rule_of_law_index_2019

Ukraine Region: Eastern Europe & Central Asia Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.5 7/13 9/30 77/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers 0.00 4 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 0.46 5/13 16/30 90/126 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.33 11/13 22/30 108/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.55 3/13 4/30 46/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.61 3/13 3/30 50/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.73 11/13 7/30 60/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.42 11/13 20/30 103/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.54 4/13 3/30 61/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.37 10/13 16/30 87/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Ukraine Eastern Europe & Central Asia Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.56 4.1 0.69 7.1 0.58 0.67 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.38 0.38 1.2 0.32 4.2 0.63 7.2 0.64 0.48 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.65 1.3 0.44 4.3 0.45 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.28 4.4 0.60 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.60 4.5 0.75 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.55 4.6 0.44 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.64 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.68 2.2 0.35 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.46 8.1 0.28 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.42 5.1 0.75 8.2 0.42 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.10 5.2 0.88 8.3 0.40 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.57 8.4 0.48 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.59 8.5 0.31 0.28 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.45 3.3 0.49 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.42 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.57 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.42 Due process of law 0.54 6.3 0.54 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.37 Respect for due process 6.5 0.37 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 149 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

United Arab Emirates Region: Middle East & North Africa Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.64 1/8 30/38 32/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 0.00 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2..3 7.7 Constraints on 0.55 2/8 36/38 59/126 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.79 1/8 17/38 17/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.36 6/8 38/38 112/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.46 5/8 38/38 98/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.91 1/8 7/38 7/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.72 1/8 20/38 20/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.66 1/8 25/38 26/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.67 1/8 19/38 19/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score United Arab Emirates Middle East & North Africa High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.51 4.1 0.65 7.1 0.56 0.61 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.80 0.60 1.2 0.55 4.2 0.50 7.2 0.66 0.74 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.66 1.3 0.64 4.3 0.72 7.3 0.71 0.70 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.77 0.57 1.4 0.72 4.4 0.33 7.4 0.80 0.45 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.72 1.5 0.33 4.5 0.44 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.55 4.6 0.32 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.25 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.46 2.2 0.78 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.87 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.84 5.1 0.92 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.69 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.82 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.36 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.39 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.69 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.31 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.89 Due process of law 150 0.36 6.3 0.70 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.69 Respect for due process 6.5 0.65 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

United Kingdom Region: EU & EFTA & North America Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.8 10/24 12/38 12/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers -0.01 -1 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2.2 0.84 10/24 11/38 11/126 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.83 8/24 11/38 11/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.80 8/24 10/38 10/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.82 11/24 11/38 11/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.85 14/24 20/38 21/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.82 8/24 11/38 11/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.73 10/24 18/38 18/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.75 8/24 9/38 9/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score United Kingdom EU & EFTA & North America High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.85 4.1 0.72 7.1 0.53 0.64 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.91 0.84 1.2 0.83 4.2 0.94 7.2 0.67 0.72 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.78 1.3 0.83 4.3 0.81 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.78 4.4 0.85 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.85 4.5 0.87 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.88 4.6 0.79 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.89 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.69 2.2 0.85 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.96 8.1 0.68 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.86 5.1 0.91 8.2 0.74 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.64 5.2 0.92 8.3 0.60 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.72 8.4 0.66 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.90 8.5 0.87 0.88 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.81 3.3 0.67 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.77 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.84 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.94 Due process of law 0.78 6.3 0.81 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.81 Respect for due process 6.5 0.77 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 151 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

United States Region: EU & EFTA & North America Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.71 14/24 20/38 20/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 -0.02 -1 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..3 0.73 15/24 18/38 19/126 Constraints on 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.74 13/24 20/38 20/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.77 11/24 13/38 13/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.72 18/24 26/38 27/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.76 21/24 29/38 49/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.73 13/24 19/38 19/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.64 17/24 27/38 30/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.63 16/24 23/38 23/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score United States EU & EFTA & North America High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.80 4.1 0.51 7.1 0.46 0.42 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.82 0.71 1.2 0.74 4.2 0.84 7.2 0.62 0.68 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.77 1.3 0.70 4.3 0.63 7.3 0.67 0.68 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.49 0.36 1.4 0.64 4.4 0.79 7.4 0.79 0.79 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.63 1.5 0.79 4.5 0.73 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.72 4.6 0.83 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.85 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.56 2.2 0.73 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.89 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.84 5.1 0.83 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.50 5.2 0.77 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.69 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.77 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.72 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.70 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.80 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.88 Due process of law 152 0.81 6.3 0.56 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.76 Respect for due process 6.5 0.72 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Uruguay Region: Latin America & Caribbean Income Group: High The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.71 1/30 23/38 23/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers 0.00 -1 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2.2 0.75 2/30 15/38 16/126 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.74 1/30 19/38 19/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.71 2/30 18/38 18/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.76 2/30 18/38 19/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.70 11/30 34/38 73/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.69 1/30 22/38 22/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.75 2/30 17/38 17/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.54 10/30 32/38 42/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Uruguay Latin America & Caribbean High Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.80 4.1 0.68 7.1 0.85 0.84 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.81 0.74 1.2 0.72 4.2 0.83 7.2 0.58 0.65 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.75 1.3 0.66 4.3 0.62 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.66 4.4 0.76 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.76 4.5 0.83 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.89 4.6 0.76 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.83 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.81 2.2 0.68 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.92 8.1 0.39 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.82 5.1 0.69 8.2 0.46 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.55 5.2 1.00 8.3 0.29 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.42 8.4 0.52 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.70 8.5 0.77 0.71 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.62 3.3 0.64 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.64 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.76 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.83 Due process of law 0.75 6.3 0.58 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.58 Respect for due process 6.5 0.80 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 153 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Uzbekistan Region: Eastern Europe & Central Asia Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.46 12/13 17/30 94/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 0.00 2 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2..3 7.7 Constraints on 0.33 12/13 26/30 118/126 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.38 9/13 15/30 95/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.31 13/13 27/30 119/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.39 12/13 21/30 109/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.91 1/13 1/30 9/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.44 9/13 17/30 96/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.51 8/13 8/30 72/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.44 6/13 6/30 67/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Uzbekistan Eastern Europe & Central Asia Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.17 4.1 0.58 7.1 0.46 0.65 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.32 0.30 1.2 0.21 4.2 0.48 7.2 0.73 0.42 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.66 1.3 0.31 4.3 0.35 7.3 0.51 0.70 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.57 0.34 1.4 0.44 4.4 0.32 7.4 0.38 0.24 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.35 1.5 0.32 4.5 0.57 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.51 4.6 0.20 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.18 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.48 2.2 0.33 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.40 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.39 5.1 0.88 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.41 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.83 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.28 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.25 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.62 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.27 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.43 Due process of law 154 0.46 6.3 0.59 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.26 Respect for due process 6.5 0.28 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Venezuela Region: Latin America & Caribbean Income Group: Upper Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.28 30/30 38/38 126/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers -0.01 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 0.18 30/30 38/38 126/126 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.32 28/30 37/38 111/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.29 30/30 38/38 122/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.33 30/30 35/38 120/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.48 30/30 38/38 123/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.20 30/30 38/38 126/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.28 30/30 38/38 125/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.14 30/30 38/38 126/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Venezuela Latin America & Caribbean Upper Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.32 4.1 0.58 7.1 0.44 0.51 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.18 0.05 1.2 0.13 4.2 0.14 7.2 0.09 0.21 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.45 1.3 0.10 4.3 0.19 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.12 4.4 0.25 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.25 4.5 0.61 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.19 4.6 0.05 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.30 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.54 2.2 0.31 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.18 8.1 0.13 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.37 5.1 0.24 8.2 0.13 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.41 5.2 1.00 8.3 0.04 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.19 8.4 0.14 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.20 8.5 0.28 0.03 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.19 3.3 0.26 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.35 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.26 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.40 Due process of law 0.44 6.3 0.10 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.01 Respect for due process 6.5 0.14 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 155 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Vietnam Region: East Asia & Pacific Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.49 11/15 10/30 81/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 -0.01 -2 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..3 0.45 12/15 17/30 92/126 Constraints on 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.40 13/15 11/30 88/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.46 11/15 14/30 81/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.46 11/15 14/30 97/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.77 8/15 4/30 40/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.45 14/15 16/30 93/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.45 11/15 16/30 94/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.46 10/15 4/30 60/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Vietnam East Asia & Pacific Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.38 4.1 0.62 7.1 0.50 0.57 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.34 0.32 1.2 0.37 4.2 0.46 7.2 0.50 0.41 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.53 1.3 0.53 4.3 0.44 7.3 0.47 0.53 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.45 0.49 1.4 0.60 4.4 0.40 7.4 0.51 0.33 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.44 1.5 0.40 4.5 0.33 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.44 4.6 0.44 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.37 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.63 2.2 0.48 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.36 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.44 5.1 0.92 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.34 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.41 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.52 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.34 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.56 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.42 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.39 Due process of law 156 0.54 6.3 0.50 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.41 Respect for due process 6.5 0.38 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Zambia Region: Sub-Saharan Africa Income Group: Lower Middle The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.47 12/30 1257/30 92/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 8.5 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Justice Powers -0.01 -4 0.5 8.4 1.2 11..33 11.4.4 8.3 1.5 1..66 8.2 Absence of 2..11 Corruption Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 7.7 2..33 Constraints on 0.48 16/30 13/30 80/126 7.6 22..44 Government Powers 7.5 33..11 Absence of Corruption 0.40 15/30 12/30 89/126 7.4 0 3..22 Open Government Civil Open Government 0.38 20/30 21/30 105/126 Justice 7.3 3..33 7.2 33..44 Fundamental Rights 0.45 22/30 18/30 103/126 7.1 4..1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.69 12/30 13/30 78/126 6.4 4..33 6.3 4..44 4.5 Regulatory Enforcement 0.43 20/30 19/30 102/126 6.2 4.6 Regulatory 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 0.47 14/30 15/30 88/126 Enforcement Order and Security Criminal Justice 0.43 11/30 7/30 70/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa Lower Middle Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.48 4.1 0.51 7.1 0.46 0.45 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.39 0.43 1.2 0.37 4.2 0.40 7.2 0.39 0.66 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.47 1.3 0.58 4.3 0.42 7.3 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 1.4 0.58 4.4 0.43 7.4 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 1.5 0.43 4.5 0.67 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.47 4.6 0.29 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.41 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.47 2.2 0.42 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.53 8.1 0.53 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.39 5.1 0.62 8.2 0.50 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.26 5.2 1.00 8.3 0.23 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.44 8.4 0.50 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.24 8.5 0.42 0.45 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 0.42 3.3 0.46 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.48 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.45 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.42 Due process of law 0.38 6.3 0.41 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.40 Respect for due process 6.5 0.43 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 157 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Zimbabwe Region: Sub-Saharan Africa Income Group: Low The scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest possible score and 0 signifies the lowest possible score. Overall Score Regional Rank Income Rank Global Rank 0.4 26/30 17/20 116/126 Constraints on Government Score Change Rank Change Criminal 88.6.6 88..77 1.1 Powers Justice 8.5 0.5 1.2 11..33 0.03 3 8.4 11..44 1.5 8.3 1.6 8.2 2..11 Absence of Factor Factor Regional Income Global 8.1 2.2 Corruption Trend Score Rank Rank Rank 2..3 7.7 Constraints on 0.33 28/30 19/20 117/126 7.6 2..44 Government Powers Absence of Corruption 0.31 23/30 15/20 115/126 7.5 0 3..11 Open Government 0.33 25/30 17/20 116/126 7.4 3.2 Open Government Civil Justice 77..3 3.3 7.2 3..44 Fundamental Rights 0.35 29/30 19/20 118/126 7.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 Order and Security 0.67 16/30 11/20 84/126 6.4 4.3 6.3 4.4 Regulatory Enforcement 0.38 25/30 15/20 117/126 Regulatory 6.2 4.5 Enforcement 6.1 4.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Civil Justice 0.46 16/30 8/20 91/126 Fundamental Order and Rights Security Criminal Justice 0.37 16/30 8/20 88/126 Trending up Trending down Low Medium High 22001198S-2co0r1e9 Score 2017-2018 Score Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa Low Constraints on Government Powers Fundamental Rights Civil Justice 1.1 0.33 4.1 0.41 7.1 0.42 0.45 Limits by legislature No discrimination Accessibility & affordability 0.41 0.30 1.2 0.32 4.2 0.27 7.2 0.52 0.58 Limits by judiciary Right to life & security No discrimination 0.54 1.3 0.44 4.3 0.36 7.3 0.41 0.51 Independent auditing Due process of law No corruption 0.35 0.36 1.4 0.36 4.4 0.30 7.4 0.33 0.23 Sanctions for official misconduct Freedom of expression No improper gov't influence 0.36 1.5 0.30 4.5 0.47 7.5 Non-governmental checks Freedom of religion No unreasonable delay 1.6 0.24 4.6 0.13 7.6 Lawful transition of power Right to privacy Effective enforcement Absence of Corruption 4.7 0.34 7.7 2.1 Freedom of association Impartial & effective ADRs In the executive branch 4.8 0.49 2.2 0.29 Labor rights Criminal Justice In the judiciary 0.42 8.1 2.3 Order and Security Effective investigations In the police/military 0.29 5.1 0.63 8.2 2.4 Absence of crime Timely & effective adjudication In the legislature 0.22 5.2 1.00 8.3 Open Government Absence of civil conflict Effective correctional system 3.1 5.3 0.38 8.4 Publicized laws & gov't data Absence of violent redress No discrimination 3.2 0.16 8.5 Right to information Regulatory Enforcement No corruption 3.3 0.40 6.1 8.6 Civic participation Effective regulatory enforcement 0.43 No improper gov't influence 3.4 0.32 6.2 8.7 Complaint mechanisms No improper influence 0.46 Due process of law 158 0.45 6.3 0.35 No unreasonable delay 6.4 0.34 Respect for due process 6.5 0.29 No expropriation w/out adequate compensation

Section Four Behind the Numbers 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 159

Methodology Snapshot: Steps to Produce the Rule of Law Index The production of the WJP Rule of Law Index® can be summarized in 11 steps: 1 The WJP developed the conceptual framework summarized in the Index’s nine factors and 47 sub-factors, in consultation with academics, practitioners, and community leaders from around the world. 2 The Index team developed a set of five questionnaires based on the Index’s conceptual framework to be administered to experts and the general public. Questionnaires were translated into several languages and adapted to reflect commonly used terms and expressions. 3 The Index team identified, on average, more than 300 potential local experts per country to respond to the QRQs and engaged the services of leading local polling companies to implement the household surveys. 4 Polling companies conducted pilot tests of the GPP in consultation with the Index team, and launched the final survey for full fieldwork. 5 The Index team sent the questionnaires to local experts and engaged in continual interaction with them. 6 The Index team collected and mapped the data onto the 44 sub-factors with global comparability. 7 The Index team constructed the final scores using a five-step process: a. Codified the questionnaire items as numeric values b. Produced raw country scores by aggregating the responses from several individuals (experts and/or general public) c. Normalized the raw scores d. Aggregated the normalized scores into sub-factors and factors using simple averages e. Produced the normalized scores, which are rounded to two decimal points, and the final rankings 8 The data were subject to a series of tests to identify possible biases and errors. For example, the Index team cross-checked all sub-factors against more than 70 third-party sources, including quantitative data and qualitative assessments drawn from local and international organizations. 9 A sensitivity analysis was conducted by the Econometrics and Applied Statistics Unit of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with the Index team, to assess the statistical reliability of the results. 10 To illustrate whether the rule of law in a country significantly changed over the course of the past year, a measure of change over time was produced based on the annual difference in the country-level factor scores, the standard errors of these scores (estimated from a set of 100 bootstrap samples), and the results of the corresponding t-tests. 11 The data were organized into country reports, tables, and figures to facilitate their presentation and interpretation. For tables organized by income group, the WJP follows the World Bank income classifications. 160

Methodology remaining countries in future editions of the Index. Depending on the particular situation of each country, one of three different The WJP Rule of Law Index is the first attempt to systematically polling methodologies is used: face-to-face, telephone, or online. and comprehensively quantify the rule of law around the world The GPP is carried out in each country every other year. The and remains unique in its operationalization of rule of law polling data used in this year’s report were collected during the dimensions into concrete questions. The WJP Rule of Law Index fall of 2018 (for 71 countries), fall of 2017 (for 52 countries), 2019 report presents information on eight composite factors the fall of 2016 (for two countries), and the fall of 2014 (for that are further disaggregated into 44 specific sub-factors (see one country). Detailed information regarding the country page 10). Factor 9, Informal Justice, is included in the conceptual coverage (cities covered or nationally representative), the polling framework, but has been excluded from the aggregated scores companies contracted to administer the questionnaire, and the and rankings in order to provide meaningful cross-country polling methodology employed in each of the 126 countries is comparisons. presented on page 164. The country scores and rankings presented in this report are The QRQs complement the household data with assessments built from more than 500 variables drawn from the assessments from in-country professionals with expertise in civil and of more than 120,000 households and 3,800 legal experts in 126 commercial law, criminal and constitutional law, labor law, and countries and jurisdictions, making it the most accurate portrayal public health. These questionnaires gather timely input on a of the factors that contribute to shaping the rule of law in a range of topics from practitioners who frequently interact with country. state institutions. Such topics include information on the efficacy of courts, the strength of regulatory enforcement, and the Data Sources reliability of accountability mechanisms. To present an image that accurately portrays the rule of law as experienced by ordinary people, each score of the Index is The questionnaires contain closed-ended perception questions calculated using a large number of questions drawn from two and several hypothetical scenarios with highly detailed original data sources collected by the World Justice Project in factual assumptions aimed at ensuring comparability across each country: a General Population Poll (GPP) and a series of countries. The QRQ surveys are conducted annually, and the Qualified Respondents’ Questionnaires (QRQs). These two data questionnaires are completed by respondents selected from sources collect up-to-date firsthand information that is not directories of law firms, universities and colleges, research available at the global level, and constitute the world’s most organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), comprehensive dataset of its kind. They capture the experiences as well as through referrals from the WJP global network of and perceptions of ordinary citizens and in-country professionals practitioners, and all are vetted by WJP staff based on their concerning the performance of the state and its agents and the expertise. The expert surveys are administered in five languages: actual operation of the legal framework in their country. English, French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. The QRQ data for this report include more than 3,800 surveys, which The GPP surveys provide firsthand information on the represents an average of 30 respondents per country. These data experiences and the perceptions of ordinary people regarding were collected from May 2018 through early November 2018. a range of pertinent rule of law information, including their dealings with the government, the ease of interacting with state Data Cleaning and Score Computation bureaucracy, the extent of bribery and corruption, the availability Once collected, the data are carefully processed to arrive at of dispute resolution systems, and the prevalence of common country-level scores. As a first step, the respondent level data crimes to which they are exposed. are edited to exclude partially completed surveys, suspicious data, and outliers (which are detected using the Z-score method). The GPP questionnaire includes 127 perception-based Individual answers are then mapped onto the 44 sub-factors of questions and 213 experience-based questions, along with the Index (or onto the intermediate categories that make up each socio-demographic information on all respondents. The sub-factor), codified so that all values fall between 0 (weakest questionnaire is translated into local languages, adapted to adherence to the rule of law) and 1 (strongest adherence to the common expressions, and administered by leading local polling rule of law), and aggregated at the country level using the simple companies using a probability sample of 1,000 respondents.3 (or unweighted) average of all respondents. In previous editions of the Index, the poll has been conducted in the three largest cities of each country. However, the World This year, to allow an easier comparison across years, the Justice Project’s goal was to update its methodology to include resulting 2019 scores have been normalized using the Min-Max nationally representative polls. Towards this end, nationally method with a base year of 2015. These normalized scores representative polls were conducted in 55 countries this were then successively aggregated from the variable level all the year. Nationally representative polls will be conducted in the 3 Due to small populations or obstacles to data collection in certain countries, the sampling plan was adjusted in some cases. One adjustment was to decrease the sample size. For more information on specific countries and sample sizes, see pages 164-166. 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 161

way up to the factor level to produce the final country scores, value (downward arrow) if there was a change leading to a rounded to two decimal points, and rankings. In most cases, the statistically significant deterioration in the score. This measure GPP and QRQ questions are equally weighted in the calculation complements the numerical scores and rankings presented of the scores of the intermediate categories (sub-factors and in this report, which benchmark each country’s current sub-sub-factors). performance on the factors and sub-factors of the Index against that of other countries. The measure of change over time is A full picture of how questions are mapped onto indicators and constructed in three steps: how they are weighted is available on the WJP Rule of Law Index website at worldjusticeproject.org. 1. First, last year’s scores are subtracted from this year’s to obtain, for each country and each factor, the annual Data Validation difference in scores. As a final step, data are validated and cross-checked against qualitative and quantitative third-party sources to provide an 2. To test whether the annual changes are statistically additional layer of analysis and to identify possible mistakes or significant, a bootstrapping procedure is used to inconsistencies within the data. Most of the third-party data estimate standard errors. To calculate these errors, 100 sources used to cross-check the Index scores are described in samples of respondent-level observations (of equal Botero and Ponce (2011).4 size to the original sample) are randomly selected with replacement for each country from the pooled set of Methodological Changes to this Year’s Report respondents for last year and this year. These samples Every year, the WJP reviews the methods of data collection are used to produce a set of 100 country-level scores to ensure that the information produced is valid, useful, and for each factor and each country, which are utilized to continues to capture the status of the rule of law in the world. calculate the final standard errors. These errors—which To maintain consistency with previous editions and to facilitate measure the uncertainty associated with picking a tracking changes over time, this year’s questionnaires and data particular sample of respondents—are then employed maps are closely aligned with those administered in the past. to conduct pair-wise t-tests for each country and each factor. In order to improve the accuracy of the QRQ results and reduce respondent burden, proactive dependent interviewing 3. Finally, to illustrate the annual change, a measure of techniques were used to remind respondents who participated in change over time is produced based on the value of the last year’s survey of their responses in the previous year. annual difference and its statistical significance (at the 95 percent level). This year, no new questions or indicators were added to the Index. Overall, 100 percent of questions remained the same Strengths and Limitations between the 2017-2018 and 2019 editions of the Index. The Index methodology has both strengths and limitations. Among A description of the variables is available at its strengths is the inclusion of both expert and household surveys worldjusticeproject.org. to ensure that the findings reflect the conditions experienced by the population. Another strength is that it approaches the In a few instances, the WJP uses data from third-party sources measurement of rule of law from various angles by triangulating to measure an element of the rule of law that is not possible information across data sources and types of questions. This to measure through the GPP or QRQs. Out of more than 500 approach not only enables accounting for different perspectives variables used to calculate the Index, 13 variables are from on the rule of law, but it also helps to reduce possible bias that third-party sources. might be introduced by any other particular data collection method. Finally, it relies on statistical testing to determine the Tracking Changes Over Time significance of the changes in the factor scores over the last year. This year’s report includes a measure to illustrate whether the rule of law in a country, as measured through the factors of the With the aforementioned methodological strengths come a WJP Rule of Law Index, changed since the previous year. This number of limitations. First, the data shed light on rule of law measure is presented in the form of arrows and represents dimensions that appear comparatively strong or weak, but are not a summary of rigorous statistical testing based on the use of specific enough to establish causation. Thus, it will be necessary bootstrapping procedures (see below). For each factor, this to use the Index in combination with other analytical tools to measure takes the value of zero (no arrow) if there was no provide a full picture of causes and possible solutions. Second, statistically significant change in the score since last year, a in previous editions of the Index, the methodology has only positive value (upward arrow) if there was a change leading to a been applied in three major urban areas in each of the indexed statistically significant improvement in the score, and a negative countries for the General Population Poll. However, the World 4 Botero, J. and Ponce, A. (2011) “Measuring the Rule of Law”: WJP Working Paper No.1, available at worldjusticeproject.org/publications. 162

Justice Project’s goal was to update its methodology to include 3. Given the uncertainty associated with picking a nationally representative polls. Towards this end, nationally particular sample of respondents, standard errors have representative polls were conducted in 55 countries this year. been calculated using bootstrapping methods to test Nationally representative polls will be conducted in the remaining whether the annual changes in the factor scores are countries in future editions of the Index. Third, given the rapid statistically significant. changes to the rule of law occurring in some countries, scores for some countries may be sensitive to the specific points in time 4. Indices and indicators are subject to potential abuse when the data were collected. To address this, the WJP is piloting and misinterpretation. Once released to the public, they test methods of moving averages to account for short-term can take on a life of their own and be used for purposes fluctuations. Fourth, the QRQ data may be subject to problems unanticipated by their creators. If data are taken out of of measurement error due to the limited number of experts in context, it can lead to unintended or erroneous policy some countries, resulting in less precise estimates. To address this, decisions the WJP works constantly to expand its network of in-country academic and practitioner experts who contribute their time and 5. Rule of law concepts measured by the Index may expertise to this endeavor. Finally, due to the limited number of have different meanings across countries. Users are experts in some countries (which implies higher standard errors) encouraged to consult the specific definitions of and the fact that the GPP is carried out in each country every the variables employed in the construction of the other year (which implies that for some countries, some variables Index, which are discussed in greater detail in the do not change from one year to another), it is possible that the methodology section of the WJP Rule of Law Index test described above fails to detect small changes in a country’s website. situation over time. 6. The Index is generally intended to be used in Other methodological considerations combination with other instruments, both quantitative A detailed presentation of the methodology, including a table and qualitative. Just as in the areas of health or and description of the more than 500 variables used to construct economics, no single index conveys a full picture of a the Index scores, is available at: worldjusticeproject.org and in country’s situation. Policy-making in the area of rule Botero, J. and Ponce, A. (2011) “Measuring the Rule of Law”: of law requires careful consideration of all relevant WJP Working Paper No.1, available at: dimensions­—which may vary from country to country worldjusticeproject.org/publications. —and a combination of sources, instruments, and methods. Using the WJP Rule of Law Index The WJP Rule of Law Index has been designed to offer a reliable 7. Pursuant to the sensitivity analysis of the Index data and independent data source for policy makers, businesses, non- conducted in collaboration with the Econometrics and governmental organizations (NGOs), and other constituencies Applied Statistics Unit of the European Commission’s to assess a country’s adherence to the rule of law as perceived Joint Research Centre, confidence intervals have been and experienced by the average person, identify a country’s calculated for all figures included in the WJP Rule of Law strengths and weaknesses in comparison to similarly situated Index. These confidence intervals and other relevant countries, and track changes over time. The Index has been considerations regarding measurement error are designed to include several features that set it apart from other reported in Saisana and Saltelli (2015) and Botero and indices and make it valuable for a large number of countries, thus Ponce (2011). providing a powerful resource that can inform policy debates both within and across countries. However, the Index’s findings The following pages (164-166) list the coverage and polling must be interpreted in light of certain inherent limitations. methodology for the GPP in the 126 indexed countries and jurisdictions. 1. The WJP Rule of Law Index does not identify priorities for reform and is not intended to establish causation or to ascertain the complex relationship among different rule of law dimensions in various countries. 2. The Index’s rankings and scores are the product of a rigorous data collection and aggregation methodology. Nonetheless, as with all measures, they are subject to measurement error. 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 163

Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year Afghanistan Nationally representative D3 Systems & ACSOR Surveys Face-to-face 3006 2018 Albania Nationally representative Face-to-face 1000 2018 Algeria Nationally representative IDRA Research & Consulting Face-to-face 1000 2018 Angola Nationally representative WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1010 2018 Antigua & Barbuda Nationally representative partner Face-to-face 513 2018 Argentina Nationally representative Marketing Support Consultancy Face-to-face 1010 2018 Australia Nationally representative Online 1067 2018 Austria Vienna, Graz, Linz DMR Insights Online 1008 2017 Bahamas Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 StatMark Big Picture Marketing Strategy & Research YouGov DMR Insights Bangladesh Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna Org-Quest Research Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 2016 Barbados Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 513 2018 WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1000/401 2014/2017 Belarus Minsk, Gomel, Mogilev partner Online 1007 2018 YouGov Face-to-face 1000 2017 Belgium Nationally representative Face-to-face 1010 2018 Belize City, Belmopan, San Ignacio/Santa CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1000 2018 Belize Elena Nationally representative Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1000 2017 Benin Nationally representative Captura Consulting Bolivia Face-to-face 1000 2018 Bosnia & Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Tuzla Kantar TNS MIB Face-to-face 1049 2017 Herzegovina Face-to-face 1001 2018 Botswana Nationally representative BJKA Consulting Face-to-face 1029 2017 Datum Internacional/About Brazil Face-to-face 1000 2014 Brazil São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador Market Research Face-to-face 1006 2018 Alpha Research Ltd. Online 1000 2017 Bulgaria Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna Kantar TNS Face-to-face 1011 2017 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou, Bobo Dioulasso, Koudougou Indochina Research Cambodia Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kampong Cham Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 508 2018 Cameroon Nationally representative YouGov Face-to-face 1000 2018 Canada Toronto, Montreal, Calgary Face-to-face 561 2017 Santiago, Valparaíso/Viña del Mar, Datum Internacional S.A./Cadem S.A. Face-to-face 1011 2017 Chile Antofagasta Face-to-face 1010 2018 Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou WJP in collaboration with local Online 1013 2017 China partner Face-to-face 1083 2018 Nationally representative Tempo Group Online 1017 2017 Colombia San José, Cartago, Alajuela Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 512 2018 Costa Rica Abidjan, Bouaké, Daloa Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1014 2018 Cote d'Ivoire Nationally representative Ipsos d.o.o. Face-to-face 703 2017 Croatia Prague, Brno, Ostrava YouGov Face-to-face 1000 2017 Czech Republic Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Mbuji-Mayi Kantar Public Senegal Face-to-face 1000 2018 Congo, Dem. Rep. Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg YouGov Online 1010 2017 Denmark Nationally representative StatMark Face-to-face 1037 2017 Dominica Nationally representative CID Latin America Online 1014 2017 Dominican Republic Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca Dichter and Neira Online 1040 2018 Ecuador WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1000 2017 Cairo, Alexandria, Giza partner Online 1048 2018 Egypt CID-Gallup Latin America Face-to-face 1103 2018 Nationally representative Norstat Eesti El Salvador Tallinn, Tartu, Narva Infinite Insight Ltd. Estonia Addis Ababa, Gondar, Nazret YouGov Ethiopia Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere YouGov Finland Nationally representative ACT Market Research and Consulting France Company Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi YouGov Georgia Infinite Insight Ltd. Nationally representative Germany Nationally representative Ghana 164

Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year Greece Grenada Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras YouGov Online 1015 2017 Guatemala Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 Guinea Nationally representative DMR Insights Face-to-face 1008 2018 Guyana Conakry, Nzerekore, Kankan Mercaplan Central America & Face-to-face 1065 2018 Honduras Nationally representative Caribbean Face-to-face 527 2018 Hong Kong SAR, Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma Kantar Public Senegal 2017 China Hungary Nationally representative StatMark 2017 India Indonesia Budapest, Debrecen, Szeged CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1100 2017 Iran Nationally representative Face-to-face 1004 2018 Italy Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung WJP in collaboration with local 2017 Jamaica Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan partner 2018 Japan Rome, Milan, Naples 2017 Kingston, Portmore, Spanish Town Ipsos Hungary Face-to-face 1000 2017 Jordan Nationally representative Face-to-face 1059 2018 Market Xcel Face-to-face 1004 Kazakhstan Nationally representative Face-to-face 1010 2018 Kenya MRI (Marketing Research Indonesia) Online 1004 Kyrgyzstan Almaty, Astana, Shymkent Face-to-face 401 2017 Lebanon Nationally representative BJKA consulting with local partner Online 1000 2018 Liberia Nationally representative MHA Research 2018 Macedonia, FYR Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon Face-to-face 1000 2017 Madagascar Monrovia, Gbarnga and Buchanan YouGov 2018 Malawi Skopje, Kumanovo, Bitola Face-to-face 1000 2017 Malaysia Antananarivo, Toamasina, Antsirabe Dichter and Neira Face-to-face 1099 2017 Mali Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu Face-to-face 1000 2017 Mauritania Klang Valley, Johor Bahru, Ipoh Acorn Marketing & Research Face-to-face 1000 2017 Mauritius Nationally representative Consultant (M) Sdn Bhd 2018 Mexico Nationally representative WJP in collaboration with local 2018 Moldova Nationally representative partner 2018 Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey WJP in collaboration with local 2017 Mongolia Chisinau, Balti, Cahul partner 2017 Morocco Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan Infinite Insight Ltd. 2017 Mozambique Myanmar Casablanca, Fes, Tangier Ipsos 2017 Namibia Nationally representative 2018 Nepal Yangon, Mandalay, Nay Pyi Taw REACH SAL 2018 Netherlands Nationally representative 2018 New Zealand Kathmandu, Pokhara, Lalitpur Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1113 2017 Nicaragua Nationally representative Ipsos dooel Skopje Face-to-face 1017 2018 Niger Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch DCDM Research Face-to-face 1000 2017 Nigeria Managua, León, Masaya Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1039 2017 Norway Niamey, Zinder, Maradi Acorn Marketing & Research 2018 Pakistan Nationally representative Consultant (M) Sdn Bhd Face-to-face 1000 2018 Panama Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim Marketing Support Consultancy 2017 Peru Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1012 2017 Philippines Panama City, San Miguelito, Las Cumbres DCDM Research Face-to-face 1000 2017 Nationally representative Face-to-face 1000 2018 Manila, Cebu, Davao 2016 Data Opinión Pública y Mercados Face-to-face 1000 Face-to-face 1043 Georgian Opinion Research Business Face-to-face 1000 International (GORBI) Face-to-face 1000 Face-to-face 1009 Mongolian Marketing Consulting Face-to-face 1000 Group LLC Face-to-face 1001 WJP in collaboration with local partner Quest Research Services Myanmar Survey Research Co., Ltd (MSR) Quest Research Services Solutions Consultant Face-to-face 1000 Online 1113 YouGov Online 1000 Big Picture Marketing Strategy & Face-to-face 1100 Research Face-to-face 1011 CID-Gallup Face-to-face 1083 Online 1007 Liaison Marketing Face-to-face 1840 Face-to-face 1000 Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1000 Face-to-face 1008 YouGov Gallup Pakistan (affiliated with Gallup International) Gallup Panamá Datum Internacional S.A. APMI Partners 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 165

Country/Jurisdiction Coverage Polling Company Methodology Sample Year Poland Warsaw, Krakow, Lodz Grupa IQS Face-to-face 1000 2018 Portugal Lisbon, Porto, Amadora YouGov Online 1016 2017 Acorn Marketing & Research Online 1000 2018 Republic of Korea Nationally representative Consultant (M) Sdn Bhd Alpha Research Ltd. in collaboration Face-to-face Romania Nationally representative with local partner 1000 2018 WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face Russia Nationally representative partner Face-to-face 1000 2018 Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face Rwanda Kigali Kantar TNS Face-to-face 316 2018 Senegal Pikine, Dakar, Thiès Ipsos Strategic Marketing d.o.o. Face-to-face 1012 2017 Serbia Belgrade, Novi Sad, Nis Infinite Insight Ltd. Online 1002 2017 Sierra Leone Nationally representative Survey Sampling International Face-to-face 1165 2018 Singapore Nationally representative Ipsos d.o.o. Face-to-face 1000 2017 Slovenia Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje Quest Research Services Online 1006 2017 South Africa Nationally representative YouGov Face-to-face 1014 2018 Spain Nationally representative Kantar LMRB Face-to-face 1051 2018 Sri Lanka Colombo, Kaduwela, Maharagama DMR Insights Face-to-face 1010 2017 St. Kitts & Nevis Nationally representative DMR Insights 500 2018 St. Lucia Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 St. Vincent & the DMR Insights Grenadines Nationally representative Face-to-face 500 2018 Suriname CID-Gallup Latin America Online Sweden Nationally representative YouGov Face-to-face 510 2018 Tanzania Nationally representative Infinite Insight Ltd. Face-to-face 1049 2018 Thailand Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha Infosearch Limited Face-to-face 1037 2018 Togo Bangkok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Udon Thani Marketing Support Consultancy Face-to-face 1000 2018 Trinidad & Tobago Nationally representative CID-Gallup Latin America Face-to-face 1005 2018 Tunisia Nationally representative BJKA Consulting Face-to-face 1006 2018 Turkey Big Tunis, Sfax, Sousse Kantar Insights Face-to-face 1001 2017 Uganda İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir Kantar Public East Africa Face-to-face 1039 2018 Ukraine Kampala, Nansana, Kira GfK Ukraine 1062 2018 United Arab Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1079 2017 Emirates partner United Kingdom Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah YouGov Online 1011/200 2011/2017 United States YouGov Online Uruguay Nationally representative BM Business Partners Face-to-face 1056 2018 Nationally representative WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face 1086 2018 Uzbekistan Nationally representative partner/Ipsos 1000 2018 WJP in collaboration with local Face-to-face Tashkent, Namangan, Samarkand partner Face-to-face 1000/300 2014/2018 Indochina Research (Vietnam) Ltd. Face-to-face Venezuela Caracas, Maracaibo, Valencia Intraspace Market Consultancy Ltd. Face-to-face 1015 2018 Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Hai Phong Quest Research Services 1000 2017 Vietnam Lusaka, Kitwe, Chipata 1014 2017 Zambia Nationally representative 1001 2018 Zimbabwe 166

Contributing Experts The WJP Rule of Law Index 2019 was made possible by the generous contributions of academics and practitioners who contributed their time and expertise. The names of those experts wishing to be acknowledged individually are listed below. This report was also made possible by the work of the polling companies who conducted fieldwork, and the thousands of individuals who have responded to the General Population Poll around the world. Afghanistan Albana Fona Nawel Lahouel Nelson Silva María Eugenia Montero LPA Law Firm   Empresa Nacional de Seguros A. R. Rahimghiyasa   Okba Lemdjed Bellabas de Angola Hewlett Packard Enterprise   Brunilda Subashi       Abdul Hadi Zamani Universiteti Ismail Qemali Salima Aloui Orlando de Oliveira Buta Maria Gabriela Peralta Al Mujahid Legal Services Vlorë Société d’Avocats Goussanem       & Aloui Rosa Pedro   Ahmad Jawad Dorant Ekmekçiu   MWENHO María Paola Trigiani Afghan Civil Society Forum Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Yaya Farouk   Organization   Anonymous Contributors Alfaro Abogados   Drini Hakorja Anonymous Contributors   Anicée Van Engeland     Antigua & Barbuda Martin Alejandro Bello Cranfield University Eglantina Biba Angola   Frost & Fire Consulting Kema Benjamin Pirovano & Bello Abogados Baryalai Hakimi   Adelino Naquarta Marshall & Co.   Kabul University Enxhi Kallogjeri     Martín Langsam   Frost & Fire Consulting Adolfo Rasoilo Stuart Alexander Lockhart Bentulhuda Yaqubi     Stuart A. Lockhart Legal Universidad Isalud Kabul University of Medical Gentiana Tirana Armindo Sá Silva Services   Sciences   Sá Silva & Associados   Mercedes Balado   Gjergji Gjika   Anonymous Contributors Bevilacqua Bilal Ahmad Rahimi Gjika & Associates Barros Gaspar Simão   Kandahar University   Gabinete Legal Angola Argentina MBB Balado Bevilacqua   Irv Vaso Advogados Abogados Hashmat Khalil Nadirpor Kalo & Associates   Adrián R. Tellas   LESPA   Campos Domingos   Mercedes Lorenzo   Jonida Melani Braja Agostinho Alberto Gonzalez Torres Khalid Massoudi Wolf Theiss CDA Baker McKenzie Hewlett Packard Enterprise Masnad Law Firm         Merita Gjorga Cássia Sousa Alberto Justo Giles Nicolás Soler Khalid Sekander         Oltjan Hoxholli Catarina Martins Neto Analia V. Durán Fulbright Mazhar Bangash LPA Law Firm Fernandes MBB Balado Bevilacqua   RIAA Barker Gillette   ADCA- Carvalho & Associados Abogados Omar Esteban Fornetti   Anonymous Contributors     Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam   Celmira Maria Domingos Andres Sanguinetti A-M-Ch-C-F-RM Afghan Anti-Corruption Algeria Matias Da Silva Lenos Estudio Moltedo   Network Associada A Ordem Dos   P. Eugenio Aramburu   Abdelkader Zouaid Advogados de Angola Carlos María Ferrer Deheza Mushtari Daqiq     Estudio Ferrer Deheza PAGBAM Adnane Bouchaib Chilandissa Nilson Monteiro     Rahmanullah Shahab     Claudio Jesús Santagati Pablo Alejandro Pirovano Afghan Anglo Legal Amel Benredjal Correia Vicente Pongolola Defensoria General de Lomas     CVP - Sociedade de de Zamora Pirovano & Bello Abogados Sanzar Kakar Badis Mendil Advogados, R.L.     Afghanistan Holding Group     Daniela Carrara Rosa María Oller López   Berbar Ababakrine Seddik Cristiano Santana Agostinho Universidad de Buenos Aires Sara Balagh   Sanda Paciência   Estudio Jurídico Oller López & Kakar Advocates Chems-Eddine Hafiz CKA & Associados Dante Graña Asociados   LPA-CGR Avocats   Fundación Avedis Donabedian   Sayed Ramiz Husaini   Domingos Ukwahali Chilala   Sandra S. Guillan USP Cylia Moulai DUCEA - Sociedade de Diego Silva Ortiz     Advogados, R.L. Silva Ortiz, Alfonso, Pavic & De Dios & Goyena Abogados Shahrzad Shamim Ghalem Omar   Louge Consultores Shajjan & Associates   E. Salesso Ribeiro       Karima Chalal   Federico A. Borzi Cirilli Silvina Sesarego Thomas Kraemer Cabinet d’Avocat Karima Edevaldo de Almeida Ceballos & Ceballos Kakar Advocates Chalal Augusto           Gustavo Ferrante Soledad Espasandin Zabihullah Khaled Goussanem Elsa Tchicanha Allende Ferrante Abogados CAHPO Société d’Avocats Goussanem Gabinete Legal Angola   Estudio Jurídico Curutchet -   & Aloui Advogados Humberto Federico Rios Odriozola Zamira Saidi     Estudio Rios Abogados   Shajjan & Associates Medafer Faiza Gilberto Pelinganga   Anonymous Contributors   Université d’Alger   Lucila Escriña Anonymous Contributors   Hermenegildo Teotónio da Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal   Mohamed Sadek Djane Silva e Sousa   Australia Albania Hamed Mosaiko - Instituto para a Maria Eugenia Cantenys Cidadania Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal Breen Creighton Agron Alibali Nabil Mellah     RMIT University Frost & Fire Consulting UNOP       Brendan Ashdown John Toohey Chambers   David Hooke SC   Edouard Tursan d’Espaignet University of Newcastle; University of New England   Esther Stern Flinders University of South Australia   Fiona McDonald Australian Centre for Health Law Research   2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 167

George Williams Martin Risak Imran Anwar Esther Obiora Arthur Maksim Shapelevich University of Vienna Stepanovski, Papakul and University of New South   Tanjib Alam & Associates Rehoboth Law Chambers Partners Wales Rupert Manhart       Manhart Einsle Partner Imteaz Mannan Jaydene O. Thomas Oksana Puchkovskaya Greg Patmore Rechtsanwälte; ÖRAK Stepanovski, Papakul and   Save the Children Capital Law Chambers Partners University of Sydney Thomas Frad         Karasek Wietrzyk Junayed Ahmed Chowdhury Jefferson Cumberbatch Serg Gartsev James A. Gillespie Rechtsanwälte GmbH RSO “Your Chance”   Vertex Chambers University of the West Indies   Menzies Centre for Health Thomas Hofmann     Tatiana Ignatovskaya Policy PALLAS HOFMANN Khandaker Mashfique Sharon R. Harris Stepanovski, Papakul and     Ahmed Partners Kate Burns Anonymous Contributors Harris & Harris Law     Rahman’s Chambers   Vadzim Samaryn University of Technology Bahamas   Tanya A. Hinds Belarusian State University Sydney M. Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury     Ashley D. Williams   Vasili Zavadski Lucinda Browne Alexiou, Knowles & Co. M. R. I. Chowdhury & Anonymous Contributors TimeAct   Associates   Hewlett Packard Enterprise Demetria Severe     Viachaslav Shastak     Mahim al Hasan Belarus   Mary Anne Noone Joseph A. Walker Vital Kalyada Halsbury Chambers Vertex Chambers Alena Salei VVK law La Trobe University         Koren Debi Williams Masud Khan Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm Vitali Nikanovich Mary E. Crock Williams Fidulex   EDU-HUB   The Legal Circle Alexander Botian   Sydney Law School Nerissa A. Greene   Yury Evgeny Razvodovsky   Halsbury Chambers Md Khademul Islam Choyon Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm International Academy of Merrilyn Walton     Sobriety Ron O. Pinder Sattar&Co. Alexey Korol   University of Sydney     Anonymous Contributors   Sharanda Humes-Forbes Md Salequzzaman Stepanovski, Papakul and   Neil James   Partners Belgium Shavon D. Bethel Supreme Court of Bangladesh;   Australia Defence Association Douglas Sands & Associates The Legal Era Aliaksandr Dzerhachou Ann Witters       Claeys & Engels Nicholas Cowdery Tavares K. LaRoda Mir Shamsur Rahman Human Rights Center “Spring”   Sunshine Holdings Limited   Arent Lievens University of Sydney;   University of Asia Pacific Aliaksei Kralko Advocatenkantoor Lievens & University of New South Vann P. Gaitor   Lievens Wales Higgs & Johnson Muhammad Rashel Siddiqui Belarusian Medical Academy       of Postgraduate Education Christoph Van der Elst Peter Cashman Wayne R. Munroe Rashel’s Law Corner   Tilburg University; Gent Munroe & Associates   Anastasia Morgun University University of Sydney   S. H. Taskeen Emon     Anonymous Contributors Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm Damas François Peter Sainsbury   Rahman’s Chambers   CHU de Liège Bangladesh   Anatoly Leshanok   University of Sydney S. M. Abid Ur Rahman Freek Louckx   A. H. M. Belal Chowdhury Republican Public Universiteit Antwerpen; Vrije Sarah Hill FM Associates Tanjib Alam & Associates Association “People Plus” Universiteit Brussel         Selborne Chambers A. S. M. Alamgir Sabbir Hossain Andrei Famenka Jean Jacqmain   Institute of Epidemiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles Sean Cooney Disease Control and Research Solidarity Center Bangladesh World Health Organization         Jean-Marc Gollier University of Melbourne Ali Asif Khan Salman Sadiq Khan Andrei Vaso Eubelius   Law Firm Hossain & Khan   Simon Rice Associates FM Associates Gomel Regional Narcological Jean-Michel Dogné     Dispensery Université de Namur University of Sydney Badhan Roy Shahana Rahman       Rahman’s Chambers Artemev Sergej; Artsemyeu Jelle Janssens Tom Faunce   Rahman’s Chambers Siarhei Ghent University Bilqis Amin Hoque     Australian National University Environment and Population Shakina Akter Belorusian State University Johan Put   Research Centre   University of Leuven Veronica Taylor   Rahman’s Chambers Dmitry Kovalchik   Darras Abdullah   Luk Delbrouck Australian National University Tanjib Alam & Associates Tanim Hussain Shawon Stepanovski, Papakul and       Partners Pascal Vanderveeren Anonymous Contributors Farhana Islam Khan Supreme Court of Bangladesh     Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed &   Dmitry Petrovich Patrick Henry   Associates Tanvir Quader   Austria     Pieter De Koster Ferdausur Rahman Vertex Chambers Dmitry Semashko Catholic University Leuven Clemens Egermann A.S & Associates       Tanzeer Ahmad Stepanovski, Papakul and Valerie Flohimont Barnert Egermann Illigasch Gazi Md Rokib Bin Hossain Partners Université de Namur Rechtsanwälte GmbH The Legal Circle Rahman’s Chambers           Elena Sapego Vincent Chiavetta Gerhard Jarosch Ibtida Farhat Tropa Tasmiah Nuhiya Ahmed LITIS S A.S & Associates Stepanovski, Papakul and   Eurojust Bangladesh Institute of Law Partners   and International Affairs   Ivo Greiter   Elena Sheleg Anonymous Contributors Greiter Pegger Kofler & Stepanovski, Papakul and Partners   Partners   Barbados   Julian Feichtinger Kanna Kostevich Andrew C. Ferreira CHSH International University   Chancery Chambers MITSO Karl Stoeger     Andrew C. Greaves Kirill Tomashevski University of Graz     International University Manfred Ketzer Chester L. Sue MITSO   Hausmaninger Kletter Chester L. Sue & Co. Lada Maisenia     Martin Reinisch Denise Haynes Borovtsov & Salei Law Firm   Brauneis Kluser Prändl LuminLaw Maksim Maksimov Attorneys at Law     Diana R. Douglin Verkhovodko & Partners LLC   ReginaLex   168

