulting Group S.A.S. Ifeka Momponza Benjamin Firm Gonzalo Hoyl Moreno Universidad del Valle Hoyl Alliende & Cia. Abogados Woumbou Nzetchie Alain Martha Eugenia Uribe Mutis Bruno Docente Universitaria Zakariaou Njoumemi Mauricio Bello Health Economics Research Baker McKenzie and Evaluation for Development Results Patricia Vergara Gómez Anonymous Contributors Gómez Pinzón Abogados Paula Samper Salazar Canada Gómez Pinzón Abogados Alexander Crizzle Rafael Tuesca Molina University of Saskatchewan Universidad del Norte Brian Etherington Raúl A. Suárez A. University of Windsor Brian Langille Ricardo Posada Maya University of Toronto Universidad de los Andes 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 171
J. Paul Habibu Safari Samuel Dimuene Luis Gerardo González Kone Dogbemin G. Daniel Bartoň International Dimuene Law Aguilar SCPA Nambeya-Dogbemin & Cabinet Chikuru & Associes Firm Universidad Costa Rica Associés Hedvika Hartmanova Hartmanova & Steininger Jean Michel Mvondo Symphorien Kapinga K. Marco Durante Calvo Lynda Dadié-Sangaret Nkashama BDS Asesores Jurídicos Cabinet Dadié-Sangaret & Helena Hangler Réseau d’Education Civique Centre de Recherches et Associés Schoenherr au Congo d’Etudes Sur l’Etat de Droit en María del Rocío Quirós Afrique Arroyo Niangadou Aliou Jan Hurdík Jean-Moise Djoli Bufete AG Legal Masaryk University Brno Tanayi Mbuy Mbiye Paterne Mambo Cabinet Djoli et Associés Centre d’Arbitrage du Congo Miguel Ruiz-Herrera Université Félix Houphouët- Jan Poláček Lex Counsel Boigny Poláček Tryznová & Prudlová Jean-Paul Divengi Nzambi Thérèse Mambu Université de Kinshasa Pablo Enrique Guier Acosta Patrice Kouassi Jitka Kadlčíková Fondation Bongisa Mokili Asejur Abogados Vianney Kanku Pierre Tanoh Diavatché Lukáš Prudil Jeff lushima Action Contre l’Impunité pour Ramón Yglesias Piza Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire AK PRUDIL a spol., S.R.O. le Droits Humains Bufete Mora Yglesias y Asociados Raphaël Abauleth Michal Peškar Jérémie Kabambi Mukoka Yav Katshung Joseph CHU Cocody Yav & Associates Randall Madrigal Madrigal Miloslav Jančík Alternative Citoyenne Pour Les Comisión Derecho a la Salud; Souleymane Sakho Droits De L’homme Anonymous Contributors Colegio de Abogados SCPA Sakho-Yapobi-Fofana Pavel Holec Holec, Zuska & Partners Joseph Cihunda Hengelela Costa Rica Rodrigo Oreamuno B. Tigby Junior Franck Wilfried Facio & Cañas Radek Matouš Centre de Recherches et Alejandro Batalla Youan Gotre Jules Dvořák Hager & Partners d’Etudes Sur l’Etat de Droit en Ruben Hernandez Valle AMEPOUH Afrique Ana Lucía Espinoza Blanco Universidad Costa Rica Stepan Holub Anonymous Contributors Holubova Advokati, S.R.O. Julien Iyamulemye Anabelle López D. Sergio Amador Central Law Batalla Salto Luna Croatia Tomas Cihula Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Kinstellar Armando Alberto Guardia Wilberth Elías Montenegro Alan Soric Kayembe Mutamba Joseph Sasso Reyes Soric & Tomekovic Dunda Tomas Matejovsky Guardia & Cubero Bufete AG Legal Attorneys CMS Cameron McKenna Ministère de la Santé Publique Nabarro Olswang Arnoldo André Tinoco Anonymous Contributors Anita Krizmanic Kilomba Sumaili Adolphe Lexincorp Macesic & Partners LLC Veronika Prudlová Cote d’Ivoire Poláček Tryznová & Prudlová Congolese Centre for Arturo Herrera Barquero Arsen Bacic Transitional Justice Caja Costarricense de Seguro Affeli Alla University of Split Vojtech Steininger Social Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire Hartmanova & Steininger Laurent Okuma Boris Kozjak Benjamín Gutiérrez Alexandre Baïro Boris Kozjak Law Office Zuzana Candigliota Justice for Victims of Congo Contreras Klemet Sawadogo Kouadio Liga Lidských Práv BG&A Abogados Corporativos Boris Šavorić Lebrun Kembo Arci Eric Djélardjé Šavorić & Partners LLC Anonymous Contributors Carlos H. Pacheco Cabinet Kignaman Soro et Fondation Bongisa Mokili AB&P Abogados Associés Darko Jurišić Denmark County Hospital Dr. J. Liévin Kapend Carlos Humberto Góngora Arsene Dable Benčević Anette Storgaard Fuentes Aarhus University PNMLS Charles Kignima Floriana Bulić-Jakuš Carlos José Valerio Monge University of Zagreb Anne Brandt Christensen Lumbu Faila Carole Eric Bably Advokatfirmaet Brandt Enrique López Jiménez BK & Associes Ivo Grga Christensen Dynamique des Femmes sur Dentons Muñoz Law Office Ivo Grga les Ressources Naturelles Fotienworo Mathias Anne Kathrine Schøn Ewald Acuña Blanco Coulibaly Jelena Zjacic Labora Legal Lydie Kazhu C. Bufete Acuña & Asociados Société d’Avocats JurisFortis Macesic & Partners LLC Chalida Svastisalee KMCL Fátima Porras Moya Geneviève Diallo Marko Borsky Copenhagen Professional Martínez & Porras Abogados Réseaux Paix et Sécurité des College Mamy Ngole Femmes dans l’Espace Marko Lovrić Fernán Vargas Marko Lovrić Law Office Christian Bay Nielsen Lex Counsel Géraldine Odehouri-Koudou STORM Advokatfirma Marie Nyombo Zaina Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire Milana Trbojević Palalić Francisco José Aguilar University of Rijeka Hans Henrik Edlund Réseau Nationale des ONG Urbina Gonsan Zozoe Aarhus University pour le Développement de le Publicola Project AFDP Rudolf Gregurek Femme University of Zagreb Jacob Schall Holberg Gabriel Lizama Oliger Jerome Coulibaly Climanlo Bech-Bruun Law Firm Modeste Mulumba Lexing Costa Rica Université Félix Houphouët- Višnja Drenški Lasan Mwamba Boigny Jakob S. Johnsen Juan Guillermo Tovar Zoran Vukić HjulmandKaptain Avocats Sans Frontieres RDC Gonzalez Joachim Bilé-Aka Vukic & Partners Law Firm Bufete Tovar y Asociados Bilé-Aka, Brizoua-Bi & Jannik Haahr Antonsen Ngoma Miezi Kintaudi Associes Anonymous Contributors Codex Law Firm Karen Vargas López SANRU ASBL Universidad Costa Rica Kignaman Soro Czech Republic Marianne Granhøj; Kristian KS & Associés Bro Nsangana Biaya Yvette Luis Ángel Sánchez Montero Anna Nevečeřalová Kromann Reumert Facio & Cañas Šustek & Co. Action Contre l’Impunité pour le Droits Humains Pacifique Muhindo Magadju Université Catholique de Bukavu Patrick Katebe Kaisa Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Roger Kabeya Mulumba Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Roger Mulamba Katamba Cabinet d’Avocats RMK et Associes Romain Battajon DALDEWOLF 172
Morten Broberg Luis Julio Jiménez Ciro Pazmino Zurita Renato Enríquez Mármol Javier Aragón Vassiliu University of Copenhagen Jiménez Cruz Peña Armendáriz & Andino Central Law P&P Abogados Abogados Nikolaj Juhl Hansen Magdalena Rathe Javier Enrique Alfaro Varela Magnusson Law Firm Fundación Plenitud Santiago Solines Moreno Espino Nieto & Asociados Claudia Storini Solines & Asociados Poul Hvilsted Manuel Colomé Jonathan Aaron Menjivar Horten Law Firm Escuela de Salud Pública Universidad Andina Simón Simón Dávalos Ochoa Herrera Bolívar González Peñaherrera & Central Law Anonymous Contributors María Fernanda Pou Asociados Fernández Juan José Planas Carías Dominica Raful Sicard & Polanco Clementina Pomar Anta Tatiana Villacres Escuela Superior de Economía Abogados Quantics Consulting Group y Negocios Frank Walwyn Estudio Juridico Bustamante & WeirFoulds LLP Mary Fernandez Rodriguez Bustamante Anonymous Contributors Kelly Beatriz Romero Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Rodríguez Anonymous Contributors Fernández Egypt Nassar Abogados Diego Almeida Guzmán Dominican Republic Miguel Angel Duran Ibrahim Ahmad Laura Elizabeth Urrutia Universidad Organización y Almeida Guzmán & Asociados Ein Shams University Laboratorios Vijosa Alfredo Lachapel Método Lachapel Toribio Abogados Khaled El Shalakany Mardoqueo J. Tóchez Molina Miguel Angel Reyes Elisa Morán Maldonado Shalakany Law Office Lawyers Corp Ana Isabel Caceres Fundación Fiscalización Troncoso y Caceres Ciudadana Aprec Abogados Maha Ibrahim Mariana Nochez Palacios Youssry Saleh & Partners Law Arias Argenys Matos Feliz Monica Thormann Peynado Firm Asociación Impulsando Hospital Dr. Salvador B. Ernesto Albán Gómez Mauricio Orellana Valores Gautier Mamdooh Abdelhameed García & Bodán Universidad Andina Simón Abdelmottlep Arismendi Díaz Santana Ortiz & Comprés Bolívar Lotus Law Group Oscar Torres Cañas García & Bodán Arlina Espaillat Matos Roberto Medina Reyes Mohamed Abdelaal EMC Abogados y Consultores Pontificia Universidad Católica Fausto César Quizhpe Alexandria University Piero Antonio Rusconi Fiscales Madre y Maestra Gutiérrez Gualán Mohamed Hanafi Mahmoud Central Law Enmanuel Rosario Estevez Rodolfo Mesa Ministry of Justice MESA - Abogados Universidad Andina Simón Rebeca Atanacio de Fabiola Medina Garnes Bolívar Anonymous Contributors Basagoitia Medina Garrigo Abogados Stalin Ciprián Escalon & Atanacio Ciprián Arriaga & Asocs. El Salvador Francisco Alvarez Valdez Francisco Dávalos Morán Reneé Hernández Cáder Participación Ciudadana Trumant Suárez Durán Adán Araujo Corte Suprema de Justicia González Peñaherrera & Arias Georges Santoni Recio Victor A. Santana Diaz Asociados Rommell I. Sandoval Russin Vecchi & Heredia Mazara Abogados Arturo Magaña SBA Firma Legal; I&D Bonetti Despacho Magaña y Consulting Virgilio A. Mendez Amaro Gerardo Aguirre Vallejo Asociados Gianna D´Oleo Maldonado Mendez & Asociados Teresa Beatriz Merino Doleo Consulting Estudio Jurídico Vivanco & Benjamin Valdez Iraheta Romero Pineda & Asociados Virgilio Bello Vicanco Benjamin Valdez & Asociados Gilberto Objío Subero Bello Rosa & Bello Gonzalez Anonymous Contributors Medical Law RD Oficina de Abogados Christian Bará Cousin Gustavo Arrobo Moncayo Bara Legal Corporation Estonia Henry Montás Rodríguez Anonymous Contributors DCBM Caribbean Legal González Peñaherrera & Claudia Marcela Hernández Aare Tark Services, S.R.L. Ecuador Asociados ASFC Law Office TARK Iván Alfonso Cunillera Alberto Vivanco David Claros Andres Parmas Alburquerque González Peñaherrera & James Pilco Luzuriaga García & Bodán Tallinn Circuit Court William Cunillera & Asociados Asociados Universidad del Azuay David Osvaldo Toledo Andres Vutt Jaime M. Senior Fernández Alfredo G. Brito Universidad Católica de El University of Tartu Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Brito & Pinto Salvador Fernández José Alberto Ontaneda Ene Soop Ana Belen Posso Delmer Edmundo Rodríguez Law Firm Narlex Jesús Feris-Iglesias Ontaneda & Posso Abogados Andrade Cruz Fundación Dominicana de Escuela Superior de Economía Gaabriel Tavits Infectología, Inc. Avelina Ponce Gómez de Ontaneda & Posso Abogados y Negocios University of Tartu la Torre Juan José Espaillat Alvarez Ponce & Ponce Abogados Diego Martín-Menjívar Kaja Põlluste Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Consultares José Luis Tapia Consortium Legal University of Tartu Fernández Bryan Abdón Mendoza Derechos Humanos Feridee Hazel Alabí Kari Käsper Julio Cesar De la Rosa Muñoz Romero Pineda & Asociados Estonian Human Rights Tiburcio Colectivo Tejido Diverso Centre; Tallinn University of Alianza Dominicana Contra la Juan Carlos Riofrío Fermina Bolaños Technology Corrupción Carlos Carrasco Yepez García & Bodán AC Abogados & Consultores Martínez-Villalba Madis Ernits Julio Cury Ingrid Lizama Tartu Court of Appeal Inteligencia Legal, SRL Carlos Páez Fuentes Universidad de los Hemisferios Jackson Parada Madis Kiisa Kelvin W. Herrera Carlos Solines Coronel ProConsulting Law Office Laus & Partners Escuela de Formación y Juan José Campaña Del Capacitación Ciudadana Castillo Universidad de Salamanca Julio E. Neira G. Colectivo Tejido Diverso Luis Ponce Palacios Quevedo & Ponce Estudio Jurídico Marcelo Alejandro Guerra Coronel Universidad Católica de Cuenca Marcelo Proaño Paredes Romero Arteta Ponce Abogados Maria Isabel Cordero SENDAS María José Luna Lara Universidad de los Hemisferios Mario I. Armendáriz Y. Armendáriz & Andino Abogados Pablo Andino Fiallos Armendáriz & Andino Abogados 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 173
Melita Sogomonjan Kimmo Nuotio Juliette Chapelle Levan Avalishvili Henning Rosenau Tallinn University of Cabinet Chapelle Avocat Institute for Development of Technology University of Helsinki Freedom of Information Martin-Luther-Universität Karl Hepp de Sevelinges Halle-Wittenberg Merle Erikson Matti Ilmari Niemi Jeantet Lina Ghvinianidze University of Tartu Human Rights Education and University of Eastern Finland Mahir Al Banna Monitoring Center Hermann Bietz Senny Pello American University in the Advokaadibüroo Concordia Matti Tolvanen Emirates Mariam Tutberidze Bietz Arbitration Institute for Development of Sten Luiga University of Eastern Finland Marie-Christine Cimadevilla Freedom of Information Cobalt Law Firm Cimadevilla Avocats Ingo Friedrich Mika J. Lehtimäki Nata Kazakhashvili Tanel Küün Nicole Stolowy Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State International Understanding Law Office TARK Attorneys-at-Law TRUST; HEC Paris University and Peace University of Oxford Anonymous Contributors Olivier Péan de Ponfilly Natalia Geladze Mika Launiala Ingo Klaus Wamser Ethiopia Patrice Le Maigat Natia Katsitadze University of Eastern Finland Université de Rennes 1 Article 42 of the Constitution FoSt Anwaltsrecht Aberra Degefa Nagawo Addis Ababa University Niklas Vainio Philippe Marin Nino Merebashvili-Fisher Cabinet Imavocats Institute for Development of Jessica Jacobi Abiyou Girma Tamrat University of Helsinki Freedom of Information Samira Denfer Kliemt.Arbeitsrecht Alemu M. Negash Patrick Lindgren Nona Kurdovanidze Jimma University Sébastien Ducamp Georgian Young Lawyers’ ADVOCARE Law Office Sesame Avocats Association Juergen Baumann Fikadu Asfaw Fikadu Asfaw and Associates Raimo Isoaho Stéphane Bonifassi Saba Buadze Law Office Bonifassi Avocats Institute for Development of Karsten Schmidt University of Turku Freedom of Information Filipos Aynalem Thierry Berland Bucerius Law School Raimo Lahti Tamar Dekanosidze Guadie Sharew Thierry Lambert Georgian Young Lawyers’ Bahir Dar University University of Helsinki Aix-Marseille Université Association Kathrein Knetsch Hiruy Wubie Tatu Hyttinen Véronique Tuffal-Nerson Anonymous Contributors Advovox Rechtsanwalts GmbH Gebreegziabher Cabinet Tuffal-Nerson Monash University University of Turku Douarre et Associés Germany Kerstin Niethammer- Kidist Sheferaw Teuvo Pohjolainen Anonymous Contributors Alexander Putz Putz und Partner, Jürgens Kumsa Girma Kassa University of Eastern Finland Georgia Steuerberater & Rechtsanwalt Arsi University Jürgens Ville Sinisalo Ana Chelidze