ဖက်ဆစ်တော်လှန်ရေးနေ့အထိမ်းအမှတ် မဂ္ဂဇင်း ၃

tmZmenfawGaewJh wdkif;jynf atmif+idrf; (q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f.‘ol@rSmwrf;uAsm’cHpm;r_) (wpf) 8av;v;kH ta&;awmyf kH vxl tk ºkHur}_u;D twiG ;f rsKd ;quof pvf il ,xf .k &iwf iG ;f rS vud_ vf wJS ek cf g ay:xuG vf monhf ‘acwof puf rmB ra=u’awmvf eS af &;aw;onf Armjynof wl &yvf ;kH . EvS ;kH om; tm;rmeuf dk vy_ Ef ;d_ cohJ n?f xadk w;xrJ S pmw ykd'fjzpfonfh “tmZmenfawG aeonfhwkdif;jynf”qkdaompum;onf av;eufus,f0ef;vSonf? u|efawmfwkd@ bkd;bGm;rdbrsm;onf ‘urBmra=u’pdwf\"mwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;wkdufch=J uonf? Arm jynfonf (1824-1948)txd ESpfaygif;(124)ESpf=um t*Fvdyfe,fcs@J ukdvkdeDvufatmuf u|efoabmufjzpfch&J onf? *syefzuf qpfatmuf (1942-45)txd (3)ESpf=um jym;jym;arSmufcJh&onf? ESpfaygif;axmifcsD wnfwH@cJhaom Armjynf trsdK;om; jynfol taygif;. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tawG;tac:ponfh trsdK;om;r_ tpOftvmESifh ukd,fykdifcGeftm;rsm; csKyf+idrf; wdrfaumum zl;yGifha0qmcGifhr&awmhbJ vGwfvyfr_taygif; qHk;±H_;chJ&onf? EpS af ygi;f (124)EpS tf =um bmrxpD wd \"f mwjfzihf ±ek ;f uevf y_ &f mS ;+y;D uvdk edk xD r;f y;dk udk cgcsonhf vwG vf yaf &;wudk yf uJG dk rsKd ;qu(f 3)qu=fum wudk cf &hJ on?f Armjynqf odk nhf tcsKytf jcmtm%myidk f widk ;f jynwf jynEf iS hf v@ltz@JGtpn;f w&yf ppk n;f ay:xeG ;f z@dk&euf m; EpS af ygi;f axmicf sID rsKd ;quaf ygi;f rsm;pmG vuqf iuhf r;f ±ek ;f uevf y_ &f mS ; xal xmicf &hJ on?f Tum; oridk ;f jzpof mG ;ay+y?D oridk ;f tpOtf vmudk rarth yaf y? tx;l ojzihf Armjynf v@ltz@JGtpn;f . wqiwhf ;dk w;dk wujf rirhf m;vmaom ‘awmfvSefa&;’orkdif;ukd tav;tjrwfjyK qufcHxdef;odrf;zkd@vkdonf? awmvf eS af &; qodk nrf mS ta[mi;f udk z,&f mS ;um topuf dk wnaf qmujfci;f / tv;kH ptkH uek tf pif ajymi;f vjJci;f / opfvGifjcif;/ wufºujcif;/ EkysdKjcif;/ tm;rmefcGeftm;}uD;jcif;ponfh tjcif;t&mrsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGm pkpnf;aygufujJG cif; o abmjzpfonf? u|efoabmuftjzpf emcHum touf&Sif &yfwnfaernfavm? tqHk;tjzwfwkdufyGuJ kd wkduf&if;toufpGef@rnf avm? u|eaf wmwf @dk b;dk bmG ;rsm;onf vwG vf yaf &;twuG f urmB ra=u pwd \"f mwjf zihf touaf y;wudk of nhf vr;f uadk ±;G cs,cf hJ =uon?f vcl si;f twwl l u|etf jzpEf iS hf tou&f iS rf aev?dk vwG vf yof nvhf ol m;/ vwG vf yof nvhf rl sKd ;/ vwG vf yof nvhf @ltz@JG tpn;f / vwG vf yof nwhf idk ;f jynf tjzp&f ywf nf aexidk Ef idk zf @dk zEd ydS cf sKycf s,uf |ejfyKrt_ aygi;f udk ‘urmB ra=u’pwd \"f mwEf iS hf wudk yf JG 0ifchJ=uayonf? Tum;Zmwdpdwf? (ESpf) “xD;okOf;eef;okOf;/ =uiSef;okOf;ESifh/ +rdK@okOf;okn/ okOf;okH;0jzifh okOf;&jyefvSpf/ oknacwfwGif/ vljzpf&av/ wkd@wawGonf aoaomfrSwnfh æ a=omf aumif;.” (qD;Aef;eDq&mawmf) “ArmawG pnf;urf;azmufvkd@ xD;eef;aysmufjzpf+yD 101

rSD;jirf;axmuf topfrSDonf npfyvDtrsdK; rdypfvkd@ za&SmifaoGonf *GaumifawGacG;jzpfayghAsKd;” (tcsKyfwef; q&maz) Armjynf uvdk edk uD |ejfzpcf &hJ pOuf Zmwrd mepf mqrkd sm;u txuyf gtwidk ;f emusn;f pmG pmzchJG =hJuon?f vwG vf yaf &; wudk yf uJG mvtwiG ;f Armjyntf rsKd ;om; jynof tl rsm; ao;G ajrusc&hJ on?f tmZmenf taxmitf aomi;f ay:xeG ;f cohJ n?f ppfol}uD; r[mAE<KvrSonf okyÀu*VKefq&mpHtxd/ AkdvfatmifausmfrSonf Akdvfatmifqef;txd tmZmenfawG. aoG;jzifh jrpf{&m csif;csif;eDcJh&onf? tmZmenfawG.tavmif;rsm; ±kd;rawmifrsm;vkd rkdarmufcJh&onf? u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;jynfonf ‘tmZmenfawG aeonfh wkdif;jynf’yguvm;? touuf dk zu&f uG vf dk oabmxm;um peG @fvw$ pf eG @fpm; bmrxpD wd Ef iS hf &0J phH mG oridk ;f udk zewf ;D c=hJuonhf tmZmenf rsm;. &ifwGif;cHpm; trSmpum;rsm;udk