Xavier Van Der Smissen Justin Y. Tossou Nicolás Soliz Peinado Mirjana Šarkinović Anonymous Contributors   PSI Salazar & Asociados Yves Brulard     Ognjen Riđić Brazil DBB Justine Françoise Houzanme Raul A. Baldivia International University of   Réseau des ONG et Baldivia Unzaga & Asociados Sarajevo Abel Simão Amaro Anonymous Contributors Associations des femmes     Veirano Advogados   contre la féminisation du Rene Soria Saucedo Osman Sinanović   Belize VIH-Sida Boston University University of Tuzla Adriana L. S. Lamounier       Rodrigues Adler G. L. Waight Lucien Dossou-Gbete Rodrigo Jimenez Cusicanqui Samil Ramić Universidade Federal de Minas Barrow & Williams LLP Clinique Louis Pasteur Salazar & Asociados Municipal Court in Bugojno Gerais           Estevan Perera Marius W. de Jong Roger Marcelo Longaric Selma Mezetovic Medic Alexandre Fragoso Silvestre Estevan Perera & Company Ministry of Foreign Affairs Saucedo University of Sarajevo Briganti Advogados LLP   Indacochea & Asociados       Nadine Dossou Sakponou   Slaven Dizdar Alexandre Gustavo Melo Marvin L. Manzanero   Rosario Baptista Marić & Co. Law Firm Ltd. Franco de Moraes Bahia Ministry of Health Ore Yewou Akotchiwa     Universidade Federal de Ouro   Gisele Sandra Salinas Zijad Dzafic Preto Rodwell R. A. Williams Université d’Abomey-Calavi C.R. & F. Rojas University of Tuzla   Barrow & Williams LLP       Ana Paula Avila   Pierre Togbe Sergio Mario Reynolds Ruiz Zijad Hasić Universidade Federal do Rio Ryan J. Wrobel Université d’Abomey-Calavi Bufete Reynolds Legal Advice Parliamentary Assembly of Grande do Sul Wrobel & Co.      Bosnia and Herzegovina   Sadikou Ayo Alao Teddy Cuentas Bascopé   Ana Paula de Barcellos Tania Moody Gerddes Afrique   Zinka Grbo Universidade do Estado do Rio Barrow & Williams LLP   Víctor Vargas Montaño University of Sarajevo de Janeiro   Anonymous Contributors Herrera & Abogados     Victor M. D. Lizarraga Sr.     Anonymous Contributors André de Melo Ribeiro UHS Bolivia Yerko Ilijic Crosa   Dias Carneiro Advogados   Proyecto ACCESO, California Botswana   Wayne A. Piper Arletta Añez Valdez Western School of Law Beto Vasconcelos Eisen Consultancy     Abdool Rahim Khan     Carlos Gerke Siles Anonymous Contributors Rahim Khan & Co. Carlos Ayres Anonymous Contributors Estudio Jurídico Gerke     Maeda, Ayres e Sarubbi     Bosnia & Herzegovina Bugalo Maripe Advogados Benin Ernesto Rojas Cabrera University of Botswana   Universidad Mayor de San Adnan Duraković   Carolina Dzimidas Haber Adebiyi Adam Sadia Simón Cochabamba University of Zenica Buhle Ncube Defensoria Pública do Estado RIFONGA     LegalWise Botswana do Rio de Janeiro   Heidy María Sandoval Andrea Zubović-Devedžić     Adeloui Arsène-Joël Natusch CMS Reich-Rohrwig Heinz Edward Fashole Luke II Carolina Giesbrecht Forte Université d’Abomey-Calavi Indacochea & Asociados   Luke & Associates Korbage de Castro     Denis Pajić   Korbage de Castro Sociedade Agathe Affougnon Ago Ivan Cáceres Ibañez University of Mostar Džemal Emmanuel Kagiso Jani de Advocacia Barreau du Bénin Caceres & Asoc. Bijedić Tshekiso Ditiro & Jani Legal         Practice Chiavelli Facenda Falavigno Aline Odje Ivan Lima Magne Emir Spaho   Universidade de São Paulo   Centro de Estudios Sobre Law Office Spaho Joanne Robinson   Barnabe Georges Gbago Justicia y Participación Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company Cynthia Lessa Da Costa Barreau du Bénin   Enisa Mesic   Universidade Federal de Juiz   Javier Mir Peña Society of Nephrology, Dialysis Kwadwo Osei-Ofei de Fora Bertin Koudoufio Mir & Asociados and Kidney Transplantation in Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company   Ministère de la Santé; Croix-   Bosnia and Herzegovina   Daniel Bushatsky Rouge Béninoise Jorge Omar Mostajo Barrios   Lethogonolo Makgane Advocacia Bushatsky   Universidad Mayor de San Hana Korać Makgane Attorneys   César Guegni Andés University of Travnik;   Daniel de Pádua Andrade Cabinet d’Avocats Charles   International University of Moagi Moloi Universidade Federal de Minas Badou U & Partners José Carlos Bernal Novi Pazar Minchin & Kelly - DLA Piper Gerais   Guevara & Gutiérrez, S.C.   Africa   Charles Badou   Lana Bubalo David Braga Junior Cabinet d’Avocats Charles José Ramiro Vega University of Mostar Džemal Mpho Nothothozela Hospital dos Servidores Badou U & Partners José Ramiro Vega SRL Bijedić Serumola Públicos do Estado de São       Bookbinder Business Law Paulo Chris Balogoun Juan José Lima M. Lejla Balić       Centro de Estudios Sobre University of Sarajevo Munyaka Wadaira Elival da Silva Ramos Christian Chaffa Justicia y Participación   Makuyana Universidade de São Paulo Ministère de la Santé   Mehmed Ganic Makuyana Legal Practice     Julio César Landívar Castro International University of   Emilio Peluso Neder Meyer Elie N. Vlavonou Kponou Guevara & Gutiérrez, S.C. Sarajevo Neo Thelma Moatlhodi Universidade Federal de Minas Barreau du Bénin     Mbeha Attornyes Gerais   Luis Félix A. Alípaz Echazú Mehmed Spaho     Félix Fanou Academia Nacional de Law Office Spaho Patrick Akhiwu Eraldo Silva Júnior Université d’Abomey-Calavi Ciencias Jurídicas   Pakmed Group Defensoria Pública da União     Meliha Povlakic     Gonçalves Wilfrid Eric Manuel Urenda University of Sarajevo Piyush Shama Estêvão Mallet Université d’Abomey-Calavi Urenda Abogados   Piyush Sharma Attorneys & Universidade de São Paulo   Miralem Porobic Co.   Guedje Ludovic Milenka Saavedra Muñoz     Fabio Martins Di Jorge   Bufete Aguirre Sociedad Civil Mirela Cokic Dzinic Tapiwa Gachala Di Jorge Advocacia Hugues Pognon University of Tuzla Osei-Ofei Swabi & Company   Société Civile Professionnelle Mónica Vivian Céspedes     Fabio Queiroz Pereira d’Avocats Pognon & Machicao Tshekiso Tshekiso Universidade Federal de Minas Detchenou Tshekiso Ditiro & Jani Legal Gerais Practice   2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 169

Fábio Ulhoa Coelho Márcio Souza Guimarães Rômulo Soares Valentini Stanley B. Gyoshev Pascaline Sobgho Universidade Federal de Minas University of Exeter Pontifícia Universidade Márcio Guimarães Advogados Gerais Regis Elisee W. Bonkoungou Católica de São Paulo Associados   Anonymous Contributors     Sérgio Cruz Arenhart   Salifou Konfe Ministério Público Federal Burkina Faso Ministère de la Santé Felipe Asensi Maria Celina Bodin de     Sergio Mannheimer Abdoul Karim Saidou Samuel Ibrahim Guitanga Universidade do Estado do Rio Moraes Andrade & Fichtner Université Ouaga II Barreau du Burkina Faso de Janeiro Advogados       Universidade do Estado do   Abdoulaye Soma Souleymane Tassemebedo Rio de Janiero; Pontifícia Soraia Ghassan Saleh Société Burkinabé de Droit Centre Muraz Fernanda Vargas Terrazas Universidade Católica do Rio Saleh Advogados Associados Constitutionnel   de Janeiro     Stephane Tiendrebeogo Conselho Nacional de   Sueli Gandolfi Dallari Abdul Gafar Victoir Major Conseils Sarl Secretarias Municipais de Universidade de São Paulo Coulidiaty   Saúde Maria Clara Oliveira Santos   Centre Muraz Ter Tiero Elias Dah   Suzana De Queiroz Alves Centre Muraz Universidade Federal de São Defensoria Pública da União Apollinaire Joachimson   Fernando Aith João del-Rei   Kyélem de Tambela Thomas Ouedraogo   Teresa Ancona Lopez Barreau du Burkina Faso; Ministère de la Santé University of São Paulo Universidade de São Paulo Centre de Recherches     Maria Valéria Junho Penna   Internationales et Stratégiques Traore Youl Yeri Silvie Thiago Bottino   Ministère de la Santé Flávia Souza Máximo Federal University of Rio de Fundação Getúlio Vargas Baimanai Angelain Poda   Janeiro     Anonymous Contributors Pereira   Victor Hugo Criscuolo Boubacar Nacro   Boson Centre Hospitalier Cambodia Universidade Federal de Ouro Mariana Chies Santiago Universidade Federal de Minas Universitaire Sourô Sanou Preto Gerais   Billy Chia-Lung Tai   Santos   Boubakar Toure   Anonymous Contributors Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Fil Blando Tabayoyong, Jr. Gabriel Costa Instituto Brasileiro de Ciências Ki-Zerbo; Centre Hospitalier Pannasatra University of Criminais Bulgaria Universitaire Yalgado Cambodia Shell Brasil Petróleo Ltda.   Ouédraogo     Andrey Delchev   Kit Touch Marilia Bense Othero Andrey Delchev & Partners Boukary Ouedraogo Community Legal Education Gerson Luiz Carlos Branco   Ministère de la Santé Center University of São Paulo Assen Vassilev     Universidade Federal do Rio   Center for Economic Strategy Bruno Ki Long Kimheang Grande do Sol and Competitiveness Pathfinder International Housing Rights Task Force   Matheus Cherulli Alcantara       Atanas Slavov Etienne Seni Sia Phearum Guilherme Bier Barcelos Viana Sofia University Cabinet FUTURJURIS Housing Rights Task Force       Rossi, Maffini, Milman & Viana e Azevedo Advogados Denitsa Rukanova Habib Ahmed Djiga Sophea Im Grando Advogados   Sofia Bar Association Université Ouaga II ISDC         Mauricio Faragone Gergana Ilieva Hama Diallo Sopheap Chak Heloisa Estellita   Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Cambodian Center for Human Faragone Advogados Hristo Botev Ki-Zerbo Rights Fundação Getúlio Vargas           Ivan Marinov Hamidou Lamoussa Sopheap Suos Mauricio Maleck Coutinho Delchev & Partners Ouattara Housing Rights Task Force Igor Parente   SCPA Loyalty     Ivelina Vassileva; Stefana   Yun Mane Shell Brasil Petróleo Ltda. Michael Freitas Mohallem Tsekova Ilboudo G. Patrick     Schoenherr Agence de Medecine Anonymous Contributors Fundação Getúlio Vargas   Preventive   Jéssica de Paula Bueno da   Jenia Dimitrova   Cameroon CMS Cameron McKenna Issoufou Tiendrebeogo Silva Paulo Marcos Rodrigues Nabarro Olswang Association African Solidarité Alain Christian Bikoe     Centre Africain de Recherches Universidade Federal de Ouro Brancher Lachezar Raichev Judith Delwende Waongo sur les Politiques Energétiques Preto Penkov, Markov & Partners ADEP et Minières   Pontifícia Universidade       Católica de São Paulo Lidia Mladenova Georgieva Kassem Salam Sourwema Asibong Queenta José Ricardo dos Santos Luz   Medical University, Sofia Université Ouaga II The Abeng Law Firm     Júnior Paulo Rogério Sehn Momiana Guneva Koulika Arnaud Nikiema Benjamin Fomba Kamga Burgas Free University CREFAS Consulting Group Université de Yaoundé 2 Braga Nascimento e Zilio Trench, Rossi e Watanabe       Advogados Associados Advogados Nikolai Hristov Küssome Paulin Somda Bérenger Yves Meuke     Medical University, Sofia Ministère de la Santé Boutchouang     SCPA Jurifis Consult Juliana Cesario Alvim Paulo Sergio João Pavel Petkov Mamadou Traoré     Cabinet d’Avocats M.S.T Bethmba Yanou Nadine Gomes Pontifícia Universidade Peter Petrov   Barreau du Cameroun Católica de São Paulo Yosifova, Ivanov & Petrov Moussa Ouedraogo   Universidade do Estado do Rio     MADT Charles Harold Kooh de Janeiro Petko Salchev   The Abeng Law Firm   Pedro Freitas National Center of Public Nonkani Wendyam Gérard   Health and Analyses Ministère de la Santé Christian Aime Chofor Che Leandro Bonini Farias Veirano Advogados     Government of Cameroon;   Olivier O. Yelkouny University of Pretoria Coutinho e Farias Sociedade de Advogados Rafael Maffini   Rossi, Maffini, Milman & Lília Carvalho Finelli Grando Advogados; UFRGS   Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Rafael Villac Vicente de   Carvalho Luciano Feldens Peixoto & Cury Advogados Pontifícia Universidade   Católica do Rio Grande do Sul   Raoni Macedo Bielschowsky Luis Eduardo Serra Netto Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Duarte Garcia, Serra Netto   e Terra   Raquel Betty de Castro Marcelo Guedes Nunes Pimenta Pontifícia Universidade Tribunal Regional do Trabalho Católica de São Paulo da 3ª Região     Marcia Mannheimer Raquel Lima Scalcon   Humboldt Universität zu Marcia Vilapiano Gomes Berlin   Primos Roberta de Freitas Campos Primos e Primos Advogados   Fundação Oswaldo Cruz   Marcio Caldas Rodrigo Giordano de Castro Caldas & Ricciardi Sociedade de Advogados Peixoto & Cury Advogados     Rodrigo Infantozzi   170

Epanty Mbanda Daniel M. Campbell Humberto Sánchez Pacheco Angela María Ruiz Sternberg Sonia Botero Cox & Palmer Defensoría Penal Pública Universidad Libre D. Moukouri & Partners Law     Universidad del Rosario   Firm Fabien Gélinas Javier Soto Solís   Anonymous Contributors   McGill University Eyzaguirre & Cía. Carlos Andrés Gómez Hyacinthe Fansi     González Congo, Dem. Rep. Finn Makela Jorge A. Canales González NFM Avocats Associés Université de Sherbrooke Peralta & Gutiérrez Abogados Universidad Jorge Tadeo Adonis Alphonse Bope       Lozano RCP Ismael Dongkeu Gaynor Roger Jorge Bofill Genzsch     Shibley Righton LLP Bofill Escobar Abogados Carlos Arturo Toro Lopez Alain Mboko Iyeti The Abeng Law Firm     Ministère de la Santé Publique   Jabeur Fathally Juan Enrique Vargas     Jean Joseph Claude Siewe University of Ottawa Universidad Diego Portales Carolina Posada Isaacs Alexis Kumabuene Kinda       Siewe & Partners Law Firm Karen Busby Juan Pablo Cox Leixelard Posse Herrera Ruiz Amani Cibambo   University of Manitoba Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez   Cabinet Amani Jean Stéphane Tang     David F. Varela   Mbembe Lise Desmarais Luis Parada Annie Bambe Cikunda Université de Sherbrooke DLA Piper Pontificia Universidad Forum pour les Droits des The Abeng Law Firm     Javeriana Jeunes et Enfants au Congo   Michel W. Drapeau Manuel Jiménez Pfingsthorn     Jean-Aimé Kounga University of Ottawa Jara del Favero Abogados Eduardo Cárdenas Centre d’Assistace Juridique       The Abeng Law Firm Nayha Acharya Manuel José Fernández B. Dentons Cardenas & Cardenas Charles L. Kitenge   Dalhousie University     Coordination Médicale John Morfaw   María Inés Horvitz Lennon Elizabeth Castillo Bralima Patrick Essiminy Universidad de Chile   Strategic Development Stikeman Elliott   Municipio de Santiago de Cali Charles-Mugagga Mushizi Initiatives   María Trinidad Cifuentes   Bashushana   Ram Sankaran Silva Enrique Álvarez Posada Centre d’Echanges pour Joyce Nyamboli Sharma Harsanyi Claro y Cía. des Réformes Juridiques et     Lloreda Camacho & Co. Institutionnelles Destiny Chambers Thomas A. Cromwell Martín Besio Hernández       Borden Ladner Gervais LLP Universidad Diego Portales Guillermo Hernando Bayona Cicéron Bulakio Mvuama Justin Tentienu Njifack     Combariza Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Ulisce Desmarais Michele Daroch Sagredo   UNDP Desmarais Desvignes Crespo Abdala & Cia. Abogados   Didier Mukuna Kadima   s.e.n.c.r.l.   Gustavo Quintero Navas Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Laurence Djeutchou Mouafo   Patricio Morales Aguirre   Anonymous Contributors Estudio Jurídico Pérez Donoso Universidad de los Andes Dieudonné Kaluba Dibwa NFM Avocats Associés     Université de Kinshasa;   Chile Ramon Garcia Odgers Ignacio Santamaria Cabinet Pr Grégoire Bakandeja Martin Kamako Universidad Católica de la & Associés Andrea Abascal Santísima Concepción Lloreda Camacho & Co.   Cabinet Kamako Jara del Favero Abogados     Dullin Banzuzi     Raúl Novoa Galán Joe Bonilla Gálvez Organisation pour la Nicaise Ibohn Bata Benjamín Garretón Smart   Protection et Promotion des Eyzaguirre & Cía. Regina Ingrid Díaz Tolosa Muñoz Tamayo & Asociados Droits Humains INB Law Firm   Universidad Bernardo       Carlos Ossandón Salas O’Higgins Jorge Acosta-Reyes Édouard Kabukapua Njini Rose Futrih Ngong Eluchans y Compañía   Bitangila Abogados Ricardo Lillo Universidad del Norte Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe Regional Hospital Bemenda   Universidad Diego Portales   Caterina Guidi Moggia   Jorge Andrés Amézquita Emmanuel Kabupwe Noé Momha Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Roberto Guerrero V. Toro   Guerrero Olivos Emmanuel Umpula Nkumba Cabinet Cameroun Audit Daniela Horvitz Lennon   C3 Corporate Control of Crime African Resource Watch Conseil Horvitz & Cia. Anonymous Contributors S.A.S           Eric Makaya Polycarp Ngufor Forkum Edmundo Varas K. China Jorge Enrique Galvis Tovar   Morales & Besa Freddy Lokossa Mbokoso National Advanced Police   Daniel Albrecht Lloreda Camacho & Co.   School Eduardo González Lara Starke   Freddy Mulamba Senene   Universidad de Valparaíso   Jorge Lara Urbaneja Centre d’Arbitrage du Congo Rose Gana Fomban Leke   Qingjie He   Felipe Hurtado P. Yunnan Institute of Medical LaraConsultores Grégoire Bakandeja wa Université de Yaoundé I Hurtado & Cía. Abogados Information   Mpungu     Juan Pablo Cruz Escobar Université de Kinshasa; Serge N. Zelezeck Fernando Lolas Stepke Anonymous Contributors Cabinet Pr Grégoire Bakandeja Universidad de Chile   SEMTRAV & Associés     Colombia     Stanley Abane Fernando Maturana Crino Luis Alberto Tafur Calderón Henri Christin Longendja Eyzaguirre & Cía. Alba Yaneth Rincón Méndez Collectif 24 The Abeng Law Firm   Universidad Industrial de Universidad del Valle     Fernando Patricio Hidalgo Santander   Hilaire Kabuya Kabeya Tarh Besong Frambo Araya   Marcela Castro Tshilobo Universidad Bernardo Alfonso Plana Bodén   Commonwealth Department O´Higgins ARI Consulting Group S.A.S. Universidad de los Andes Hugues Ngoy Nsenga         Division Provinciale de la Tommy Agbor Nkongho Gabriela Novoa Andrés Esteban Naranjo Maria Transito Diaz del Santé du Haut Katanga Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS Barrera Castillo   Kouengoua & Mbattang Law   ARI Consulting Group S.A.S. Ifeka Momponza Benjamin Firm Gonzalo Hoyl Moreno   Universidad del Valle   Hoyl Alliende & Cia. Abogados     Woumbou Nzetchie Alain Martha Eugenia Uribe Mutis Bruno Docente Universitaria     Zakariaou Njoumemi Mauricio Bello Health Economics Research Baker McKenzie and Evaluation for   Development Results Patricia Vergara Gómez   Anonymous Contributors Gómez Pinzón Abogados     Paula Samper Salazar Canada Gómez Pinzón Abogados Alexander Crizzle   Rafael Tuesca Molina University of Saskatchewan   Universidad del Norte Brian Etherington   Raúl A. Suárez A. University of Windsor     Brian Langille Ricardo Posada Maya University of Toronto Universidad de los Andes   2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 171

J. Paul Habibu Safari Samuel Dimuene Luis Gerardo González Kone Dogbemin G. Daniel Bartoň International Dimuene Law Aguilar SCPA Nambeya-Dogbemin &   Cabinet Chikuru & Associes Firm Universidad Costa Rica Associés Hedvika Hartmanova Hartmanova & Steininger Jean Michel Mvondo Symphorien Kapinga K. Marco Durante Calvo Lynda Dadié-Sangaret   Nkashama BDS Asesores Jurídicos Cabinet Dadié-Sangaret & Helena Hangler Réseau d’Education Civique Centre de Recherches et   Associés Schoenherr au Congo d’Etudes Sur l’Etat de Droit en María del Rocío Quirós       Afrique Arroyo Niangadou Aliou Jan Hurdík Jean-Moise Djoli   Bufete AG Legal   Masaryk University Brno Tanayi Mbuy Mbiye   Paterne Mambo   Cabinet Djoli et Associés Centre d’Arbitrage du Congo Miguel Ruiz-Herrera Université Félix Houphouët- Jan Poláček     Lex Counsel Boigny Poláček Tryznová & Prudlová Jean-Paul Divengi Nzambi Thérèse Mambu       Université de Kinshasa Pablo Enrique Guier Acosta Patrice Kouassi Jitka Kadlčíková Fondation Bongisa Mokili   Asejur Abogados   Vianney Kanku   Pierre Tanoh Diavatché Lukáš Prudil Jeff lushima Action Contre l’Impunité pour Ramón Yglesias Piza Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire AK PRUDIL a spol., S.R.O. le Droits Humains Bufete Mora Yglesias y         Asociados Raphaël Abauleth Michal Peškar Jérémie Kabambi Mukoka Yav Katshung Joseph   CHU Cocody   Yav & Associates Randall Madrigal Madrigal   Miloslav Jančík Alternative Citoyenne Pour Les   Comisión Derecho a la Salud; Souleymane Sakho   Droits De L’homme Anonymous Contributors Colegio de Abogados SCPA Sakho-Yapobi-Fofana Pavel Holec     Holec, Zuska & Partners Joseph Cihunda Hengelela Costa Rica Rodrigo Oreamuno B. Tigby Junior Franck Wilfried   Facio & Cañas   Radek Matouš Centre de Recherches et Alejandro Batalla    Youan Gotre Jules Dvořák Hager & Partners d’Etudes Sur l’Etat de Droit en Ruben Hernandez Valle AMEPOUH   Afrique Ana Lucía Espinoza Blanco Universidad Costa Rica   Stepan Holub     Anonymous Contributors Holubova Advokati, S.R.O. Julien Iyamulemye Anabelle López D. Sergio Amador     Central Law Batalla Salto Luna Croatia Tomas Cihula Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe     Kinstellar   Armando Alberto Guardia Wilberth Elías Montenegro Alan Soric   Kayembe Mutamba Joseph Sasso Reyes Soric & Tomekovic Dunda Tomas Matejovsky Guardia & Cubero Bufete AG Legal Attorneys CMS Cameron McKenna Ministère de la Santé Publique       Nabarro Olswang   Arnoldo André Tinoco Anonymous Contributors Anita Krizmanic   Kilomba Sumaili Adolphe Lexincorp   Macesic & Partners LLC Veronika Prudlová   Cote d’Ivoire   Poláček Tryznová & Prudlová Congolese Centre for Arturo Herrera Barquero Arsen Bacic   Transitional Justice Caja Costarricense de Seguro Affeli Alla University of Split Vojtech Steininger   Social Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire   Hartmanova & Steininger Laurent Okuma     Boris Kozjak   Benjamín Gutiérrez Alexandre Baïro Boris Kozjak Law Office Zuzana Candigliota Justice for Victims of Congo Contreras Klemet Sawadogo Kouadio   Liga Lidských Práv   BG&A Abogados Corporativos   Boris Šavorić   Lebrun Kembo   Arci Eric Djélardjé Šavorić & Partners LLC Anonymous Contributors Carlos H. Pacheco Cabinet Kignaman Soro et     Fondation Bongisa Mokili AB&P Abogados Associés Darko Jurišić Denmark       County Hospital Dr. J. Liévin Kapend Carlos Humberto Góngora Arsene Dable Benčević Anette Storgaard Fuentes     Aarhus University PNMLS   Charles Kignima Floriana Bulić-Jakuš     Carlos José Valerio Monge   University of Zagreb Anne Brandt Christensen Lumbu Faila Carole   Eric Bably   Advokatfirmaet Brandt Enrique López Jiménez BK & Associes Ivo Grga Christensen Dynamique des Femmes sur Dentons Muñoz   Law Office Ivo Grga   les Ressources Naturelles   Fotienworo Mathias   Anne Kathrine Schøn   Ewald Acuña Blanco Coulibaly Jelena Zjacic Labora Legal Lydie Kazhu C. Bufete Acuña & Asociados Société d’Avocats JurisFortis Macesic & Partners LLC         Chalida Svastisalee KMCL Fátima Porras Moya Geneviève Diallo Marko Borsky Copenhagen Professional   Martínez & Porras Abogados Réseaux Paix et Sécurité des   College Mamy Ngole   Femmes dans l’Espace Marko Lovrić   Fernán Vargas   Marko Lovrić Law Office Christian Bay Nielsen   Lex Counsel Géraldine Odehouri-Koudou   STORM Advokatfirma Marie Nyombo Zaina   Barreau de Côte d’Ivoire Milana Trbojević Palalić   Francisco José Aguilar   University of Rijeka Hans Henrik Edlund Réseau Nationale des ONG Urbina Gonsan Zozoe   Aarhus University pour le Développement de le Publicola Project AFDP Rudolf Gregurek   Femme     University of Zagreb Jacob Schall Holberg   Gabriel Lizama Oliger Jerome Coulibaly Climanlo   Bech-Bruun Law Firm Modeste Mulumba Lexing Costa Rica Université Félix Houphouët- Višnja Drenški Lasan   Mwamba   Boigny Jakob S. Johnsen Juan Guillermo Tovar   Zoran Vukić HjulmandKaptain Avocats Sans Frontieres RDC Gonzalez Joachim Bilé-Aka Vukic & Partners Law Firm     Bufete Tovar y Asociados Bilé-Aka, Brizoua-Bi &   Jannik Haahr Antonsen Ngoma Miezi Kintaudi   Associes Anonymous Contributors Codex Law Firm Karen Vargas López       SANRU ASBL Universidad Costa Rica Kignaman Soro Czech Republic Marianne Granhøj; Kristian     KS & Associés Bro Nsangana Biaya Yvette Luis Ángel Sánchez Montero   Anna Nevečeřalová Kromann Reumert Facio & Cañas Šustek & Co.   Action Contre l’Impunité pour le Droits Humains   Pacifique Muhindo Magadju Université Catholique de Bukavu   Patrick Katebe Kaisa Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe   Roger Kabeya Mulumba Barreau de Kinshasa/Gombe   Roger Mulamba Katamba Cabinet d’Avocats RMK et Associes   Romain Battajon DALDEWOLF   172