Anna Lindenberg Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Mehari Redae JSC “Basisbank” mbH Addis Ababa University Bluefox Legal Tech Annegret Berne Anna Arganashvili Mekdem Belayneh Anonymous Contributors NGO Partnership for Human Axel Nagler Marc Seifert Mekdem Law Office Rights Nagler, Haberkern & Partner Hewlett Packard Enterprise Mesfin Tafesse France George Gotsadze Beckmann-Koßmann Mesfin Tafesse & Associates Curatio International Carlos M. Herrera Foundation Burkhard Klüver Martin Reufels Rahel Alemayehu Ahlers & Vogel Rechtsanwälte Université de Cergy-Pontoise Giorgi Beraia PartG mbB Heuking Kühn Lüer Wojtek Samrawit Behailu Institute for Development of Tameru Wondm Agegnehu Christophe Chabrot Freedom of Information Carsten Momsen Law Offices Freie Universität Berlin Martin Sträßer Université Lumière-Lyon 2 Giorgi Kldiashvili Tamrat Assefa Institute for Development of Christian Wolff Sträßer Rehm Barfield Tamrat Assefa Liban Law Cyril Bloch Freedom of Information Schock Rechtsanwälte Office Aix-Marseille Université Gocha Svanidze Christof Kerwer Monika Hagen Tegegne Zergaw Law Firm Svanidze & Partners Julius-Maximilians-Universität Bahir Dar University David Levy Würzburg Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Hagen Grigol Gagnidze Temesgen Sisay Beyene Barreau de Paris Georgian Barristers & Lawyers Christoph Lindner Bahir Dar University International Observatory Ndjamawe Bah-Traore Dominique Inchauspé Dirk Vielhuber Zemenu Tarekegn Yimenu Ivdity Chikovani BG BAU Munich Debremarkos University Cabinet Inchauspé & Remy Curatio International Nicola Kreutzer Foundation Friederike Lemme Anonymous Contributors Dominique Velardocchio Kanzlei Lemme Kreutzer & Kreuzau Lasha Gogiberidze Finland Aix-Marseille Université BGI Legal Gernot A. Warmuth Scheiber & Partner Oliver Bolthausen Ari Miettinen Elisabeth Grabli Lela Sulaberidze Fimlab Laboratories Ltd. Curatio International Gregor Dornbusch DWF Barreau de Paris Foundation Baker McKenzie Jens Kremer University of Helsinki Fabrice Bien Hauke Hagena Oliver Schellbach ProMINT Jukka Peltonen Groupe ESC Clermont- Schellbach Rechtsanwälte Auvergne 174 Florence Debord Othmar K. Traber Université Lumière-Lyon 2 Ahlers & Vogel Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB Francis Tartour Rainer M. Hofmann Georges Sioufi Kanzlei im Hofhaus Aachen SRDB Law Firm Guillaume Protière Ralf Mathey Université Lumière-Lyon 2 RAe Isabelle Carbuccia Roland Gross IVCH Law Firm Isabelle-Victoria Carbuccia Sabine Barth IVCH Law Firm Lange Brunner Rechtsanwälte Partnerschaft mbB Jacob Maillet Université Paris Descartes Sebastian Reinsch Janke & Reinsch Rechtsanwälte Stefan Huster Ruhr-Universiät Bochum Stephan Sander Terhedebrügge und Sander Thomas Feltes Ruhr-Universiät Bochum
Thomas Jürgens Fotini N. Skopouli Yurana Phillip Martha Esther Castro Michael Diakite Jürgens Harokopio University Barreau de Guinée Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Afi Ventour & Co. Bufete Alonzo mbH Grace Ch. Katsoulis Moriba Kaba Ballas, Pelecanos & Associates Anonymous Contributors Marvin Javier Dávila Villegas Volker von Moers L.P.C. Mounir Houssein Mohamed von Moers Lawyers Ilias Anagnostopoulos Guatemala Oscar A. Pineda Chavarría Moussa Sidibe Wibke Köppler Anagnostopoulos Law Firm Kanzlei Oelmüller & Partner Alexis Retana Rodríguez EY Law Oumar Baldé GbR Bürogemeinschaft Ioannis Androulakis Barreau de Guinée National & Capodistrian Naciones Unidas Pedro Mendoza Montano Wolf Stahl University of Athens Thierno Amadou Kanzlei fuer Wirtschaftsrecht Alfonso Carrillo M. Iurisconsulti Abogados y Fougoumba Barry Wolf Stahl Konstantinos Notarios; Francisco Marroquin Institut de Recherche sur la Apostolopoulos Carrillo & Asociados University Démocratie et l’Etat de Droit Anonymous Contributors Apostolopoulos Law Firm Alvaro R. Cordon Raúl Bolaños del Aguila Anonymous Contributors Ghana Konstantinos Kanellakis Cordon, Ovalle y Asociados Escuela de Gobierno Guyana Afua Hesse Konstantinos Valmas- Accra College of Medicine Vloutis Ana Gisela Castillo Rodolfo Alegría Christopher Ram Christopher Ram & Associates Akosua Gyasi Kostoula Mazaraki Carrillo & Asociados Ghana Health Service Nomos Law Firm Angélica Lucía Aguilar Eva Rawana-Scott Gutiérrez Rodrigo Barillas Rawana-Scott and Associates Cynthia Jumu Quarcoo Magda Tazedaki CQ Legal And Consulting Tazedakis Law Firm Universidad de San Carlos de Asociación Alas de Guatemala Ganesh Hira Guatemala Frank Owusu-Sekyere Melina Avagianou Sergio Alejandro Peña Kelly-Ann Hercules Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital Klimaka NGO Antonio J. Quezada Flores Mandujano Ministry of Education Franklin Glozah Nigel Bowen-Morris GlobaLex Rohan Jabour University of Ghana Stephenson Harwood Astrid J. Lemus Rodríguez Sonia Girard Trevona Weekes Isidore K. Tufuor Nikolaos Kondylis Universidad de San Carlos de Britton, Hamilton & Adams Ghana Institute of Kondylis & Partners Law Guatemala Universidad Rafael Landívar Management and Public Office Anonymous Contributors Administration David Ernesto Chacón Vilma Chavez de Pop Panagiotis Gioulakos Estrada Honduras J. M. Tuakli e-nomos Business Consultants IBFAN Guatemala CHILDAccra Universidad de San Carlos de Aida G. Lazarus Will Panayotis Karydakis Guatemala Anonymous Contributors HondurasLawyers John Kwesi Mafoh 535 Urban Health Clinic Sotiris Felios Diego Alejos Rivera Allan Alvarenga Felios & Associates Law Firm Guinea Fundación San Alonso Kwame Owusu Agyeman Consortium Legal Rodriguez University of Cape Coast Stelios Andreadakis Aimé Christophe Labilé Brunel University London Diego Ricardo Pérez Koné Andrea Cecilia Idiáquez Kwasi Fredua-Agyeman Sandoval Martínez Danso Virginia Theodoropoulou Cabinet d’Avocats Etude Melara & Asociados LEGAL INK Panteion University Integrum Légale Labilé & Associés Carlos Augusto Hernandez Nana Tawiah Okyir Xenophon Contiades Edson López Aime Raphael Haba Alvarado Ghana Institute of Panteion University; Centre Management and Public for European Constitutional Integrum Avocats Sans Frontieres Claudia Midence Soto Administration Law Guinée Arias Eleusis Jeannette Zelada Nii Nortey Hanson-Nortey Yota Kremmida Rosal Ali Badara Bangoura Daniel Matamoros Aurum Institute Hewlett Packard Enterprise Arias Barreau de Guinée David Armando Urtecho Richmond Aryeetey Anonymous Contributors López University of Ghana Emanuel Callejas A. Alpha Kourouma Grenada David Israel Díaz Hernández Theophilus Tawiah Carrillo & Asociados García & Bodán Nobisfields Darshan Ramdhani Amadou Babahein Camara Law Offices of Ramdhani & Enrique Möller Dennis Emilio Hércules Rosa Anonymous Contributors Associates Barreau de Guinée Melara & Asociados EY Law Greece Karen M. M. Samuel Balla Amara Ely Abel Pinto Jimenez Samuel Phillip & Associates Harvey Álvarez Bufete Pinto Alexios Athanassopoulos AA Law Firm Linda Dolland HP Abogados Coalition des Femmes Emy Carolina Castellon Seon & Associates Leaders de Guinée Juarez Alexis Anagnostakis J. Guillermo Gándara Espino Asociación Hombro a Hombro Anagnostakis Law Offices Martin Forde St. George’s University Work in Progress Foromo Frédéric Loua Gabriela Valle Urrea Anthony G. Mavrides Ballas, Pelecanos & Associates Sabrita Khan-Ramdhani Jose Antonio Román Silva Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous Isis Maytté Ordóñez Aguilar L.P.C. Law Offices of Ramdhani & Melara & Asociados Associates Clinica Medica Francis Charles Kpaga Haba Dionyssis Balourdos Janell McBride National Centre for Social Tanya K. Lambert Jose E. Quiñones Babady & Francis SCPA Research QIL+ Halimatou Camara José Miguel Argueta Bone Organisation Guinéenne de Défense des Droits de l’Homme Juan Jose Porras Castillo Hamidou Barry Palomo y Porras Coalition Guinéenne pour la Luis Pedro Cazali Cour Pénale Internationale Kpana Emmanuel Bamba Marcelo Richter Ligue Guinéenne des Droits de Asociación Iberoamericana l’Homme de Juristas de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Labila Michel Sonomou Social Avocats Sans Frontieres Marcos Palma Guinée Integrum Mahawa Sylla Mario Roberto Guadrón VIE+ Rouanet Mamadou Saidou Balde Palomo y Porras 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 175
Johana Bermudez Lacayo Ian Scott Ashok Ramgir Anonymous Contributors Naser Jafari City University of Hong Kong Universidad Nacional Harsh Impex Indonesia P. Mehran Tamadonfar Autónoma de Honduras; James A. Rice University of Nevada Instituto Hondureño de Lingnan University Agustinus Dawarja Seguridad Social Bontha V. Babu LexRegis Parviz Azadfallah James L. W. Wong Tarbiat Modares University José M. Álvarez Century Chambers Indian Council of Medical Anton Latief Research Budidjaja International Reza Salimi BLP Abogados Johannes Chan Lawyers Iranian Central Bar University of Hong Kong Association Juan José Alcerro Milla Daya Krishan Mangal Bagus S. D. Nur Buwono Katie Lam Bagus Enrico & Partners Sanaz Alasti Aguilar Castillo Love Hewlett Packard Enterprise Indian Institute of Health Lamar University Management Research Bama Djokonugroho Karla Gabriela Michael Chai Budidjaja International Sara Tajdini Bernacchi Chambers Lawyers Gheidi Law Office BLP Abogados E. N. Thambi Durai Michael Vidler Hadi Pratomo Anonymous Contributors Leobildo Amilcar Cabrera Vidler & Co Solicitors Durai Group Companies Universitas Indonesia Cabrera Italy Philip Dykes Hendrik Alfian Pasaribu Colegio de Abogados de Ishwar Chandra Dwivedi Makarim & Taira S. Alberto Fantini Honduras Rick Glofcheski Tonucci & Partners University of Hong Kong Immanuel A. Indrawan Lino Carmenate Milián Milanka Chaudhury Indrawan Darsyah Santoso Alessia-Ottavia Cozzi Shahla Ali Area Science Park Universidad Nacional University of Hong Kong Link Legal India Law Service Jono Yeo Autónoma de Honduras Budidjaja International Andrea Lolli Tam Yat Hung Lawyers Lisandro Valle Pérez University of Hong Kong Nagarathna A. Anna Simonati Marco Kumar University of Trento Anonymous Contributors National Law School of India AM Oktarina Lurbin España University Antonella Antonucci Hungary Muhamad Kamal Fikri Università degli studi Aldo Asociación Hombro a Hombro Assegaf Hamzah & Partners Moro - Bari Ákos Bajorfi Nirmal Kanti Chakrabarti Manuel Antonio Sierra Noerr & Partners Law Office Rahayu Ningsih Hoed Astolfo Di Amato Santos Kiit University Makarim & Taira S. Astolfo Di Amato e Associati András Jakab Universidad Tecnologica University of Salzburg Sianti Candra Davide Cacchioli Centroamericana Pankaj Jain Universitas Podomoro Pedersoli Studio Legale Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz Marco Antonio Calix Hungarian Academy of Sunardjo Sumargono Emanuele Cortesi Rodriguez Sciences Prakash Prabhakarrao Doke Law Office of Semar Caffi, Maroncelli & Associati Suryakencana Cipta Bufete Calix & Asociados Gábor Baruch Bharati Vidyappeth Deemed Justiceindo Emanuele Scafato Baruch Law Office University Società Italiana di Alcologia Marvin Rigoberto Espinal Tristam Pascal Moeliono Pinel Gabor Papp Catholic University of Francesco de Angelis Puneet Misra Parahyangan-Bandung Universidad Nacional Mező Réka Gian Luigi Gatta Autónoma de Honduras All India Institute of Medical Anonymous Contributors Università degli Studi di Nóra Nagy-Baranyi Sciences Milano Max Salgado Nagy-Baranyi Law Office Iran Gianfranco Di Garbo Actio Juris Petra Bárd Rajas Kasbekar Abolfazl Shirazi Baker McKenzie ELTE School of Law Avicenna Research Institute Melvin Tejada Giovanni Nardulli Viktor Oliver Lorincz Ruchi Sinha Ahmad Daryani Legance - Avvocati Associati CCSHH Hungarian Academy of Mazandaran University of Sciences Tata Institute of Social Medical Sciences Giuseppe Lorenzo Rosa Miguel Armando Zapata Sciences Izaguirre Zsolt Zengődi Amir A. Fakhravar Marco Esposito National Iranian Congress University of Naples García & Bodán Anonymous Contributors Sankaran Ramakrishnan Farhad Derhami Mariano Cingolani Milton Moises Carcamo India Bayan Emrooz Law Firm University of Macerata Saurabh Misra Anil Fernandes Hamid Bagherzadeh Patrizia Magarò Rafael Gomez Mateo Anil Fernandes & Associates Saurabh Misra & Associates Farama Law Firm Università di Genova Grupo Legalsa de Honduras Anil Kumar K. Hamid Reza Bakhshi Patrizio Ivo D’Andrea Tata Institute of Social Shankar Das Moakher Università di Ferrara Ruben A. Rodezno Sandoval Sciences Tata Institute of Social Kamiar Alaei Pierpaolo Martucci HondurasLawyers Anil Paleri Sciences Institute for International University of Trieste Health and Education Ruth Otilia Posadas Vasquez Anshul Prakash Pietro Faraguna Khaitan & Co. Subhash Chandra Bhatnagar Mohammad Badamchi University of Trieste Asociación Hombro a Hombro Hami Legal Services Anshuman Verma Riccardo Del Punta Valerya Theodoracopoulos The Invention Factory™ Subhrarag Mukherjee Mohammad Rahmani University of Florence Bayan Emrooz Law Firm Arias Hewlett Packard Enterprise Walter L. Ramírez Sumeet Kaur LexFirma Anonymous Contributors Surabhi Chopra Chinese University of Hong Hong Kong SAR, China Kong Christopher Hooley Tania Ahlawat Oldham, Li & Nie Ahlawat & Associates David C. Donald The Chinese University of Uday Singh Ahlawat Hong Kong Ahlawat & Associates Ho Lok Sang Chu Hai College of Higher Vijay Raghavan Education Tata Institute of Social Sciences Vikram Shroff Nishith Desai Associates Vipender Mann KNM & Partners Y. S. Kusuma All India Institute of Medical Sciences Yashomati Ghosh National Law School of India University 176