u|efawmfwkd@ =um;csifprf;ygbd? trsdK;om; Zmwdrmefpmqkd(q&m}uD;)rif;ok0%f. uAsm wyk'fwGif ‘ol@rSmwrf;’ukd ,ckvkd cHpm;=um;od&ygonf? (oHk;) ol@rSmwrf; olwkd@tqkwf/ xm;jr‡KyfcJhonfh AkH;ikwfwkdufrSm;/ armifajymufusm;ukd ±Gmom;±Gmol/ ar;=ujrLonf tltl,rf;aiG@ xwkef;wnf;? ‘tarmifajymufusm;/ cspfoltm;ukd bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;’ ‘i,fu=uifjrwf / rdoufrSwfukd cGifhv$wfcJha=umif;ajymygav’ ‘tarmifajymufusm;/ rdbtm;ukd bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;’ ‘arG;onfhrdcif/ arG;zcifukd OD;wifcJha=umif; ajymygav’ ‘tarmifajymufusm;/ wkdif;jynftm;ukd bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;’ ‘c&D;rwfwwf/ vrf;ckvwfwGif ukd,fvGwfa&SmifcGm/ cGJ&ygI tm;emcJha=umif; ajymygav’ 102

,rf;aiG@tltl/ wvlvlESifh ar;jrL=uwkef;/ taemufukef;wGif aevHk;uG,fav+yDwum;? ? rif;ok0%f (jr0wDr*~Zif;/ rwf 1963) Armjynvf wG vf yaf &;oridk ;f wiG f *%k af &mixf eG ;f ajymicf ahJ om zuqf paf wmvf eS af &; vuef uuf idk f wudk yf wJG iG f vr;f ck vwfY usqHk;oGm;chJaom tmZmenfajymufusm;&aJ bmfwOD;u cspfolxH/ rdbxH/ wkdif;jynfxH rSm=um;chJavonf? “i,uf =uijfrw/f rod urf wS uf /dk ciG vhf w$ cf ahJ =umi;f ajymygav”w?hJ i,pf Oaf wmiaf us;uwn;f u =uief mjrwEf ;dk c&hJ ol/ toufESif;tyf b0awGyHktyf+yD; aygif;oif;rnfh cspfolukd '%f&mESifh usqHk;tHhqqJ J ajymufusm;&aJ bmfu ‘cGifhv$wf’chJ a=umif; rSm=um;ygonf? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_u wvifwr,m;pepf/ tdrfaxmifzufukd oHk;ESpfoHk;rkd;apmifhpm; a±G;cs,f=uonf? ta=umif;od/ i,faygif;}uD;azmf &moufyef±kd;ajrus om;orD;ajr;jrpf&onftxd okdufokduf0ef;0ef;ESifh t=uifem arwWmu±k%m awG a0+zdK;+yD; aygif;oif;=uonfh vl@tzG@Jtpnf;jzpfonf? tdrfaxmifa&;wm0efukd armifwxrf;r,fw&Guf 'kd;wlaygifzuf xrf;aqmif=uonf? }uD;olukd ±kdao / &G,fwlukd av;pm;/ i,folukdoem; qkdonfh qufqHa&;&Sdonf? cGifhvGwfjcif;onf arwWmpdwf/ oem;u±k%mpdwf/ onf;cH em;vnf;r_&Sdaom jrifhjrwfonfhpdwf \"mwfjzpfonf? cspfolrSm tjypf&SdIr[kwf? pGef@cGm&awmhrnfh cspfoltay: }u;D rm;eu±f id_ ;f aom arwmW pwd jfzihf um,0prD aem uoH ;kH yg;jzihf r&n&f ,G bf J tjyp&f ,vf @dk jzpcf rhJ nqf vdk #i‘f ciG vhf wG ’f cjhJci;f yg? use&f pof vl n;f ajzord Ehf idk af umi;f rn?f tjyetf veS tf m;jzihf rrd bd uuf tjyp&f ,vf @dk&cdS yhJ gu ajyygap? ciG vhf w$ yf gavqodk nhf oabmvnf; ouf0ifonfxifonf? toGm;tjyef &SdaomarwWmoabm? cGifhv$wfjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh trsdK;om;pmqkd (q&m}uD;) rif;ok0%f.‘ESif;qDyGifh’qkdonfh u|efawmfwkd@ &ifxJ eifhaeatmif cHpm;&onfh uAsmav;wyk'fukd jyefazmfjyvkdufygonf? ESif;qDyGifh v,fawmutjyef yefcsifw,fca&zl;qkdvkd@ armifcl;umay;? reufwkef;qDu a=umhqHk;ukd armifjrifawmh ol@qHyif ESif;qDyGifhawGe@J *k%fwifhw,fav;? (1932) pmq&dk iS f i,pf Ouf cpH m;rt_ jynEhf iS hf a&;z@GJcahJ om uAsmav;wy'k yf g? cspof ul yecf siyf gonqf Idk ca&ye;f c;l ay;on?f cspfol wu,fyefoGm;onfu ESif;qDyGifh jzpfaeonf? ESif;qDyGifhqkdonfu tzkd;xkdufyef;/ ca&qkdonfu tavhus yef;/ tqithf we;f uoJG n?f 'gayrhJ ‘*%k wf iyhf gw,’f w?hJ oabmxm;}u;D aompwd /f ciG vhf wG af ompwd ?f Enk ohH rd f ar@GveG ;f vaS om arwWmpdwf? 103