Morten Broberg Luis Julio Jiménez Ciro Pazmino Zurita Renato Enríquez Mármol Javier Aragón Vassiliu University of Copenhagen Jiménez Cruz Peña Armendáriz & Andino Central Law     P&P Abogados Abogados   Nikolaj Juhl Hansen Magdalena Rathe     Javier Enrique Alfaro Varela Magnusson Law Firm Fundación Plenitud Santiago Solines Moreno Espino Nieto & Asociados     Claudia Storini Solines & Asociados   Poul Hvilsted Manuel Colomé   Jonathan Aaron Menjivar Horten Law Firm Escuela de Salud Pública Universidad Andina Simón Simón Dávalos Ochoa Herrera     Bolívar González Peñaherrera & Central Law Anonymous Contributors María Fernanda Pou   Asociados     Fernández   Juan José Planas Carías Dominica Raful Sicard & Polanco Clementina Pomar Anta Tatiana Villacres Escuela Superior de Economía Abogados Quantics Consulting Group y Negocios Frank Walwyn   Estudio Juridico Bustamante &     WeirFoulds LLP Mary Fernandez Rodriguez Bustamante Anonymous Contributors Kelly Beatriz Romero   Headrick Rizik Alvarez &     Rodríguez Anonymous Contributors Fernández Egypt Nassar Abogados     Diego Almeida Guzmán   Dominican Republic Miguel Angel Duran Ibrahim Ahmad Laura Elizabeth Urrutia Universidad Organización y Almeida Guzmán & Asociados Ein Shams University Laboratorios Vijosa Alfredo Lachapel Método       Lachapel Toribio Abogados   Khaled El Shalakany Mardoqueo J. Tóchez Molina   Miguel Angel Reyes Elisa Morán Maldonado Shalakany Law Office Lawyers Corp Ana Isabel Caceres Fundación Fiscalización     Troncoso y Caceres Ciudadana Aprec Abogados Maha Ibrahim Mariana Nochez Palacios       Youssry Saleh & Partners Law Arias Argenys Matos Feliz Monica Thormann Peynado Firm   Asociación Impulsando Hospital Dr. Salvador B. Ernesto Albán Gómez   Mauricio Orellana Valores Gautier Mamdooh Abdelhameed García & Bodán     Universidad Andina Simón Abdelmottlep   Arismendi Díaz Santana Ortiz & Comprés Bolívar Lotus Law Group Oscar Torres Cañas         García & Bodán Arlina Espaillat Matos Roberto Medina Reyes Mohamed Abdelaal   EMC Abogados y Consultores Pontificia Universidad Católica Fausto César Quizhpe Alexandria University Piero Antonio Rusconi Fiscales Madre y Maestra   Gutiérrez     Gualán Mohamed Hanafi Mahmoud Central Law Enmanuel Rosario Estevez Rodolfo Mesa Ministry of Justice     MESA - Abogados Universidad Andina Simón   Rebeca Atanacio de Fabiola Medina Garnes   Bolívar Anonymous Contributors Basagoitia Medina Garrigo Abogados Stalin Ciprián     Escalon & Atanacio   Ciprián Arriaga & Asocs. El Salvador   Francisco Alvarez Valdez   Francisco Dávalos Morán Reneé Hernández Cáder Participación Ciudadana Trumant Suárez Durán Adán Araujo Corte Suprema de Justicia     González Peñaherrera & Arias   Georges Santoni Recio Victor A. Santana Diaz Asociados   Rommell I. Sandoval Russin Vecchi & Heredia Mazara Abogados   Arturo Magaña SBA Firma Legal; I&D Bonetti   Despacho Magaña y Consulting Virgilio A. Mendez Amaro Gerardo Aguirre Vallejo Asociados   Gianna D´Oleo Maldonado Mendez & Asociados   Teresa Beatriz Merino Doleo Consulting   Estudio Jurídico Vivanco & Benjamin Valdez Iraheta Romero Pineda & Asociados   Virgilio Bello Vicanco Benjamin Valdez & Asociados Gilberto Objío Subero Bello Rosa & Bello Gonzalez     Anonymous Contributors Medical Law RD Oficina de Abogados Christian Bará Cousin       Gustavo Arrobo Moncayo Bara Legal Corporation Estonia Henry Montás Rodríguez Anonymous Contributors   DCBM Caribbean Legal   González Peñaherrera & Claudia Marcela Hernández Aare Tark Services, S.R.L. Ecuador Asociados ASFC Law Office TARK         Iván Alfonso Cunillera Alberto Vivanco David Claros Andres Parmas Alburquerque González Peñaherrera & James Pilco Luzuriaga García & Bodán Tallinn Circuit Court William Cunillera & Asociados Asociados         Universidad del Azuay David Osvaldo Toledo Andres Vutt Jaime M. Senior Fernández Alfredo G. Brito   Universidad Católica de El University of Tartu Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Brito & Pinto Salvador   Fernández   José Alberto Ontaneda   Ene Soop   Ana Belen Posso Delmer Edmundo Rodríguez Law Firm Narlex Jesús Feris-Iglesias Ontaneda & Posso Abogados Andrade Cruz   Fundación Dominicana de   Escuela Superior de Economía Gaabriel Tavits Infectología, Inc. Avelina Ponce Gómez de Ontaneda & Posso Abogados y Negocios University of Tartu   la Torre       Juan José Espaillat Alvarez Ponce & Ponce Abogados Diego Martín-Menjívar Kaja Põlluste Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Consultares José Luis Tapia Consortium Legal University of Tartu Fernández         Bryan Abdón Mendoza Derechos Humanos Feridee Hazel Alabí Kari Käsper Julio Cesar De la Rosa Muñoz   Romero Pineda & Asociados Estonian Human Rights Tiburcio Colectivo Tejido Diverso   Centre; Tallinn University of Alianza Dominicana Contra la   Juan Carlos Riofrío Fermina Bolaños Technology Corrupción Carlos Carrasco Yepez García & Bodán     AC Abogados & Consultores Martínez-Villalba   Madis Ernits Julio Cury Ingrid Lizama Tartu Court of Appeal Inteligencia Legal, SRL Carlos Páez Fuentes Universidad de los Hemisferios       Jackson Parada Madis Kiisa Kelvin W. Herrera Carlos Solines Coronel ProConsulting Law Office Laus & Partners Escuela de Formación y Juan José Campaña Del   Capacitación Ciudadana   Castillo Universidad de Salamanca   Julio E. Neira G. Colectivo Tejido Diverso   Luis Ponce Palacios Quevedo & Ponce Estudio Jurídico   Marcelo Alejandro Guerra Coronel Universidad Católica de Cuenca   Marcelo Proaño Paredes Romero Arteta Ponce Abogados   Maria Isabel Cordero SENDAS   María José Luna Lara Universidad de los Hemisferios   Mario I. Armendáriz Y. Armendáriz & Andino Abogados   Pablo Andino Fiallos Armendáriz & Andino Abogados 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 173

Melita Sogomonjan Kimmo Nuotio Juliette Chapelle Levan Avalishvili Henning Rosenau Tallinn University of Cabinet Chapelle Avocat Institute for Development of Technology University of Helsinki   Freedom of Information Martin-Luther-Universität     Karl Hepp de Sevelinges   Halle-Wittenberg Merle Erikson Matti Ilmari Niemi Jeantet Lina Ghvinianidze   University of Tartu   Human Rights Education and   University of Eastern Finland Mahir Al Banna Monitoring Center Hermann Bietz Senny Pello   American University in the   Advokaadibüroo Concordia Matti Tolvanen Emirates Mariam Tutberidze Bietz Arbitration     Institute for Development of   Sten Luiga University of Eastern Finland Marie-Christine Cimadevilla Freedom of Information Cobalt Law Firm   Cimadevilla Avocats   Ingo Friedrich   Mika J. Lehtimäki   Nata Kazakhashvili Tanel Küün Nicole Stolowy Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State International Understanding Law Office TARK Attorneys-at-Law TRUST; HEC Paris University and Peace   University of Oxford       Anonymous Contributors   Olivier Péan de Ponfilly Natalia Geladze   Mika Launiala     Ingo Klaus Wamser Ethiopia Patrice Le Maigat Natia Katsitadze University of Eastern Finland Université de Rennes 1 Article 42 of the Constitution FoSt Anwaltsrecht Aberra Degefa Nagawo         Addis Ababa University Niklas Vainio Philippe Marin Nino Merebashvili-Fisher   Cabinet Imavocats Institute for Development of Jessica Jacobi Abiyou Girma Tamrat University of Helsinki   Freedom of Information     Samira Denfer   Kliemt.Arbeitsrecht Alemu M. Negash Patrick Lindgren   Nona Kurdovanidze   Jimma University Sébastien Ducamp Georgian Young Lawyers’   ADVOCARE Law Office Sesame Avocats Association Juergen Baumann Fikadu Asfaw       Fikadu Asfaw and Associates Raimo Isoaho Stéphane Bonifassi Saba Buadze   Law Office Bonifassi Avocats Institute for Development of Karsten Schmidt   University of Turku   Freedom of Information Filipos Aynalem   Thierry Berland Bucerius Law School   Raimo Lahti   Tamar Dekanosidze   Guadie Sharew Thierry Lambert Georgian Young Lawyers’ Bahir Dar University University of Helsinki Aix-Marseille Université Association Kathrein Knetsch         Hiruy Wubie Tatu Hyttinen Véronique Tuffal-Nerson Anonymous Contributors Advovox Rechtsanwalts GmbH Gebreegziabher Cabinet Tuffal-Nerson   Monash University University of Turku Douarre et Associés Germany       Kerstin Niethammer- Kidist Sheferaw Teuvo Pohjolainen Anonymous Contributors Alexander Putz     Putz und Partner, Jürgens Kumsa Girma Kassa University of Eastern Finland Georgia Steuerberater & Rechtsanwalt Arsi University     Jürgens   Ville Sinisalo Ana Chelidze Anna Lindenberg Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Mehari Redae JSC “Basisbank”   mbH Addis Ababa University Bluefox Legal Tech   Annegret Berne       Anna Arganashvili   Mekdem Belayneh Anonymous Contributors NGO Partnership for Human Axel Nagler Marc Seifert Mekdem Law Office Rights Nagler, Haberkern & Partner         Hewlett Packard Enterprise Mesfin Tafesse France George Gotsadze Beckmann-Koßmann   Mesfin Tafesse & Associates Curatio International     Carlos M. Herrera Foundation Burkhard Klüver Martin Reufels Rahel Alemayehu   Ahlers & Vogel Rechtsanwälte   Université de Cergy-Pontoise Giorgi Beraia PartG mbB Heuking Kühn Lüer Wojtek Samrawit Behailu   Institute for Development of     Tameru Wondm Agegnehu Christophe Chabrot Freedom of Information Carsten Momsen Law Offices   Freie Universität Berlin Martin Sträßer   Université Lumière-Lyon 2 Giorgi Kldiashvili   Tamrat Assefa   Institute for Development of Christian Wolff Sträßer Rehm Barfield Tamrat Assefa Liban Law Cyril Bloch Freedom of Information Schock Rechtsanwälte   Office       Aix-Marseille Université Gocha Svanidze Christof Kerwer Monika Hagen Tegegne Zergaw   Law Firm Svanidze & Partners Julius-Maximilians-Universität Bahir Dar University David Levy   Würzburg Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Hagen   Grigol Gagnidze     Temesgen Sisay Beyene Barreau de Paris Georgian Barristers & Lawyers Christoph Lindner Bahir Dar University   International Observatory   Ndjamawe Bah-Traore   Dominique Inchauspé   Dirk Vielhuber Zemenu Tarekegn Yimenu Ivdity Chikovani BG BAU Munich   Debremarkos University Cabinet Inchauspé & Remy Curatio International   Nicola Kreutzer     Foundation Friederike Lemme Anonymous Contributors Dominique Velardocchio   Kanzlei Lemme Kreutzer & Kreuzau   Lasha Gogiberidze     Finland Aix-Marseille Université BGI Legal Gernot A. Warmuth     Scheiber & Partner Oliver Bolthausen Ari Miettinen Elisabeth Grabli Lela Sulaberidze   Fimlab Laboratories Ltd. Curatio International Gregor Dornbusch DWF   Barreau de Paris Foundation Baker McKenzie   Jens Kremer   University of Helsinki Fabrice Bien   Hauke Hagena Oliver Schellbach   ProMINT Jukka Peltonen Groupe ESC Clermont-   Schellbach Rechtsanwälte Auvergne   174   Florence Debord Othmar K. Traber Université Lumière-Lyon 2 Ahlers & Vogel Rechtsanwälte   PartG mbB Francis Tartour     Rainer M. Hofmann Georges Sioufi Kanzlei im Hofhaus Aachen SRDB Law Firm     Guillaume Protière Ralf Mathey Université Lumière-Lyon 2 RAe     Isabelle Carbuccia Roland Gross IVCH Law Firm     Isabelle-Victoria Carbuccia Sabine Barth IVCH Law Firm Lange Brunner Rechtsanwälte   Partnerschaft mbB Jacob Maillet   Université Paris Descartes Sebastian Reinsch Janke & Reinsch Rechtsanwälte   Stefan Huster Ruhr-Universiät Bochum   Stephan Sander Terhedebrügge und Sander   Thomas Feltes Ruhr-Universiät Bochum

Thomas Jürgens Fotini N. Skopouli Yurana Phillip Martha Esther Castro Michael Diakite Jürgens Harokopio University Barreau de Guinée Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft   Afi Ventour & Co. Bufete Alonzo   mbH Grace Ch. Katsoulis     Moriba Kaba   Ballas, Pelecanos & Associates Anonymous Contributors Marvin Javier Dávila Villegas   Volker von Moers L.P.C. Mounir Houssein Mohamed von Moers Lawyers           Ilias Anagnostopoulos Guatemala Oscar A. Pineda Chavarría Moussa Sidibe Wibke Köppler Anagnostopoulos Law Firm   Kanzlei Oelmüller & Partner   Alexis Retana Rodríguez EY Law Oumar Baldé GbR Bürogemeinschaft Ioannis Androulakis   Barreau de Guinée   National & Capodistrian Naciones Unidas Pedro Mendoza Montano   Wolf Stahl University of Athens   Thierno Amadou Kanzlei fuer Wirtschaftsrecht   Alfonso Carrillo M. Iurisconsulti Abogados y Fougoumba Barry Wolf Stahl Konstantinos Notarios; Francisco Marroquin Institut de Recherche sur la   Apostolopoulos Carrillo & Asociados University Démocratie et l’Etat de Droit Anonymous Contributors Apostolopoulos Law Firm           Alvaro R. Cordon Raúl Bolaños del Aguila Anonymous Contributors Ghana Konstantinos Kanellakis     Cordon, Ovalle y Asociados Escuela de Gobierno Guyana Afua Hesse Konstantinos Valmas-     Accra College of Medicine Vloutis Ana Gisela Castillo Rodolfo Alegría Christopher Ram     Christopher Ram & Associates Akosua Gyasi Kostoula Mazaraki   Carrillo & Asociados   Ghana Health Service Nomos Law Firm Angélica Lucía Aguilar   Eva Rawana-Scott     Gutiérrez Rodrigo Barillas Rawana-Scott and Associates Cynthia Jumu Quarcoo Magda Tazedaki   CQ Legal And Consulting Tazedakis Law Firm Universidad de San Carlos de Asociación Alas de Guatemala Ganesh Hira     Guatemala     Frank Owusu-Sekyere Melina Avagianou   Sergio Alejandro Peña Kelly-Ann Hercules Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital Klimaka NGO Antonio J. Quezada Flores Mandujano Ministry of Education       Franklin Glozah Nigel Bowen-Morris   GlobaLex Rohan Jabour University of Ghana Stephenson Harwood Astrid J. Lemus Rodríguez         Sonia Girard Trevona Weekes Isidore K. Tufuor Nikolaos Kondylis Universidad de San Carlos de Britton, Hamilton & Adams Ghana Institute of Kondylis & Partners Law Guatemala Universidad Rafael Landívar   Management and Public Office     Anonymous Contributors Administration   David Ernesto Chacón Vilma Chavez de Pop     Panagiotis Gioulakos Estrada Honduras J. M. Tuakli e-nomos Business Consultants IBFAN Guatemala CHILDAccra   Universidad de San Carlos de   Aida G. Lazarus Will   Panayotis Karydakis Guatemala Anonymous Contributors HondurasLawyers John Kwesi Mafoh       535 Urban Health Clinic Sotiris Felios Diego Alejos Rivera   Allan Alvarenga   Felios & Associates Law Firm Guinea Fundación San Alonso Kwame Owusu Agyeman   Consortium Legal Rodriguez University of Cape Coast Stelios Andreadakis   Aimé Christophe Labilé     Brunel University London Diego Ricardo Pérez Koné Andrea Cecilia Idiáquez Kwasi Fredua-Agyeman   Sandoval Martínez Danso Virginia Theodoropoulou Cabinet d’Avocats Etude Melara & Asociados LEGAL INK Panteion University Integrum Légale Labilé & Associés         Carlos Augusto Hernandez Nana Tawiah Okyir Xenophon Contiades Edson López Aime Raphael Haba Alvarado Ghana Institute of Panteion University; Centre   Management and Public for European Constitutional Integrum Avocats Sans Frontieres Claudia Midence Soto Administration Law   Guinée Arias     Eleusis Jeannette Zelada     Nii Nortey Hanson-Nortey Yota Kremmida Rosal Ali Badara Bangoura Daniel Matamoros Aurum Institute Hewlett Packard Enterprise       Arias Barreau de Guinée David Armando Urtecho Richmond Aryeetey Anonymous Contributors     López University of Ghana   Emanuel Callejas A. Alpha Kourouma     Grenada David Israel Díaz Hernández Theophilus Tawiah Carrillo & Asociados   García & Bodán Nobisfields Darshan Ramdhani   Amadou Babahein Camara     Law Offices of Ramdhani & Enrique Möller Dennis Emilio Hércules Rosa Anonymous Contributors Associates Barreau de Guinée Melara & Asociados     EY Law     Greece Karen M. M. Samuel   Balla Amara Ely Abel Pinto Jimenez Samuel Phillip & Associates Harvey Álvarez Bufete Pinto Alexios Athanassopoulos       AA Law Firm Linda Dolland HP Abogados Coalition des Femmes Emy Carolina Castellon   Seon & Associates   Leaders de Guinée Juarez Alexis Anagnostakis   J. Guillermo Gándara Espino Asociación Hombro a Hombro Anagnostakis Law Offices Martin Forde       St. George’s University Work in Progress Foromo Frédéric Loua Gabriela Valle Urrea Anthony G. Mavrides       Ballas, Pelecanos & Associates Sabrita Khan-Ramdhani Jose Antonio Román Silva Les Mêmes Droits pour Tous Isis Maytté Ordóñez Aguilar L.P.C. Law Offices of Ramdhani &   Melara & Asociados   Associates Clinica Medica Francis Charles Kpaga Haba   Dionyssis Balourdos     Janell McBride National Centre for Social Tanya K. Lambert Jose E. Quiñones Babady & Francis SCPA   Research       QIL+ Halimatou Camara   José Miguel Argueta Bone Organisation Guinéenne de Défense des Droits de   l’Homme Juan Jose Porras Castillo   Hamidou Barry Palomo y Porras   Coalition Guinéenne pour la Luis Pedro Cazali Cour Pénale Internationale     Kpana Emmanuel Bamba Marcelo Richter Ligue Guinéenne des Droits de Asociación Iberoamericana l’Homme de Juristas de Derecho del   Trabajo y de la Seguridad Labila Michel Sonomou Social   Avocats Sans Frontieres Marcos Palma Guinée   Integrum Mahawa Sylla   Mario Roberto Guadrón VIE+ Rouanet   Mamadou Saidou Balde Palomo y Porras 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 175

Johana Bermudez Lacayo Ian Scott Ashok Ramgir Anonymous Contributors Naser Jafari City University of Hong Kong     Universidad Nacional   Harsh Impex Indonesia P. Mehran Tamadonfar Autónoma de Honduras; James A. Rice   University of Nevada Instituto Hondureño de Lingnan University Agustinus Dawarja   Seguridad Social   Bontha V. Babu LexRegis Parviz Azadfallah   James L. W. Wong   Tarbiat Modares University José M. Álvarez Century Chambers Indian Council of Medical Anton Latief     Research Budidjaja International Reza Salimi BLP Abogados Johannes Chan   Lawyers Iranian Central Bar   University of Hong Kong   Association Juan José Alcerro Milla   Daya Krishan Mangal Bagus S. D. Nur Buwono   Katie Lam Bagus Enrico & Partners Sanaz Alasti Aguilar Castillo Love Hewlett Packard Enterprise Indian Institute of Health   Lamar University     Management Research Bama Djokonugroho   Karla Gabriela Michael Chai   Budidjaja International Sara Tajdini Bernacchi Chambers Lawyers Gheidi Law Office BLP Abogados   E. N. Thambi Durai       Michael Vidler Hadi Pratomo Anonymous Contributors Leobildo Amilcar Cabrera Vidler & Co Solicitors Durai Group Companies Universitas Indonesia Cabrera       Italy Philip Dykes Hendrik Alfian Pasaribu Colegio de Abogados de   Ishwar Chandra Dwivedi Makarim & Taira S. Alberto Fantini Honduras Rick Glofcheski   Tonucci & Partners   University of Hong Kong   Immanuel A. Indrawan   Lino Carmenate Milián   Milanka Chaudhury Indrawan Darsyah Santoso Alessia-Ottavia Cozzi Shahla Ali   Area Science Park Universidad Nacional University of Hong Kong Link Legal India Law Service Jono Yeo   Autónoma de Honduras     Budidjaja International Andrea Lolli   Tam Yat Hung Lawyers   Lisandro Valle Pérez University of Hong Kong Nagarathna A.   Anna Simonati   Marco Kumar University of Trento   Anonymous Contributors National Law School of India AM Oktarina   Lurbin España   University   Antonella Antonucci Hungary   Muhamad Kamal Fikri Università degli studi Aldo Asociación Hombro a Hombro Assegaf Hamzah & Partners Moro - Bari   Ákos Bajorfi Nirmal Kanti Chakrabarti     Manuel Antonio Sierra Noerr & Partners Law Office Rahayu Ningsih Hoed Astolfo Di Amato Santos   Kiit University Makarim & Taira S. Astolfo Di Amato e Associati András Jakab       Universidad Tecnologica University of Salzburg Sianti Candra Davide Cacchioli Centroamericana   Pankaj Jain Universitas Podomoro Pedersoli Studio Legale   Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz     Marco Antonio Calix Hungarian Academy of   Sunardjo Sumargono Emanuele Cortesi Rodriguez Sciences Prakash Prabhakarrao Doke Law Office of Semar Caffi, Maroncelli & Associati   Suryakencana Cipta   Bufete Calix & Asociados Gábor Baruch Bharati Vidyappeth Deemed Justiceindo Emanuele Scafato   Baruch Law Office University   Società Italiana di Alcologia Marvin Rigoberto Espinal     Tristam Pascal Moeliono   Pinel Gabor Papp Catholic University of Francesco de Angelis   Puneet Misra Parahyangan-Bandung   Universidad Nacional Mező Réka   Gian Luigi Gatta Autónoma de Honduras   All India Institute of Medical Anonymous Contributors Università degli Studi di   Nóra Nagy-Baranyi Sciences   Milano Max Salgado Nagy-Baranyi Law Office   Iran     Gianfranco Di Garbo Actio Juris Petra Bárd Rajas Kasbekar Abolfazl Shirazi Baker McKenzie   ELTE School of Law Avicenna Research Institute   Melvin Tejada       Giovanni Nardulli Viktor Oliver Lorincz Ruchi Sinha Ahmad Daryani Legance - Avvocati Associati CCSHH Hungarian Academy of Mazandaran University of     Sciences Tata Institute of Social Medical Sciences Giuseppe Lorenzo Rosa Miguel Armando Zapata   Sciences     Izaguirre Zsolt Zengődi   Amir A. Fakhravar Marco Esposito   National Iranian Congress University of Naples García & Bodán Anonymous Contributors Sankaran Ramakrishnan         Farhad Derhami Mariano Cingolani Milton Moises Carcamo India   Bayan Emrooz Law Firm University of Macerata Saurabh Misra       Anil Fernandes Hamid Bagherzadeh Patrizia Magarò Rafael Gomez Mateo Anil Fernandes & Associates Saurabh Misra & Associates Farama Law Firm Università di Genova         Grupo Legalsa de Honduras Anil Kumar K. Hamid Reza Bakhshi Patrizio Ivo D’Andrea   Tata Institute of Social Shankar Das Moakher Università di Ferrara Ruben A. Rodezno Sandoval Sciences       Tata Institute of Social Kamiar Alaei Pierpaolo Martucci HondurasLawyers Anil Paleri Sciences Institute for International University of Trieste       Health and Education   Ruth Otilia Posadas Vasquez Anshul Prakash   Pietro Faraguna Khaitan & Co. Subhash Chandra Bhatnagar Mohammad Badamchi University of Trieste Asociación Hombro a Hombro   Hami Legal Services     Anshuman Verma     Riccardo Del Punta Valerya Theodoracopoulos The Invention Factory™ Subhrarag Mukherjee Mohammad Rahmani University of Florence   Bayan Emrooz Law Firm   Arias Hewlett Packard Enterprise       Walter L. Ramírez Sumeet Kaur LexFirma     Anonymous Contributors Surabhi Chopra   Chinese University of Hong Hong Kong SAR, China Kong   Christopher Hooley Tania Ahlawat Oldham, Li & Nie   Ahlawat & Associates David C. Donald   The Chinese University of Uday Singh Ahlawat Hong Kong   Ahlawat & Associates Ho Lok Sang   Chu Hai College of Higher Vijay Raghavan Education   Tata Institute of Social Sciences   Vikram Shroff Nishith Desai Associates   Vipender Mann KNM & Partners   Y. S. Kusuma All India Institute of Medical Sciences   Yashomati Ghosh National Law School of India University 176