Riccardo Salomone Verona Henry-Ferguson Ehab Qouteshat Aisha Abdallah Albina Rakhmidinova University of the West Indies University of Trento Enas Qutieshat Anjarwalla & Khanna Kalikova & Associates Anonymous Contributors Philadelphia University Roberto Bin Andrew J. Franklin Alexander Dmitrievich Japan Farah Al-Majali Orehov Università di Ferrara International Consolidated For Franklin Management Akifumi Mochizuki Legal Consultations Consultants Ltd. Roberto Ceccon Atsumitoshiyuki Law Office Azamat Kerimbaev Firas Kasassbeh Atiq S. Anjarwalla Ceccon & Associati Hideo Shinozaki ABA ROLI Japan Public Health George Hazboun Anjarwalla & Khanna Roberto Rosapepe Association International Consolidated For Baktygul Kubanychbekova Legal Consultations Beryl Orao University of Salerno Junko Ogushi The Collegium of Young Atsumi & Sakai Hisham Ababneh Kenya National Commission Advocates of the South of Rocchina Staiano Dentons on Human Rights Kyrgyzstan Junko Suetomi Università di Teramo Waseda University; Baker & Kamal Jamal Awad Dennis Mung’ata Elena Bit-Avragim McKenzie Alawamleh Sabrina Bruno University of Petra Gichimu Mung’ata & Company Veritas Law Kaoru Takamatsu Advocates University of Calabria Hayabusa Asuka Law Offices Mohammad Amro Elida K. Nogoibaeva Ali Sharif Zu’bi Advocates & Fred Ondieki Mogotu Anonymous Contributors Mai Takano Legal Consultants American University of Central Hewlett Packard Enterprise Anjarwalla & Khanna Asia Omar Qutishat Jamaica Masanori Tanabe Aljazy & Co. Harrison Mbori Ermek Mamaev Nagoya International Law Allan S. Wood Office Rasha Laswi Strathmore University Kalikova & Associates Zalloum and Laswi Law Firm Livingston Alexander & Levy Naritaka Tomoeda Isaac Gitere Jenishbek Arzymatov Hewlett Packard Enterprise Safa Alswelmen Anthony Clayton Yarmouk University Wacira Wambugu and Co. Lawyers of Kyrgyzstan Nobuo Koinuma Advocates Association University of the West Indies Tohoku Medical and Zaid Muhmoud Agaileh Pharmaceutical University Mu’tah University James Okeyo Jibek Tenizbaeva Audrey Brown Sayaka Hara Anonymous Contributors Muthoga Gaturu & Company Lorenz Law Firm Advocates Colleen Coleman-Wright Shigeji Ishiguro Kazakhstan Kanat Seidaliev Oguri & Ishiguro Law Office John M. Ohaga Levy | Cheeks Arlan Yerzhanov GRATA International Shimamura Yosuke PricewaterhouseCoopers Tax TripleOKLaw Advocates LLP Donovan C. Walker Shimamura Law Office & Advisory LLP Kerim Begaliev Josephine L. M. Righa Hart Muirhead Fatta Takashi Maruta Artem Timoshenko Centil Law Firm Sannomiya Law Office Unicase Law Firm Igeria & Ngugi Advocates Emile G. R. Leiba Klara Sooronkulova Takashi Takano Ilyas Sakenovich Adilbaev Kiingati Ndirangu DunnCox The Law Office of Takashi Kazakhstan International International University of Takano Bureau for Human Rights and Kairu Mbuthia & Kiingati Central Asia Eris Schoburgh Rule of Law Advocates Tomohisa Muranushi Saara Kabaeva University of the West Indies Baker McKenzie Rima Dzhansarayeva Leonard Samson Opundo Al-Farabi Kazakh National Kabaeva Gillian Mullings Toshiaki Higashi University Shem Advocates University of Occupational Sanzhar Aldashev Naylor and Mullings and Environmental Health Saltanat Kemalova Luis Franceschi SIGNUM Law Firm GRATA International J. Peter Figueroa Yasuhiro Fujii Strathmore University Sofiya Zhylkaidarova Valentin Chernyshev University of the West Indies Yasuyuki Suzuki SIGNUM Law Firm Lyla Latif Hayabusa Asuka Law Offices Kumtor Gold Company Jacqueline D. Goulbourne Yerjanov Timur University of Nairobi Yohei Suda Kazakh National University Zhanyl Abdurakhmanova University of the West Indies The Law Office of Yohei Suda Marabu Fidelis Limo Yerzhan Toktarov Centil Law Firm Jason Wilks Yugo Ishibashi Sayat Zholshy and Partners TripleOKLaw Advocates LLP Anonymous Contributors Creative Associates Yukinori Hashida Yerzhan Yessimkhanov Mohamed A. Karega International Kodera Matsuda Law Office GRATA International Anjarwalla & Khanna Lebanon Joanne Wood Rattray Anonymous Contributors Zhanat Alimanov KIMEP Njoki Kamau Abel Mourad DunnCox Jordan Anonymous Contributors City University Jodi Ann Paulwell Ali Mohammad Aldabbas Noah Chune University of Petra Kenya Antoine G. Ghafari Office of the Cabinet Central Organisation of Trade Anwar Mahmoud Salih Aabid Ahmed Unions Justine Collins Batieha Bomu Hospital Elias Matar Jordan University of Science Peter Wendoh Hart Muirhead Fatta and Technology Abbas Esmail Abou Jaoude & Associates Anjarwalla & Khanna Lego Law Firm Kevin O. Powell Remigeo P. Mugambi Elie W. Chalhoub Hylton Powell Muthoga Gaturu & Company Arab Center for the Lisa N. Russell Advocates Development of the Rule of Law And Integrity Russell & Russell Ronald Rogo Jean E. Akl Marie Freckleton University of Nairobi Akl Law Practice University of the West Indies Thomas N. Maosa Jihad Irani Nadine C. Atkinson-Flowers Maosa and Co. Advocates University of Balamand Timothy Mutambuki Narda Graham-Laird Jihan Khattar DunnCox Anonymous Contributors Khattar Associates Peter Goldson Joelle Choueifati Kyrgyzstan Myers Fletcher & Gordon Aikanysh Jeenbaeva Joelle Khater Sonia Gatchair Academy of Public Badri and Salim El Meouchi University of the West Indies Administration Law Firm Tamiko N. Smith 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 177
Khatoun Haidar Aleksandar Ickovski Madagascar Anonymous Contributors Norhisham Abd Bahrin Synergy-Takamol Alain Ramanarivo Malawi Azmi & Associates Mohamad Ramadan Aleksandra Baleva Elaref International Law Office Grozdanova Barreau de Madagascar Adamson S. Muula Nurjaanah Chew University of Malawi Pierre Obeid Godzo, Kiceec & Novakovski Alexandra Rajerison University of Malaya University of Balamand Anthony Jeckson Malunga Aleksandra Gruevska Maralex Legal Avocats Generation Consultancy Obijiofor Aginam Rihab Aboul Hosn Drakulevski Alphonse Anatole Bernadette W. Malunga International Institute for Roula Zayat Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Malawi Global Health Arab Center for the University Development of the Rule of Andry Herisoa Andrianasolo Bruno Paul Matumbi R. Usha Devi Law and Integrity Anita Begova Excellence Law Partners Institut International des R Usha Devi & Associates Salah Mattar Law Office Begova Sciences Sociales Chipiliro Mbekwani Mattar Law Firm Chitsonga S. B. Cheah Borjanka Todorovska Aviva Ramanitra Leos Attorneys at Law Souraya Machnouk S. B. Cheah & Associates Abou Jaoude & Associates Donevski Law Firm Lexel Juridique et Fiscal Douglas Lungu Law Firm Daeyang Luke Hospital Saw Tiong Guan Darko Spasevski Bakoly Razaiarisolo Tony G. Zreik Rakotomalala Fresier Chidyaonga-Maseko University of Malaya Lebanese American University Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Malawi University SEFIP-FFKM Sharon Kaur Wissam Kabbara George Naphambo Lebanese American University Deljo Kadiev Fahafahantsoa Rapelanoro Naphambo and Company University of Malaya Rabenja Anonymous Contributors Doncho M. Donev Kamudoni Nyasulu Suganthi Singam Laboratoire LARTIC; Kamudoni Nyasulu Law Liberia Ss. Cyril and Methodius Université d’Antananarivo Consultants Shearn Delamore & Co. University Arthur T. Johnson Fenosoa Rajomarison Krishna Savjani Yap Chiu Wan Elena Dimova-Ivanoska Savjani and Co. Cecil B. Griffiths John W. Fooks & Co. Messrs Shook Lin & Bok Liberia National Law Cakmakova Advocates Lewis Chezan Bande Enforcement Association Hery Harizandry University of Malawi Yusramizza Md Isa @ Yusuff Emil Miftari Razafiarison Christiana P. Tah Marshal Chileng Universiti Utara Malaysia Law Office of Christiana P. Tah Ministere de la Justice TF and Partners Gorica Nadjinska Zainal A. Ayub Cleophas Torori Jean Pierre Rakotovao Shepher Mumba UNDP CLRA Messrs Golden & Law Universiti Utara Malaysia Jhpiego Fatu Maima Kamara Foster Ilija Nedelkoski Wongani Mvula Anonymous Contributors Jeannot Julien Padoue Malawi Law Commission James C. R. Flomo Cakmakova Advocates Rafanomezana The Public Defenders’ Program Anonymous Contributors Mali of Liberia Leonid Trpenoski Barreau de Madagascar Malaysia Abdel Kader Cisse Lucia D. Sonii Gbala Trpenoski Law Firm Lala Henriette Ratsiharovala Heritage Partners & Chew Phye Keat Associates Inc. Ljupka Noveska Andonova Ministere de la Justice Raja, Darryl & Loh Aboubacar Souleymane Diarra Malcolm W. Joseph Léonard Velozandry Christine Toh Hung Mei Center for Media Studies and Maja Risteska MahWengKwai & Associates Peacebuilding Ordre des Avocats Aguissa Maiga A.D. Insurance Policy Dato’ Sri Dr Ashgar Ali Ali Mark M. M. Marvey Marie Mélanie Rapenitrarivo Mohamed Ministère de la Santé et Heritage Partners & Martin Monevski International Islamic l’Hygiène Publique Associates Inc. Tribunal de Première Instance University Monevski Law Firm d’Ankazobe Bakary Konaté Moses B. F. Massaquoi Fahri Azzat Ministry of Health Liberia Neda Milevska Kostova Nathalie Rakotomalala Fahri & Co. Barreau du Mali Pindarous Allison STUDIORUM Miaro Zo Harlida Abdul Wahab Balla Seye Transitional Justice Working Universiti Utara Malaysia Group of Liberia Nenad Janicevic Njivasoa Nathalie Rambeloson Jasmine Wong Kah Man Bourema Sagara T. Debey Sayndee Law Office Janicevic MahWengKwai & Associates Kofi Annan Institute; Barreau de Madagascar JURIFIS CONSULT University of Liberia Nikola Jovanovski Joshua Tay Olivia Rajerison AmerBON Daouda Ba Yafar V. Baikpeh Center for Legal Research and Heritage Partners & Analysis Cabinet Rajerison Khadijah Mohamed Vaughan Avocats Associates Inc. Universiti Utara Malaysia Nikolco Lazarov Rafitoson Ketakandriana Elias Toure Anonymous Contributors Mahadirin Hj. Ahmad Law Office Lazarov Universiti Malaysia Sabah Macedonia Raymond Rakotomanga Famoussa Keita Olivera Docevska Munir Abdul Aziz Aleksandar Godjo Jhpiego Wong & Partners Godzo, Kiceec & Novakovski Justicia Hyacinthe Kone Régina Rakotosoa Stefan Chichevaliev Cabinet d’Avocat Dofini Consult Centre for Regional Policy Riki Rakotobe Research and Cooperation Jules Dembele Studiorum Cabinet d’Avocat Alex Rafamtanatsoa et Associé Strashko Stojanovski Lalla Gakou Rindra Rabarinirinarison Goce Delchev University CLG CONSULT, SCPA Commission Nationale des Svetlana Veljanovska Marchés Publics Lassana Diakite Tino Razafinimanana Barreau du Mali Vladimir Donevski Lassana Diawara Law Firm Donevski Tojo Maminiaina Andriambololona SCPA Juri Zharko Hadji Zafirov Barreau de Madagascar Magatte Assane Seye Center for Legal Research and Analysis Tokisetra Ramilison Cabinet Seye Anonymous Contributors Mahamane Ibrahima Cisse Tsarazara Andrianasoavina Mohamed Goita Barreau du Mali 178
Moussa Sinayoko Abdus Samad Dulloo Angel Delfino Gomez Iván García Gárate Moldova JURIFIS CONSULT Lizarraga National Autonomous Adrian Belii Ousmane Thierno Diallo Adil Calleea University of Mexico Nicolae Testemitanu State Secretaria De Salud University of Medicine Samba Baba N’Diaye Banymandhub Boolell and Pharmacy; Institute of Barreau du Mali Chambers Jorge Berlin Emergency Medicine Angélica Ángeles Llerenas Seydou Coulibaly Alexandre Barbès-Pougnet ABC Legal, S.C. Alexandru Tanase Satis Partners Instituto Nacional de Salud Hanganu Tănase & Partenerii Pública de México Seydou Doumbia Angelique Desvaux de Jorge Luis Silva Mendez Alexei Croitor La Ficelles SCPA Marigny Carlos de Buen Unna Banco Mundial Ana Ciobanu Touré Yéhiya De Speville Sauzier Desvaux University Clinic of Primary Cabinet d’Savocats PRAE Chambers Bufete de Buen Health Care LAW FIRM Jose Alberto Campos Vargas Daya Auckloo Andrei Bivol Anonymous Contributors Carlos Santos-Burgoa Sánchez Devanny Eseverri, Hanganu Tănase & Partenerii Emtel Ltd. S.C. Mauritania The George Washington Avornic Gheorghe Deepti Bismohun University University of European Ahmed Bezeid Abdallahi Juan Manuel Esteban Castro Political and Economic Studies ENSafrica “Constantin Stere” Bouhoubeyni Ahmed Salem Christian Alan Bello Melchor Albarrán Diksha Purmessur Corina Oprea Braham Sidi Abdoullah Notarias 92 y 145 Asociación Latinoamericana Efrim Rosca & Associates Young Queer Alliance de Medicina Social Brahim Diarra Cristina Copaceanu Dipna Gunnoo Christian Serna University of European Cheikh Abdellahi Ould Juan Manuel Juarez Meza Political and Economic Studies Ahmed Babou Serna & Abogados “Constantin Stere” Feerdaus Bundhun Contramar Abogados Cheikh Hindy Cristina Martin Critina Sánchez Urtiz ACI Partners El Moustapha Attighe H. S. Bunjun Liesel Oberarzbacher UNAIDS Miranda & Estavillo, S.C. Cuznețov Alexandru Dabee & Bunjun Chambers Instituto Tecnológico State University of Moldova Fah Brahim Jiddou Autónomo de México PNUD Javed Niamut Daniel Carrancá de la Mora Eduard Scutaru Fatimata Ball BLC Robert Instituto Mexicano para la Luciano Mendoza Cruz Galina Obreja Vivre et S’epanouir Justicia Nicolae Testemitanu State Jeewon Rajesh Universidad Nacional University of Medicine and Fatimata Barry Kane Autónoma de México Pharmacy CNC Daniel Cruz Krishan M. Beeharry Inga Baciu Jemal Mohamed El Hady Notarias 92 y 145 Luis Jorge Garcia Padilla Alecu Russo State University CCM; UNPM of Bălți Mohammad Nawaz Lazo, Villa, Moel y García, S.C. Khadijetou Ouedrago Dookhee David Martinez-Amador Inna Soțchi Fonds des Nations Unies pour Hanganu Tănase & Partenerii la Population Insumisos Marco Antonio González Nadeem Lallmamode Iulia Furtuna Mine Abdoullah Reynoso Turcan Cazac Law Firm Benoit Chambers Elias Huerta Psihas Mohamed Dah GRND Abogados Liliana Domente Nikhil Boolell Asociacion Nacional de Mohamed M’bareck Brahim Doctores en Derecho Marica Dumitrasco Chambers of Urmila Boolell, María Luisa Mendoza López Academy of Sciences of Mohamed Salem Loud S.C. Moldova Solidarité & Développement Emiliano Baidenbaum Sánchez Devanny Eseverri, Durable Raymond d’Unienville S.C. Marina Bzovii Hewlett Packard Enterprise Turcan Cazac Law Firm Mohamed Sid’Ahmed Bareau de Mauritanie Robin L. Appaya Mariana Tejado Gallegos Mihail Durnescu Enrique Camarena Ould Zehaf Sidi Ghose Chambers Mauritius Vitalis Mihail Gorincioi UNICEF Domínguez National Preventive Rubna Daureeawo Mechanism Against Torture Oumar Mohamedmoctar Maqueo Barnetche, Aguilar y Mario Alberto Rocha Garcia El Haj RD Chambers Camarena, S.C. Oleg Efrim PricewaterhouseCoopers, S.C. Efrim Rosca & Associates Zeinebou Taleb Moussa Ruwaydah Jaunbacus Association Mauritanienne Esteban Maqueo Barnetche Patricia Handraman pour la Santé de la Mére et de Uteem Chambers Miguel Ángel González Gladei & Partners l’Enfant Maqueo Barnetche, Aguilar y T. Mukund Gujadhur Camarena, S.C. Bravo Roșca Nicolae Anonymous Contributors TM&S Gujadhur Chambers G. B. Abogados Serghei Cozma Mauritius Franz Erwin Oberarzbacher Serghei Cozma Law Firm Vijay Cooshna Abdullah Yusuf Ali Bauluck Dávila Monica Schiaffino Svetlana Doltu Bibi Chambers Council for the Prevention of Yannick Fok Instituto Tecnológico Littler Mexico, S.C. Torture Autónomo de México Eversheds Sutherland Monserrat MarCa Yousuf Azaree Gerardo Moheno Gallardo Notaria 55 MC Law Offices Moreno Rodríguez y Asociados, S.C. Yves Hein Oliva López Arellano Hein Chambers Gilberto Miguel Valle Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Anonymous Contributors Zulbarán Xochimilco Socio de Basham Ringe y Mexico Corres, S.C. Pablo Nosti Herrera Alejandra Moreno Miranda & Estavillo, S.C. Altamirano Guillermo A. Gatt Corona Universidad Nacional Iteso; Universidad Rebeca Cruz Santacruz Autónoma de México Panamericana Escuela Superior de Medicina Alfonso Rodriguez Arana del Instituto Politécnico Guillermo Piecarchic Nacional LegalMex, S.C. PMC GROUP, S.C. Rodrigo Lazo Corvera Héctor Juan Antonio Ávila Lazo, Villa, Moel y García, S.C. Rosas Sergio López Moreno National Autonomous University of Mexico Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco Hugo Hernandez-Ojeda Alvirez Anonymous Contributors Hogan Lovells Iñigo Alejandro Torres Ortiz Hernández Torres Abogados 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 179