(av;) ‘tarmifajymufusm;/ rdbtm;ukd bmrsm;rSmcJhvkdoenf;’ ‘arG;onfhrdcif/ arG;zcifukd OD;wifcJha=umif;ajymygav’ rdbESifhq&morm;qkdonfrSm ‘teaE Wm teE W ig;yg;’wGif tygt0if jzpfI bk&m;ESifhw*kd%f;wnf;xm;um ±kdaoav;jrwf=uonfrSm jrefrmr_ Zmwdpdwfjzpfonf? rdbaus;Zl;ukd wefzdk;xm;aom rdbarwWmukd jrwfEkd;ylaZmf aompdwfonf udef;0yfaeaom jrefrmhZmwdpdwfjzpfonf? pmqkd&Sif (q&m}uD;)rif;ok0%f. i,fb0 tdrftvGrf;ESifh ausmif;tjyefom;armifi,f. cHpm;r_ rdcifarwWmb@JG uAsmwykd'fukd cHpm;=unfhygOD;? okd@avmokd@avm yifv,fokd@a0 r_rsKd;axGI jyefavausmif;rS tdrfokd@usaomf rmwE_wfcsKd wcGef;qkdu xkdxkdyifv,f av#monfwnf;? (1932) =uuof ;D ar;G ni;f xavmuof nhf rbd arwmW b@JGyg? ajymuuf sm;&aJ bmuf toupf eG @ftqhH qJ rJ mS rbd udk &cdS ;dk O;D wif uefawmhygonfwJh? (ig;) csutf rsKd ;om; rsKd ;csptf mZmenf *sLv,D uzf ;l cspof nf }uKd ;piaf y: wucf ge;D wiG f ‘&eof .l aemuqf ;kH usnqf e’f udk &0J Hh pGmawmif;cHchJonf? AD,uferfrsdK;cspftmZmenf ik,ifAefx&dGKif;onf ZeD;ESifhorD;ukd aemufqHk;E_wfquf+yD; }udK;pifay: &ifaumh wufoGm;onf? ‘touf&SifpOfrSm }uD;jrwf+yD; toufpGef@pOfrSm *k%fajymifcJhol’w±kwftrsdK;orD;tmZmenf vsL[lvefonf aemufqHk;xGufouf r±SLxkwfrD ‘rdcifygwD’ukd wkdifwnfchoJ nf? ppaf jrjyirf mS uw&W mvr;f ay:rmS tusO;f pce;f rmS wu|e;f rmS }uKd ;pixf urf mS vpHS yG zf sm;\"m;zsm;rmS widk ;f jyntf wuG f trdajrt wGuf rdrd.b0ESifhtoufukd &J0Hh &ufa&mpGm pGef@vSLoGm;cJhonfh tmZmenf taxmiftaomif;ukd,fpm; trSmpum;ukd pm qkdu ,ckvkd zG@Jygonf? ‘tarmifajymufusm; wkdif;jynftm;ukd bmrsm; rSmcJhvkdoenf;’ ‘c&D;rwfwwf/ vrf;ckvwfwGif ukd,fvGwfa&SmifcGm/ cGJ&ygI tm;emcJha=umif; ajymygav’ 104

,rf;aiG@tltl/ wvlvlESifh ar;jrL=uwkef; taemufukef;wGif aevHk;uG,fav+yDwum;? usqHk;cgeD; tmZmenf &Jabmfu ‘tm;em’ygonfwJh? vGwfvyfa&; c&D;r+yD;qHk;ao;cif vrf;ckvwfwGif wm0efrauscJhI apmpD;pGm usqHk;cJh&ojzifh ukd,fvGwf&kef;cGJcGmcJh&ovkdjzpfI/ ‘tm;em’ygonfwJh? taemufukef;wGif aevHk;vnf; uG,fav+yD? tmZmenf &Jabmfonfvnf; taorajzmifhEkdif&Sm? 8av;vHk; tmZmenf &Jabmfrsm;. ‘vGwfajrmufrS tr# a0yg’qkdonfh rSmwrf;ukd owd&rd+yD; =uufoD;jzef;jzef;xrdygonf? ‘tm;em’jcif;qkdonfh a0g[m&onf jrefrmrsm;twGuf tvGefav;eufayonf? apwemESifh tepfem ESpfrsdK;pvHk;yg0ifonfh cHpm;r_[k xifonf? wzufom;. vkdtifukd rdrdu tpGrf;ukef tjynfht0 rjznfhqnf;Ekdifovkd cpH m;&onthf cg jrerf mrsm; ajymav&h .dS ? widk ;f jynvf wG af jrmuaf pvokd nhf apwem/ vwG af jrmuaf &;twuG f rrd wd m0erf aus[k cpH m;&aom/ rrd td epef mcrH _ rvakH vmu[f k cpH m;&aom/ b0EiS ,hf OS of nhf vyS onhf &icf ek of /H av;euuf s,0f e;f onhf cpH m;r/_ ckdifusnfonfhpdwf\"mwf? cspof xl /H rbd x/H widk ;f jynxf H toupf eG @ftqhH qJ J ajymuuf sm;&aJ bm.f &iwf iG ;f cpH m; trmS pum;rsm;onf jrerf mr_ &ifckefoHukd wkdwkde@JxdrdpGm azmfusL;jychJaom b0ESifh,SOfaom vGrf;armzG,f&m tvSuAsmrsm;yif r[kwfygavm? wu,uf &aJ bmof nf wm0eaf uscyhJ gyaum? wm0erf ausao;orl sm;um; u|eaf wmwf @dkom jzpyf gon?f tmZm enftaygif;ESifhwuG Zmwdrmefpmqkd rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf trsdK;om;pmqkd q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f(1909-2004)tm; OD;n$wftav;jyK vkduf ygonf? aumif;&mok*wd a&mufygap? u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;jynfonf tmZmenfawG aeonfhwkdif;jynf r[kwfygavm? atmif+idrf; 105

&Gufa[mif;pGef@ypfb0opfodk@ nKdpdef0if; (“rwfvawmfvSefa&;”uAsmtay: cHpm;=unfhjrifcsuf) acwuf mva&p;D a=umi;f onf wa±@Ga±@G tvsOrf jywf p;D ae+r?J jrerf mpmay a&tvsOof nvf n;f w+ird +hfird whf ttd d pD;aeqJ? acwuf mvtvukd f ay:xeG ;f vmcahJ om pmtyk rf sm;onf pmtyk pf i0f ,f ao@G0ga[mi;f ErG ;f vmaeon?f pmtyk rf sm; om a[mi;f ErG ;f omG ;aomvf n;f pmaytEyk nmqodk nuf rl tEyk nm t&ntf ao;G udk vudk If acwuf mvudk ausmjfzwEf idk f pGrf;&Sd =u.? tcsdef.wkdufpm;r_ukd cHEkdifpGrf;&Sd=u.? wcsdK@tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf ,ae@wkdif ar$;jrvef;qef;q?J wcsdK@um; rvwfqwfawmh+yD? pmzwof rl sm;buuf vn;f tajymi;f tvJ &odS n?f pmwtyk uf dk veG cf ahJ om tEpS f EpS qf ,/f o;Hk q,uf zw±f =_unhf jrifykHESifh ,ae@=unfhjrifykHonf xyfwlxyfr# rwlEkdifawmh? tjrif ajymif;vvJ monf? pmaytEkynmtay:rSm tujJ zwfr_ ajymif;vJvmonf? vGefcJhaom tESpfokH;av;q,fausmfu pGJvrf;ESpfoufcJhaom pmtkyfpmayrsm;ukd ,ae@tjrifjzifh jyefvnf =un±hf c_ sivf mon?f wcsed uf u,dk thf jriEf iS hf ,ae@tjriuf dk Eid_ ;f ,OS af w;G awm&v#if aumi;f ayrn?f pmaytEyk nmw@dktay: tujJ zwfr_topf vkyfcsifvmonf? arwWmzGJ@ 0wˆKxJuqkdv#if wifhw,f. “vmvkvkai;”/ xGef;xGef;(aq;ody`H). “a0;a0;”/ armifae0if; . “r;dk ajrord hf ord ”hf / armiof m&.