Riccardo Salomone Verona Henry-Ferguson Ehab Qouteshat Aisha Abdallah Albina Rakhmidinova University of the West Indies   University of Trento   Enas Qutieshat Anjarwalla & Khanna Kalikova & Associates   Anonymous Contributors Philadelphia University     Roberto Bin     Andrew J. Franklin Alexander Dmitrievich Japan Farah Al-Majali Orehov Università di Ferrara International Consolidated For Franklin Management   Akifumi Mochizuki Legal Consultations Consultants Ltd.   Roberto Ceccon Atsumitoshiyuki Law Office     Azamat Kerimbaev   Firas Kasassbeh Atiq S. Anjarwalla Ceccon & Associati Hideo Shinozaki   ABA ROLI   Japan Public Health George Hazboun Anjarwalla & Khanna   Roberto Rosapepe Association International Consolidated For   Baktygul Kubanychbekova   Legal Consultations Beryl Orao University of Salerno Junko Ogushi   The Collegium of Young   Atsumi & Sakai Hisham Ababneh Kenya National Commission Advocates of the South of Rocchina Staiano   Dentons on Human Rights Kyrgyzstan Junko Suetomi       Università di Teramo Waseda University; Baker & Kamal Jamal Awad Dennis Mung’ata Elena Bit-Avragim   McKenzie Alawamleh Sabrina Bruno   University of Petra Gichimu Mung’ata & Company Veritas Law Kaoru Takamatsu   Advocates   University of Calabria Hayabusa Asuka Law Offices Mohammad Amro   Elida K. Nogoibaeva     Ali Sharif Zu’bi Advocates & Fred Ondieki Mogotu Anonymous Contributors Mai Takano Legal Consultants American University of Central Hewlett Packard Enterprise   Anjarwalla & Khanna Asia     Omar Qutishat     Jamaica Masanori Tanabe Aljazy & Co. Harrison Mbori Ermek Mamaev Nagoya International Law   Allan S. Wood Office Rasha Laswi Strathmore University Kalikova & Associates   Zalloum and Laswi Law Firm     Livingston Alexander & Levy Naritaka Tomoeda   Isaac Gitere Jenishbek Arzymatov   Hewlett Packard Enterprise Safa Alswelmen Anthony Clayton   Yarmouk University Wacira Wambugu and Co. Lawyers of Kyrgyzstan Nobuo Koinuma   Advocates Association University of the West Indies Tohoku Medical and Zaid Muhmoud Agaileh       Pharmaceutical University Mu’tah University James Okeyo Jibek Tenizbaeva Audrey Brown     Sayaka Hara Anonymous Contributors Muthoga Gaturu & Company Lorenz Law Firm       Advocates   Colleen Coleman-Wright Shigeji Ishiguro Kazakhstan   Kanat Seidaliev Oguri & Ishiguro Law Office John M. Ohaga Levy | Cheeks   Arlan Yerzhanov GRATA International   Shimamura Yosuke PricewaterhouseCoopers Tax TripleOKLaw Advocates LLP   Donovan C. Walker Shimamura Law Office & Advisory LLP   Kerim Begaliev     Josephine L. M. Righa Hart Muirhead Fatta Takashi Maruta Artem Timoshenko Centil Law Firm   Sannomiya Law Office Unicase Law Firm Igeria & Ngugi Advocates   Emile G. R. Leiba       Klara Sooronkulova Takashi Takano Ilyas Sakenovich Adilbaev Kiingati Ndirangu DunnCox The Law Office of Takashi Kazakhstan International International University of   Takano Bureau for Human Rights and Kairu Mbuthia & Kiingati Central Asia Eris Schoburgh   Rule of Law Advocates   Tomohisa Muranushi     Saara Kabaeva University of the West Indies Baker McKenzie Rima Dzhansarayeva Leonard Samson Opundo     Al-Farabi Kazakh National Kabaeva Gillian Mullings Toshiaki Higashi University Shem Advocates   University of Occupational     Sanzhar Aldashev Naylor and Mullings and Environmental Health Saltanat Kemalova Luis Franceschi     SIGNUM Law Firm GRATA International J. Peter Figueroa Yasuhiro Fujii   Strathmore University     Sofiya Zhylkaidarova   Valentin Chernyshev University of the West Indies Yasuyuki Suzuki SIGNUM Law Firm Lyla Latif   Hayabusa Asuka Law Offices   Kumtor Gold Company Jacqueline D. Goulbourne   Yerjanov Timur University of Nairobi   Yohei Suda Kazakh National University   Zhanyl Abdurakhmanova University of the West Indies The Law Office of Yohei Suda   Marabu Fidelis Limo     Yerzhan Toktarov Centil Law Firm Jason Wilks Yugo Ishibashi Sayat Zholshy and Partners TripleOKLaw Advocates LLP         Anonymous Contributors Creative Associates Yukinori Hashida Yerzhan Yessimkhanov Mohamed A. Karega International Kodera Matsuda Law Office GRATA International         Anjarwalla & Khanna Lebanon Joanne Wood Rattray Anonymous Contributors Zhanat Alimanov     KIMEP Njoki Kamau Abel Mourad DunnCox Jordan     Anonymous Contributors   City University Jodi Ann Paulwell Ali Mohammad Aldabbas   Noah Chune   University of Petra Kenya Antoine G. Ghafari Office of the Cabinet   Central Organisation of Trade   Anwar Mahmoud Salih Aabid Ahmed Unions   Justine Collins Batieha Bomu Hospital   Elias Matar Jordan University of Science   Peter Wendoh Hart Muirhead Fatta and Technology Abbas Esmail Abou Jaoude & Associates     Anjarwalla & Khanna Lego Law Firm Kevin O. Powell     Remigeo P. Mugambi Elie W. Chalhoub Hylton Powell   Muthoga Gaturu & Company Arab Center for the Lisa N. Russell Advocates Development of the Rule of   Law And Integrity Russell & Russell Ronald Rogo     Jean E. Akl Marie Freckleton University of Nairobi   Akl Law Practice University of the West Indies Thomas N. Maosa     Jihad Irani Nadine C. Atkinson-Flowers Maosa and Co. Advocates   University of Balamand   Timothy Mutambuki   Narda Graham-Laird Jihan Khattar   DunnCox Anonymous Contributors Khattar Associates     Peter Goldson   Joelle Choueifati Kyrgyzstan Myers Fletcher & Gordon     Aikanysh Jeenbaeva Joelle Khater Sonia Gatchair Academy of Public Badri and Salim El Meouchi University of the West Indies Administration Law Firm   Tamiko N. Smith 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 177

Khatoun Haidar Aleksandar Ickovski Madagascar Anonymous Contributors Norhisham Abd Bahrin Synergy-Takamol       Alain Ramanarivo Malawi Azmi & Associates Mohamad Ramadan Aleksandra Baleva   Elaref International Law Office Grozdanova Barreau de Madagascar Adamson S. Muula Nurjaanah Chew     University of Malawi Pierre Obeid Godzo, Kiceec & Novakovski Alexandra Rajerison   University of Malaya University of Balamand   Anthony Jeckson Malunga     Aleksandra Gruevska Maralex Legal Avocats Generation Consultancy Obijiofor Aginam Rihab Aboul Hosn Drakulevski       Alphonse Anatole Bernadette W. Malunga International Institute for Roula Zayat Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Malawi Global Health Arab Center for the University       Development of the Rule of   Andry Herisoa Andrianasolo Bruno Paul Matumbi R. Usha Devi Law and Integrity Anita Begova Excellence Law Partners   Institut International des   R Usha Devi & Associates Salah Mattar Law Office Begova Sciences Sociales Chipiliro Mbekwani   Mattar Law Firm     Chitsonga S. B. Cheah   Borjanka Todorovska Aviva Ramanitra Leos Attorneys at Law Souraya Machnouk   S. B. Cheah & Associates Abou Jaoude & Associates Donevski Law Firm Lexel Juridique et Fiscal Douglas Lungu   Law Firm     Daeyang Luke Hospital Saw Tiong Guan   Darko Spasevski Bakoly Razaiarisolo   Tony G. Zreik Rakotomalala Fresier Chidyaonga-Maseko University of Malaya Lebanese American University Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Malawi     University SEFIP-FFKM   Sharon Kaur Wissam Kabbara     George Naphambo Lebanese American University Deljo Kadiev Fahafahantsoa Rapelanoro Naphambo and Company University of Malaya   Rabenja     Anonymous Contributors Doncho M. Donev Kamudoni Nyasulu Suganthi Singam   Laboratoire LARTIC; Kamudoni Nyasulu Law Liberia Ss. Cyril and Methodius Université d’Antananarivo Consultants Shearn Delamore & Co. University       Arthur T. Johnson   Fenosoa Rajomarison Krishna Savjani Yap Chiu Wan   Elena Dimova-Ivanoska Savjani and Co. Cecil B. Griffiths John W. Fooks & Co.   Messrs Shook Lin & Bok Liberia National Law Cakmakova Advocates   Lewis Chezan Bande   Enforcement Association   Hery Harizandry University of Malawi Yusramizza Md Isa @ Yusuff   Emil Miftari Razafiarison   Christiana P. Tah Marshal Chileng Universiti Utara Malaysia Law Office of Christiana P. Tah   Ministere de la Justice TF and Partners     Gorica Nadjinska     Zainal A. Ayub Cleophas Torori Jean Pierre Rakotovao Shepher Mumba UNDP CLRA Messrs Golden & Law Universiti Utara Malaysia     Jhpiego     Fatu Maima Kamara Foster Ilija Nedelkoski   Wongani Mvula Anonymous Contributors Jeannot Julien Padoue Malawi Law Commission James C. R. Flomo Cakmakova Advocates Rafanomezana     The Public Defenders’ Program   Anonymous Contributors Mali of Liberia Leonid Trpenoski Barreau de Madagascar       Malaysia Abdel Kader Cisse Lucia D. Sonii Gbala Trpenoski Law Firm Lala Henriette Ratsiharovala Heritage Partners &   Chew Phye Keat   Associates Inc. Ljupka Noveska Andonova Ministere de la Justice Raja, Darryl & Loh Aboubacar Souleymane       Diarra Malcolm W. Joseph   Léonard Velozandry Christine Toh Hung Mei Center for Media Studies and Maja Risteska MahWengKwai & Associates   Peacebuilding Ordre des Avocats   Aguissa Maiga   A.D. Insurance Policy   Dato’ Sri Dr Ashgar Ali Ali Mark M. M. Marvey   Marie Mélanie Rapenitrarivo Mohamed Ministère de la Santé et Heritage Partners & Martin Monevski International Islamic l’Hygiène Publique Associates Inc. Tribunal de Première Instance University     Monevski Law Firm d’Ankazobe   Bakary Konaté Moses B. F. Massaquoi     Fahri Azzat Ministry of Health Liberia Neda Milevska Kostova Nathalie Rakotomalala Fahri & Co. Barreau du Mali       Pindarous Allison STUDIORUM Miaro Zo Harlida Abdul Wahab Balla Seye Transitional Justice Working     Universiti Utara Malaysia Group of Liberia Nenad Janicevic Njivasoa Nathalie       Rambeloson Jasmine Wong Kah Man Bourema Sagara T. Debey Sayndee Law Office Janicevic MahWengKwai & Associates Kofi Annan Institute;   Barreau de Madagascar   JURIFIS CONSULT University of Liberia Nikola Jovanovski   Joshua Tay     Olivia Rajerison AmerBON Daouda Ba Yafar V. Baikpeh Center for Legal Research and   Heritage Partners & Analysis Cabinet Rajerison Khadijah Mohamed Vaughan Avocats Associates Inc.     Universiti Utara Malaysia     Nikolco Lazarov Rafitoson Ketakandriana   Elias Toure Anonymous Contributors Mahadirin Hj. Ahmad   Law Office Lazarov   Universiti Malaysia Sabah   Macedonia   Raymond Rakotomanga   Famoussa Keita Olivera Docevska Munir Abdul Aziz Aleksandar Godjo Jhpiego Wong & Partners   Godzo, Kiceec & Novakovski Justicia     Hyacinthe Kone     Régina Rakotosoa Stefan Chichevaliev Cabinet d’Avocat Dofini   Consult Centre for Regional Policy Riki Rakotobe   Research and Cooperation Jules Dembele Studiorum Cabinet d’Avocat Alex   Rafamtanatsoa et Associé   Strashko Stojanovski   Lalla Gakou Rindra Rabarinirinarison Goce Delchev University CLG CONSULT, SCPA   Commission Nationale des   Svetlana Veljanovska Marchés Publics Lassana Diakite     Tino Razafinimanana Barreau du Mali Vladimir Donevski     Lassana Diawara Law Firm Donevski Tojo Maminiaina   Andriambololona SCPA Juri Zharko Hadji Zafirov   Barreau de Madagascar Magatte Assane Seye Center for Legal Research and   Analysis Tokisetra Ramilison Cabinet Seye     Anonymous Contributors   Mahamane Ibrahima Cisse Tsarazara Andrianasoavina         Mohamed Goita Barreau du Mali   178

Moussa Sinayoko Abdus Samad Dulloo Angel Delfino Gomez Iván García Gárate Moldova JURIFIS CONSULT     Lizarraga National Autonomous Adrian Belii Ousmane Thierno Diallo Adil Calleea University of Mexico Nicolae Testemitanu State   Secretaria De Salud   University of Medicine Samba Baba N’Diaye Banymandhub Boolell   and Pharmacy; Institute of Barreau du Mali Chambers Jorge Berlin Emergency Medicine     Angélica Ángeles Llerenas   Seydou Coulibaly Alexandre Barbès-Pougnet ABC Legal, S.C. Alexandru Tanase Satis Partners Instituto Nacional de Salud   Hanganu Tănase & Partenerii     Pública de México   Seydou Doumbia Angelique Desvaux de   Jorge Luis Silva Mendez Alexei Croitor La Ficelles SCPA Marigny   Carlos de Buen Unna Banco Mundial Ana Ciobanu Touré Yéhiya De Speville Sauzier Desvaux   University Clinic of Primary Cabinet d’Savocats PRAE Chambers Bufete de Buen Health Care LAW FIRM     Jose Alberto Campos Vargas     Daya Auckloo Andrei Bivol Anonymous Contributors Carlos Santos-Burgoa Sánchez Devanny Eseverri, Hanganu Tănase & Partenerii   Emtel Ltd. S.C.   Mauritania   The George Washington   Avornic Gheorghe Deepti Bismohun University University of European Ahmed Bezeid Abdallahi   Juan Manuel Esteban Castro Political and Economic Studies   ENSafrica “Constantin Stere” Bouhoubeyni Ahmed Salem   Christian Alan Bello Melchor Albarrán     Diksha Purmessur Corina Oprea Braham Sidi Abdoullah Notarias 92 y 145 Asociación Latinoamericana Efrim Rosca & Associates   Young Queer Alliance   de Medicina Social   Brahim Diarra     Cristina Copaceanu   Dipna Gunnoo Christian Serna University of European Cheikh Abdellahi Ould Juan Manuel Juarez Meza Political and Economic Studies Ahmed Babou   Serna & Abogados “Constantin Stere”    Feerdaus Bundhun   Contramar Abogados   Cheikh Hindy   Cristina Martin     Critina Sánchez Urtiz ACI Partners El Moustapha Attighe H. S. Bunjun Liesel Oberarzbacher   UNAIDS Miranda & Estavillo, S.C. Cuznețov Alexandru   Dabee & Bunjun Chambers   Instituto Tecnológico State University of Moldova Fah Brahim Jiddou   Autónomo de México   PNUD Javed Niamut Daniel Carrancá de la Mora   Eduard Scutaru     Fatimata Ball BLC Robert Instituto Mexicano para la Luciano Mendoza Cruz Galina Obreja Vivre et S’epanouir   Justicia Nicolae Testemitanu State   Jeewon Rajesh   Universidad Nacional University of Medicine and Fatimata Barry Kane Autónoma de México Pharmacy CNC   Daniel Cruz       Krishan M. Beeharry Inga Baciu Jemal Mohamed El Hady Notarias 92 y 145 Luis Jorge Garcia Padilla Alecu Russo State University CCM; UNPM     of Bălți   Mohammad Nawaz Lazo, Villa, Moel y García, S.C.   Khadijetou Ouedrago Dookhee David Martinez-Amador   Inna Soțchi Fonds des Nations Unies pour Hanganu Tănase & Partenerii la Population   Insumisos Marco Antonio González     Nadeem Lallmamode   Iulia Furtuna Mine Abdoullah Reynoso Turcan Cazac Law Firm   Benoit Chambers Elias Huerta Psihas   Mohamed Dah   GRND Abogados Liliana Domente   Nikhil Boolell Asociacion Nacional de     Mohamed M’bareck Brahim Doctores en Derecho Marica Dumitrasco   Chambers of Urmila Boolell,   María Luisa Mendoza López Academy of Sciences of Mohamed Salem Loud S.C. Moldova Solidarité & Développement   Emiliano Baidenbaum Sánchez Devanny Eseverri,   Durable Raymond d’Unienville S.C. Marina Bzovii   Hewlett Packard Enterprise   Turcan Cazac Law Firm Mohamed Sid’Ahmed       Bareau de Mauritanie Robin L. Appaya Mariana Tejado Gallegos Mihail Durnescu   Enrique Camarena   Ould Zehaf Sidi Ghose Chambers Mauritius Vitalis Mihail Gorincioi UNICEF   Domínguez   National Preventive   Rubna Daureeawo Mechanism Against Torture Oumar Mohamedmoctar Maqueo Barnetche, Aguilar y Mario Alberto Rocha Garcia   El Haj RD Chambers Camarena, S.C. Oleg Efrim       PricewaterhouseCoopers, S.C. Efrim Rosca & Associates Zeinebou Taleb Moussa Ruwaydah Jaunbacus     Association Mauritanienne Esteban Maqueo Barnetche Patricia Handraman pour la Santé de la Mére et de Uteem Chambers Miguel Ángel González Gladei & Partners l’Enfant   Maqueo Barnetche, Aguilar y     T. Mukund Gujadhur Camarena, S.C. Bravo Roșca Nicolae Anonymous Contributors       TM&S Gujadhur Chambers G. B. Abogados Serghei Cozma Mauritius   Franz Erwin Oberarzbacher   Serghei Cozma Law Firm Vijay Cooshna   Abdullah Yusuf Ali Bauluck Dávila Monica Schiaffino Svetlana Doltu Bibi Chambers   Council for the Prevention of   Yannick Fok Instituto Tecnológico Littler Mexico, S.C. Torture Autónomo de México   Eversheds Sutherland     Monserrat MarCa Yousuf Azaree Gerardo Moheno Gallardo Notaria 55 MC Law Offices Moreno Rodríguez y     Asociados, S.C. Yves Hein   Oliva López Arellano Hein Chambers Gilberto Miguel Valle Universidad Autónoma   Metropolitana, Unidad Anonymous Contributors Zulbarán Xochimilco     Socio de Basham Ringe y Mexico Corres, S.C. Pablo Nosti Herrera   Alejandra Moreno Miranda & Estavillo, S.C. Altamirano Guillermo A. Gatt Corona   Universidad Nacional Iteso; Universidad Rebeca Cruz Santacruz Autónoma de México Panamericana     Escuela Superior de Medicina Alfonso Rodriguez Arana del Instituto Politécnico Guillermo Piecarchic Nacional LegalMex, S.C.     PMC GROUP, S.C.   Rodrigo Lazo Corvera Héctor Juan Antonio Ávila Lazo, Villa, Moel y García, S.C.   Rosas Sergio López Moreno National Autonomous University of Mexico Universidad Autónoma   Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco Hugo Hernandez-Ojeda   Alvirez Anonymous Contributors Hogan Lovells     Iñigo Alejandro Torres Ortiz Hernández Torres Abogados   2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 179

Vanu Jereghi Anonymous Contributors Denise Namburete Anonymous Contributors Nil Mani Upadhyay   Moldovan Institute for Human Morocco N’weti Namibia Nepal Army Institute of Health Rights   Sciences   Abdelaziz Bakkali Diana Paredes e Ramalho Cornelius J. Verwey   Vasile Gherasim Barreau de Tanger   Prabin Subedi   SAL & Caldeira Advogados, Eunice Gonzo Popa & Associates Abdelghani Khannous Lda. University of Namibia Paramount Legal Advisory   Center South for Studies and     Services Pvt. Ltd. Zama Vitalie Sustainable Development Edson José Xavier Floris Coetzee     Fisher Quarmby Pfeifer Prashanna Shrestha Nagacevschi and Partners Abdelhamid Benmakhlouf Henriques, Rocha & Attorneys     Associados Sociedade de   Pradhan & Associates Anonymous Contributors Abdellah Bakkali Advogados Hendrik Krüger   Bakkali Law Firm   Krüger Van Vuuren & Co. Rabin K. C.     Gil Cambule   Mongolia Ali Badi Immanuel Mutikisha Corporate Law Associates (P) Association National de Universidade Eduardo Effective Labour Solutions Cc LIMITED B. Enkhbat Defense des Droits de Mondlane     l’Homme au Maroc   Isabella Nowases Rabin Subedi MDS KhanLex LLP   Gilberto Correia University of Namibia   Ali Lachgar Essahili     Batbayar Ganbayar     Kobus Miller Raju Thapa Amin Hajji Gilda Jossias   Batbayar and Partners LLP Hajji & Associés Lotta N. Ambunda-       AMDEC Nashilundo Robin Maskey Batjargal Gombosuren Azzedine Kettani   Office of the Judiciary Kettani Law Firm Jennifer Gilda Arnaldo   B.P. Koirala Institute of Health MDS KhanLex LLP   Matilda Jankie-Shakwa Sciences   Ibrahim Tanfous Fernanda Lopes & Associados Sisa Namandje & Co. Inc   Batragchaa Ragchaa       Rudra Prasad Pokhrel Khachie Abdelmajid Joaquim Simango Nambili T. K. Shipena State Housing Corporation of   Namibia Special Risks R P Pokhrel & Associates Mongolia Lhassan M’Barki Fernanda Lopes & Associados Insurance Association Ltd     South for Studies and     Rukamanee Maharjan Battuul Bat-Erdene Sustainable Development Joaquim Uate Nawala Kamati-Unger   Engling, Stritter & Partners Tribhuwan University Legal FOM Partners LLP Mimoun Charqi Associacao Ntumbuluku           Norman Tjombe Sarita Upadhyay Bayar Budragchaa Mohamed Baske Manar José Manuel Caldeira Tjombe-Elago Incorporated Université Cadi Ayyad de     ELC Advocates LLP Marrakech SAL & Caldeira Advogados, Ramon Maasdorp Semanta Dahal     Lda.   Bolormaa Volodya Mohamed El Mernissi   Toni Hancox Abhinawa Law Chambers Figes - Mernissi Luis Saragga Leal Legal Assistance Centre   Absolute Advocates Law Firm     Shiva Prd. Rijal   Mohamed Nakhli PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Anonymous Contributors Buyantogos Baljinnyam Université Cadi Ayyad de     Pioneer Law Associates Marrakech Miguel Spínola Nepal   LRCM LLP   Shringa Rishi Kafle   Nesrine Roudane; Richard PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Ananda Koirala David C. Buxbaum; D. Cantin     Merit Legal Consultancy Pvt. Munkhbayar Batkhuu Roudane & Partners Law Firm Neylla Gulamhussen Basanta Bahadur Basnet Ltd.   Axis for Law and Research   Anderson and Anderson LLP Reda Oulamine TTA Sociedade de Advogados Pvt. Ltd. Subarna Kumar Khatry   Oulamine Law Group     David C. Buxbaum;   Paula Vaz Bishwa Nath Khanal Nepal Nutrition Intervention Myagmarsuren Jambaldorj Anonymous Contributors Prithvi Legal Service Center Project   Fundação Ariel Glaser     Anderson and Anderson LLP Mozambique   Budhi Karki Sudeep Gautam   Pedro Macaringue   Dugerjav Dash-Onolt Alain Kassa Daksha Bahadur Chhetri Nepal Bar Association NAIMA+ Pedro Macaringue & Neupane Law Associates   MDS KhanLex LLP   Advogados Associados   Tek Tamrakar   Alexandre Chivale   Kalyan Pokhrel Enkhtur Demberelsuren Alexandre Chivale & Rafique de Albuquerque F-Dimensional Legal Services   Associados and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd. Tilak Bikram Pandey MahoneyLiotta LLP   Fernanda Lopes & Associados     Almamater Tamele   Kumari Kaushlya Ojha Pioneer Law Associates Indermohan S. Narula BTA Advogados, Lda. Shipeni Thovela Law and Lawyers Company     Tirpureshwar Usha Pandey   Belisário Tamele     Khishigsaikhan Batchuluun BTA Advogados, Lda. Anonymous Contributors Madhab Raj Ghimire Pradhan & Associates   PSM Global Consultants P. Ltd   Open Society Forum César Carlos Alberto     Anonymous Contributors   Francisco Vamos Ver Myanmar Meen Chhetri Khunan Jargalsaikhan SAL & Caldeira Advogados, Nepal Center for Disaster   Lda. Aung Htoo Management Netherlands Mongolian Bar Association       Constancio Jose Tevete Legal Aid Network; Federal Narayan P. Ghimire Arnold Versteeg Luke Lkhaasuren Fernanda Lopes & Associados Law Academy Center for Rule of Law       Macro & Versteeg Advocaten Agaa & Partners LLP Danilo Nhaca Aung Nay Myo Narayan Shrestha     MAN - Sociedade de Shrestha Legal Service Center E. Kolokatsi Munkhdorj Badral Advogados, Lda. Thanlwin Legal     Kolokatsi Advocaten Mongol-Advocates LLP Caitlin Reiger     Eugenie Nunes; Marije Naransukh Damiran British Council Ozinga   Health and Safety Solutions Mariano Suarez Dentons Boekel N.V.     Navagchamba Baasanjav Thanlwin Legal Gabriel Meijers   Mongolian Bar Association Min Thein Meijers Canatan Advocaten     Odonjav Tsendjav Rajah & Tann NK Legal Co. Gerben den Hertog Ltd. JD Advocates LLP   Sarfaty Advocaten   Myat Ko   Saranchimeg Byambaa Gwen Jansen Justice Base National Statistics Office       Myint Aung H. J. (Henricus) Snijders Tsolmonchimeg Enkhbat AIDS Support Group University of Leiden GTs Advocates LLP       U Mya Thein Hansko Broeksteeg Zanaa Jurmed   Radboud University Nijmegen Center for Citizens’ Alliance     180