Vanu Jereghi Anonymous Contributors Denise Namburete Anonymous Contributors Nil Mani Upadhyay Moldovan Institute for Human Morocco N’weti Namibia Nepal Army Institute of Health Rights Sciences Abdelaziz Bakkali Diana Paredes e Ramalho Cornelius J. Verwey Vasile Gherasim Barreau de Tanger Prabin Subedi SAL & Caldeira Advogados, Eunice Gonzo Popa & Associates Abdelghani Khannous Lda. University of Namibia Paramount Legal Advisory Center South for Studies and Services Pvt. Ltd. Zama Vitalie Sustainable Development Edson José Xavier Floris Coetzee Fisher Quarmby Pfeifer Prashanna Shrestha Nagacevschi and Partners Abdelhamid Benmakhlouf Henriques, Rocha & Attorneys Associados Sociedade de Pradhan & Associates Anonymous Contributors Abdellah Bakkali Advogados Hendrik Krüger Bakkali Law Firm Krüger Van Vuuren & Co. Rabin K. C. Gil Cambule Mongolia Ali Badi Immanuel Mutikisha Corporate Law Associates (P) Association National de Universidade Eduardo Effective Labour Solutions Cc LIMITED B. Enkhbat Defense des Droits de Mondlane l’Homme au Maroc Isabella Nowases Rabin Subedi MDS KhanLex LLP Gilberto Correia University of Namibia Ali Lachgar Essahili Batbayar Ganbayar Kobus Miller Raju Thapa Amin Hajji Gilda Jossias Batbayar and Partners LLP Hajji & Associés Lotta N. Ambunda- AMDEC Nashilundo Robin Maskey Batjargal Gombosuren Azzedine Kettani Office of the Judiciary Kettani Law Firm Jennifer Gilda Arnaldo B.P. Koirala Institute of Health MDS KhanLex LLP Matilda Jankie-Shakwa Sciences Ibrahim Tanfous Fernanda Lopes & Associados Sisa Namandje & Co. Inc Batragchaa Ragchaa Rudra Prasad Pokhrel Khachie Abdelmajid Joaquim Simango Nambili T. K. Shipena State Housing Corporation of Namibia Special Risks R P Pokhrel & Associates Mongolia Lhassan M’Barki Fernanda Lopes & Associados Insurance Association Ltd South for Studies and Rukamanee Maharjan Battuul Bat-Erdene Sustainable Development Joaquim Uate Nawala Kamati-Unger Engling, Stritter & Partners Tribhuwan University Legal FOM Partners LLP Mimoun Charqi Associacao Ntumbuluku Norman Tjombe Sarita Upadhyay Bayar Budragchaa Mohamed Baske Manar José Manuel Caldeira Tjombe-Elago Incorporated Université Cadi Ayyad de ELC Advocates LLP Marrakech SAL & Caldeira Advogados, Ramon Maasdorp Semanta Dahal Lda. Bolormaa Volodya Mohamed El Mernissi Toni Hancox Abhinawa Law Chambers Figes - Mernissi Luis Saragga Leal Legal Assistance Centre Absolute Advocates Law Firm Shiva Prd. Rijal Mohamed Nakhli PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Anonymous Contributors Buyantogos Baljinnyam Université Cadi Ayyad de Pioneer Law Associates Marrakech Miguel Spínola Nepal LRCM LLP Shringa Rishi Kafle Nesrine Roudane; Richard PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Ananda Koirala David C. Buxbaum; D. Cantin Merit Legal Consultancy Pvt. Munkhbayar Batkhuu Roudane & Partners Law Firm Neylla Gulamhussen Basanta Bahadur Basnet Ltd. Axis for Law and Research Anderson and Anderson LLP Reda Oulamine TTA Sociedade de Advogados Pvt. Ltd. Subarna Kumar Khatry Oulamine Law Group David C. Buxbaum; Paula Vaz Bishwa Nath Khanal Nepal Nutrition Intervention Myagmarsuren Jambaldorj Anonymous Contributors Prithvi Legal Service Center Project Fundação Ariel Glaser Anderson and Anderson LLP Mozambique Budhi Karki Sudeep Gautam Pedro Macaringue Dugerjav Dash-Onolt Alain Kassa Daksha Bahadur Chhetri Nepal Bar Association NAIMA+ Pedro Macaringue & Neupane Law Associates MDS KhanLex LLP Advogados Associados Tek Tamrakar Alexandre Chivale Kalyan Pokhrel Enkhtur Demberelsuren Alexandre Chivale & Rafique de Albuquerque F-Dimensional Legal Services Associados and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd. Tilak Bikram Pandey MahoneyLiotta LLP Fernanda Lopes & Associados Almamater Tamele Kumari Kaushlya Ojha Pioneer Law Associates Indermohan S. Narula BTA Advogados, Lda. Shipeni Thovela Law and Lawyers Company Tirpureshwar Usha Pandey Belisário Tamele Khishigsaikhan Batchuluun BTA Advogados, Lda. Anonymous Contributors Madhab Raj Ghimire Pradhan & Associates PSM Global Consultants P. Ltd Open Society Forum César Carlos Alberto Anonymous Contributors Francisco Vamos Ver Myanmar Meen Chhetri Khunan Jargalsaikhan SAL & Caldeira Advogados, Nepal Center for Disaster Lda. Aung Htoo Management Netherlands Mongolian Bar Association Constancio Jose Tevete Legal Aid Network; Federal Narayan P. Ghimire Arnold Versteeg Luke Lkhaasuren Fernanda Lopes & Associados Law Academy Center for Rule of Law Macro & Versteeg Advocaten Agaa & Partners LLP Danilo Nhaca Aung Nay Myo Narayan Shrestha MAN - Sociedade de Shrestha Legal Service Center E. Kolokatsi Munkhdorj Badral Advogados, Lda. Thanlwin Legal Kolokatsi Advocaten Mongol-Advocates LLP Caitlin Reiger Eugenie Nunes; Marije Naransukh Damiran British Council Ozinga Health and Safety Solutions Mariano Suarez Dentons Boekel N.V. Navagchamba Baasanjav Thanlwin Legal Gabriel Meijers Mongolian Bar Association Min Thein Meijers Canatan Advocaten Odonjav Tsendjav Rajah & Tann NK Legal Co. Gerben den Hertog Ltd. JD Advocates LLP Sarfaty Advocaten Myat Ko Saranchimeg Byambaa Gwen Jansen Justice Base National Statistics Office Myint Aung H. J. (Henricus) Snijders Tsolmonchimeg Enkhbat AIDS Support Group University of Leiden GTs Advocates LLP U Mya Thein Hansko Broeksteeg Zanaa Jurmed Radboud University Nijmegen Center for Citizens’ Alliance 180
Jaap-Willem Roozemond Denise Arnold Phil Ahern Mario Novoa Corea Akingbolahan Adeniran Bouwman Roozemond & De Arias Haan Lyon O’Neale Arnold Lawyers Morrison Kent Lawyers Awodi & Co. Marlon José Gazo Peña Jac Meeuwissen Douglas John Lyon Samantha Turner García & Bodán Trimbos Institute Anthony Nkadi Lyon O’Neale Arnold Lawyers Simpson Grierson Maryeling Guevara Jacqueline van den Bosch Arias F.O. Akinrele & Co. Ivy Corporate Defence & Elizabeth Macpherson Scott Wilson Investigations Octavio Alarcón Guardado University of Canterbury Duncan Cotterill Munguía Vidaurre Law Babajide O. Ogundipe Jeroen Bijnen DXC Technology Erich Bachmann Simon Ladd Onell Antonio Gow Chacón Sofunde, Osakwe, Ogundipe Universidad Politécnica de & Belgore Joost Italianer Hesketh Henry Bell Gully Nicaragua NautaDutilh N.V. Frances Joychild Sonja M. Cooper Soraya Montoya Herrera Babatunde Ogungbamila Joseph J. van Dort Molina & Asociados Van Dort Advocatuur Frances Joychild QC Cooper Legal Olisa Agbakoba Legal Uriel E. Balladares Léon Graal Gay Morgan Stacey Shortall Arias Sarfaty Advocaten Bola Jibogun University of Waikato Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Yaser Gabriel Bonilla Marije Jeltes Espinoza Legal Aid Council of Nigeria JSTW Advocaten Gordon Anderson Stephen Eliot Smith Central Law Marlies Ott Victoria University of University of Otago Anonymous Contributors Cheluchi Onyemelukwe Erasmus University Wellington Stephen Franks Niger Mick Hurks Grace Haden Chiamaka I. Orabueze Höcker Advocaten Franks Ogilvie Aboubacar Souley The New Zealand Independent CRAMS_EXA University of Nigeria N. P. Scholte Commission Against Steven Zindel Advocatenkantoor Scholte Corruption Bachir Talfi Idrissa Zindels Université Abdou Moumouni Chinyere Nwokoro Petrus C. van Duyne Ian Gault de Niamey Utrecht University Sylvia Bell Legal Luminaries Solicitors Bell Gully Brah Souleymane S. F. H. Jellinghaus Centre for Human Rights Law, Université Abdou Moumouni Tilburg University; De Voort Ian Miller Policy and Practice de Niamey Chioma Kanun Agomo Lawyers and Mediators Tagan Lyall Idrissa Tchernaka University of Lagos Thomas Timmermans Jessica Palmer SCPA LBTI & Partners Norton Rose Fulbright LLP Bamford Law University of Otago Ismael Naino Maiguizo Chisom Justice Ndubuisi Tomasz Kodrzycki Trevor Daya-Winterbottom Jahae Raymakers Advocaten M. B. Rodriguez Ferrere Mahamadou Rabiou Souley Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Law University of Waikato Dagouma Anonymous Contributors University of Otago Barreau du Niger W. John Hopkins Chris Eze New Zealand Marie Bismark Moussa Ismaril Tambo University of Canterbury SCPA LBTI & Partners Nnenna Ejekam Associates A. J. Forbes University of Melbourne Clarendon Chambers W. M. Thomson Moustapha Boukari Marie J. Grills Barreau du Niger Christine Sijuwade Alan Knowsley University of Otago Rainey Collins Lawyers RPB Law Rabiou Oumarou Mahaman Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie William Akel Barreau du Niger Alberto Costi Mark Henaghan Victoria University of Simpson Grierson Anonymous Contributors Chudi Nelson Ojukwu Wellington University of Otago Anonymous Contributors Nigeria Legal Research Initiative Andrew Schulte Mark Winger Cavell Leitch Abdulfattah Adewale Bakre Holmden Horrocks Nicaragua Legal Aid Council of Nigeria Damian Njoku-Umeh Asha Stewart Quigg Partners Mary-Rose Russell Abraham A. Salinas-Miranda Abdulhamid Abdullahi Damian Njoku-Umeh & Co. Bagara Bennet Castelino Universidad Nacional Community Health and Castlefinn Law Matthew Berkahn Autonoma de Nicaragua Research Initiative Daprim Ogaji Campbell Roberts Massey University Angelica Maria Toruño Adamu M. Usman University of Port Harcourt The Salvation Army Garcia F.O. Akinrele & Co. Teaching Hospital Nick Crang Charl Hirschfeld Universidad Evangélica Ade Omofade Ranfurly Chambers Duncan Cotterill Nicaragüense Martin Luther Dejo Olowu King Jr. Ademola Awoyemi Chris Noonan Nicola Wheen University of Ilorin American University of Nigeria University of Auckland Avil Ramírez Mayorga University of Otago Adewale Akande Danny Jacobson Central Law Auxilium Attorneys Ehijeagbon Oserogho Jacobson and Marshall, Nigel Hampton Employment Lawyers Edgard Leonel Torres Aina Precious Aderemi Oserogho & Associates Nikki Pender Mendieta Babalakin & Co Legal Practitioners Legal Empowerment Arias Enoch Mozong Azariah Pam Nuttall Gabriel Alvarado Legal Aid Council of Nigeria Auckland University of Arias Technology Festus Ezedinachi Onyia Ivania Lucía Paguaga Cuadra Paul Michalik Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Arias Paul Roth John Lordsal Minnella Festus Okechukwu University of Otago Minnella Romano and Ukwueze Associates Penny Bright University of Nigeria Juan Ramon Aviles Molina Peter Watts Despacho Legal Folake Elias-Adebowale Bankside Chambers Luis Manuel Perezalonso Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Lanzas Petra Butler Bufete Juridico Perezalonso & Fr Edwin Obimma Ezike Victoria University of Asociados Wellington University of Nigeria Gbenga Odusola Acme Law Partners Gbenga Oyebode Aluko & Oyebode Godwin Anthony Etim AELEX Ibrahim Imam University of Ilorin Innocent Abidoye Nnenna Ejekam Associates John Dare Oloyede J.D. Oloyede’s Law Chambers 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 181
Laura Omolola Ikwuagwu Arild Vaktskjold Muhammad Nouman Shams Jorge L. Almengor C. Ana Graciela Cruz George Ikoli & Okagbue Sjukehuset Innlandet; Qazi Law Associates Almengor, Caballero & EsSalud Høgskulen i Innlandet Asociados Maryam Belgore Ahmed Muzaffar Islam Carl A. Christiansen Jorge Molina Mendoza Armando Ramiro Natividad Kwara State Judiciary Legis Inn Attorneys & Ræder AS Corporate Consultants FABREGA MOLINO Maguiña Michael C. Asuzu Frank S. Thrana Naila Baig-Ansari José Alberto Barraza Estudio Ghersi Abogados Society for Public Health Serracín Professionals of Nigeria; World Tonsberg Community Indus Hospital Research Federation of Public Health Center José Renán De León C. Arturo Gárate Salazar Associations Geir Steinberg Qaisar Raza Ministerio de Salud de Universidad Nacional Federico Nkem Itanyi Advokatfirmaet Haavind AS Panamá Villarreal Adam Smith International University of Nigeria Harald B. Ciarlo José Rigoberto Acevedo C. Sara Malkani Carlos Torres Berrío Obiajulu Nnamuchi Universidad Latina Ivar Alvik Center for Reproductive Rights Muñiz, Olaya, Meléndez, University of Nigeria Juan Pablo Fabrega Polleri Castro, Ono & Herrera University of Oslo Shams Ul Haq Qazi Abogados Oghogho Makinde FABREGA MOLINO Karl Harald Søvig Qazi Law Associates Aluko & Oyebode Maria Eugenia Brenes César Azabache Caracciolo University of Bergen Shams ul Haque Joiya Olaniyi Felix Olayinka Morgan & Morgan Magne Strandberg Right Law Company Cesar Puntriano Rosas The Polytechnic Ibadan Mario Adolfo Rognoni University of Bergen Tariq Rahim Universidad ESAN Olasupo Olaibi Arosemena Noriega & Niels R. Kiær Tariq Rahim Law Associates Contreras Supo Olaibi & Company ChristianValenciaSarmiento Rime Advokatfirma DA Umer Farooq Marlin E. González Olumide Ekisola Estudio Ghersi Abogados Olaf Halvorsen Rønning Ayub Medical College Asesora Jurídica del Comité Adejumo & Ekisola de Derechos Humanos de University of Oslo Anonymous Contributors Panamá Dennis Oswaldo Vilchez Olusoji Elias Stella Tuft Martha Luna Veliz Ramirez Olusoji Elias + Company Panama Microsoft ACE Laywers Estudio Ghersi Abogados Oluwadamilare Yomi-Alliyu Adán Arnulfo Arjona López Terje Einarsen Mayte Sánchez G. Chief Yomi Alliyu & Co. Galindo, Arias & López Eduardo Herrera Velarde University of Bergen Morgan & Morgan Onjefu Adoga Alberto Quirós Bonett Escudo Azul S.A. Tor Vale Mercedes Arauz De Brooke Chambers Law Firm Grimaldo Alcibiades E. Villarreal D. Elvia Campos Zavala Ozofu ‘Latunde Ogiemudia Ulf Stridbeck Morgan & Morgan Instituto de Investigaciones Ministerio de Salud de Perú Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie University of Oslo Cienctíficas y Servicios de Alta Milagros M. Caballero V. Tecnología Peter K. Fogam Anonymous Contributors Morgan & Morgan Evan E. Morgan Ana Gilza Córdoba University of Lagos Natalia S. Vega Evan Morgan & Asociados Pakistan FUNDACASIA Pontian N. Okoli VaxTrials S.A. Asim B. Nasim Arlene Calvo Germán Jiménez Borra University of Dundee Nydia Flores Chiari Orr, Dignam & Co. University of South Florida Estudio Muñiz S. Akinlolu Fagbemi Caja de Seguro Social de Benazir Jatoi Armando Barba Panama University of Ibadan