“nm‡ a±w$ cuf aºu&uaf pm”/ oed ;f oe;f xeG ;f .“ryeyf ge@J aºucsiwf ,”f / ciEf iS ;f ,.k “ar;$ ”/ *sme,fausmf rrav;.“rkef;Ir[l”/ vif;,kefeD.“rrjrifh”/ Ekdif0if;aqG.“aEGwn”? &o0wˆKpmaytaejzifh qkdv#ifvnf; wifhw,f.“urRzv”/ =unfat;.“usrtEk ynmonf”/ eEN. “oHe@JaoG;”? Ekdif0if;aqG.“rodef;&SifqD ykd@ay;yg”æ? EkdifiHa&;ESifh orkdif;aemufcH0wˆKrsm;xrJ Sqkdv#if jyefvnf=unfh±_csifp&mawG ykdrsm;onf? r[maqG.“olykef@tdrf” “oyl ek }f u;D ”/ ri;f aq.G “\"m;”/ Avdk rf ;– cspaf umi;f . “tEpS f EpS qf ,”f / ri;f vw&f aJ cgi.f “E±k uHk av;”/ oed ;f azjri.hf “ta&@Su ae0ef;xGufonhfyrm”/ ewfEG,f.“tjym”/“wauG@awmh awG@=uOD;rnf”/ jroef;wif@.“vkdufcJhawmh jreENm”/ Aef;armf wif atmif.“òrif”/ “±kd;rwkdufyG”J ætp&Sdojzifhæ? wavmquD wiwhf ,.f “urzR v”udk jyezf wvf udk &f on?f [wdk ek ;f uavmuf r}uKd uaf wm?h Avdk rf ;– cspaf umi;f . “tESpf ESpfq,f”url jyefzwfavavæykd}udKufvmavavæ? 106

uAsmawGxrJ Smvnf; jyefzwfcsif/ jyefvnf cHpm;csif/ jyefvnf okH;oyfcsifaom uAsmawG &Sdae=uygonf? (2) rkd;ukyfukyf0,f tkd-±kwfw&uf/ rsOf;jzLpufI uGtJ ufa=umif;&m/ [æ[vm+yD; rkd;jymukdjzwf/ ywWjrm;&nf pDvnft[kef/ eDjref;ukefonf t±k%fay:p 0kd;w0g;? wcsdefu tdrfrSm '*kefwm&m.“tvuFm”uAsmaygif;csKyf pmtkyfuav; &SdchJzl;onf? r=umc% jyefvnfzwf±_ jzpcf ohJ n?f jyevf nzf w±f r_ ad om o.l uAsmrsm;xwJ iG f “rwvf awmvf eS af &;”uAsmonvf n;f wy'k tf ygt0iyf i?f TuAsm .oufwrf;onfyifv#if tESpf 60 em; uyfaeay+yD? txufazmfjyyg “rwfvawmfvSefa&;”uAsm. yxrqkH;aom pmykd'fuav;ukd tvGwf&=uol rsm;.? ±kyf&Sifrif; om;}uD; OD;jrwfav;uvnf; ±GwfqkdjychJzl;onf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ukd aemufcHxm;+yD; *k%fjyKa&;z@JGchJaom uAsmwyk'f? tvSty pum;vkH;uav;rsm;jzifh rGrf;rHzGJ@oDxm;onf? u|rf;usifaom &ufuef;onfwOD; tqifqef;wxnf &ufuef;&S,fbdouJhokd@ um&ef}udK;uav;rsm;ukd vSypGm oG,fwef;&uf&S,fxm;aom uAsmwyk'f? awmfvSefa&; &yfcHcsufygaom uAsmwyk'f [lIom +cKHikHem;vnf rdchJzl;onf? ,ckrlum; ykdrkdus,f0ef;pGm cHpm;em;vnf vmrdonf? Tpmykd'fonf t±k%fOD;ukd qef;opfpGm zG@JEG@Jxm;onfh pmydk'fwck oufoufr#ayavm? yrdk dk us,0f e;f av;euof nhf t\"yd m` ,af wG &adS eavO;D rnf xiof n?f tem*wtf yd rf uwf cuk dk vyS pmG cpH m;+y;D erd wd yf Hk jzifh wifpm;azmfusL;xm;onfh pmykd'fayavm? Tpmy'dk rf mS tarmS ixf [k al om pum;v;Hk wv;Hk wavr#yif yg&rdS aeyg? o@dkaomf r;dk raomurf uD mvwiG f tarmS ixf k onf vr$ ;f +cKH xm;wwpf +r?J urmB vh ol m;w&yvf ;Hk tm; qi;f &rJ t_ rsKdk;rsK;d 'uk tQ zzHk Hk vr$ ;f +cKH0g;òrcahJ om zuqf upf epf tarmS ixf ?k vvl cl si;f ao;G pyk cf s,vf ,S af om pep/f o@dkwn;f r[wk f rw&m;tyk pf ;dk !O‡ ;f ye;f tyk pf ;dk aom pep/f o@dkwn;f r[wk f vwG vf yaf &;EiS hf vGwfajrmufa&;wkd@ukd ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;r_æponfwkd@onfvnf; tarSmifxkrsm;yif r[kwfavm? ,i;f tarmS ixf rk sm;udk c0JG u+f y;D rsO;f jzLwe;f wwe;f uohJ @dkaom tuaf =umi;f }u;D wcak y:vmygon?f tuaf =umi;f onf wajz;ajz; [æ[ vmon?f }u;D rm;vmon?f Ttuaf =umi;f }u;D ay:vmjci;f rmS rul m; wpwp ay:vmjci;f r[wk yf g? “tkd-±kwfw&uf”whJ? ckeful;ajymif;vjJ cif; oabm? aygufuGrJ _oabm? urBmajray:0,f tarSmifxkukd òzcIJG awmfvSefa&;rsm; ae&ma'o tESH@tjym;Y ay:ufuGaJ y:xGuf vmchJ =u avonf? “rkd;jymukdjzwf/ ywWjrm;&nf pD;vnft[kef/ eDjref;ukefonf t±k%fay:p 0kd;w0g;?” uAsmq&m.tem*wftdyfrufonf ywWjrm;&nf teDa&mifjzifh jzef@usufxm;ayvdrfhrnf? vGwfvyfa&;ESifh 107