Jaap-Willem Roozemond Denise Arnold Phil Ahern Mario Novoa Corea Akingbolahan Adeniran Bouwman Roozemond & De Arias Haan Lyon O’Neale Arnold Lawyers Morrison Kent Lawyers   Awodi & Co.       Marlon José Gazo Peña   Jac Meeuwissen Douglas John Lyon Samantha Turner García & Bodán Trimbos Institute   Anthony Nkadi   Lyon O’Neale Arnold Lawyers Simpson Grierson Maryeling Guevara Jacqueline van den Bosch     Arias F.O. Akinrele & Co. Ivy Corporate Defence & Elizabeth Macpherson Scott Wilson     Investigations Octavio Alarcón Guardado   University of Canterbury Duncan Cotterill Munguía Vidaurre Law Babajide O. Ogundipe Jeroen Bijnen       DXC Technology Erich Bachmann Simon Ladd Onell Antonio Gow Chacón Sofunde, Osakwe, Ogundipe   Universidad Politécnica de & Belgore Joost Italianer Hesketh Henry Bell Gully Nicaragua   NautaDutilh N.V.         Frances Joychild Sonja M. Cooper Soraya Montoya Herrera Babatunde Ogungbamila Joseph J. van Dort Molina & Asociados Van Dort Advocatuur Frances Joychild QC Cooper Legal   Olisa Agbakoba Legal       Uriel E. Balladares   Léon Graal Gay Morgan Stacey Shortall Arias Sarfaty Advocaten   Bola Jibogun   University of Waikato Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Yaser Gabriel Bonilla Marije Jeltes     Espinoza Legal Aid Council of Nigeria JSTW Advocaten Gordon Anderson Stephen Eliot Smith Central Law       Marlies Ott Victoria University of University of Otago Anonymous Contributors Cheluchi Onyemelukwe Erasmus University Wellington         Stephen Franks Niger   Mick Hurks Grace Haden Chiamaka I. Orabueze Höcker Advocaten Franks Ogilvie Aboubacar Souley   The New Zealand Independent   CRAMS_EXA University of Nigeria N. P. Scholte Commission Against Steven Zindel     Advocatenkantoor Scholte Corruption Bachir Talfi Idrissa     Zindels Université Abdou Moumouni Chinyere Nwokoro Petrus C. van Duyne Ian Gault   de Niamey Utrecht University Sylvia Bell   Legal Luminaries Solicitors   Bell Gully Brah Souleymane   S. F. H. Jellinghaus   Centre for Human Rights Law, Université Abdou Moumouni Tilburg University; De Voort Ian Miller Policy and Practice de Niamey Chioma Kanun Agomo Lawyers and Mediators         Tagan Lyall Idrissa Tchernaka University of Lagos Thomas Timmermans Jessica Palmer SCPA LBTI & Partners   Norton Rose Fulbright LLP Bamford Law     University of Otago   Ismael Naino Maiguizo Chisom Justice Ndubuisi Tomasz Kodrzycki   Trevor Daya-Winterbottom   Jahae Raymakers Advocaten M. B. Rodriguez Ferrere Mahamadou Rabiou Souley Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie   Law University of Waikato Dagouma   Anonymous Contributors University of Otago   Barreau du Niger   W. John Hopkins   Chris Eze New Zealand Marie Bismark Moussa Ismaril Tambo University of Canterbury SCPA LBTI & Partners Nnenna Ejekam Associates A. J. Forbes University of Melbourne       Clarendon Chambers   W. M. Thomson Moustapha Boukari   Marie J. Grills Barreau du Niger Christine Sijuwade Alan Knowsley University of Otago   Rainey Collins Lawyers RPB Law   Rabiou Oumarou Mahaman Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie     William Akel Barreau du Niger   Alberto Costi Mark Henaghan   Victoria University of Simpson Grierson Anonymous Contributors Chudi Nelson Ojukwu Wellington University of Otago         Anonymous Contributors Nigeria Legal Research Initiative Andrew Schulte Mark Winger   Cavell Leitch   Abdulfattah Adewale Bakre   Holmden Horrocks Nicaragua Legal Aid Council of Nigeria Damian Njoku-Umeh Asha Stewart     Quigg Partners Mary-Rose Russell Abraham A. Salinas-Miranda Abdulhamid Abdullahi Damian Njoku-Umeh & Co.   Bagara   Bennet Castelino   Universidad Nacional Community Health and Castlefinn Law Matthew Berkahn Autonoma de Nicaragua Research Initiative Daprim Ogaji       Campbell Roberts Massey University Angelica Maria Toruño Adamu M. Usman University of Port Harcourt The Salvation Army   Garcia F.O. Akinrele & Co. Teaching Hospital   Nick Crang     Charl Hirschfeld Universidad Evangélica Ade Omofade Ranfurly Chambers Duncan Cotterill Nicaragüense Martin Luther   Dejo Olowu     King Jr. Ademola Awoyemi Chris Noonan Nicola Wheen   University of Ilorin American University of Nigeria University of Auckland Avil Ramírez Mayorga       University of Otago Adewale Akande Danny Jacobson   Central Law Auxilium Attorneys Ehijeagbon Oserogho Jacobson and Marshall, Nigel Hampton     Employment Lawyers Edgard Leonel Torres Aina Precious Aderemi Oserogho & Associates   Nikki Pender Mendieta Babalakin & Co Legal   Practitioners Legal Empowerment Arias Enoch Mozong Azariah     Pam Nuttall Gabriel Alvarado Legal Aid Council of Nigeria   Auckland University of Arias Technology   Festus Ezedinachi Onyia   Ivania Lucía Paguaga Cuadra Paul Michalik Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Arias       Paul Roth John Lordsal Minnella Festus Okechukwu University of Otago Minnella Romano and Ukwueze   Associates Penny Bright   University of Nigeria Juan Ramon Aviles Molina     Peter Watts Despacho Legal Folake Elias-Adebowale   Bankside Chambers Luis Manuel Perezalonso Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie   Lanzas   Petra Butler Bufete Juridico Perezalonso & Fr Edwin Obimma Ezike Victoria University of Asociados Wellington   University of Nigeria     Gbenga Odusola Acme Law Partners   Gbenga Oyebode Aluko & Oyebode   Godwin Anthony Etim AELEX   Ibrahim Imam University of Ilorin   Innocent Abidoye Nnenna Ejekam Associates   John Dare Oloyede J.D. Oloyede’s Law Chambers 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 181

Laura Omolola Ikwuagwu Arild Vaktskjold Muhammad Nouman Shams Jorge L. Almengor C. Ana Graciela Cruz George Ikoli & Okagbue Sjukehuset Innlandet; Qazi Law Associates Almengor, Caballero & EsSalud   Høgskulen i Innlandet   Asociados   Maryam Belgore Ahmed   Muzaffar Islam   Carl A. Christiansen Jorge Molina Mendoza Armando Ramiro Natividad Kwara State Judiciary Legis Inn Attorneys &   Ræder AS Corporate Consultants FABREGA MOLINO Maguiña Michael C. Asuzu       Frank S. Thrana Naila Baig-Ansari José Alberto Barraza Estudio Ghersi Abogados Society for Public Health Serracín   Professionals of Nigeria; World Tonsberg Community Indus Hospital Research   Federation of Public Health   Center José Renán De León C. Arturo Gárate Salazar Associations Geir Steinberg     Qaisar Raza Ministerio de Salud de Universidad Nacional Federico Nkem Itanyi Advokatfirmaet Haavind AS Panamá Villarreal   Adam Smith International     University of Nigeria Harald B. Ciarlo   José Rigoberto Acevedo C.   Sara Malkani Carlos Torres Berrío Obiajulu Nnamuchi   Universidad Latina Ivar Alvik Center for Reproductive Rights   Muñiz, Olaya, Meléndez, University of Nigeria   Juan Pablo Fabrega Polleri Castro, Ono & Herrera   University of Oslo Shams Ul Haq Qazi Abogados Oghogho Makinde   FABREGA MOLINO   Karl Harald Søvig Qazi Law Associates   Aluko & Oyebode   Maria Eugenia Brenes César Azabache Caracciolo   University of Bergen Shams ul Haque Joiya Olaniyi Felix Olayinka   Morgan & Morgan   Magne Strandberg Right Law Company   Cesar Puntriano Rosas The Polytechnic Ibadan   Mario Adolfo Rognoni   University of Bergen Tariq Rahim Universidad ESAN Olasupo Olaibi   Arosemena Noriega &   Niels R. Kiær Tariq Rahim Law Associates Contreras Supo Olaibi & Company     ChristianValenciaSarmiento   Rime Advokatfirma DA Umer Farooq Marlin E. González Olumide Ekisola   Estudio Ghersi Abogados Olaf Halvorsen Rønning Ayub Medical College Asesora Jurídica del Comité   Adejumo & Ekisola   de Derechos Humanos de   University of Oslo Anonymous Contributors Panamá Dennis Oswaldo Vilchez Olusoji Elias     Stella Tuft   Martha Luna Veliz Ramirez Olusoji Elias + Company Panama   Microsoft ACE Laywers Estudio Ghersi Abogados Oluwadamilare Yomi-Alliyu   Adán Arnulfo Arjona López     Terje Einarsen Mayte Sánchez G. Chief Yomi Alliyu & Co. Galindo, Arias & López Eduardo Herrera Velarde   University of Bergen   Morgan & Morgan Onjefu Adoga   Alberto Quirós Bonett   Escudo Azul S.A. Tor Vale Mercedes Arauz De   Brooke Chambers Law Firm   Grimaldo     Alcibiades E. Villarreal D. Elvia Campos Zavala Ozofu ‘Latunde Ogiemudia Ulf Stridbeck Morgan & Morgan Instituto de Investigaciones   Ministerio de Salud de Perú Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie University of Oslo Cienctíficas y Servicios de Alta Milagros M. Caballero V.       Tecnología Peter K. Fogam Anonymous Contributors   Morgan & Morgan Evan E. Morgan Ana Gilza Córdoba   University of Lagos   Natalia S. Vega Evan Morgan & Asociados   Pakistan FUNDACASIA   Pontian N. Okoli   VaxTrials S.A. Asim B. Nasim Arlene Calvo   Germán Jiménez Borra University of Dundee Nydia Flores Chiari   Orr, Dignam & Co. University of South Florida Estudio Muñiz S. Akinlolu Fagbemi     Caja de Seguro Social de   Benazir Jatoi Armando Barba Panama University of Ibadan   Giulliana Loza Avalos     Ministerio de Salud de Olga de Obaldia Sarat Akinloye Faisal Mahmood Ghani Panamá Estudio Loza Avalos   Fundación para el Desarrollo   Chief Rotimi Williams’ Faisal Mahmood Ghani & Co. Carlos Ernesto González de Libertad Ciudadana; Chambers   Ramírez Capítulo Panameño de Gonzalo Garcia Calderon   Faiza Muzaffar Transparencia Internacional Terrumun Z. Swende Morgan & Morgan     Legis Inn Attorneys &   Rafael Rodrigo Rodríguez Gonzalo Mendoza del Solar Benue State University, Corporate Consultants Daisy Chacon De Cortez Barrios Makurdi   Chávez   Hasan Hameed Bhatti Chacon y Asociados Abogados Renderos & Rodríguez Law Ugoji Abagwe   Firm Universidad Católica de Santa Lahore Waste Management Edith Quiros   Maria de Arequipa Acme Law Partners Company Ramón Ricardo Arias         Uju Obuka Imdad Ali Soomro Elka González Galindo, Arias & López Grover Jonny Aranguri   University of Nigeria Sufi Law Associates Ministerio de Salud de Sebastián Rodríguez Robles Carranza     Panamá Wahab O. Egbewole Kamyla Marvi   Abogados Rodríguez-Robles & EsSalud Ernesto Shirley Espinosa   University of Ilorin       Kausar S. Khan Shirley & Asociados Xavier Sáez Llorens Ismael Cornejo-Rosello Yomi Alliyu San   Aga Khan University; Indus Evans Loo Hospital del Niño Dr. José Dianderas Chief Yomi Alliyu & Co. Health Network Renán Esquivel     Escritorio Juridico Loo   Gerencia Regional de Salud Yomi Dare M. Akram Sheikh   Yariela Gonzàlez Ortega Arequipa; Universidad Gabrielle B. Britton Nacional de San Agustín Checkers Consultancy Services Akram Sheikh Law Associates Universidad de Panamá       Instituto de Investigaciones   Yusuf Ali Maliha Zia Cienctíficas y Servicios de Alta Anonymous Contributors Luciano López Flores Tecnología Yusuf Ali & Co. Legal Aid Society     Estudio Valle-Riestra, López     Haydée Méndez Illueca Peru Flores & Munar Abogado; Anonymous Contributors Mehek Ali Pontificia Universidad Católica Fundación para la Equidad de Alberto Varillas del Perú; la Universidad de   Indus Health Network Género San Martín de Porres Norway     García Sayán Abogados   Mohammad Akmal Wasim Iván Chanis Barahona   Anne Kjersti Befring Manuel Bermúdez Tapia Wasim & Co. Advocates & Fundación Iguales University of Oslo Legal Consultants   Universidad Nacional Mayor     de San Marcos Mohammad Hassan Arif   LMA Ebrahim Hosain Manuel Villa-García Noriega Estudio Olaechea   Marcos Ricardo Revatta Salas Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ici   Maria del Pilar Pozo García Clínica San Felipe   Marino Costa Bauer   182

Mario Castillo Freyre Rhea Quimson Ana Raquel Pessoa Miguel de Azeredo Perdigão Alina Gentimir Hewlett Packard Enterprise Azeredo Perdigão & Estudio Mario Castillo Freyre   Universidade Católica Associados - Sociedade de Alexandru Ioan Cuza   Rhona Bergantin Portuguesa Advogados, RL University Roberto Gabriel Matallana PSMID         Paula Cremon Universidad de Pacifico Ronahlee A. Asuncion Ana Rita Gil Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa Andra Iftimiei   University of the Philippines   Rossana Maccera Diliman Universidade Nova de Lisboa Paulo de Sá e Cunha Alexandru Ioan Cuza     Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves University   Roy Enrico C. Santos Pereira   Anonymous Contributors PJS Law Anja Bothe     Pedro Mendes Ferreira Andrei Danciu   Anonymous Contributors Universidade Autónoma de Mendes Ferreira & Associados Philippines   Lisboa   SCA Cataniciu & Asociatii Poland   Pedro Miguel Branco   Afdal B. Kunting   Adam Morawski António Casa Nova Pedro Rodrigues da Mata Andrei Mircea Zamfirescu Zamboanga City Medical Morawski & Partners PRM & Associados Center   Escola Superior de Saúde de   Gilescu, Valeanu, Nathanzon   Agnieszka Dzięgielewska- Portalegre Rui Costa Pereira & Partners Carmelita Gopez Nuqui Jończyk   PLMJ Advogados SP, RL   Hewlett Packard Enterprise   Development Action for   António Vaz de Castro Rui Tavares Correia Aura Câmpeanu Women Network Agnieszka Helsztyńska Abreu & Marques e Associados   Kancelaria Adwokacka Universidade de Coimbra   PETOŠEVIĆ Cesar L. Villanueva Agnieszka Helsztyńska   Sandrine Bisson Marvao   adwokat Bisson Marvao Villanueva Gabionza & Dy   Carlos Lopes Ribeiro   Aurora Ciuca Law Firm Andrzej Brodziak Teresa Violante   Institute of Occupational CR Advogados Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Ștefan cel Mare University of Dan Vicente Cancino Jr. Medicine and Environmental     Suceava Health Vânia Costa Ramos   Catholic Bishops’ Conference   Carlos Pinto de Abreu Carlos Pinto de Abreu e of the Philippines Episcopal Aneta Leszczyńska Associados SP, RL Bogdan C. Stoica Commission on Health & Jagiellonian University Carlos Pinto de Abreu e   Camillian Fathers   Associados SP, RL Anonymous Contributors Popovici Nițu Stoica &   Jacek Wierciński     Asociații SCA Donemark Calimon Uniwersytet Warszawski Republic of Korea     Carolina Boullosa Gonzalez Quisumbing Torres JoannaKosińska-Wiercińska Domyung Paek Dan Oancea   Wierciński Law Office Bind Sociedade de Advogados Seoul National University Eliseo M. Zuñiga, Jr.       University of Bucharest Julian Bielicki Duk Yeon Lee   Quisumbing Torres Drzewiecki, Tomaszek & Eduardo Buisson Loureiro Yonsei University   Partners   Daniel Nitu Emerico O. de Guzman     Haksoo Ko Krzysztof Kowalczyk Eliseu Gonçalves Seoul National University Babeș-Bolyai University; ACCRALAW BSJP Brockhuis Jurczak Prusak   Iordăchescu & Associates     TaskLegal Advogados Hwang Lee   Enriquito J. Mendoza Marcin Krajewski   Korea University Warsaw University   Diana Agafitei Romulo Mabanta   Felipe Baião do Nascimento Jaehyuk Ahn Buenaventura Sayoc & De Los Marcin Olechowski Kim & Chang Țuca Zbârcea & Asociații Angeles Law Offices Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak Maricato, Lima & Associados           Jaeseop Song Francis Tom Temprosa Piotr Jakub Rastawicki Shin & Kim Diana Lavinia Botau Rastawicki Mianowski Sawicki Fernando Alves Correia   Ateneo de Manila University Sp.K. Jeong-Oh Kim Babeș-Bolyai University     Universidade de Coimbra Yonsei University   Jesusito G. Morallos Piotr Kuzniak       Junsok Yang Dragos Daghie Follosco Morallos & Herce Radosław Skowron Francisco Marques Bom The Catholic University of   KKPW Law Office Korea Daghie & Asociatii Jonathan Sale   Marques Bom & Associados     Stefan Jaworski   Lee Chang Woo ILPC   Donghwa Labor Consulting Florin Streteanu   Wojciech Babicki Inês Reis Firm Jose Cochingyan III Miller Canfield   Universite de Cluj-Napoca   PBBR Sangbong Lee   Cochingyan & Partners Law Zbigniew Krüger   Daeryook & Aju LLC Offices Krüger & Partners Advocates   George Nedelcu   LLP J. Tavares Ribeiro Anonymous Contributors Karen S. Gomez Dumpit     Anonymous Contributors JTR Advogado Romania Gheorghe Piperea Commission on Human Rights     of the Philippines Portugal Alexandru Athanasiu SCA Piperea & Asociații   Joana Barrilaro Ruas University of Bucharest   Kate Montecarlo Cordova Alexandra Mota Gomes   PLMJ Advogados SP, RL Ferreira da Conceição, Alexandru Corpodean Ioan Lazar Association of Transgender   Menezes & Associados SP, RL Law Office Corpodean People in the Philippines Ana Pires   Alexandru Baroul Alba   Atlântica     Louisa M. Viloria-Yap   João Paulo Ferreira da Alina Daniela Nestor Bar of Suceava Iulian Alexander Stoia Garcia Iñigo & Partners Conceição   Bucharest Bar Nancy Joan M. Javier Ferreira da Conceição,   Menezes & Associados SP, RL IBP   Larion Alina-Paula   Pinky Rose B. Lustre José Alves do Carmo Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava The Global Fund to Fight AVM Advogados   AIDS; University of the   Philippines Manila Laura Lazar   Libertário Teixeira Ramil E. Bugayong Babeș-Bolyai University Libertário Teixeira & Cristina   PJS Law Fernandes - Sociedade de   Advogados RL Marius Balan Ramon G. Samson   Alexandru Ioan Cuza ACCRALAW Luis Brito Correia University     Reginald A. Tongol   Luis Miguel Amaral Maxim Mihaela ToVen Law and Communications   Țuca Zbârcea & Asociații Maria da Conceição Alves   Rainho Soares Pereira Mihai Carabas Universidade de Trás-os- Carabas, Lungu Attorneys Montes e Alto Douro     Mihai Dunea Maria do Rosário Anjos Alexandru Ioan Cuza Anjos, Martins & Associados University SP, RL     Miloiu Ciprian Maria Inês Gameiro Miloiu Ciprian Cabinet de Universidade Nova de Lisboa Avocat     Miguel Andrade Nicolae-Bogdan Bulai   University of Bucharest   2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 183

Nicolae-Horia Țiț Primakov Denis Henry L. O. S. Browne Boubacar Diakité Nebojsa Stankovic Alexandru Ioan Cuza Russian Foreign Trade Browne & Associates Geni & Kebi Stankovic & Partners Law University Academy, OSCE     Office     Leonora Walwyn Clément Diarga Basse   Oana Lucia Gavril Sergei Murzakokv WalwynLaw   Petar Bulat Țuca Zbârcea & Asociații NII HSE - Nizhny Novgorod   Fall University of Belgrade     Michella Adrien SOJUFISC   Ovidiu Podaru Sergey Bogatyrev Michella Adrien Law Offices   Petar Stojanovic Babeș-Bolyai University Beiten Burkhardt   Fatoumata Watt Joksović, Stojanović and     Rayana Dowden Geni & Kebi Partners Radu M. Georgescu Sergey Stepanov WEBSTER   Radu Georgescu Law Office Institute of Private Law   Ibrahima Niang Simonida Sladojevic-     Sonya Parry   Stanimirovic Radu Rizoiu Svetlana Dobrovolskaya Gonsalves Parry Ibrahima Thine Diop   Rizoiu & Poenaru SCA Moscow Regional Bar   Université Cheikh Anta Diop Vladimir Hrle   Association Vadeesha T. N. John de Dakar  Hrle Attorneys Razvan Trusca   Johnson & Associates Law   Cluj Bar Victor Pomelov Firm Malick Sané Vladimir Marinkov   Russin & Vecchi   Université Cheikh Anta Diop Guberina-Marinkov Law Office Roxana Iordăchescu-Niţu   Anonymous Contributors de Dakar   Iordăchescu & Associates Vilena Voronich     Zoran V. Radovic   Russin & Vecchi St. Lucia Mansour Gningue Radovic & Ratkovic Advokati Sergiu Bogdan   Geni & Kebi   Sergiu Bogdan & Asociatii Vyacheslav Chasnyk Henri-Jacques N. Mangal   Anonymous Contributors   Saint-Petersburg State 1st National Bank St. Lucia Meissa Toure   Sergiu Golub Pediatric Medical University Ltd. Euromed Université Sierra Leone Babeș-Bolyai University         Vyacheslav Yablokov John F. Christensen Mohamadou Boye Adam Timbo Simona Petrina Gavrila Yablokov and Partners Law Spartan Health Sciences Université Gaston Berger Yada Williams and Associates Dunărea de Jos University Office University           Moustapha Ndoye Adewale Showers Valerius M. Ciuca Anonymous Contributors Leandra Gabrielle Verneuil   Fornah-Sesay, Cummings, Alexandru Ioan Cuza Jennifer Remy & Associates Ndiouma Ndour Showers & Co. University Rwanda   Université Assane Seck de     Samanthia George Ziguinchor Alhaji Mohamed Warisay Anonymous Contributors Aimable Mfashingabo     Democracy Sierra Leone   M. Abayo Law Firm Trudy O. Glasgow Papa Mamour Sy   Russia   Trudy O. Glasgow & Associates Université Cheikh Anta Diop Augustine Sorie-Sengbe Arsene Rutiyomba   de Dakar Marrah Dmitry Kravchenko   Virginia Joseph   Yada Williams and Associates Asnis & Partners Asante Twagira Spartan Health Sciences Paul Babacar Faye     CORBAN University SCPA Sow-Seck-Diagne & Bai Kamara Eduard Margulyan     Associes Pikin-To-Pikin Movement Margulyan & Kovalev Augustin Rwabigwi Anonymous Contributors       Rwanda Bar   Rahimine Azimari Toure Ishmael Philip Mammie Elena Antonovna   St. Vincent & the Geni & Kebi Fornah-Sesay, Cummings, Abrosimova Charles Gatsinzi Grenadines   Showers & Co. Moscow State University Centre Medical Orkide Samba Cor Sarr       Heidi Badenock Ministere de la Santé et de Lornard Taylor Elena Gerasimova Happy E. Mukama Joseph Delves Chambers l’Action Sociale Taylor & Associates Center for Social and Labor RR Associates and Co.       Rights; National Research   Jozelle Miller Semou Ndiaye Mambu Samadu Feika University Law Firm HC General Legal Ministry of Health, Wellness Université Cheikh Anta Diop Prison Watch Sierra Leone   Services Ltd. and the Environment de Dakar   Fatima Sulejmanova       Osman Jalloh National Research University M. Albert Nkundabatware Melvis Kenia Díaz Peña Anonymous Contributors Yada Williams and Associates Higher School of Economics   Milton Cato Memorial       Munana Norbert Hospital Serbia Rakibul Bari Khan Konstantin Dobrynin M-Advocates & Partners   BRAC International Federal Chamber of Lawyers   Patricia P. Marks-Minors Aleksandra Jovic Vranes   of the Russian Federation Pie Habimana The Law Firm of Marks & University of Belgrade Regena Juliana Kain   AmiLex Chambers Marks   BRAC International Maria Erohava     Danijela Korać-Mandić   Moscow Higher School of S. C. Nkeza Richard Williams Novi Sad Humanitarian Centre Rowland S. V. Wright Social & Economic Sciences   Williams & Williams, Barristers   Wright & Co.   Safari Gahizi & Solicitors Djordje Djurisic   Maria Filatova Global Trade Law Chambers   Law Office of Djordje Djurisic Senesie Margao National Research University Ltd. Stephen Williams   Sierra Leone Nurses     Williams & Williams, Barristers Dragan Nikolić Association Maria Voskobitova Shuaib Napoleon & Solicitors Public Health Institute Niš   ABA ROLI Munyeshema     Sierra Leone Labour   Barreau du Rwanda Anonymous Contributors Dragan Psodorov Congress Maxim Timofeev     Joksović, Stojanović and   European Humanities William Karaiga Senegal Partners Anonymous Contributors University ENSafrica         Amadou Drame Goran Vučić Singapore Natalya Morozova Anonymous Contributors SODEFITEX Joksović, Stojanović and Vinson & Elkins LLP     Partners Benjamin Joshua Ong   St. Kitts & Nevis Anta Marie Anne Diop   Singapore Management Nikolai Kostenko   Ivan Kovačević University Moscow Helsinki Group Charles Wilkin Balla Sy Lalin Law Office     Kelsick, Wilkin and Ferdinand UCG   Chia Boon Teck Pavel Kabanov     Miljkan Karlicic Chia Wong LLP Kazan Innovative University Dia C. Forrester Bocar Balde   Daniel Brantley LPS Law Mladen Domazet 184