Giulliana Loza Avalos Ministerio de Salud de Olga de Obaldia Sarat Akinloye Faisal Mahmood Ghani Panamá Estudio Loza Avalos Fundación para el Desarrollo Chief Rotimi Williams’ Faisal Mahmood Ghani & Co. Carlos Ernesto González de Libertad Ciudadana; Chambers Ramírez Capítulo Panameño de Gonzalo Garcia Calderon Faiza Muzaffar Transparencia Internacional Terrumun Z. Swende Morgan & Morgan Legis Inn Attorneys & Rafael Rodrigo Rodríguez Gonzalo Mendoza del Solar Benue State University, Corporate Consultants Daisy Chacon De Cortez Barrios Makurdi Chávez Hasan Hameed Bhatti Chacon y Asociados Abogados Renderos & Rodríguez Law Ugoji Abagwe Firm Universidad Católica de Santa Lahore Waste Management Edith Quiros Maria de Arequipa Acme Law Partners Company Ramón Ricardo Arias Uju Obuka Imdad Ali Soomro Elka González Galindo, Arias & López Grover Jonny Aranguri University of Nigeria Sufi Law Associates Ministerio de Salud de Sebastián Rodríguez Robles Carranza Panamá Wahab O. Egbewole Kamyla Marvi Abogados Rodríguez-Robles & EsSalud Ernesto Shirley Espinosa University of Ilorin Kausar S. Khan Shirley & Asociados Xavier Sáez Llorens Ismael Cornejo-Rosello Yomi Alliyu San Aga Khan University; Indus Evans Loo Hospital del Niño Dr. José Dianderas Chief Yomi Alliyu & Co. Health Network Renán Esquivel Escritorio Juridico Loo Gerencia Regional de Salud Yomi Dare M. Akram Sheikh Yariela Gonzàlez Ortega Arequipa; Universidad Gabrielle B. Britton Nacional de San Agustín Checkers Consultancy Services Akram Sheikh Law Associates Universidad de Panamá Instituto de Investigaciones Yusuf Ali Maliha Zia Cienctíficas y Servicios de Alta Anonymous Contributors Luciano López Flores Tecnología Yusuf Ali & Co. Legal Aid Society Estudio Valle-Riestra, López Haydée Méndez Illueca Peru Flores & Munar Abogado; Anonymous Contributors Mehek Ali Pontificia Universidad Católica Fundación para la Equidad de Alberto Varillas del Perú; la Universidad de Indus Health Network Género San Martín de Porres Norway García Sayán Abogados Mohammad Akmal Wasim Iván Chanis Barahona Anne Kjersti Befring Manuel Bermúdez Tapia Wasim & Co. Advocates & Fundación Iguales University of Oslo Legal Consultants Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Mohammad Hassan Arif LMA Ebrahim Hosain Manuel Villa-García Noriega Estudio Olaechea Marcos Ricardo Revatta Salas Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ici Maria del Pilar Pozo García Clínica San Felipe Marino Costa Bauer 182
Mario Castillo Freyre Rhea Quimson Ana Raquel Pessoa Miguel de Azeredo Perdigão Alina Gentimir Hewlett Packard Enterprise Azeredo Perdigão & Estudio Mario Castillo Freyre Universidade Católica Associados - Sociedade de Alexandru Ioan Cuza Rhona Bergantin Portuguesa Advogados, RL University Roberto Gabriel Matallana PSMID Paula Cremon Universidad de Pacifico Ronahlee A. Asuncion Ana Rita Gil Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa Andra Iftimiei University of the Philippines Rossana Maccera Diliman Universidade Nova de Lisboa Paulo de Sá e Cunha Alexandru Ioan Cuza Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves University Roy Enrico C. Santos Pereira Anonymous Contributors PJS Law Anja Bothe Pedro Mendes Ferreira Andrei Danciu Anonymous Contributors Universidade Autónoma de Mendes Ferreira & Associados Philippines Lisboa SCA Cataniciu & Asociatii Poland Pedro Miguel Branco Afdal B. Kunting Adam Morawski António Casa Nova Pedro Rodrigues da Mata Andrei Mircea Zamfirescu Zamboanga City Medical Morawski & Partners PRM & Associados Center Escola Superior de Saúde de Gilescu, Valeanu, Nathanzon Agnieszka Dzięgielewska- Portalegre Rui Costa Pereira & Partners Carmelita Gopez Nuqui Jończyk PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Action for António Vaz de Castro Rui Tavares Correia Aura Câmpeanu Women Network Agnieszka Helsztyńska Abreu & Marques e Associados Kancelaria Adwokacka Universidade de Coimbra PETOŠEVIĆ Cesar L. Villanueva Agnieszka Helsztyńska Sandrine Bisson Marvao adwokat Bisson Marvao Villanueva Gabionza & Dy Carlos Lopes Ribeiro Aurora Ciuca Law Firm Andrzej Brodziak Teresa Violante Institute of Occupational CR Advogados Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Ștefan cel Mare University of Dan Vicente Cancino Jr. Medicine and Environmental Suceava Health Vânia Costa Ramos Catholic Bishops’ Conference Carlos Pinto de Abreu Carlos Pinto de Abreu e of the Philippines Episcopal Aneta Leszczyńska Associados SP, RL Bogdan C. Stoica Commission on Health & Jagiellonian University Carlos Pinto de Abreu e Camillian Fathers Associados SP, RL Anonymous Contributors Popovici Nițu Stoica & Jacek Wierciński Asociații SCA Donemark Calimon Uniwersytet Warszawski Republic of Korea Carolina Boullosa Gonzalez Quisumbing Torres JoannaKosińska-Wiercińska Domyung Paek Dan Oancea Wierciński Law Office Bind Sociedade de Advogados Seoul National University Eliseo M. Zuñiga, Jr. University of Bucharest Julian Bielicki Duk Yeon Lee Quisumbing Torres Drzewiecki, Tomaszek & Eduardo Buisson Loureiro Yonsei University Partners Daniel Nitu Emerico O. de Guzman Haksoo Ko Krzysztof Kowalczyk Eliseu Gonçalves Seoul National University Babeș-Bolyai University; ACCRALAW BSJP Brockhuis Jurczak Prusak Iordăchescu & Associates TaskLegal Advogados Hwang Lee Enriquito J. Mendoza Marcin Krajewski Korea University Warsaw University Diana Agafitei Romulo Mabanta Felipe Baião do Nascimento Jaehyuk Ahn Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los Marcin Olechowski Kim & Chang Țuca Zbârcea & Asociații Angeles Law Offices Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak Maricato, Lima & Associados Jaeseop Song Francis Tom Temprosa Piotr Jakub Rastawicki Shin & Kim Diana Lavinia Botau Rastawicki Mianowski Sawicki Fernando Alves Correia Ateneo de Manila University Sp.K. Jeong-Oh Kim Babeș-Bolyai University Universidade de Coimbra Yonsei University Jesusito G. Morallos Piotr Kuzniak Junsok Yang Dragos Daghie Follosco Morallos & Herce Radosław Skowron Francisco Marques Bom The Catholic University of KKPW Law Office Korea Daghie & Asociatii Jonathan Sale Marques Bom & Associados Stefan Jaworski Lee Chang Woo ILPC Donghwa Labor Consulting Florin Streteanu Wojciech Babicki Inês Reis Firm Jose Cochingyan III Miller Canfield Universite de Cluj-Napoca PBBR Sangbong Lee Cochingyan & Partners Law Zbigniew Krüger Daeryook & Aju LLC Offices Krüger & Partners Advocates George Nedelcu LLP J. Tavares Ribeiro Anonymous Contributors Karen S. Gomez Dumpit Anonymous Contributors JTR Advogado Romania Gheorghe Piperea Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines Portugal Alexandru Athanasiu SCA Piperea & Asociații Joana Barrilaro Ruas University of Bucharest Kate Montecarlo Cordova Alexandra Mota Gomes PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Ferreira da Conceição, Alexandru Corpodean Ioan Lazar Association of Transgender Menezes & Associados SP, RL Law Office Corpodean People in the Philippines Ana Pires Alexandru Baroul Alba Atlântica Louisa M. Viloria-Yap João Paulo Ferreira da Alina Daniela Nestor Bar of Suceava Iulian Alexander Stoia Garcia Iñigo & Partners Conceição Bucharest Bar Nancy Joan M. Javier Ferreira da Conceição, Menezes & Associados SP, RL IBP Larion Alina-Paula Pinky Rose B. Lustre José Alves do Carmo Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava The Global Fund to Fight AVM Advogados AIDS; University of the Philippines Manila Laura Lazar Libertário Teixeira Ramil E. Bugayong Babeș-Bolyai University Libertário Teixeira & Cristina PJS Law Fernandes - Sociedade de Advogados RL Marius Balan Ramon G. Samson Alexandru Ioan Cuza ACCRALAW Luis Brito Correia University Reginald A. Tongol Luis Miguel Amaral Maxim Mihaela ToVen Law and Communications Țuca Zbârcea & Asociații Maria da Conceição Alves Rainho Soares Pereira Mihai Carabas Universidade de Trás-os- Carabas, Lungu Attorneys Montes e Alto Douro Mihai Dunea Maria do Rosário Anjos Alexandru Ioan Cuza Anjos, Martins & Associados University SP, RL Miloiu Ciprian Maria Inês Gameiro Miloiu Ciprian Cabinet de Universidade Nova de Lisboa Avocat Miguel Andrade Nicolae-Bogdan Bulai University of Bucharest 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 183
Nicolae-Horia Țiț Primakov Denis Henry L. O. S. Browne Boubacar Diakité Nebojsa Stankovic Alexandru Ioan Cuza Russian Foreign Trade Browne & Associates Geni & Kebi Stankovic & Partners Law University Academy, OSCE Office Leonora Walwyn Clément Diarga Basse Oana Lucia Gavril Sergei Murzakokv WalwynLaw Petar Bulat Țuca Zbârcea & Asociații NII HSE - Nizhny Novgorod Fall University of Belgrade Michella Adrien SOJUFISC Ovidiu Podaru Sergey Bogatyrev Michella Adrien Law Offices Petar Stojanovic Babeș-Bolyai University Beiten Burkhardt Fatoumata Watt Joksović, Stojanović and Rayana Dowden Geni & Kebi Partners Radu M. Georgescu Sergey Stepanov WEBSTER Radu Georgescu Law Office Institute of Private Law Ibrahima Niang Simonida Sladojevic- Sonya Parry Stanimirovic Radu Rizoiu Svetlana Dobrovolskaya Gonsalves Parry Ibrahima Thine Diop Rizoiu & Poenaru SCA Moscow Regional Bar Université Cheikh Anta Diop Vladimir Hrle Association Vadeesha T. N. John de Dakar Hrle Attorneys Razvan Trusca Johnson & Associates Law Cluj Bar Victor Pomelov Firm Malick Sané Vladimir Marinkov Russin & Vecchi Université Cheikh Anta Diop Guberina-Marinkov Law Office Roxana Iordăchescu-Niţu Anonymous Contributors de Dakar Iordăchescu & Associates Vilena Voronich Zoran V. Radovic Russin & Vecchi St. Lucia Mansour Gningue Radovic & Ratkovic Advokati Sergiu Bogdan Geni & Kebi Sergiu Bogdan & Asociatii Vyacheslav Chasnyk Henri-Jacques N. Mangal Anonymous Contributors Saint-Petersburg State 1st National Bank St. Lucia Meissa Toure Sergiu Golub Pediatric Medical University Ltd. Euromed Université Sierra Leone Babeș-Bolyai University Vyacheslav Yablokov John F. Christensen Mohamadou Boye Adam Timbo Simona Petrina Gavrila Yablokov and Partners Law Spartan Health Sciences Université Gaston Berger Yada Williams and Associates Dunărea de Jos University Office University Moustapha Ndoye Adewale Showers Valerius M. Ciuca Anonymous Contributors Leandra Gabrielle Verneuil Fornah-Sesay, Cummings, Alexandru Ioan Cuza Jennifer Remy & Associates Ndiouma Ndour Showers & Co. University Rwanda Université Assane Seck de Samanthia George Ziguinchor Alhaji Mohamed Warisay Anonymous Contributors Aimable Mfashingabo Democracy Sierra Leone M. Abayo Law Firm Trudy O. Glasgow Papa Mamour Sy Russia Trudy O. Glasgow & Associates Université Cheikh Anta Diop Augustine Sorie-Sengbe Arsene Rutiyomba de Dakar Marrah Dmitry Kravchenko Virginia Joseph Yada Williams and Associates Asnis & Partners Asante Twagira Spartan Health Sciences Paul Babacar Faye CORBAN University SCPA Sow-Seck-Diagne & Bai Kamara Eduard Margulyan Associes Pikin-To-Pikin Movement Margulyan & Kovalev Augustin Rwabigwi Anonymous Contributors Rwanda Bar Rahimine Azimari Toure Ishmael Philip Mammie Elena Antonovna St. Vincent & the Geni & Kebi Fornah-Sesay, Cummings, Abrosimova Charles Gatsinzi Grenadines Showers & Co. Moscow State University Centre Medical Orkide Samba Cor Sarr Heidi Badenock Ministere de la Santé et de Lornard Taylor Elena Gerasimova Happy E. Mukama Joseph Delves Chambers l’Action Sociale Taylor & Associates Center for Social and Labor RR Associates and Co. Rights; National Research Jozelle Miller Semou Ndiaye Mambu Samadu Feika University Law Firm HC General Legal Ministry of Health, Wellness Université Cheikh Anta Diop Prison Watch Sierra Leone Services Ltd. and the Environment de Dakar Fatima Sulejmanova Osman Jalloh National Research University M. Albert Nkundabatware Melvis Kenia Díaz Peña Anonymous Contributors Yada Williams and Associates Higher School of Economics Milton Cato Memorial Munana Norbert Hospital Serbia Rakibul Bari Khan Konstantin Dobrynin M-Advocates & Partners BRAC International Federal Chamber of Lawyers Patricia P. Marks-Minors Aleksandra Jovic Vranes of the Russian Federation Pie Habimana The Law Firm of Marks & University of Belgrade Regena Juliana Kain AmiLex Chambers Marks BRAC International Maria Erohava Danijela Korać-Mandić Moscow Higher School of S. C. Nkeza Richard Williams Novi Sad Humanitarian Centre Rowland S. V. Wright Social & Economic Sciences Williams & Williams, Barristers Wright & Co. Safari Gahizi & Solicitors Djordje Djurisic Maria Filatova Global Trade Law Chambers Law Office of Djordje Djurisic Senesie Margao National Research University Ltd. Stephen Williams Sierra Leone Nurses Williams & Williams, Barristers Dragan Nikolić Association Maria Voskobitova Shuaib Napoleon & Solicitors Public Health Institute Niš ABA ROLI Munyeshema Sierra Leone Labour Barreau du Rwanda Anonymous Contributors Dragan Psodorov Congress Maxim Timofeev Joksović, Stojanović and European Humanities William Karaiga Senegal Partners Anonymous Contributors University ENSafrica Amadou Drame Goran Vučić Singapore Natalya Morozova Anonymous Contributors SODEFITEX Joksović, Stojanović and Vinson & Elkins LLP Partners Benjamin Joshua Ong St. Kitts & Nevis Anta Marie Anne Diop Singapore Management Nikolai Kostenko Ivan Kovačević University Moscow Helsinki Group Charles Wilkin Balla Sy Lalin Law Office Kelsick, Wilkin and Ferdinand UCG Chia Boon Teck Pavel Kabanov Miljkan Karlicic Chia Wong LLP Kazan Innovative University Dia C. Forrester Bocar Balde Daniel Brantley LPS Law Mladen Domazet 184