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ta[mif;wkd@onf aºuus&p+r?J ta[mif;wkd@ae&mwGif topfwkd@ tpm;xkd; ae&m,lp+r?J ±Gufa[mif; ±Gufopf? acwfa[mif; acwfopf? orkdif;onf a=umifvdrfavSum;ozG,f auG@vdrfjrifhwufaeayonf? acwfumvopfonf a&S@okd@ csDaeayonf? zuqf ppf epof nf aºuuscahJ v+y?D uvdk edk ppf epaf [mi;f onvf n;f ±;H_ erd òhf yysuof mG ;cahJ y+y?D widk ;f jynrf sm; vwG vf yf vm=uonf? trsdK;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufvm=uonf? “teDxrJ S =u,fjzLyGifh”wh?J zufqpfawmfvSefa&;.trSwftom;? tvHawmf? wm0efodaom pmaytEkynm&Sifwkd@taejzifh tr$ef;wifoifhonfukd tr$ef;wif/ a0zef±_wfcsoifhonfukd a0ze±f w_ cf s &ayrn?f rwvf awmvf eS af &;uAsmonf wcvk ;Hk taejzihf tre$ ;f wiof iohf nuf dk tre$ ;f wixf m;aom uAsmwy'k ?f rsufarSmufacwf u|efawmfwkd@pmaytEkynmorm;rsm;onfvnf; tr$ef;wifoifhonfukd tr$ef;wif/ *k%fjyKxkdufonfukd *k%fjyK/ a0zefwkdufckdufoifhonfukd a0zefwkdufckdufum wm0efausyGefatmif xrf;aqmif=u&ayvdrfhOD;rnf? “±uG af [mi;f peG @fyp/f b0opof @dk”w?hJ uAsmq&monf omreof bm0avmu. prd ;f jrz;l opvf mon±hf uG of pwf @dk b0avmufukdom &nf!¸ef;zG@Jqkdxm;jcif; r[kwfyg? jynfol@b0opf? +idrf;csrf;om,maom/ pnfyifzGH@òz;aom Armjynfopf? “rwfvawmfvSefa&;”uAsmwGif uAsm&Sif ar#mfrSef;wrf;wchJaom/ jrefrmjynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwchJ=uaom ‚“b0opf”(okd@r[kwf) “Armjynfopf”ukd ,ae@jynfolrsm; cHpm;&,lEkdif=uyg+yDavm? ? ndKpdef0if; 111

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tarG æ awmfvSefa&;tarG æ ay;a0ole@J qufcHol æ rsdK;quf æ Tjy\\emEiS hf ywof uIf u|eaf wmthf &;D }u;D (taz&@Jtprf )udk To@kdajymczhJ ;l ygon?f “t&;D }u;D a& æ O;D }u;D v(S t &D;}uD;&J@cifyGef;)&J@ tarGu ol@om;t&if;u r&vkdufbJ u|efawmf&vkdufw,fav? 'DtarGxkyf}uD;ukd xrf;vmvkdufwm av;rS av;yJ æ ? =umavav av;vmovm; atmufarh&w,f? wwfEkdfifor#awmh }udK;pm;xrf;&tHk;rSmyJ? ESvHk;ckefr&yfoa±G@aygh? om\"kom ac:aya&mh t&D;}uD;a& æ” atmf æ tarG? ay;wkdif;r&? ,lwwfwhJ oly&J wmyguvm; [kom u|efawmf awG;rdchJ? OD;}uD;vS (a) uom ukdvS? oul m; u|eaf wmf val vmuxJ ra&murf D Armjynuf eG jfrLepyf gwD c±idk af umrf wD twiG ;f a&;r;ª wm0euf dk xr;f aqmif aepOftwGif; (1949)ckESpf 'DZifbmv twGif;u yifv,fbl;e,f/ rdausmif;tif;aus;±GmwGif 0rf;ukduf iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh usqHk; oGm;cJholæ? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ qef@usifa&;/ zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; wkdufyGJrsm;wGif &Gwf&Gwfc|efc|efyg0ifcJholæ? (1948)ckESpf vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifchoJ læ jzpfygonf? u|eaf wmthf z@dk oEl iS yhf wof uIf aemuaf =umi;f udk jyepf O;f pm;vudk wf idk ;f taºu;wif useof vdk cpH m;rod n?f o@lZe;D u|eaf wmhf t&;D }u;D rmS tciG }hfuKHwidk ;f o@lta=umi;f ajymjywwof n?f ausmi;f q&mr yyD D yakH jymaumi;f on?f i,pf Ouf wn;f u u|efawmfhukd om;t&if;ozG,f jyKpkysKd;axmifay;cJhol jzpfygonf? u|efawmfh 'kwd,tar[kyif wifpm;cJhrdygonf? zufqpfqef@usifa&; wkdufyGJumv twGif;u oleJ@twl wkdufyGJ0ifcJhaom wkdufazmfwkdufzufrsm;uvnf; u|efawmhfukd aEG;axG;tm;ay;chJ/ ajrawmifajr‡muf ay;chJ=uygonf? okd@aomf ta=umif; trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh olESifhywfoufI u|efawmfhrSm wwd yd y rwS wf r;f r&cdS ?hJ u|eaf wmf aemiwf & rq;kH yg? o@dkapumrl u|eaf wmf awmvf eS af &;orm;wa,mu/f ueG jfrLepwf a,muf jzpvf mz@dk o@ly&kH yd /f o@ltaw;G tac:/ o@l0^d mOwf @dku