Chia Ti Lik Sara Ahlin Doljak Peter Feuilherade Esther Fernández Molina Juan Francisco Aguiar Chia Ngee Thuang & Co. Cox Yeats Attorneys   Universidad de Castilla-La Rodriguez Dan W. Puchniak Tine Mišic Peter Jordi Mancha National University of University of the Consejeria de Sanidad del Singapore ODI Law Firm Witwatersrand Federico Durán López Gobierno de Canarias         Eric Tin Keng Seng Tjasa Drgan Riette du Plessis Universidad de Córdoba Donaldson & Burkinshaw LLP University of the   Juan María Terradillos   Law Office Drnovsek Witwatersrand Federico Navarro Nieto Foo Cheow Ming     Universidad de Cádiz-España Foo Cheow Ming Chambers Vesna Rijavec S. S. Terblanche Universidad de Córdoba     University of South Africa   Mak Koon University of Maribor   Federico Rodriguez Morata Juan Oliva Moreno     Tamara Cohen Pascal Brinkmann Anonymous Contributors University of KwaZulu-Natal Universidad de Castilla-La Universidad de Castilla-La Luther LLP   Mancha Mancha     Victoria Bronstein     Scott Gordon Wheeler South Africa University of the Fernando Alberich Arjona   Witwatersrand Juana María Serrano García Simon Chesterman Altair Richards   Rambla Abogados y Asesores, National University of Werner van Straaten S.L. Universidad de Castilla-La Singapore ENSafrica University of Pretoria   Mancha       Fernando Bondía Román   Anonymous Contributors Bart Willems Yousuf A. Vawda   University of KwaZulu-Natal Universidad Carlos III de Laura Pozuelo Pérez Slovenia Stellenbosch University   Madrid   Anonymous Contributors   Universidad Autónoma de Alenka Sagmeister Christa Rautenbach   Francisco Ramos Romeu Madrid Ranzinger Spain   Odvetniška pisarna Miro North-West University Universidad Autónoma de Senica in odvetniki, D.O.O   Alberto Blasco Hernando Barcelona Luis Gaite   Derek Hellenberg J&A Garrigues, S.L.P.   Andrej Bukovnik   Ildefonso Hernández Hospital Marqués de PETOŠEVIĆ University of Cape Town Alfonso Pedrajas Aguado Valdecilla; CIBERSAM     Abdón Pedrajas & Molero   Anton Gradišek F. T. Abioye   Universidad Miguel Hernández Dagra D.O.O. Alfonso Trallero   Manuel Álvarez Feijoo   University of South Africa Bajo & Trallero Abogados Iñigo Sagardoy de Simón Blaž Kovač     Uría Menéndez Abogados, Amnesty International Francois Venter Andrea Macía Morillo Sagardoy Abogados S.L.P. Slovenia Universidad Autónoma de       North-West University Madrid Jacobo Dopico Borut Bernik Bogataj     Manuel Ángel De las Heras   Gerhard Kemp Antonio Costa Universidad Carlos III de Grega Strban Universidad de Córdoba Madrid García University of Ljubljana Stellenbosch University         Araceli Peláez Rodríguez Javier Melero Universidad de Alicante Health Center Maribor Gusha Xolani Ngantweni De Castro Gabinete Jurídico       Melero & Gené Advocats Iris Pensa University of South Africa Auxmundus Abogados   Manuel Cachón Cadenas Jadek & Pensa Law Firm     Jesús Padilla Gálvez   Henry Ngcobo Beatriz G. Lopez-Valcarcel Universitat Autònoma de Ivan Šalinovič Universidad de Las Palmas Universidad de Castilla-La Barcelona   Bowmans de GC Mancha   Jorg Sladič       Evropska Pravna Fakulteta Hugh Corder Carlos Alvarez-Dardet José Cid Manuel Cancio Meliá   Universidad de Alicante Josip Sever University of Cape Town   Universitat Autònoma de Universidad Autónoma de     Carlos Campillo-Artero Barcelona Madrid Ljuba Zupančič Čokert J. Berning Servicio de Salud de las     Senica and Attorneys, Ltd. Islas Baleares; Centro de José Fernández-Rañada   University of South Africa Investigación en Economía Marga Cerro M. Bobič   y Salud; Universitat Pompeu J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Law Firm Bobič John Brand Fabra         Jose Luis de Peray Baiges Margarita I. Ramos Marko Zorman Bowmans Carlos Pinilla     J&A Garrigues, S.L.P.   Quintana Matija Repolusk Jonathan Klaaren   José Luis Goñi Sein Repolusk Law Carlos Ramón Fernández Universidad de La Laguna   University of the Liesa Universidad Pública de   Nina Persak Witwatersrand Universidad Carlos III de Navarra CrimInstitute   Madrid   María Acale Sánchez   Lesiba Motsepe   José M. Labeaga Azcona Peter Stanovnik Eduardo Santamaría Moral Univerisdad de Cádiz Institute for Economic University of South Africa J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Universidad Nacional de   Research     Educación a Distancia   Lourens J. Erasmus Emilio Díaz Ruiz   María Barberá Riera Petra Plevnik Universidad de Murica José Manuel Freire Senica and Attorneys, Ltd. North-West University   Sociedad Española de Sanidad     Enric Fossas Espadaler Instituto de Salud Carlos III Ambiental Primož Rožman Martin van Staden Universitat Autònoma de     Blood Transfusion Centre of Barcelona José Manuel Mateo Sierra Slovenia Free Market Foundation   María Elena Sánchez Jordán     J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Mpfariseni Budeli-   Universidad de La Laguna Nemakonde José R. Repullo   University of South Africa National School of Public María José Aguilar Idáñez   Health of Spain Mthokozisi Wesley Sithole   Universidad de Castilla-La José Vte. Martí Boscà Mancha University of KwaZulu-Natal     Univesitat de València Nahid Hussein   María José Benítez Jiménez José-Ignacio Gallego Soler UNDP Universidad de Málaga   Universidad de Barcelona   Neil Cameron   Juan Alberto Díaz López Maria Pilar Llop Cuenca   Nisha Jacob J. A. Díaz. Litigación penal     María Pilar Marco Francia University of Cape Town Juan Antonio Lascuraín   Universidad de Castilla-La Ntombifikile Mtshali Universidad Autónoma de Mancha Madrid   University of KwaZulu-Natal     Marina Lorente Lara P. J. Schwikkard J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. University of Cape Town     Martín Godino Sagardoy Abogados   Miguel Ángel Presno Linera Universidad de Oviedo   Orlanda Díaz-García Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha   Paz Mercedes de la Cuesta Aguado Universidad de Cantabria 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 185

Rafael Ortiz Cervello Savantha De Saram Laura Carlson Thomas Mihayo Sipemba Aleza Mazabalo Alexandre D. L. & F. De Saram Stockholm University East African Law Chambers J&A Garrigues, S.L.P.       Triomphe des Actions   Sugath Hettiarachchi Mauro Zamboni Vicensia Alfred Fuko Citoyennes pour un Togo Rebeca Benarroch Citizen Stockholm University   Emergent Benarroch     Vintan Willgis Mbiro   Anonymous Contributors Mikael Johansson Breakthrough Attorneys Augustin Kokouvi Dokla Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta   Raoul Wallenberg Institute     Suriname of Human Rights and Anonymous Contributors Reseau des Associations des Remedios Aranda Rodríguez Humanitarian Law   PVVIH au Togo G. N. Best   Thailand   Universidad Carlos III de Essed & Sohansingh Law Firm Ola Zetterquist Baroma Madomba Bamana Madrid   Gothenburg University Anant Akanisthaphichat   Hugo A. M. Essed   Thai Law Firm Comité d’Action pour Remedios Menéndez Calvo Law Firm Essed & Sohansingh Olle Mårsäter   la Recherche et le   University of Uppsala Chacrit Sitdhiwej Développement Universidad de Alcalá Humphrey R. Schurman   Thammasat University     Schurman Advocaten Reinhold Fahlbeck   Claude Kokou Amegan Ricard Meneu   Lund University Chaiporn Supvoranid Justina Eduards   Baker McKenzie Novation Internationale Fundación Instituto de   Sverker Jönsson     Investigación en Servicios de Milton van Brussel Lund University Chalermwut Sriporm Damien Amoussou K. Salud BDO   Thammasat University     Anonymous Contributors   Centre pour la Promotion des Roberto Mazorriaga Las Nashreen R. J. Ilahibaks   Chawaluck Sivayathorn Droits Humains en Afrique Hayas Essed & Sohansingh Law Firm Tanzania Araneta; Punyisa     Intarapracha Dékawunga Djoliba Rambla Abogados y Asesores, Prema R. Sohansingh Abel M. Ngilangwa Thanathip & Partners Legal Kutolbena S.L. Law Firm Essed & Sohansingh Mighty Juristic Law Chamber Consellors Limited         Barreau du Togo Román Gil Alburquerque Yvonne S. Engkar Adella J. Msoffe Chulapong Yukate   Law Firm Coster-Advocaten University of Dar es Salaam ZICOlaw Djifa E. Adjale Suku Sagardoy Abogados         Anonymous Contributors Alice Jackson Musetti Chusert Supasitthumrong SCP Dogbeavou & Associés Rosa M. Urbanos-Garrido   Breakthrough Attorneys Tilleke & Gibbins International   Sweden   Ltd. Elliott Hegbor Universidad Complutense de Anne H. Outwater   Madrid Bengt Järvholm Muhimbili University of Health Henning Glaser     Umeå University and Allied Sciences Thammasat University Emmanuel Mamlan Rosa Zarza       Bengt Lundell Annmarie Mavenjina Jakkrit Kuanpoth Martial Akakpo & Associés J&A Garrigues, S.L.P. Lund University Nkelame Thailand Development         Research Institute Essiamé Koko Dzoka Rosario de Vicente Martínez Birgitta Nyström Asina Emmy A. Omari   Lund University University of Dar es Salaam Jeeranun Klaewkla Barreau du Togo Universidad de Castilla-La     Mahidol University   Mancha Björn Ohde Bakari George   Ferdinand Ekouévi   Advokataktiebolaget Roslagen Tengeru Institute of Kowit Adireksombat Amazohoun Santiago Fernández   Community Development Baker McKenzie Redondo Boel Flodgren     SCPA Femiza Associés Lund University Eliud Kitime Manaswee Wongsuryrat   Hospital Universitario La   Tilleke & Gibbins International Jean Yaovi Degli Princesa Catherine Lions Eustard Athanace Ngatale Ltd.   Umeå University PO-RALG     Sebastián Cantallops Mir     Munin Pongsapan Joseph Kodzo Sipotou Christer Thordson Evold Mushi Thammasat University Rambla Abogados y Asesores, Legal Edge AB Lawfront Advocates     S.L.     Pisut Rakwong Justine Mawulawoè   Fredrik Gustafsson Faraji Taratibu Pisut & Partners Azanledji-Ahadzi Vicente Ortún-Rubio Advokatfirma DLA Piper Mkono & Co. Advocates   Sweden KB   Premprecha Dibbayawan Ministère de la Justice Du Universidad Pompeu Fabra   George Fernandes Puvana Company Limited Togo   Gunilla Lindmark East African Law Chambers     Xavier Castells Uppsala University   Wanchai Yiamsamatha Kafui A. Amekoudi   Kheri R. Mbiro LS Horizon Universitat Autònoma de Jack Ågren Breakthrough Attorneys   Martial Akakpo & Associés Barcelona Stockholm University   Yuthana Promsin       Laura Amour Juslaws & Consult Co., Ltd. Kao Tanang Salaka Anonymous Contributors Jessika van der Sluijs Tanzania Revenue Authority   Stockholm University   Anonymous Contributors Ministère de la Santé et de la     Laura George   Protection Sociale Sri Lanka Johan Sangborn Go2Experts Togo   Swedish Bar Association   Kiss Assiom Bokodjin Ajithaa Edirimane   Octavian William Temu Afangbedji Kossi Jil-Benoît Karl-Arne Olsson Octavian and Company Barreau du Togo     Wesslau Söderqvist Advocates   Koffi Houndebasso Anusha Wickramasinghe Advokatbyrå   Afi Teko da Silveira   Oliva Mkula Mkanzabi   Société Togolaise de   Karol Nowak Gabriel & Co. Agbéwonou Koudasse l’Evaluation Chrishantha Abeysena Lund University   Cabinet d’Avocat Maître     Samuel Gibson Karua Galolo Soedjede Koffi Sylvain Mensah Attoh University of Kelaniya Kiflemariam Hamde Karua and Company   Umeå University Advocates Akou Pignandi Cabinet Attoh-Mensah Dhanushka Dissanayake     CCM     Kossi Adjedomole Sudath Perera Associates   Société d’Avocats Martial Gamini Balasooriya Akakpo & Associes     Martial Akakpo Gamini Perera Martial Akakpo & Associés International Law Chambers     Mazabalo Bini N. Sivarajah Croix Rouge Togolaise University of Jaffna     Mensah Tele Honorine Nalin Ashubodha Association Femme Amazone Kolonnawa Nursing Home     Rose Atanley Adjenou Nathaya Nanayakkara Adjowavi Sudath Perera Associates     Theo A. L. Bitho Raja Goonaratne Martial Akakpo & Associés The Open University of Sri Lanka   186

Yaovi M. Fiawonou Hechmi Louzir M. Cem Yeniaras Emmanuel Luyirika Oleksandr Skliarenko Cour Supreme African Palliative Care Skliarenko, Sydorenko and   Institut Pasteur de Tunis Yeniaras Attorneys at Law Association Partners Anonymous Contributors         Hedia Kedadi Mahmut Kaçan Evelyn Atim Oleksii Makarenko Trinidad & Tobago Buwembo & Co. Advocates Zaporizhzhya National Cabinet d’Avocat Kedadi MK Law Office   University Betty-Ann Pilgrim     Francis Opedun   Ministry of Health Karim Ben Hamida Murat Volkan Dülger Evamor International Limited Olha Prosyanyuk     AVER LEX Christopher Sieuchand KBH Law Firm Dülger Law Firm Grace Mukwaya Lule   M.G. Daly & Partners     Platform for Labour Action Sergiy Gryshko; Yaroslav   Knani Houda Mustafa Alp   Petrenko Elena Araujo Isaac Newton Kyagaba Redcliffe Partners Araujo Law Zaanouni Law Firm Dokuz Eylül University Kampala Associated         Advocates Taras Tsymbrivskyy Gerard Hutchinson Labidi Ahmed Nuray Gokcek Karaca   USAID Human Rights in University of the West Indies Laura Nyirinkindi Action Program     Anadolu University Pro Initiatives Agency   Glenn Hamel-Smith Lassâad Dhaouadi     Vitalii Serdiuk M. Hamel-Smith & Co. Ömer Ataç Miria K. Matembe AVER LEX   Institut Tunisien des Conseils     Jonathan Walker Fiscaux İstanbul Medipol University Munduru Mercy Grace Vyacheslav Viktorovich M. Hamel-Smith & Co.     The Uganda Association of Sokolov   Mahmoud Daoud Yacoub Orhan Yavuz Mavioglu Women Lawyers   Kaveeta Persad   Anonymous Contributors Fitzwilliam, Stone, Furness- Ordre National des Avocats ADMD Law Office Anonymous Contributors   Smith & Morgan du Tunisie     United Arab Emirates     Osman Hayran Ukraine Linda A. Greene Mounir Baatour Elena Schildgen Penco Court Law Chambers İstanbul Medipol University Andrey Bogdanovich Meyer-Reumann & Partners   Association LGBT Shams   Gryniak   Matthew G. W. Gayle   Savas Bozbel Research Institute of Prviate Michael Kraemer New City Chambers Nadhir Ben Ammou Law & Entrepreneurship of       the National Academy of Mirza R. Baig Michelle T. Ramnarine Cabinet Maître Nadhir Ben Şule Özsoy Scicences Dubai Pharmacy College for   Ammou   Girls Natalie Persadie   Galatasaray University Andrey Tarasov   University of Trinidad and Nadhir Ben Yedder   Tarasov & Partners Law Firm Nazanin Aleyaseen Tobago Teoman Akünal   K&L Gates LLP   Réseau National de Lutte Andrienko Sergey   Oscar Noel Ocho Contre la Corruption Akunallaw Vladimirovich Olaide Esan University of the West Indies     A.G. Partners Hadef & Partners LLC   Nadia Akacha Ufuk Aydin     Rishi P. A. Dass Andrii Misiats Rebecca Ford Victoria Chambers Université de Tunis El Manar Anadolu University Municipal Law Firm and Clyde & Co. LLP       Partners   Shastri Vedanta Christopher Nizar Sdiri Anonymous Contributors   Shakeel A. Mian Parsad Anna Mikhailyuk Prudential Middle East Legal Shastri Parsad & Associates Nizar Sdiri Law Firm   Mikhailyuk, Sorokolat & Consultants     Uganda Partners   Shivangelie Ramoutar Rachida Jelassi   Stuart Paterson   Adrian Jjuuko Anna Sakalosh Herbert Smith Freehills LLP Sonnel A. David-Longe Université de Tunis El Manar; Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National   M.G. Daly & Partners Conseil Supérieur de la Human Rights Awareness and Medical University Tarek Nakkach   Magistrature Promotion Forum   Hewlett Packard Enterprise Anonymous Contributors     Chmut Serhiij     Ridha Mezghani Akantorana Kobusingye   Zayed Alshamsi Tunisia Ivan Horodyskyy Zayed Al Shamsi Advocates & R. Mezghani Law Office Kampala Associated Ukrainian Catholic University Legal Consultants Amel Gorbej   Advocates       Troudi Hichem   Katerina Vlasyuk Anonymous Contributors Amine Hamdi Alan Shonubi AVG Law Firm   Hamdi Law Office     United Kingdom   Wahid Bounenni Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Konstantin Naduty Anis Klouz   VULT Ben Keith Faculté de Médecine de Tunis   Alexander Kibandama   David Josse QC   Wajdi Abdelhedi Larisa Matyukha   Anissa Tabai High Court of Uganda Ukrainian Association of Christopher May       Family Medicine Lancaster University Aymen Zaghdoudi Yassine Younsi Bernard Mukasa     University of Sousse Lyubomyr Drozdovskyy David Josse   Younsi & Younsi International ENSafrica Khasin & Drozdovskyy 5 St Andrew’s Hill Bessem Ben Salem Law Firm   Barristers Association   Ben Salem Law Firm   Birungyi Cephas Kagyenda   Jill Stavert   Zouhaier El Hechimi Oksana Holovko- Edinburgh Napier University Emna Yahyaoui Birungyi Barata & Associates Havrysheva   Ordre National des Avocats Faculté de Médecine de Tunis;   Ivan Franko National Kiron Reid du Tunisie Université de Tunis El Manar Brigitte Kusiima Sendi University of L’viv University of Liverpool         Hamza Wajdi Anonymous Contributors Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Oksana Kneychuk Lord Woolf     Eterna Law Supreme Court of the United Harrabi Selma   Charles Kallu Kalumiya   Kingdom   Turkey   Kampala Associated Esenyel Barak Bal Advocates   Cailliau & Colakel Law Firm Claire Amanya Rukundo   Fatih Selim Yurdakul CR. Amanya Advocates & Soilicitors Yurdakul Law Office     Daniel Gantungo Filiz Askan Bowmans Askan Law Office     Donald Nyakairu Gökçe Çelen ENSafrica Çelen Law Firm     Doreen Nawaali Gülüm Özçelik MMAKS Advocates Bilkent University     Emilio Ovuga Işık Önay St. Raphael’s Counseling Koç Üniversitesi Centre   Kerem Altiparmak Ankara University 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 187

Nigel Duncan Karen A. Lash Beatriz Murguía Tomas Guerrero Félix Ignacio Sánchez Posadas, Posadas & Vecino City, University of London American University Murguía - Aguirre   Hernández       Anonymous Contributors Peter Caldwell Kepler B. Funk   Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados Camilo Martínez Blanco Uzbekistan   Doughty Street Chambers Funk, Szachacz & Diamond   LLC Universidad de Montevideo Aziz Akhtamov Fernando Javier Baralt Peter McTigue     Tashkent Business Advocate Laurel G. Bellows Law Firm Briceño Nottingham Trent University Carlos Cosac     The Bellows Law Group, P.C. Jakhongir Z. Djuraev Universidad Rafael Urdaneta Rebecca Niblock   Carlos Cosac Legal Affairs     Leonard A. Sandler   Anonymous Contributors Kingsley Napley   Fernando M. Fernández   University of Iowa Carlos Pittamiglio Venezuela Richard Ashcroft   Universidad Central de M. Reynolds Estudio Jurídico Bartesaghi Alberto Blanco-Uribe Venezuela Queen Mary University of   Quintero   London Attorneys Judicial Military Universidad Central de   Mediators Consulting Team Escandor El Ters Venezuela Fredy Ernesto Martinez Diaz Richard Miskella     Marc Falkoff   Alberto Jurado Salazar Martinez Diaz & Asociados Lewis Silkin LLP Federico Samudio ALC Penal Firma de Abogados   Northern Illinois University     Richard W. Whitecross   Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Alejandro Gallotti Michele Forzley   Universidad Católica Andrés Gilberto A. Guerrero-Rocca Edinburgh Napier University Bello; Leĝa Abogados   Forzley & Associates Gonzalo Gari Irureta Goyena   Florida International Thomas Garner   Alessandra Corona University Paul Bender Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Araquereyna   Gherson       Arizona State University Alexander Marcano Gilles R. Valensi S. Tonia Novitz   Isabel Abarno Montero Peter Edelman Lawyers Group RDHOO Abogados University of Bristol Olivera Abogados       Georgetown University   Alfredo Romero Tony Ward   Foro Penal Gonzalo Himiob Santomé Renaldy J. Gutierrez Joaquin Reyes Puig   Northumbria University Alvaro Badell Madrid Foro Penal   Gutierrez & Associates Estudio Reyes Rius Badell & Grau   Anonymous Contributors       Renée M. Landers Ana María Fonseca Colina Ignacio Andrade Cifuentes   Juan Diego Menghi Pimentel Rauseo & Asociados United States Suffolk University   Araquereyna   Estudio Perez del Castillo & Andres Carrasquero   Amy Widman Ricks Frazier Asociados ESCG Abogados     Jacqueline Richter National Center for Access to Commonwealth of Andres L. Halvorssen Justice Massachusetts Juan Federico Fischer RDHOO Abogados Universidad Central de       Venezuela Andrea Boyack Robert J. Collins Fischer & Schickendantz Carlos Alberto Henríquez     Salazar Washburn University University of Pennsylvania Leĝa Abogados Jaime Martínez Estévez     Julio Iribarne Pla   Ariana R. Levinson Sara Elizabeth Dill Carlos Ricardo Pimentel Rodner, Martínez & Asociados Ferrere Abogados Rauseo   University of Louisville Anethum Global   Pimentel Rauseo & Asociados       Javier Alfredo Villamizar Artie Renee Pobjecky Stephen A. Saltzburg Julio Lens Carlos Simón Bello Rengifo Universidad Central de Gordon Pobjecky & Pobjecky LLP The George Washington LENS Venezuela   University     Badell & Grau C. Lash Harrison   Claudia Madrid Martínez   Stephen C. Veltri Julio Soffer Universidad Central de Ford & Harrison LLP Venezuela Jesús Emiro González   Ohio Northern University Julio Soffer Laws   Christopher David Ruiz     Daniela Guerra Cafoncelli Bethencourt Cameron Steven A. Ramirez Codhez Magela Ramón   Verdad Venezuela Southwestern Law School Loyola University Denkys A. Fritz Payares       Hughes & Hughes Fritz & Vence, S.C. David K. Y. Tang Timothy E. Dolan     Jesús J. Ortega Weffe Diego Díaz Martín K&L Gates LLP Policy Foresight Manuel Reyes Puig VITALIS, A.C. Vallenilla, Escalante &       Asociados Eleanor D. Kinney Timothy Mackey Estudio Reyes Rius Eduardo José Sánchez     Rivero Indiana University University of California San Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados John Tucker   Diego Maria Duran   Elise Groulx Diggs   Edwin Romero Leĝa Abogados Walsh; Reynolds; Crouse; Hughes & Hughes     American Bar Center for Anderson; Schneider;   Eugenio Hernández-Bretón Human Rights; Doughty Street Green; Swartz; Thomas; Universidad Central de Jorge París Mogna Chambers Johnson Maria Lucia Acosta Venezuela   Odreman & Asociados H. David Kelly, Jr. Attorneys Judicial Military Ferrere Abogados   Mediators Consulting Team   Beins, Axelrod, P.C.   José Ignacio Hernández G.   Anonymous Contributors Mariana Fernandez Fasciolo James H. Pietsch Universidad Central de   Posadas, Posadas & Vecino; Venezuela; Universidad University of Hawaii Uruguay Universidad de la Republica Católica Andrés Bello       John Hummel Alejandro Rey Jiménez de Aréchaga Martín Fridman Juan Alberto Berríos Deschutes County Oregon District Attorney Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Ferrere Abogados Ortigoza       John Pollock Alfredo Taullard Universidad del Zulia Martin Risso Ferrand   Public Justice Center Hughes & Hughes     Universidad Católica del Juan Carlos Garantón- John R. LaBar Andrés Fuentes Uruguay   Blanco Henry, McCord, Bean, Miller, Arcia Storace Fuentes Medina Gabriel & LaBar, P.L.L.C. Abogados Natalia Veloso Giribaldi Universidad Católica Andrés     Bello Jonathan Hiatt Estudio Delpiazzo Abogados     Solidarity Center Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo Nicolas Pallas University for Peace, United Posadas, Posadas & Vecino Nations     Nicolas Pereyra Juan José Niño Silverio Leiva & Pereyra Abogados Álvarez, Sánchez & Asociados     Ricardo Mezzera Juan Manuel Raffalli Mezzera Abogados RDHOO Abogados     Richard R. Iturria Leonel Alfonso Ferrer Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & Universidad Central de Rachetti Venezuela     Santiago Pereira Campos Rueda Abadi Pereira; Universidad de Montevideo   188