Chia Ti Lik Sara Ahlin Doljak Peter Feuilherade Esther Fernández Molina Juan Francisco Aguiar Chia Ngee Thuang & Co. Cox Yeats Attorneys Universidad de Castilla-La Rodriguez Dan W. Puchniak Tine Mišic Peter Jordi Mancha National University of University of the Consejeria de Sanidad del Singapore ODI Law Firm Witwatersrand Federico Durán López Gobierno de Canarias Eric Tin Keng Seng Tjasa Drgan Riette du Plessis Universidad de Córdoba Donaldson & Burkinshaw LLP University of the Juan María Terradillos Law Office Drnovsek Witwatersrand Federico Navarro Nieto Foo Cheow Ming Universidad de Cádiz-España Foo Cheow Ming Chambers Vesna Rijavec S. S. Terblanche Universidad de Córdoba University of South Africa Mak Koon University of Maribor Federico Rodriguez Morata Juan Oliva Moreno Tamara Cohen Pascal Brinkmann Anonymous Contributors University of KwaZulu-Natal Universidad de Castilla-La Universidad de Castilla-La Luther LLP Mancha Mancha Victoria Bronstein Scott Gordon Wheeler South Africa University of the Fernando Alberich Arjona Witwatersrand Juana María Serrano García Simon Chesterman Altair Richards Rambla Abogados y Asesores, National University of Werner van Straaten S.L. Universidad de Castilla-La Singapore ENSafrica University of Pretoria Mancha Fernando Bondía Román Anonymous Contributors Bart Willems Yousuf A. Vawda University of KwaZulu-Natal Universidad Carlos III de Laura Pozuelo Pérez Slovenia Stellenbosch University Madrid Anonymous Contributors Universidad Autónoma de Alenka Sagmeister Christa Rautenbach Francisco Ramos Romeu Madrid Ranzinger Spain Odvetniška pisarna Miro North-West University Universidad Autónoma de Senica in odvetniki, D.O.O Alberto Blasco Hernando Barcelona Luis Gaite Derek Hellenberg J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Andrej Bukovnik Ildefonso Hernández Hospital Marqués de PETOŠEVIĆ University of Cape Town Alfonso Pedrajas Aguado Valdecilla; CIBERSAM Abdón Pedrajas & Molero Anton Gradišek F. T. Abioye Universidad Miguel Hernández Dagra D.O.O. Alfonso Trallero Manuel Álvarez Feijoo University of South Africa Bajo & Trallero Abogados Iñigo Sagardoy de Simón Blaž Kovač Uría Menéndez Abogados, Amnesty International Francois Venter Andrea Macía Morillo Sagardoy Abogados S.L.P. Slovenia Universidad Autónoma de North-West University Madrid Jacobo Dopico Borut Bernik Bogataj Manuel Ángel De las Heras Gerhard Kemp Antonio Costa Universidad Carlos III de Grega Strban Universidad de Córdoba Madrid García University of Ljubljana Stellenbosch University Araceli Peláez Rodríguez Javier Melero Universidad de Alicante Health Center Maribor Gusha Xolani Ngantweni De Castro Gabinete Jurídico Melero & Gené Advocats Iris Pensa University of South Africa Auxmundus Abogados Manuel Cachón Cadenas Jadek & Pensa Law Firm Jesús Padilla Gálvez Henry Ngcobo Beatriz G. Lopez-Valcarcel Universitat Autònoma de Ivan Šalinovič Universidad de Las Palmas Universidad de Castilla-La Barcelona Bowmans de GC Mancha Jorg Sladič Evropska Pravna Fakulteta Hugh Corder Carlos Alvarez-Dardet José Cid Manuel Cancio Meliá Universidad de Alicante Josip Sever University of Cape Town Universitat Autònoma de Universidad Autónoma de Carlos Campillo-Artero Barcelona Madrid Ljuba Zupančič Čokert J. Berning Servicio de Salud de las Senica and Attorneys, Ltd. Islas Baleares; Centro de José Fernández-Rañada University of South Africa Investigación en Economía Marga Cerro M. Bobič y Salud; Universitat Pompeu J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Law Firm Bobič John Brand Fabra Jose Luis de Peray Baiges Margarita I. Ramos Marko Zorman Bowmans Carlos Pinilla J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Quintana Matija Repolusk Jonathan Klaaren José Luis Goñi Sein Repolusk Law Carlos Ramón Fernández Universidad de La Laguna University of the Liesa Universidad Pública de Nina Persak Witwatersrand Universidad Carlos III de Navarra CrimInstitute Madrid María Acale Sánchez Lesiba Motsepe José M. Labeaga Azcona Peter Stanovnik Eduardo Santamaría Moral Univerisdad de Cádiz Institute for Economic University of South Africa J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Universidad Nacional de Research Educación a Distancia Lourens J. Erasmus Emilio Díaz Ruiz María Barberá Riera Petra Plevnik Universidad de Murica José Manuel Freire Senica and Attorneys, Ltd. North-West University Sociedad Española de Sanidad Enric Fossas Espadaler Instituto de Salud Carlos III Ambiental Primož Rožman Martin van Staden Universitat Autònoma de Blood Transfusion Centre of Barcelona José Manuel Mateo Sierra Slovenia Free Market Foundation María Elena Sánchez Jordán J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Mpfariseni Budeli- Universidad de La Laguna Nemakonde José R. Repullo University of South Africa National School of Public María José Aguilar Idáñez Health of Spain Mthokozisi Wesley Sithole Universidad de Castilla-La José Vte. Martí Boscà Mancha University of KwaZulu-Natal Univesitat de València Nahid Hussein María José Benítez Jiménez José-Ignacio Gallego Soler UNDP Universidad de Málaga Universidad de Barcelona Neil Cameron Juan Alberto Díaz López Maria Pilar Llop Cuenca Nisha Jacob J. A. Díaz. Litigación penal María Pilar Marco Francia University of Cape Town Juan Antonio Lascuraín Universidad de Castilla-La Ntombifikile Mtshali Universidad Autónoma de Mancha Madrid University of KwaZulu-Natal Marina Lorente Lara P. J. Schwikkard J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. University of Cape Town Martín Godino Sagardoy Abogados Miguel Ángel Presno Linera Universidad de Oviedo Orlanda Díaz-García Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Paz Mercedes de la Cuesta Aguado Universidad de Cantabria 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 185
Rafael Ortiz Cervello Savantha De Saram Laura Carlson Thomas Mihayo Sipemba Aleza Mazabalo Alexandre D. L. & F. De Saram Stockholm University East African Law Chambers J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Triomphe des Actions Sugath Hettiarachchi Mauro Zamboni Vicensia Alfred Fuko Citoyennes pour un Togo Rebeca Benarroch Citizen Stockholm University Emergent Benarroch Vintan Willgis Mbiro Anonymous Contributors Mikael Johansson Breakthrough Attorneys Augustin Kokouvi Dokla Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta Raoul Wallenberg Institute Suriname of Human Rights and Anonymous Contributors Reseau des Associations des Remedios Aranda Rodríguez Humanitarian Law PVVIH au Togo G. N. Best Thailand Universidad Carlos III de Essed & Sohansingh Law Firm Ola Zetterquist Baroma Madomba Bamana Madrid Gothenburg University Anant Akanisthaphichat Hugo A. M. Essed Thai Law Firm Comité d’Action pour Remedios Menéndez Calvo Law Firm Essed & Sohansingh Olle Mårsäter la Recherche et le University of Uppsala Chacrit Sitdhiwej Développement Universidad de Alcalá Humphrey R. Schurman Thammasat University Schurman Advocaten Reinhold Fahlbeck Claude Kokou Amegan Ricard Meneu Lund University Chaiporn Supvoranid Justina Eduards Baker McKenzie Novation Internationale Fundación Instituto de Sverker Jönsson Investigación en Servicios de Milton van Brussel Lund University Chalermwut Sriporm Damien Amoussou K. Salud BDO Thammasat University Anonymous Contributors Centre pour la Promotion des Roberto Mazorriaga Las Nashreen R. J. Ilahibaks Chawaluck Sivayathorn Droits Humains en Afrique Hayas Essed & Sohansingh Law Firm Tanzania Araneta; Punyisa Intarapracha Dékawunga Djoliba Rambla Abogados y Asesores, Prema R. Sohansingh Abel M. Ngilangwa Thanathip & Partners Legal Kutolbena S.L. Law Firm Essed & Sohansingh Mighty Juristic Law Chamber Consellors Limited Barreau du Togo Román Gil Alburquerque Yvonne S. Engkar Adella J. Msoffe Chulapong Yukate Law Firm Coster-Advocaten University of Dar es Salaam ZICOlaw Djifa E. Adjale Suku Sagardoy Abogados Anonymous Contributors Alice Jackson Musetti Chusert Supasitthumrong SCP Dogbeavou & Associés Rosa M. Urbanos-Garrido Breakthrough Attorneys Tilleke & Gibbins International Sweden Ltd. Elliott Hegbor Universidad Complutense de Anne H. Outwater Madrid Bengt Järvholm Muhimbili University of Health Henning Glaser Umeå University and Allied Sciences Thammasat University Emmanuel Mamlan Rosa Zarza Bengt Lundell Annmarie Mavenjina Jakkrit Kuanpoth Martial Akakpo & Associés J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Lund University Nkelame Thailand Development Research Institute Essiamé Koko Dzoka Rosario de Vicente Martínez Birgitta Nyström Asina Emmy A. Omari Lund University University of Dar es Salaam Jeeranun Klaewkla Barreau du Togo Universidad de Castilla-La Mahidol University Mancha Björn Ohde Bakari George Ferdinand Ekouévi Advokataktiebolaget Roslagen Tengeru Institute of Kowit Adireksombat Amazohoun Santiago Fernández Community Development Baker McKenzie Redondo Boel Flodgren SCPA Femiza Associés Lund University Eliud Kitime Manaswee Wongsuryrat Hospital Universitario La Tilleke & Gibbins International Jean Yaovi Degli Princesa Catherine Lions Eustard Athanace Ngatale Ltd. Umeå University PO-RALG Sebastián Cantallops Mir Munin Pongsapan Joseph Kodzo Sipotou Christer Thordson Evold Mushi Thammasat University Rambla Abogados y Asesores, Legal Edge AB Lawfront Advocates S.L. Pisut Rakwong Justine Mawulawoè Fredrik Gustafsson Faraji Taratibu Pisut & Partners Azanledji-Ahadzi Vicente Ortún-Rubio Advokatfirma DLA Piper Mkono & Co. Advocates Sweden KB Premprecha Dibbayawan Ministère de la Justice Du Universidad Pompeu Fabra George Fernandes Puvana Company Limited Togo Gunilla Lindmark East African Law Chambers Xavier Castells Uppsala University Wanchai Yiamsamatha Kafui A. Amekoudi Kheri R. Mbiro LS Horizon Universitat Autònoma de Jack Ågren Breakthrough Attorneys Martial Akakpo & Associés Barcelona Stockholm University Yuthana Promsin Laura Amour Juslaws & Consult Co., Ltd. Kao Tanang Salaka Anonymous Contributors Jessika van der Sluijs Tanzania Revenue Authority Stockholm University Anonymous Contributors Ministère de la Santé et de la Laura George Protection Sociale Sri Lanka Johan Sangborn Go2Experts Togo Swedish Bar Association Kiss Assiom Bokodjin Ajithaa Edirimane Octavian William Temu Afangbedji Kossi Jil-Benoît Karl-Arne Olsson Octavian and Company Barreau du Togo Wesslau Söderqvist Advocates Koffi Houndebasso Anusha Wickramasinghe Advokatbyrå Afi Teko da Silveira Oliva Mkula Mkanzabi Société Togolaise de Karol Nowak Gabriel & Co. Agbéwonou Koudasse l’Evaluation Chrishantha Abeysena Lund University Cabinet d’Avocat Maître Samuel Gibson Karua Galolo Soedjede Koffi Sylvain Mensah Attoh University of Kelaniya Kiflemariam Hamde Karua and Company Umeå University Advocates Akou Pignandi Cabinet Attoh-Mensah Dhanushka Dissanayake CCM Kossi Adjedomole Sudath Perera Associates Société d’Avocats Martial Gamini Balasooriya Akakpo & Associes Martial Akakpo Gamini Perera Martial Akakpo & Associés International Law Chambers Mazabalo Bini N. Sivarajah Croix Rouge Togolaise University of Jaffna Mensah Tele Honorine Nalin Ashubodha Association Femme Amazone Kolonnawa Nursing Home Rose Atanley Adjenou Nathaya Nanayakkara Adjowavi Sudath Perera Associates Theo A. L. Bitho Raja Goonaratne Martial Akakpo & Associés The Open University of Sri Lanka 186
Yaovi M. Fiawonou Hechmi Louzir M. Cem Yeniaras Emmanuel Luyirika Oleksandr Skliarenko Cour Supreme African Palliative Care Skliarenko, Sydorenko and Institut Pasteur de Tunis Yeniaras Attorneys at Law Association Partners Anonymous Contributors Hedia Kedadi Mahmut Kaçan Evelyn Atim Oleksii Makarenko Trinidad & Tobago Buwembo & Co. Advocates Zaporizhzhya National Cabinet d’Avocat Kedadi MK Law Office University Betty-Ann Pilgrim Francis Opedun Ministry of Health Karim Ben Hamida Murat Volkan Dülger Evamor International Limited Olha Prosyanyuk AVER LEX Christopher Sieuchand KBH Law Firm Dülger Law Firm Grace Mukwaya Lule M.G. Daly & Partners Platform for Labour Action Sergiy Gryshko; Yaroslav Knani Houda Mustafa Alp Petrenko Elena Araujo Isaac Newton Kyagaba Redcliffe Partners Araujo Law Zaanouni Law Firm Dokuz Eylül University Kampala Associated Advocates Taras Tsymbrivskyy Gerard Hutchinson Labidi Ahmed Nuray Gokcek Karaca USAID Human Rights in University of the West Indies Laura Nyirinkindi Action Program Anadolu University Pro Initiatives Agency Glenn Hamel-Smith Lassâad Dhaouadi Vitalii Serdiuk M. Hamel-Smith & Co. Ömer Ataç Miria K. Matembe AVER LEX Institut Tunisien des Conseils Jonathan Walker Fiscaux İstanbul Medipol University Munduru Mercy Grace Vyacheslav Viktorovich M. Hamel-Smith & Co. The Uganda Association of Sokolov Mahmoud Daoud Yacoub Orhan Yavuz Mavioglu Women Lawyers Kaveeta Persad Anonymous Contributors Fitzwilliam, Stone, Furness- Ordre National des Avocats ADMD Law Office Anonymous Contributors Smith & Morgan du Tunisie United Arab Emirates Osman Hayran Ukraine Linda A. Greene Mounir Baatour Elena Schildgen Penco Court Law Chambers İstanbul Medipol University Andrey Bogdanovich Meyer-Reumann & Partners Association LGBT Shams Gryniak Matthew G. W. Gayle Savas Bozbel Research Institute of Prviate Michael Kraemer New City Chambers Nadhir Ben Ammou Law & Entrepreneurship of the National Academy of Mirza R. Baig Michelle T. Ramnarine Cabinet Maître Nadhir Ben Şule Özsoy Scicences Dubai Pharmacy College for Ammou Girls Natalie Persadie Galatasaray University Andrey Tarasov University of Trinidad and Nadhir Ben Yedder Tarasov & Partners Law Firm Nazanin Aleyaseen Tobago Teoman Akünal K&L Gates LLP Réseau National de Lutte Andrienko Sergey Oscar Noel Ocho Contre la Corruption Akunallaw Vladimirovich Olaide Esan University of the West Indies A.G. Partners Hadef & Partners LLC Nadia Akacha Ufuk Aydin Rishi P. A. Dass Andrii Misiats Rebecca Ford Victoria Chambers Université de Tunis El Manar Anadolu University Municipal Law Firm and Clyde & Co. LLP Partners Shastri Vedanta Christopher Nizar Sdiri Anonymous Contributors Shakeel A. Mian Parsad Anna Mikhailyuk Prudential Middle East Legal Shastri Parsad & Associates Nizar Sdiri Law Firm Mikhailyuk, Sorokolat & Consultants Uganda Partners Shivangelie Ramoutar Rachida Jelassi Stuart Paterson Adrian Jjuuko Anna Sakalosh Herbert Smith Freehills LLP Sonnel A. David-Longe Université de Tunis El Manar; Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National M.G. Daly & Partners Conseil Supérieur de la Human Rights Awareness and Medical University Tarek Nakkach Magistrature Promotion Forum Hewlett Packard Enterprise Anonymous Contributors Chmut Serhiij Ridha Mezghani Akantorana Kobusingye Zayed Alshamsi Tunisia Ivan Horodyskyy Zayed Al Shamsi Advocates & R. Mezghani Law Office Kampala Associated Ukrainian Catholic University Legal Consultants Amel Gorbej Advocates Troudi Hichem Katerina Vlasyuk Anonymous Contributors Amine Hamdi Alan Shonubi AVG Law Firm Hamdi Law Office United Kingdom Wahid Bounenni Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Konstantin Naduty Anis Klouz VULT Ben Keith Faculté de Médecine de Tunis Alexander Kibandama David Josse QC Wajdi Abdelhedi Larisa Matyukha Anissa Tabai High Court of Uganda Ukrainian Association of Christopher May Family Medicine Lancaster University Aymen Zaghdoudi Yassine Younsi Bernard Mukasa University of Sousse Lyubomyr Drozdovskyy David Josse Younsi & Younsi International ENSafrica Khasin & Drozdovskyy 5 St Andrew’s Hill Bessem Ben Salem Law Firm Barristers Association Ben Salem Law Firm Birungyi Cephas Kagyenda Jill Stavert Zouhaier El Hechimi Oksana Holovko- Edinburgh Napier University Emna Yahyaoui Birungyi Barata & Associates Havrysheva Ordre National des Avocats Faculté de Médecine de Tunis; Ivan Franko National Kiron Reid du Tunisie Université de Tunis El Manar Brigitte Kusiima Sendi University of L’viv University of Liverpool Hamza Wajdi Anonymous Contributors Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Oksana Kneychuk Lord Woolf Eterna Law Supreme Court of the United Harrabi Selma Charles Kallu Kalumiya Kingdom Turkey Kampala Associated Esenyel Barak Bal Advocates Cailliau & Colakel Law Firm Claire Amanya Rukundo Fatih Selim Yurdakul CR. Amanya Advocates & Soilicitors Yurdakul Law Office Daniel Gantungo Filiz Askan Bowmans Askan Law Office Donald Nyakairu Gökçe Çelen ENSafrica Çelen Law Firm Doreen Nawaali Gülüm Özçelik MMAKS Advocates Bilkent University Emilio Ovuga Işık Önay St. Raphael’s Counseling Koç Üniversitesi Centre Kerem Altiparmak Ankara University 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 187