t\"ud weG ;f tm;rsm; jzpcf ohJ n?f o@loridk ;f onf u|eaf wmtfh z@dk te;D uyqf ;kH pHxm;&m jzpfchJonf? u|efawmfodor#/ ol@±kyfyHkv$m tykdif;tp tcsdK@onfyif tm;uszG,f ol&aJ umif; yHkjyif wckjzpfchJonf? olav#mufchJonfh vrf; a=umif; u|efawmf}udK;pm;I qufav#mufchJonf? ,ae@wkdif æ? opPmw&m;ukd ooJ rJ rJ J &SmyHkawmfzGifhchJavaomol æ u|efawmfhtdrfOD;cef; pmtkyfbD±kdxwJ Gif tazu trSwfw& odrf;xm;chJaom ol@pmtkyfrsm; &SdaechJonf? rmhufpf/ ted f *,/f veD iwf @dk. vuaf &;G piuf sr;f rsm;/ urmB oh ridk ;f qidk &f m pmtyk rf sm;jzpof n?f pmtyk wf idk ;f vvdk wdk iG f rwS cf surf sm; rwS of m; xm;onf? atmufajcrsOf;rsm;jzifh jynfhaeonf? xkdacwfu EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; enf;wl rmhufpfvDeif0g' oabmw&m; rsm;udk Armjynf awmfvSefa&; vufawG@ESifh aygif;pyfEkdifzkd@ tywfwukwf rem;rae avhvmchJonfh ol@±kyfv$mukd rSef;q jrif a,mirf od n?f pmtyk wf ae&mwiG f o@lvuaf &;jzihf To@dka&;om;xm;onuf dk ,ae@widk f rwS rf ad eon?f “u,dk uf sKd ;peG @f tepf emcHolwkd@om opPmw&m;ukd &SmawG@Ekdifw,f”? Tum; avhvma&;ESifh ywfoufaom ol. &yfwnfr_ jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ol csef&pfxm;chJaom trSwfw&av;rsm;onf u|efawmhftwGuf woo vGrf;p&mrsm; jzpfaejyefonf? ol@ZeD;ajymjywJh ol@ta=umif; atmufarhzG,fwcsdK@ “ol@tazu wkdufykdif OD;azcif/ taru a':axG;wh?J Zmwdu xD;csdKifh+rdK@? uom+rdK@ukd ajymif;vm+yD; q,fwef; ausmi;f wuaf e&mu '@dkArm qi;f &oJ m; tpn;f t±;kH rmS yg0i+fy;D Eidk if aH &;vyk af wmwh my?J 'uD mvrmS yJ tare@J trd af xmijfyK=u w,f? tare@Ju tdrfeD;csif;ukd;? wtdrfyJ jcm;w,f? vufxyf+yD; &ufwcsdK@rSmyJ BDA wyfx0J ifzkd@ vkdufoGm;wm (43) ckESpf ESpf v,favmufrSm jzpfr,fxifw,f? aemuf ESpf ESpfeD;yg;avmuf=umrS rE Wav; eef;awmfu|ef;rSm ppfajy;b0e@J aewkef; ol wacgufa&mufvmw,f? Akdvfrª;Axl;qDu vmwmwhJ? ta&;}uD;vkd@qkd+yD; wnytJ dyfoGm;w,f? w&ufyvJ mwmawmif vmwhJ {nohf naf wuG dk Eidk if aH &;tajctae &iS ;f jy&wme@J o@lcrsm rem;&ygb;l ? pp}f u;D +y;D awmh (47)cEk pS af vmuuf xiwf ,?f 113

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awmus,fpcef;wGifrl *syefawGu tiftm;ykdrkd }uD;rm;onf? tiftm; 700 cef@&Sdrnf? okd@&mwGif ‘awmus,fpcef;eJ@ awmus,fawmif/ y&d,m,fjzifhatmif’[k qkd&cdsrfhrnf? Akdvfr–;Axl;onf awmifukef;uav;rsm;tESH@tjym;wGif &Jabmfrsm;ukd jzef@cGJae&mcsxm;vkdfufonf? &Sdor# pdefajymif;/ puf}uD;wkd@jzifh *syefwkd@&Sd&mokd@ waeukef rSefrSef}uD; ypfay;onf? *syefwkd@u +yKH; onf? olwkd@uvnf; olwkd@y&d,m,fESifh olwkd@ jzpfonf? wcsufrS wkH@jyefypfcwfjcif; rjyK? taemubf uqf wD iG f ae0e;f }u;D epjfrKyaf ysmuuf ,G of mG ;+y?D tarmS ivf r$ ;f vm+y?D *syewf @dkburf S tajrmu}fu;D rsm;jzihf pxak wmoh n?f awmuaf v#muf tajrmu}f u;D rsm; ypaf y;aeon?f Avdk rf ;– Ax;l uvn;f +yK;H on?f w0ek ;f 0ek ;f tajrmuuf snf aygufuGaJ eonfh=um;rS &aJ bmfrsm;ukd olukd,fwkdif OD;aqmif+yD; ay1500/ 2000 cef@jrifhaom awmifurf;yg;,HrS cufcufccJ J qi;f um awmiuf ek ;f ay:rS wwd wf qwd f cmG on?f awmus,f pprf suEf mS &dS awmiyf pl mav;rsm; tE@HStjym;w@dkY &aJ bmEf pS Of ;D pD okH;OD;pDavmuf vufypfAkH;trsm;tjym;ESifh usef&pfaechJonf? nOfheufcsdefwGif *syefrsm;onf tiftm;}uD;rm;pGmjzifh nmoHay;um awmifukef;awGukd wufxkd;onf? te;D uywf udk f yJG wudk &f rn[f k ar#mvf ixhf m;I vpHS yG rf sm; ziG xhf m;=uon?f awmiuf ek ;f rsm;xyd of @dk a&muvf ek ;D wiG f tarmS ixf rJ S apmifhqkdif;ae aom &aJ bmfESpfOD; okH;OD;pDu &Sdor# vufypfAkH;rsm;jzifh wufvmaom *syefppfom;tkyf}uD;qDokd@ +yHKatmI teD;uyfypfoGif;=uonf? *syefwkd@ twkH;t±kH;usqkH;ukef=uonf? usef*syefrsm; awmifukef;ukd wufrdaomtcg vlolwa,mufr# rawG@&? *syef rsm; ykdrkdajcmufjcm;vmonf? rdrdwkd@axmifacsmufwGif; usa&muf+yDxifum 