Lolymar Hernández Anonymous Contributors Mulopa Ndalameta Philip Nyakutombwa Musa Dudhia & Co. Nyakutombwa Legal Counsel Camargo Vietnam     Nsama Sue Kwendeni- Ruvimbo Ruwona Universidad Católica Andrés An Hai Le Mayowe Nyahuma’s Law Golden Stairs Bello   Ministry of Health Chambers   David Lam       Pamela Sibanda Mumbi Simplicio Mathew Bhebhe Luis Ortiz Alvarez Derek Phan Van Cong Danh Charles Siamutwa Legal Kantor & Immerman Legal Le & Tran Practitioners Practitioners InterJuris         Ha Duong Tiziana Marietta Tafara Goro VILAF Sharpe & Howard Legal Mbidzo, Muchadehama & Manuel A. Gomez V.   Practitioners Makoni Legal Practitioners Ha Phan     Florida International Center for Promotion of Anonymous Contributors Tamuka Moyo University Advancement of Society   Tamuka Moyo Attorneys     Zimbabwe   Hannah Huynh Thi My Hanh Taurai Blessed Kativu Marco Trivella Le & Tran Andrew Makoni Kantor & Immerman Legal   Mbidzo Muchadehama & Practitioners Escritorio Jurídico Navarro Hoàng Quốc Nhật Trung Makoni Legal Practitioners   Catan & Asociados Phuoc & Partners LLP   Tawanda Tandi     Archlove Takunda Kantor & Immerman Legal Huynh Thi Ngoc Hoa Tanyanyiwa Practitioners Maria Teresa Belandria KAV Lawyers Organizing for Zimbabwe       Tendai Faith Mataba Universidad Central de Kent Wong Ashton Anderson Makore Wintertons Legal Practitioners Venezuela VCI Legal       Brighton Mahuni Terence Hussein Kieu Anh Vu Scanlen & Holderness Hussein Ranchhod & Co. Mario Brando KAV Lawyers       Caroline Tandi Kudzai Valantine Mutatu Participación Activa Le The Hung   Midlands State University   CNC Casper Pound     Family Aids Support Wellington Chimwaradze Mark A. Melilli Silva Manfred Otto Oragnisation Unilever Duane Morris Vietnam LLC     Leĝa Abogados   Clever Bere Wilfred Njabulo Nunu   Ngo Huu Nhi Zimbabwe Trust National University of Science Thien An Law Office   and Technology Mauricio Ramirez Gordon   Dzinomwa Tariro   Nguyen Huu Phuoc National University of Science Anonymous Contributors Fundación Verdad Venezuela Phuoc & Partners LLP and Technology         Nguyen Nam Hung Edwin Isaac Manikai   Nathalie González Perez YKVN LLC Dube, Manikai and Hwacha       Escritorio Juridico Rodriguez & Nguyen Nhan Tuan Emilia Mandaza Mendoza   Muhonde Attorneys     Nguyen Thanh Cong   Dong Phuong Luat- East Law Godfrey Sibanda   Nelson Chitty La Roche Firm Mbidzo Muchadehama &   Makoni Legal Practitioners   Universidad Central de Pham Tri Dung   Venezuela Hanoi University of Public Godman Chingoma     Health Dube, Manikai and Hwacha       Rafael E. Molina G. Pham Van Phat Iris Shiripinda An Phat Pham Law Firm Africa University Zimbabwe Molina & Asociados       Phung Anh Tuan John T. Burombo VCI Legal International Bridges to Rafael Olivar   Justice Stephen Le Hoang Chuong   Escritorio Jurídico Aguilarte y Le & Tran Lindsay Hugh Cook Asociados   Atherstone & Cook   Tran Thanh Tung   Phuoc & Partners LLP Maxwell Constantine Raul Jose Reyes Revilla   Chando Musingafi Anonymous Contributors Zimbabwe Open University Torres, Plaz y Araujo       Zambia Memory Kudzayi Melody Mafo Raul Sanchez Urribarri Anne Namakando Phiri Scanlen & Holderness University of Zambia   La Trobe University   Mordecai Pilate Mahlangu   Bellington Vwalika Gill Godlonton & Gerrans University of Zambia   Reinaldo Jesús Guilarte   Obey Shava Fares Florence Phiri Mbidzo Muchadehama & Lamuño Nodi Trust School Makoni Legal Practitioners     Instituto Venezolano de Melvin L. Mbao Philemon Mutukwa Derecho Social North West University Musengi and Sigauke   Ricardo J. Cruz Rincón Escritorio Chumaceiro González Rubio   Roberto Hung Cavalieri Centro de Investigación y Promoción de Cultura Jurídica   Rubén Guía Chirino Cultura Jurídica Organizacion   Simón Jurado-Blanco Jurado-Blanco & Aguirre Abogados   Tulio Alvarez Universidad Central de Venezuela   Vicente González De La Vega Universidad Central de Venezuela; Universidad Metropolitana   Wilmer David González Colina Comisión para los Derechos Humanos del Estado Zulia   2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 189

Acknowledgements The World Justice Project’s Honorary Chairs, Directors, Officers, Staff, Financial Supporters, and Sponsoring Organizations are listed in the last section of this report. Polling companies, research organizations, and contributing experts are listed in the Methodology section of this report. Academic Advisors Heller, Open Government Partnership; Uruena, Universidad de los Andes; Stefan Mark David Agrast, American Society Vanessa Herringshaw, Transparency and Voigt, University of Hamburg; Barry of International Law; Jose M. Alonso, Accountability Initiative; Susan Hirsch, Weingast, Stanford University; Michael World Wide Web Foundation; Rolf Alter, George Mason University; Ronald Janse, Woolcock, The World Bank. OECD; Eduardo Barajas, Universidad del University of Amsterdam Law School; Rosario; Maurits Barendrecht, Tilburg Erik G. Jensen, Stanford University; Roland Abeng; Lukman Abdul-Rahim; University; Tonu Basu, Open Government Haroon Khadim, PAE; Rachel Kleinfeld, Kate Adams; Mame Adjei; Priya Partnership; Lowell Bergman, University Carnegie Endowment; Jack Knight, Duke Agarwal-Harding; Mariam Ahmed; Lina of California, Berkeley; Tim Besley, University; Harold H. Koh, Yale University; Alameddine; Sarah Alexander; Jessica London School of Economics; Christina Margaret Levi, Stanford University; Iris Álvarez; Erica Jaye Ames; Rose Karikari Biebesheimer, The World Bank; Juan Litt, Stanford University; Clare Lockhart, Anang; Evelyn Ankumah; Jassim Alshamsi; Carlos Botero, Pontificia Universidad The Institute for State Effectiveness; Jessica Álvarez; Lindsay Aramayo-Lipa; Javeriana; Paul Brest, Stanford University; Zsuzsanna Lonti, OECD; Diego Lopez, Amanda Arcaya; Ekaterina Baksanova; Jose Caballero, IMD Business School; Universidad de los Andes; William T. Loris, Hamud M. Balfas; Laila El Baradei; Sophie David Caron, Kings College, London; Loyola University; Lauren E. Loveland, Barral; April Baskin; Ivan Batishchev; Thomas Carothers, Carnegie Endowment; National Democratic Institute (NDI); Paul Rachael Beitler; Laurel Bellows; Ayzada Marcela Castro, Universidad de los Andes; Maassen, Open Government Partnership; Bengel; Dounia Bennani; Clever Bere; Peter Chapman, Open Society Justice Beatriz Magaloni, Stanford University; Loveridge Bere; Rindala Beydoun; Karan Initiative (OSJI); Eduardo Cifuentes, Jenny S. Martinez, Stanford University; K. Bhatia; Rebecca Billings; Eric C. Black; Universidad de los Andes; Sherman Toby McIntosh, FreedomInfo.org; Toby Cherie Blair; Rob Boone; Juan Manuel Cohn, Georgetown University; Christine Mendel, Centre for Law and Democracy; Botero; Oussama Bouchebti; Raúl M. Cole, Crime & Justice Institute; Nicholas Menzies, The World Bank; Izurieta Mora Bowen; Ariel Braunstein; Mariano-Florentino Cuellar, Stanford Ghada Moussa, Cairo University; Sam Kathleen A. Bresnahan; Michael Brown; University; Helen Darbishire, Access Info Muller, HiiL; Robert L. Nelson, American Susanna Brown; William R. Brownfield; Europe; Nicolas Dassen, Inter-American Bar Foundation and Northwestern David Bruscino; Josiah Byers; Carolina Development Bank; Larry Diamond, University; Alfonsina Peñaloza, Hewlett Cabrera; Abigail Cameron; Ted Carrol; Stanford University; Claudia J. Dumas, Foundation; Harris Pastides, University of Javier Castro De León; John Catalfamo; Transparency International USA; Sandra South Carolina; Randal Peerenboom, La Fahima Charaffeddine; David Cheyette; Elena, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Trobe University and Oxford University; Nabiha Chowdhury; Sophie Clark; Jose Humanos; Brad Epperly, University Angela Pinzon, Universidad del Rosario; Cochingyan, III; Kate Coffey; Sonkita of South Carolina; Julio Faundez, Pascoe Pleasence, University College Conteh; Barbara Cooperman; Hans Warwick University; Hazel Feigenblatt, London; Shannon Portillo, George Mason Corell; Adriana Cosgriff; Annette Coto; Global Integrity; Todd Foglesong, University; Michael H. Posner, New York Ana Victoria Cruz; Alexander E. Davis; Munk School of Global Affairs at the University; Roy L. Prosterman, University Beth Davis; Néstor de Buen; Bryce de University of Toronto; Tom Ginsburg, of Washington; Anita Ramasastry, Flamand; James P. DeHart; Brackett University of Chicago; Joseph Foti, University of Washington; Mor Rubinstein, B. Denniston, III; Russell C. Deyo; Open Government Partnership; James Open Knowledge Foundation; Angela Surya Dhungel; Adama Dieng; Andrew Goldston, Open Society Justice Initiative Ruiz, Universidad del Rosario; Audrey Domingoes; Alyssa Dougherty; Megan (OSJI); Jorge Gonzalez, Universidad Sacks, The World Bank; Lutforahman Duffy; Sandra Elena; Roger El Khoury; Javeriana; Alejandro Gonzalez-Arriola, Saeed, Kabul University; Michaela Sanal Enkhbaatar; Adele Ewan; Juan Farré; Open Government Partnership; Jon Saisana, EU-JRC; Andrea Saltelli, EU-JRC; Fatima Fettar; Steve Fisher; Eric Florenz; Gould, American University; Martin Moises Sanchez, Alianza Regional por la Abderrahim Foukara; Kristina Fridman; Gramatikov, HiiL; Brendan Halloran, Libertad de Expresión; Andrei Shleifer, Radha Friedman; Morly Frishman; Viorel Transparency and Accountability Harvard University; Jorge Luis Silva, The Furdui; Minoru Furuyama; Daniel Gamboa Initiative; Linn Hammergren; Tim World Bank; Gordon Smith, University Rinckoar; Amir Galván; William H. Gates, Hanstad, Landesa; Wassim Harb, of South Carolina; Christopher Stone, Sr.; Anna Gardner; Dorothy Garcia; Sophie Arab Center for the Development of Open Society Foundations; John Temple, Gebreselassie; Dwight Gee; Sujith George; Rule of Law and Integrity; Nathaniel University of California, Berkeley; Rene Adam Gerstenmier; Jacqueline Gichinga; 190

Suzanne E. Gilbert; Brian Gitau; Travis Javier Ramirez; Eduardo Ramos-Gómez; Glynn; Arturo Gomez; Felipe Gómez; Daniela Rampani; Alex Randall; Richard Nengak Daniel Gondyi; Molly Gough; Randerson; Kelly Ranttila; Claudia Rast; Lindsey Graham; Deweh Gray; Michael Yahya Rayegani; Nick Rehmus; Adrian F. S. Greco; Elise Groulx; Paula F. Guevara; Revilla; Salvador Reyes; Lopes Ribeiro; Heena Gupta; Arkady Gutnikov; Karen Kelly Roberts; Nigel H. Roberts; Amir Hall; Margaret Halpin; Kunio Hamada; Ron; Maria Rosales; Liz Ross; Steve Ross; Mohammad Hamze; Leila Hanafi; Sana Faith Rotich; Patricia Ruiz de Vergara; Hawamdeh; Kate Helms; Alvaro Herrero; Irma Russell; Rosemarie Sandino; Marc Sheila Hollis; Michael Holston; R. William Sepama; Adam Severance; Bruce Sewell; Ide, III; Murtaza Jaffer; Chelsea Jaeztold; Uli Parmlian Sihombing; Hajrija Sijerčić- Hassan Bubacar Jallow; Samuel Jefferson; Čolić; William Sinnott; Lumba Siyanga; Clara Jiang; Sunil Kumar Joshi; Marie- Brad Smith; Julie Smith; Joshua Steele; Therese Julita; Megan Kabre; Jessica Lourdes Stein; Thomas M. Susman; Kane; Rashvin Kaur; Anne Kelley; Howard Elizabeth Thomas-Hope; Jinni Tran; Kenison; Junaid Khalid; Elsa Khwaja; Nathan Treacy; Laurence Tribe; Martha Se Hwan Kim; Stuti Kokkalera; Laurie Uc; Christina Vachon; Patricia van Nispen; Kontopidis; Simeon Koroma; Steven H. Robert Varenik; Jessica Villegas; Maria Kraft; Larry D. Kramer; Jack Krumholtz; Vinot; Quinn Walker; Katie Welgan; Lianne Labossiere; Jeremy Levine- Raymond Webster; Robin Weiss; Drizin; Samantha Liberman; Joanna Lim; Dorothee Wildt; Jennifer Wilmore; Jason Deborah Lindholm; Hongxia Liu; Annie Wilks; Malin Winbom; Russom Woldezghi; Livingston; Jeanne L. Long; Carlos López; Nazgul Yergalieva; Xueling You; Hunter Clarissa Lopez-Diarte; Stephen Lurie; Zachwieja; Stephen Zack; Keyvan Zamani; Biola Macaulay; Ahna B. Machan; Maha Jorge Zapp-Glauser; Roula Zayat; Fanny Mahmoud; Biawakant Mainali; Andrew Zhao. Makoni; Dijana Malbaša; Ermek Mamaev; Frank Mantero; Madison Marks; Roger Altus Global Alliance; APCO Worldwide; Martella; Vivek Maru; John Mason; Elisa Fleishman-Hillard; The Center for Massimino; Hiroshi Matsuo; Michael Advanced Study in the Behavioral Maya; Melanie Mazza; Loralys McDaniel; Sciences, Stanford University; The Center Bethany McGann; Matthew Mead; on Democracy, Development, and the Sindi Medar-Gould; Ludmila Mendonça; Rule of Law, Stanford University; The Nathan Menon; Ellen Mignoni; Aisha German Bar Association in Brussels; Minhas; María Cristina Montaño; Jorge Governance Data Alliance; Google Inc.; Antonio Morales Alfaro; Claros Morean; The Hague Institute for Innovation Liliana Moreno; Junichi Morioka; Carrie of Law (HiiL); Investigative Reporting Moore; Katrina Moore; Marion Muller; Program, UC Berkeley Graduate School Xavier Muller; Jenny Murphy; Rose of Journalism; The Legal Department Murray; Norhayati Mustapha; Carolyne of Hewlett-Packard Limited; The Legal Musyoka; Reinford Mwangonde; Doreen Department of Microsoft Corporation; Ndishabandi; Ilija Nedelkoski; Tia Nelson; The Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center Niku Neshati; Javier Nicolás; Daniel for International and Area Studies, Yale Nitu; Elida Nogoibaeva; Victoria Norelid; University; Rule of Law Collaborative, Justin Nyekan; Sean O’Brien; Peggy University of South Carolina; The Ochanderena; Afua Ofosu-Barko; Bolaji University of Chicago Law School; Vera Olaniran; Joy Olson; Mohamed Olwan; Institute of Justice. Fernando Omedé; Gustavo Alanis Ortega; Bolaji Owasanoye; Pablo Parás; Dhruti Patel; Kedar Patel; Angeles Melano Paz; Karina Pena; Valentina Pérez Botero; Ronen Plechnin; Kamal Pokhrel; John Pollock; Mercy Alejandra Portillo; Cynthia Powell; Humberto Prado Sifontes; Christine Pratt; Nathalie Rakotomalia; 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 191

About the World Justice Project seed grants to support practical, on-the-ground programs addressing discrimination, corruption, violence, and more. The World Justice Project (WJP) is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to advance the rule of Honorary Chairs law around the world. Effective rule of law reduces corruption, The World Justice Project has the support of outstanding combats poverty and disease, and protects people from leaders representing a range of disciplines around the world. injustices large and small. It is the foundation for communities The Honorary Chairs of the World Justice Project are: of justice, opportunity, and peace—underpinning development, accountable government, and respect for fundamental rights. Madeleine Albright; Giuliano Amato; Robert Badinter; James A. Baker III; Cherie Blair; Stephen G. Breyer; Sharan Burrow; David Founded by William H. Neukom in 2006 as a presidential Byrne; Jimmy Carter; Maria Livanos Cattaui; Arthur Chaskalson;* initiative of the American Bar Association (ABA), and with the Emil Constantinescu; Hans Corell; Hilario G. Davide, Jr.; initial support of 21 other strategic partners, the World Justice Hernando de Soto; Adama Dieng; William H. Gates, Sr.; Ruth Project transitioned into an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit Bader Ginsburg; Richard J. Goldstone; Kunio Hamada; Lee H. organization in 2009. Its offices are located in Washington, DC Hamilton; Mohamed Ibrahim; Tassaduq Hussain Jillani; Anthony and Seattle, WA, USA; Mexico City, Mexico; and Singapore. M. Kennedy; Beverley McLachlin; George J. Mitchell; John Edwin Mroz;* Sandra Day O’Connor; Ana Palacio; Colin L. Powell; Roy Our Approach L. Prosterman; Richard W. Riley; Mary Robinson; Richard Trumka; Traditionally, the rule of law has been viewed as the domain Desmond Tutu; Antonio Vitorino; Paul A. Volcker; Harold Woolf; of lawyers and judges. But everyday issues of safety, rights, Andrew Young; and Zhelyu Zhelev.* justice, and governance affect us all; everyone is a stakeholder in the rule of law. Based on this, the WJP’s mutually-reinforcing Board of Directors lines of business employ a multi-disciplinary approach through Shaikha Abdulla Al-Misnad; Kamel Ayadi; William C. Hubbard; original research and data, an active and global network, and Hassan Bubacar Jallow; Suet-Fern Lee; Mondli Makhanya; John practical, locally-led programs to advance the rule of law Nery; William H. Neukom; Ellen Gracie Northfleet; James R. worldwide. Silkenat; and Petar Stoyanov. Research & Scholarship Directors Emeritus The WJP’s Research & Scholarship work supports research about President Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai the meaning and measurement of the rule of law, and how it matters for economic, socio-political, and human development. Officers & Staff The Rule of Law Research Consortium (RLRC) is a community William C. Hubbard, Chairman of the Board; William H. Neukom, of leading scholars from a variety of fields harnessing diverse Founder and CEO; Mark D. Agrast, Vice President; Deborah Enix- methods and approaches to produce research on the rule of law Ross, Vice President; James R. Silkenat, Director and Treasurer; and its effects on society. Gerold W. Libby, General Counsel and Secretary. WJP Rule of Law Index Staff: Elizabeth Andersen, Executive Director; Alejandro Ponce, The WJP Rule of Law Index® provides original, impartial data Chief Research Officer; Richard Schorr, Chief Financial and on how the rule of law is experienced and perceived by the Administrative Officer; Nancy Ward; Chief Engagement Officer; general public in 126 countries around the globe. It is the most Laura Aquino; Lilian Chapa Koloffon; Killian Dorier; Alicia comprehensive index of its kind. To date, more than 400,000 Evangelides; Vianney Fernández; Emily Gray; Amy Gryskiewicz; households and experts have been interviewed worldwide. Camilo Gutiérrez Patiño; Matthew Harman; Roberto Hernández; Index findings have been referenced by heads of state, chief Alexa Hopkins; Ayyub Ibrahim; Priya Kholsa; Sarah Chamness justices, business leaders, public officials, and the press, Long; Rafael Lozano; Debby Manley; Rachel Martin; Joel including media outlets in over 126 countries worldwide. Martinez; Jorge Morales; Layda Negrete; Nikki Ngbichi-Moore; Fernando Omedé; Samira Popal; Adriana Rios; Marien Rivera; Engagement Mario Rodriguez; Rebecca Silvas; Leslie Solís Saravia; Adriana Engagement efforts include connecting and developing a Stephan; Gerard Vinluan; and Emily Youatt. global network, organizing strategic convenings, and fostering practical, on-the-ground programs. At our World Justice Forum, regional conferences, and single-country engagements, citizens and leaders come together to learn about the rule of law, build their networks, and design pragmatic solutions to local rule of law challenges. In addition, the World Justice Challenge provides *Deceased 192

World Justice Project Funders The World Justice Project thanks the following major current funders for their generous support: ABA–SEER ABA–Criminal Justice Anonymous (3) BGC3 Toby Bright Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Charles Stewart Mott Foundation City of The Hague Cooley LLP Davis Wright Tremaine LLP Fenwick & West LLP K&L Gates LLP Kent Walker and Diana Walsh Microsoft Corporation Mo Ibrahim Foundation Perkins Coie LLP Singapore Ministry of Law United States Agency for International Development United States Department of State William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation William H. Neukom A list of previous funders can be found at: worldjusticeproject.org. 2019 WJP Rule of Law Index I 193



Rule of Law “Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise “I could adjudicate lawsuits as well as king, established… That the strong might anyone. But I would prefer to make lawsuits not injure the weak, in order to protect the unnecessary.” widows and orphans..., in order to declare –Analects of Confucius justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and heal all injuries.” “It is more proper that law should govern than –Codex Hammurabi any one of the citizens.” –Aristotle, Politics (350 BCE) “Treat the people equally in your court and give them equal attention, so that the noble “If someone disobeys the law, even if he is shall not aspire to your partiality, nor the (otherwise) worthy, he must be punished. humble despair of your justice.” If someone meets the standard, even if he is –Judicial Guidelines from ‘Umar Bin (otherwise) unworthy, he must be found Al-Khattab, The Second Khalifa of Islam’ innocent. Thus the Way of the public good will be opened up, and that of private “All human beings are born free and equal in interest will be blocked.” dignity and rights… Everyone is entitled to –The Huainanzi 139 BCE (Han Dynasty, all the rights and freedoms set forth in this China) Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, “The Law of Nations, however, is common to political or other opinion, national or social the entire human race, for all nations have origin, property, birth or other status.” established for themselves certain regulations –Universal Declaration of Human Rights exacted by custom and human necessity.” –Corpus Juris Civilis “We are all servants of the laws in order that we may be free.” “Where-ever law ends, tyranny begins.” –Cicero (106 BCE - 43 BCE) –John Locke, Two Treatises of Govern- ment (1689) “No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned “Good civil laws are the greatest good that or disseised of his free tenement or of his men can give and receive. They are the liberties or free customs, or outlawed or source of morals, the palladium of property, exiled or in any way ruined, nor will we go and the guarantee of all public and private against such a man or send against him save peace. If they are not the foundation of gov- by lawful judgement of his peers or by the ernment, they are its supports; they moder- law of the land. To no-one will we sell or deny ate power and help ensure respect for it, as or delay right or justice.” though power were justice itself.” –Magna Carta –Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis, Discours Préliminaire du Premier Projet de Code Civil





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