Nigel Duncan Karen A. Lash Beatriz Murguía Tomas Guerrero Félix Ignacio Sánchez Posadas, Posadas & Vecino City, University of London American University Murguía - Aguirre Hernández Anonymous Contributors Peter Caldwell Kepler B. Funk Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados Camilo Martínez Blanco Uzbekistan Doughty Street Chambers Funk, Szachacz & Diamond LLC Universidad de Montevideo Aziz Akhtamov Fernando Javier Baralt Peter McTigue Tashkent Business Advocate Laurel G. Bellows Law Firm Briceño Nottingham Trent University Carlos Cosac The Bellows Law Group, P.C. Jakhongir Z. Djuraev Universidad Rafael Urdaneta Rebecca Niblock Carlos Cosac Legal Affairs Leonard A. Sandler Anonymous Contributors Kingsley Napley Fernando M. Fernández University of Iowa Carlos Pittamiglio Venezuela Richard Ashcroft Universidad Central de M. Reynolds Estudio Jurídico Bartesaghi Alberto Blanco-Uribe Venezuela Queen Mary University of Quintero London Attorneys Judicial Military Universidad Central de Mediators Consulting Team Escandor El Ters Venezuela Fredy Ernesto Martinez Diaz Richard Miskella Marc Falkoff Alberto Jurado Salazar Martinez Diaz & Asociados Lewis Silkin LLP Federico Samudio ALC Penal Firma de Abogados Northern Illinois University Richard W. Whitecross Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Alejandro Gallotti Michele Forzley Universidad Católica Andrés Gilberto A. Guerrero-Rocca Edinburgh Napier University Bello; Leĝa Abogados Forzley & Associates Gonzalo Gari Irureta Goyena Florida International Thomas Garner Alessandra Corona University Paul Bender Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Araquereyna Gherson Arizona State University Alexander Marcano Gilles R. Valensi S. Tonia Novitz Isabel Abarno Montero Peter Edelman Lawyers Group RDHOO Abogados University of Bristol Olivera Abogados Georgetown University Alfredo Romero Tony Ward Foro Penal Gonzalo Himiob Santomé Renaldy J. Gutierrez Joaquin Reyes Puig Northumbria University Alvaro Badell Madrid Foro Penal Gutierrez & Associates Estudio Reyes Rius Badell & Grau Anonymous Contributors Renée M. Landers Ana María Fonseca Colina Ignacio Andrade Cifuentes Juan Diego Menghi Pimentel Rauseo & Asociados United States Suffolk University Araquereyna Estudio Perez del Castillo & Andres Carrasquero Amy Widman Ricks Frazier Asociados ESCG Abogados Jacqueline Richter National Center for Access to Commonwealth of Andres L. Halvorssen Justice Massachusetts Juan Federico Fischer RDHOO Abogados Universidad Central de Venezuela Andrea Boyack Robert J. Collins Fischer & Schickendantz Carlos Alberto Henríquez Salazar Washburn University University of Pennsylvania Leĝa Abogados Jaime Martínez Estévez Julio Iribarne Pla Ariana R. Levinson Sara Elizabeth Dill Carlos Ricardo Pimentel Rodner, Martínez & Asociados Ferrere Abogados Rauseo University of Louisville Anethum Global Pimentel Rauseo & Asociados Javier Alfredo Villamizar Artie Renee Pobjecky Stephen A. Saltzburg Julio Lens Carlos Simón Bello Rengifo Universidad Central de Gordon Pobjecky & Pobjecky LLP The George Washington LENS Venezuela University Badell & Grau C. Lash Harrison Claudia Madrid Martínez Stephen C. Veltri Julio Soffer Universidad Central de Ford & Harrison LLP Venezuela Jesús Emiro González Ohio Northern University Julio Soffer Laws Christopher David Ruiz Daniela Guerra Cafoncelli Bethencourt Cameron Steven A. Ramirez Codhez Magela Ramón Verdad Venezuela Southwestern Law School Loyola University Denkys A. Fritz Payares Hughes & Hughes Fritz & Vence, S.C. David K. Y. Tang Timothy E. Dolan Jesús J. Ortega Weffe Diego Díaz Martín K&L Gates LLP Policy Foresight Manuel Reyes Puig VITALIS, A.C. Vallenilla, Escalante & Asociados Eleanor D. Kinney Timothy Mackey Estudio Reyes Rius Eduardo José Sánchez Rivero Indiana University University of California San Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados John Tucker Diego Maria Duran Elise Groulx Diggs Edwin Romero Leĝa Abogados Walsh; Reynolds; Crouse; Hughes & Hughes American Bar Center for Anderson; Schneider; Eugenio Hernández-Bretón Human Rights; Doughty Street Green; Swartz; Thomas; Universidad Central de Jorge París Mogna Chambers Johnson Maria Lucia Acosta Venezuela Odreman & Asociados H. David Kelly, Jr. Attorneys Judicial Military Ferrere Abogados Mediators Consulting Team Beins, Axelrod, P.C. José Ignacio Hernández G. Anonymous Contributors Mariana Fernandez Fasciolo James H. Pietsch Universidad Central de Posadas, Posadas & Vecino; Venezuela; Universidad University of Hawaii Uruguay Universidad de la Republica Católica Andrés Bello John Hummel Alejandro Rey Jiménez de Aréchaga Martín Fridman Juan Alberto Berríos Deschutes County Oregon District Attorney Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Ferrere Abogados Ortigoza John Pollock Alfredo Taullard Universidad del Zulia Martin Risso Ferrand Public Justice Center Hughes & Hughes Universidad Católica del Juan Carlos Garantón- John R. LaBar Andrés Fuentes Uruguay Blanco Henry, McCord, Bean, Miller, Arcia Storace Fuentes Medina Gabriel & LaBar, P.L.L.C. Abogados Natalia Veloso Giribaldi Universidad Católica Andrés Bello Jonathan Hiatt Estudio Delpiazzo Abogados Solidarity Center Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo Nicolas Pallas University for Peace, United Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Nations Nicolas Pereyra Juan José Niño Silverio Leiva & Pereyra Abogados Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados Ricardo Mezzera Juan Manuel Raffalli Mezzera Abogados RDHOO Abogados Richard R. Iturria Leonel Alfonso Ferrer Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & Universidad Central de Rachetti Venezuela Santiago Pereira Campos Rueda Abadi Pereira; Universidad de Montevideo 188
Lolymar Hernández Anonymous Contributors Mulopa Ndalameta Philip Nyakutombwa Musa Dudhia & Co. Nyakutombwa Legal Counsel Camargo Vietnam Nsama Sue Kwendeni- Ruvimbo Ruwona Universidad Católica Andrés An Hai Le Mayowe Nyahuma’s Law Golden Stairs Bello Ministry of Health Chambers David Lam Pamela Sibanda Mumbi Simplicio Mathew Bhebhe Luis Ortiz Alvarez Derek Phan Van Cong Danh Charles Siamutwa Legal Kantor & Immerman Legal Le & Tran Practitioners Practitioners InterJuris Ha Duong Tiziana Marietta Tafara Goro VILAF Sharpe & Howard Legal Mbidzo, Muchadehama & Manuel A. Gomez V. Practitioners Makoni Legal Practitioners Ha Phan Florida International Center for Promotion of Anonymous Contributors Tamuka Moyo University Advancement of Society Tamuka Moyo Attorneys Zimbabwe Hannah Huynh Thi My Hanh Taurai Blessed Kativu Marco Trivella Le & Tran Andrew Makoni Kantor & Immerman Legal Mbidzo Muchadehama & Practitioners Escritorio Jurídico Navarro Hoàng Quốc Nhật Trung Makoni Legal Practitioners Catan & Asociados Phuoc & Partners LLP Tawanda Tandi Archlove Takunda Kantor & Immerman Legal Huynh Thi Ngoc Hoa Tanyanyiwa Practitioners Maria Teresa Belandria KAV Lawyers Organizing for Zimbabwe Tendai Faith Mataba Universidad Central de Kent Wong Ashton Anderson Makore Wintertons Legal Practitioners Venezuela VCI Legal Brighton Mahuni Terence Hussein Kieu Anh Vu Scanlen & Holderness Hussein Ranchhod & Co. Mario Brando KAV Lawyers Caroline Tandi Kudzai Valantine Mutatu Participación Activa Le The Hung Midlands State University CNC Casper Pound Family Aids Support Wellington Chimwaradze Mark A. Melilli Silva Manfred Otto Oragnisation Unilever Duane Morris Vietnam LLC Leĝa Abogados Clever Bere Wilfred Njabulo Nunu Ngo Huu Nhi Zimbabwe Trust National University of Science Thien An Law Office and Technology Mauricio Ramirez Gordon Dzinomwa Tariro Nguyen Huu Phuoc National University of Science Anonymous Contributors Fundación Verdad Venezuela Phuoc & Partners LLP and Technology Nguyen Nam Hung Edwin Isaac Manikai Nathalie González Perez YKVN LLC Dube, Manikai and Hwacha Escritorio Juridico Rodriguez & Nguyen Nhan Tuan Emilia Mandaza Mendoza Muhonde Attorneys Nguyen Thanh Cong Dong Phuong Luat- East Law Godfrey Sibanda Nelson Chitty La Roche Firm Mbidzo Muchadehama & Makoni Legal Practitioners Universidad Central de Pham Tri Dung Venezuela Hanoi University of Public Godman Chingoma Health Dube, Manikai and Hwacha Rafael E. Molina G. Pham Van Phat Iris Shiripinda An Phat Pham Law Firm Africa University Zimbabwe Molina & Asociados Phung Anh Tuan John T. Burombo VCI Legal International Bridges to Rafael Olivar Justice Stephen Le Hoang Chuong Escritorio Jurídico Aguilarte y Le & Tran Lindsay Hugh Cook Asociados Atherstone & Cook Tran Thanh Tung Phuoc & Partners LLP Maxwell Constantine Raul Jose Reyes Revilla Chando Musingafi Anonymous Contributors Zimbabwe Open University Torres, Plaz y Araujo Zambia Memory Kudzayi Melody Mafo Raul Sanchez Urribarri Anne Namakando Phiri Scanlen & Holderness University of Zambia La Trobe University Mordecai Pilate Mahlangu Bellington Vwalika Gill Godlonton & Gerrans University of Zambia Reinaldo Jesús Guilarte Obey Shava Fares Florence Phiri Mbidzo Muchadehama & Lamuño Nodi Trust School Makoni Legal Practitioners Instituto Venezolano de Melvin L. Mbao Philemon Mutukwa Derecho Social North West University Musengi and Sigauke Ricardo J. Cruz Rincón Escritorio Chumaceiro González Rubio Roberto Hung Cavalieri Centro de Investigación y Promoción de Cultura Jurídica Rubén Guía Chirino Cultura Jurídica Organizacion Simón Jurado-Blanco Jurado-Blanco & Aguirre Abogados Tulio Alvarez Universidad Central de Venezuela Vicente González De La Vega Universidad Central de Venezuela; Universidad Metropolitana Wilmer David González Colina Comisión para los Derechos Humanos del Estado Zulia 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 189
Acknowledgements The World Justice Project’s Honorary Chairs, Directors, Officers, Staff, Financial Supporters, and Sponsoring Organizations are listed in the last section of this report. Polling companies, research organizations, and contributing experts are listed in the Methodology section of this report. Academic Advisors Heller, Open Government Partnership; Uruena, Universidad de los Andes; Stefan Mark David Agrast, American Society Vanessa Herringshaw, Transparency and Voigt, University of Hamburg; Barry of International Law; Jose M. Alonso, Accountability Initiative; Susan Hirsch, Weingast, Stanford University; Michael World Wide Web Foundation; Rolf Alter, George Mason University; Ronald Janse, Woolcock, The World Bank. OECD; Eduardo Barajas, Universidad del University of Amsterdam Law School; Rosario; Maurits Barendrecht, Tilburg Erik G. Jensen, Stanford University; Roland Abeng; Lukman Abdul-Rahim; University; Tonu Basu, Open Government Haroon Khadim, PAE; Rachel Kleinfeld, Kate Adams; Mame Adjei; Priya Partnership; Lowell Bergman, University Carnegie Endowment; Jack Knight, Duke Agarwal-Harding; Mariam Ahmed; Lina of California, Berkeley; Tim Besley, University; Harold H. Koh, Yale University; Alameddine; Sarah Alexander; Jessica London School of Economics; Christina Margaret Levi, Stanford University; Iris Álvarez; Erica Jaye Ames; Rose Karikari Biebesheimer, The World Bank; Juan Litt, Stanford University; Clare Lockhart, Anang; Evelyn Ankumah; Jassim Alshamsi; Carlos Botero, Pontificia Universidad The Institute for State Effectiveness; Jessica Álvarez; Lindsay Aramayo-Lipa; Javeriana; Paul Brest, Stanford University; Zsuzsanna Lonti, OECD; Diego Lopez, Amanda Arcaya; Ekaterina Baksanova; Jose Caballero, IMD Business School; Universidad de los Andes; William T. Loris, Hamud M. Balfas; Laila El Baradei; Sophie David Caron, Kings College, London; Loyola University; Lauren E. Loveland, Barral; April Baskin; Ivan Batishchev; Thomas Carothers, Carnegie Endowment; National Democratic Institute (NDI); Paul Rachael Beitler; Laurel Bellows; Ayzada Marcela Castro, Universidad de los Andes; Maassen, Open Government Partnership; Bengel; Dounia Bennani; Clever Bere; Peter Chapman, Open Society Justice Beatriz Magaloni, Stanford University; Loveridge Bere; Rindala Beydoun; Karan Initiative (OSJI); Eduardo Cifuentes, Jenny S. Martinez, Stanford University; K. Bhatia; Rebecca Billings; Eric C. Black; Universidad de los Andes; Sherman Toby McIntosh, FreedomInfo.org; Toby Cherie Blair; Rob Boone; Juan Manuel Cohn, Georgetown University; Christine Mendel, Centre for Law and Democracy; Botero; Oussama Bouchebti; Raúl M. Cole, Crime & Justice Institute; Nicholas Menzies, The World Bank; Izurieta Mora Bowen; Ariel Braunstein; Mariano-Florentino Cuellar, Stanford Ghada Moussa, Cairo University; Sam Kathleen A. Bresnahan; Michael Brown; University; Helen Darbishire, Access Info Muller, HiiL; Robert L. Nelson, American Susanna Brown; William R. Brownfield; Europe; Nicolas Dassen, Inter-American Bar Foundation and Northwestern David Bruscino; Josiah Byers; Carolina Development Bank; Larry Diamond, University; Alfonsina Peñaloza, Hewlett Cabrera; Abigail Cameron; Ted Carrol; Stanford University; Claudia J. Dumas, Foundation; Harris Pastides, University of Javier Castro De León; John Catalfamo; Transparency International USA; Sandra South Carolina; Randal Peerenboom, La Fahima Charaffeddine; David Cheyette; Elena, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Trobe University and Oxford University; Nabiha Chowdhury; Sophie Clark; Jose Humanos; Brad Epperly, University Angela Pinzon, Universidad del Rosario; Cochingyan, III; Kate Coffey; Sonkita of South Carolina; Julio Faundez, Pascoe Pleasence, University College Conteh; Barbara Cooperman; Hans Warwick University; Hazel Feigenblatt, London; Shannon Portillo, George Mason Corell; Adriana Cosgriff; Annette Coto; Global Integrity; Todd Foglesong, University; Michael H. Posner, New York Ana Victoria Cruz; Alexander E. Davis; Munk School of Global Affairs at the University; Roy L. Prosterman, University Beth Davis; Néstor de Buen; Bryce de University of Toronto; Tom Ginsburg, of Washington; Anita Ramasastry, Flamand; James P. DeHart; Brackett University of Chicago; Joseph Foti, University of Washington; Mor Rubinstein, B. Denniston, III; Russell C. Deyo; Open Government Partnership; James Open Knowledge Foundation; Angela Surya Dhungel; Adama Dieng; Andrew Goldston, Open Society Justice Initiative Ruiz, Universidad del Rosario; Audrey Domingoes; Alyssa Dougherty; Megan (OSJI); Jorge Gonzalez, Universidad Sacks, The World Bank; Lutforahman Duffy; Sandra Elena; Roger El Khoury; Javeriana; Alejandro Gonzalez-Arriola, Saeed, Kabul University; Michaela Sanal Enkhbaatar; Adele Ewan; Juan Farré; Open Government Partnership; Jon Saisana, EU-JRC; Andrea Saltelli, EU-JRC; Fatima Fettar; Steve Fisher; Eric Florenz; Gould, American University; Martin Moises Sanchez, Alianza Regional por la Abderrahim Foukara; Kristina Fridman; Gramatikov, HiiL; Brendan Halloran, Libertad de Expresión; Andrei Shleifer, Radha Friedman; Morly Frishman; Viorel Transparency and Accountability Harvard University; Jorge Luis Silva, The Furdui; Minoru Furuyama; Daniel Gamboa Initiative; Linn Hammergren; Tim World Bank; Gordon Smith, University Rinckoar; Amir Galván; William H. Gates, Hanstad, Landesa; Wassim Harb, of South Carolina; Christopher Stone, Sr.; Anna Gardner; Dorothy Garcia; Sophie Arab Center for the Development of Open Society Foundations; John Temple, Gebreselassie; Dwight Gee; Sujith George; Rule of Law and Integrity; Nathaniel University of California, Berkeley; Rene Adam Gerstenmier; Jacqueline Gichinga; 190