0±kef;okef;um; jyefqif;ajy;=ujyefavonf? To@dkjzihf awmus,pf ce;f udk (10)}urd wf idk wf idk f oul ord ;f vudk f u,kd uf ord ;f vudk jfzihf t}uwd tf e,Of m%uf pm;+y;D wkdufcdkufcJh=uonf? txdemvmaom *syefwkd@onf aemufqkH;wGif rcHEkdifawmhbJ awmus,fpcef;ukd pGef@v$wfqkwfajy; oGm;=uavonf? (3) “awmus,pf ce;f wudk yf [JG m '@dkbuuf ppyf &,d m,af umi;f v@dk Eidk vf udk wf my?J wwk xf ;dk a&wudk yf uJG awmh oicf e;f pm ,zl @dkaumi;f w,?f '@dkbuuf ui;f axmuwf m raumi;f cbhJ ;l ? ui;f axmurf aumi;f ±rHk u &eof @lpce;f xJ 0iof mG ;wmrmS vn;f aygqh w,?f &eof @laxmiaf csmuxf xJ d 0iof mG ;r+dy;D +y?D &aJ bmaf w&G @J o&l ow/dW tEidk rf cH t±;H_ ray;whJ awmvf eS af &;orm;aw&G @J tm;rmeef @J ZpJG wd wf @dka=umiohf m aemuqf ;Hk rmS tEidk &f vudk wf mæ? '@dkbuuf Avdk of e;f =unef @J &aJ bmtf awmrf sm;rsm; touf ay;chJ&w,f? aoG;e@Jtoufe@J t&if;tESD;ay;+yD; &,lchJwhJ oifcef;pm vkd@ qkd&r,f” a&S@wef;pcef;wck&Sd AkdvftmVm0u.wJuav;xJwGif AkdvftmVm0u OD;aqmifum wkdufyGJrsm;ta=umif; tvGwfoabm ajymqkdaqG;aEG;aejcif; jzpf.? “wkwfxkd;a&wkdufyuJG awmh wu,fyJ &aJ bmfawG ±Gyf±Gyfc|Hc|Hwkduf=uwm csD;usL;p&myg” “&aJ bmfawG[m awmfvSefa&;pdwf\"mwfa=umifh owWdykdaumif;vm=uw,f? aemuf+yD; acgif;aqmifr_u pHerlem aumif; jy=uzkd@ vkdw,f? AkdvfAxl;ukd =unfh? olukd,fwkdif pHjyvkyfaqmifjy+yD; acgif;aqmifchwJ m” “[kwfw,fæwkdufyaGJ wGrSm olukd,fwkdif a&S@wef;u tqif;&tJ yifyef;cHvkdufwkdufchwJ m? wkdufyuGJ kd pDrHcef@c±GJ kHru ukd,fwkdifyg0ifwkdufwm” “'gu tckrS r[kwfygbl;Asmætifzmukd *syefawGwkdufzkd@ vrf;azmufwkef;uvnf; &aJ bmfawGe@Jtwl olvnf; vrf;0ifazmufwmy?J &aJ bmfawGu Akdvfr–;rvkyfyge@Jvkd@ wm;vnf; r&bl;” “owWdta=umif;ajymvkd@ usaemfu AkdvfAxl; rE Wav;rSm *syefAkdvfukd \"m;e@Jckwfowfwm oGm;owd&w,f? t'J D 118

wkef;u AkdvfAxl;&J@um;ay:rSm usaemfvnf; ygwmayghæ? usaemfwkd@um; a&S@uoGm;aewkef; aemufuvkdufvmwJh *syefum;u ausmfwufzkd@ vrf;awmif;w,f? vrf;awGuvnf; usOf;vkdufwm/ um;ESpfpD;ra&Smifavmufbl;? 'ga=umifh um;orm;u vr;f ray;ao;bJ quaf rmi;f ae+y;D / um;EpS pf ;D a&mS ivf @dk&wahJ e&ma&murf S vr;f z,af y;vudk wf ,?f *syeuf m;u usaemfwkd@um; a&S@u ydwf&yfvkdufw,f? usaemfwkd@um;vnf; &yfvkduf&wmaygh? *syefAkdvfwa,muf qif;vmw,f? qkd;vkdufwhAJ kdvfAsmæ qqJ kd }udrf;armif;aevkdufwmrsm;æ? t&ufvnf; rl;ae[ef wlygw,f? AkdvfAxl;u um;ay:u qif;+yD; *syefAkdvfukd wnfwnf+idrf+idfrf tusdK;ta=umif; &Sif;jyw,f? r&bl;AsdK@? &Sif;jyumrS *syefAkdvfu ykduvJ mw,f? AkdvfAxl; wnf+idrfvkduf ykHrsm;Asm/ enf;enf;rS tdajENrysufbJ *syefppfAkdvfa&S@rSm cyfwnfwnfbJ &yf=unfhaew,f? *syefppfAkdvfu ol\"m;ukdvnf; qEGJ _wfa&mæjrefvkduf vsif vkdufwhAJ kdvfAxl;Asm/ olu OD;atmif *syefAkdvf&@Jacgif;ukd ckwfcsvkduf+yD;+yD” “t'J wD ek ;f u rE aW v;wòr@v;Hk 'tD a=umi;f ajymae=uw,?f twk af tmaf omi;f ei;f jzpof mG ;w,?f u,dk Ahf rmAvdk uf 'vD odk wadW umi;f wma=umihf wòr@v;Hk tm;&ausey±f rHk u &aJ bmaf wtG ay:vn;f tm;u;dk vm=uw,æf u-J uæJ quyf gO;D Asm æAkdvftmVm&@J wkdufyGtJ ay: =unfhjrifykH av;awG” “awmus,fwkdufyGJ[m pcef;odrf;zkd@ wkdufwmayr,fh wu,fuawmh ajymufusm;wkdufyGJyJAs/ ajymufusm;y&d ,m,ef @J &eof ul dk r#m;ac:+y;D wudk wf m? ajymuuf sm;wudk wf whJ udk yf aJG wxG rJ mS awmh atmiyf ivf ,pf ce;f uae ppqf ivf y_ &f mS ;&whJ ajymufusm;wkdufyGaJ wGukd oabmtusqkH;y?J vlxk&@J yl;aygif; ulnDr_vnf;yg/ wkdufyGaJ wGu vSoavmuf *syefzufqpfawG zdef@zdef@wkefatmif a=umufoGm;apchwJ hJ wkdufyaGJ wGvkd@ qkd&r,fAs” (4) r[[email protected](19) tdENd,wyfr}uD;onf rE Wav;awmifqDokd@ OD;wnfcsDwufvmae=u+yD? r[mrdwfrsm; a&mufrS olwkd@tm;ukd;jzifh *syefukd awmfvSef&onfqkdonfh tjzpfrsdK; b,fvkdenf;ESifhr# tjzpfrcHEkdif? ArmtrskdK;om;wkd@onf rrd td m;udk rrd ud ;dk um zuqf p*f syeuf dk awmvf eS cf ahJ =umi;f oridk ;f ouaf own&f rn?f Twm0eof nf Avdk rf ;– Ax;l . yc;Hk xuof @dk usa&mufvmonf? Akdvfr–;Axl;onfvnf; tppt&m }udKwifjyifqifxm;ESifh+yD;om;? 