Suzanne E. Gilbert; Brian Gitau; Travis Javier Ramirez; Eduardo Ramos-Gómez; Glynn; Arturo Gomez; Felipe Gómez; Daniela Rampani; Alex Randall; Richard Nengak Daniel Gondyi; Molly Gough; Randerson; Kelly Ranttila; Claudia Rast; Lindsey Graham; Deweh Gray; Michael Yahya Rayegani; Nick Rehmus; Adrian F. S. Greco; Elise Groulx; Paula F. Guevara; Revilla; Salvador Reyes; Lopes Ribeiro; Heena Gupta; Arkady Gutnikov; Karen Kelly Roberts; Nigel H. Roberts; Amir Hall; Margaret Halpin; Kunio Hamada; Ron; Maria Rosales; Liz Ross; Steve Ross; Mohammad Hamze; Leila Hanafi; Sana Faith Rotich; Patricia Ruiz de Vergara; Hawamdeh; Kate Helms; Alvaro Herrero; Irma Russell; Rosemarie Sandino; Marc Sheila Hollis; Michael Holston; R. William Sepama; Adam Severance; Bruce Sewell; Ide, III; Murtaza Jaffer; Chelsea Jaeztold; Uli Parmlian Sihombing; Hajrija Sijerčić- Hassan Bubacar Jallow; Samuel Jefferson; Čolić; William Sinnott; Lumba Siyanga; Clara Jiang; Sunil Kumar Joshi; Marie- Brad Smith; Julie Smith; Joshua Steele; Therese Julita; Megan Kabre; Jessica Lourdes Stein; Thomas M. Susman; Kane; Rashvin Kaur; Anne Kelley; Howard Elizabeth Thomas-Hope; Jinni Tran; Kenison; Junaid Khalid; Elsa Khwaja; Nathan Treacy; Laurence Tribe; Martha Se Hwan Kim; Stuti Kokkalera; Laurie Uc; Christina Vachon; Patricia van Nispen; Kontopidis; Simeon Koroma; Steven H. Robert Varenik; Jessica Villegas; Maria Kraft; Larry D. Kramer; Jack Krumholtz; Vinot; Quinn Walker; Katie Welgan; Lianne Labossiere; Jeremy Levine- Raymond Webster; Robin Weiss; Drizin; Samantha Liberman; Joanna Lim; Dorothee Wildt; Jennifer Wilmore; Jason Deborah Lindholm; Hongxia Liu; Annie Wilks; Malin Winbom; Russom Woldezghi; Livingston; Jeanne L. Long; Carlos López; Nazgul Yergalieva; Xueling You; Hunter Clarissa Lopez-Diarte; Stephen Lurie; Zachwieja; Stephen Zack; Keyvan Zamani; Biola Macaulay; Ahna B. Machan; Maha Jorge Zapp-Glauser; Roula Zayat; Fanny Mahmoud; Biawakant Mainali; Andrew Zhao. Makoni; Dijana Malbaša; Ermek Mamaev; Frank Mantero; Madison Marks; Roger Altus Global Alliance; APCO Worldwide; Martella; Vivek Maru; John Mason; Elisa Fleishman-Hillard; The Center for Massimino; Hiroshi Matsuo; Michael Advanced Study in the Behavioral Maya; Melanie Mazza; Loralys McDaniel; Sciences, Stanford University; The Center Bethany McGann; Matthew Mead; on Democracy, Development, and the Sindi Medar-Gould; Ludmila Mendonça; Rule of Law, Stanford University; The Nathan Menon; Ellen Mignoni; Aisha German Bar Association in Brussels; Minhas; María Cristina Montaño; Jorge Governance Data Alliance; Google Inc.; Antonio Morales Alfaro; Claros Morean; The Hague Institute for Innovation Liliana Moreno; Junichi Morioka; Carrie of Law (HiiL); Investigative Reporting Moore; Katrina Moore; Marion Muller; Program, UC Berkeley Graduate School Xavier Muller; Jenny Murphy; Rose of Journalism; The Legal Department Murray; Norhayati Mustapha; Carolyne of Hewlett-Packard Limited; The Legal Musyoka; Reinford Mwangonde; Doreen Department of Microsoft Corporation; Ndishabandi; Ilija Nedelkoski; Tia Nelson; The Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center Niku Neshati; Javier Nicolás; Daniel for International and Area Studies, Yale Nitu; Elida Nogoibaeva; Victoria Norelid; University; Rule of Law Collaborative, Justin Nyekan; Sean O’Brien; Peggy University of South Carolina; The Ochanderena; Afua Ofosu-Barko; Bolaji University of Chicago Law School; Vera Olaniran; Joy Olson; Mohamed Olwan; Institute of Justice. Fernando Omedé; Gustavo Alanis Ortega; Bolaji Owasanoye; Pablo Parás; Dhruti Patel; Kedar Patel; Angeles Melano Paz; Karina Pena; Valentina Pérez Botero; Ronen Plechnin; Kamal Pokhrel; John Pollock; Mercy Alejandra Portillo; Cynthia Powell; Humberto Prado Sifontes; Christine Pratt; Nathalie Rakotomalia; 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 191
About the World Justice Project seed grants to support practical, on-the-ground programs addressing discrimination, corruption, violence, and more. The World Justice Project (WJP) is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to advance the rule of Honorary Chairs law around the world. Effective rule of law reduces corruption, The World Justice Project has the support of outstanding combats poverty and disease, and protects people from leaders representing a range of disciplines around the world. injustices large and small. It is the foundation for communities The Honorary Chairs of the World Justice Project are: of justice, opportunity, and peace—underpinning development, accountable government, and respect for fundamental rights. Madeleine Albright; Giuliano Amato; Robert Badinter; James A. Baker III; Cherie Blair; Stephen G. Breyer; Sharan Burrow; David Founded by William H. Neukom in 2006 as a presidential Byrne; Jimmy Carter; Maria Livanos Cattaui; Arthur Chaskalson;* initiative of the American Bar Association (ABA), and with the Emil Constantinescu; Hans Corell; Hilario G. Davide, Jr.; initial support of 21 other strategic partners, the World Justice Hernando de Soto; Adama Dieng; William H. Gates, Sr.; Ruth Project transitioned into an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit Bader Ginsburg; Richard J. Goldstone; Kunio Hamada; Lee H. organization in 2009. Its offices are located in Washington, DC Hamilton; Mohamed Ibrahim; Tassaduq Hussain Jillani; Anthony and Seattle, WA, USA; Mexico City, Mexico; and Singapore. M. Kennedy; Beverley McLachlin; George J. Mitchell; John Edwin Mroz;* Sandra Day O’Connor; Ana Palacio; Colin L. Powell; Roy Our Approach L. Prosterman; Richard W. Riley; Mary Robinson; Richard Trumka; Traditionally, the rule of law has been viewed as the domain Desmond Tutu; Antonio Vitorino; Paul A. Volcker; Harold Woolf; of lawyers and judges. But everyday issues of safety, rights, Andrew Young; and Zhelyu Zhelev.* justice, and governance affect us all; everyone is a stakeholder in the rule of law. Based on this, the WJP’s mutually-reinforcing Board of Directors lines of business employ a multi-disciplinary approach through Shaikha Abdulla Al-Misnad; Kamel Ayadi; William C. Hubbard; original research and data, an active and global network, and Hassan Bubacar Jallow; Suet-Fern Lee; Mondli Makhanya; John practical, locally-led programs to advance the rule of law Nery; William H. Neukom; Ellen Gracie Northfleet; James R. worldwide. Silkenat; and Petar Stoyanov. Research & Scholarship Directors Emeritus The WJP’s Research & Scholarship work supports research about President Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai the meaning and measurement of the rule of law, and how it matters for economic, socio-political, and human development. Officers & Staff The Rule of Law Research Consortium (RLRC) is a community William C. Hubbard, Chairman of the Board; William H. Neukom, of leading scholars from a variety of fields harnessing diverse Founder and CEO; Mark D. Agrast, Vice President; Deborah Enix- methods and approaches to produce research on the rule of law Ross, Vice President; James R. Silkenat, Director and Treasurer; and its effects on society. Gerold W. Libby, General Counsel and Secretary. WJP Rule of Law Index Staff: Elizabeth Andersen, Executive Director; Alejandro Ponce, The WJP Rule of Law Index® provides original, impartial data Chief Research Officer; Richard Schorr, Chief Financial and on how the rule of law is experienced and perceived by the Administrative Officer; Nancy Ward; Chief Engagement Officer; general public in 126 countries around the globe. It is the most Laura Aquino; Lilian Chapa Koloffon; Killian Dorier; Alicia comprehensive index of its kind. To date, more than 400,000 Evangelides; Vianney Fernández; Emily Gray; Amy Gryskiewicz; households and experts have been interviewed worldwide. Camilo Gutiérrez Patiño; Matthew Harman; Roberto Hernández; Index findings have been referenced by heads of state, chief Alexa Hopkins; Ayyub Ibrahim; Priya Kholsa; Sarah Chamness justices, business leaders, public officials, and the press, Long; Rafael Lozano; Debby Manley; Rachel Martin; Joel including media outlets in over 126 countries worldwide. Martinez; Jorge Morales; Layda Negrete; Nikki Ngbichi-Moore; Fernando Omedé; Samira Popal; Adriana Rios; Marien Rivera; Engagement Mario Rodriguez; Rebecca Silvas; Leslie Solís Saravia; Adriana Engagement efforts include connecting and developing a Stephan; Gerard Vinluan; and Emily Youatt. global network, organizing strategic convenings, and fostering practical, on-the-ground programs. At our World Justice Forum, regional conferences, and single-country engagements, citizens and leaders come together to learn about the rule of law, build their networks, and design pragmatic solutions to local rule of law challenges. In addition, the World Justice Challenge provides *Deceased 192
World Justice Project Funders The World Justice Project thanks the following major current funders for their generous support: ABA–SEER ABA–Criminal Justice Anonymous (3) BGC3 Toby Bright Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Charles Stewart Mott Foundation City of The Hague Cooley LLP Davis Wright Tremaine LLP Fenwick & West LLP K&L Gates LLP Kent Walker and Diana Walsh Microsoft Corporation Mo Ibrahim Foundation Perkins Coie LLP Singapore Ministry of Law United States Agency for International Development United States Department of State William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation William H. Neukom A list of previous funders can be found at: worldjusticeproject.org. 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 193
Rule of Law “Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise “I could adjudicate lawsuits as well as king, established… That the strong might anyone. But I would prefer to make lawsuits not injure the weak, in order to protect the unnecessary.” widows and orphans..., in order to declare –Analects of Confucius justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and heal all injuries.” “It is more proper that law should govern than –Codex Hammurabi any one of the citizens.” –Aristotle, Politics (350 BCE) “Treat the people equally in your court and give them equal attention, so that the noble “If someone disobeys the law, even if he is shall not aspire to your partiality, nor the (otherwise) worthy, he must be punished. humble despair of your justice.” If someone meets the standard, even if he is –Judicial Guidelines from ‘Umar Bin (otherwise) unworthy, he must be found Al-Khattab, The Second Khalifa of Islam’ innocent. Thus the Way of the public good will be opened up, and that of private “All human beings are born free and equal in interest will be blocked.” dignity and rights… Everyone is entitled to –The Huainanzi 139 BCE (Han Dynasty, all the rights and freedoms set forth in this China) Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, “The Law of Nations, however, is common to political or other opinion, national or social the entire human race, for all nations have origin, property, birth or other status.” established for themselves certain regulations –Universal Declaration of Human Rights exacted by custom and human necessity.” –Corpus Juris Civilis “We are all servants of the laws in order that we may be free.” “Where-ever law ends, tyranny begins.” –Cicero (106 BCE - 43 BCE) –John Locke, Two Treatises of Govern- ment (1689) “No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned “Good civil laws are the greatest good that or disseised of his free tenement or of his men can give and receive. They are the liberties or free customs, or outlawed or source of morals, the palladium of property, exiled or in any way ruined, nor will we go and the guarantee of all public and private against such a man or send against him save peace. If they are not the foundation of gov- by lawful judgement of his peers or by the ernment, they are its supports; they moder- law of the land. To no-one will we sell or deny ate power and help ensure respect for it, as or delay right or justice.” though power were justice itself.” –Magna Carta –Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis, Discours Préliminaire du Premier Projet de Code Civil
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