1945 ckESpf/ rwfv 8&ufae@? Akdvfr–;Axl;.!¸ef=um;csuft& rsufyg;&yf&Sd tajrmufwyfrS tajrmufokH;csufypfazmufvkdufonf? teD;w0kduf&Sd ppfukdif;/ jrpfi,f ponfhwyfrsm;tm; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsufay;vkdufjcif;yif jzpf.? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;. yGOJ D; xGuftajrmufoH? *syefppft}uHay;t&m&Sd}uD;ukdvnf; okwfoif+yD;chJ+yD? jrpfi,fwGifvnf; ppfulvmawmif;aom *syefppft}uHay; t&m&dSESifh um;armif;olwkd@ukd okwfoifvkduf+yD;+yD? tajrmufoH=um;+yD;onfESifh Akdvfr–;Axl;ESifh&aJ bmfrsm;onf rsufyg;&yf tajrmufwyfrSonf }udKwifjyifqifxm;+yD;jzpfaom zufqpfawmfvSefa&;pcef;qDokd@ *syef@wyfrsm; rsufpdatmufrSyif [ef rysufxGufvmch=J uonf? OD;wnf&mum; atmifyifv,fuef? atmifyifv,fonf uef}uD; r[kwfawmh+yD? war#mfwac: v,fuGufawGcsnf;&Sdaom uGif;jyifus,f}uD; jzpfaeonf?rsufaphwqkH;v,fuGif;us,f}uD;xJwGif ±Gmuav;rsm;um; [kdae&mwpk/ 'Dae&mwpk? ajrmufbufwGifum; &efuif;awmifæ? awmifbufESifh taemufbuf uefabmif±kd;wGifrl aròr@oGm; um;vrf;r}uD; &Sd.? rwfv 9 &ufae@? Avdk rf ;– Ax;l w@dk &euf i;f awmipf ce;f o@dk a&mu&f adS ecsed wf iG f *syewf yaf wvG udk vf m+y;D / pce;f udk 0idk ;f xm;vudk =f uon?f Akdvfr–;Axl;onf 0kdif;xm;aom *syefwkd@ukd wkdufckdufazmufxGufEkdif±kHru *syeftajrmufwyfukdyif 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf vkduf ao;on?f rrd wd @dkajymuuf sm;pce;f rsm; v+HkcKaH &;twuG f *syewf @dk. quof ,G af &;vr;f a=umi;f rsm; jzwaf wmuyf pof nhf wudk yf JG rsm;um; yxrqkH;qifE$&J onfh wkdufyGrJ sm;yif? v,uf uG xf &J dS ±mG puk av;rsm;onuf m; Avdk rf ;– Ax;l . zuqf paf wmvf eS af &; ajratmuaf jymuuf sm;pce;f rsm;yif 119

jzpfonf? t\"duusonfh ±GmawGuawmh qif±Gm/ ykodrf}uD;/ opfcsdKukef;? qif±Gmonf uGefjrLepfygwD.awmfvSefa&;pcef;vnf; jzpfonf? &aJ bmf/ &aJ bmfrrsm; trsm;pk v#K@d0Sufaexkdif&m vnf; jzpfonf? ajymufusm;&Jabmfrsm;twGuf &duQmaxmuf pcef;vnf; jzpf.? uGefjrLepfygwD0if Akdvfr–;Axl;onf zufqpf *syefukd pwifawmfvSef&eftwGuf uGefjrLepfygwDpcef;rSm XmecsKyfzGifhvkduf+yD? &Jabmfrsm;onf t&yfom; t0wtf pm; rsm;udk ajymi;f v0J wqf ivf udk =f uon?f wtrd wf iG f &aJ bmof ;kH av;a,mupf D caJG e&on?f u,dk af &mu&f mtrd Yf tdrftvkyf awGukd ulnDvkyfay;=u&onf? TonfrSm wyfESifh jynfolqufqHa&;rSm a&eJ@ig;vkd wom;wnf; jzpfaeap&eftwGuf Akdvfr–;Axl;. !¸ef=um;csuft& vkdufemaqmif&Guf=u&jcif; jzpfayonf? Akdvfr–;Axl; yxrqkH; vkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; a=unmcsuf a&;om;&ef jzpfonf? Akdvfr–;Axl;.awmfvSefa&;a=unmcsuf &aJ bmfwkd@æ &aJ bmfwkd@/ igwkd@wawGonf wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf igwkd@. toufukdyif yrm%rxm;bJ wyfrawmf om;yDyD wm0efxrf;aqmifchJa=umif; trsm;od=uonf? zuqf p*f syeaf woG nf igw@dkvrl sKd;rsm;tm; trsKd;rsKd;nO‡ ;f qoJ wjfzw+fy;D igw@dkudk vwG vf yaf &;ray;bJ igw@dkudk u|eof abmubf 0udk y@dkaqmicf =hJua=umi;f ? barmEf iS ahf tmiqf e;f tr;– jyKonhf Arm±h yk af o;tp;dk &EiS hf ppwf yof nf *syeaf w.G ni‡ ;f ye;f EydS pf urf a_ wuG dk umu,G af y;Eidk vf rd rhf n[f k igw@dk ,=Hkuntf m;xm;c=hJua=umi;f ? o@dkaomf ,ctk xd owl @dkonf rnof nuhf m uG,fr_ukdr# jyKvkyfray;Ekdif? igwkd@onfvnf; Ttwkdif; acgif;ikH@I cHraeEkdifawmh? xkd@a=umifh 1945 ck/ rwfv *&ufae@rSpI ig.vufatmufwGif&Sd ppfukdif;/ rE Wav;/ oDayg paom e,fajrrsm;&Sd wyfrsm;onf zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;ESifh yl;aygif;vsuf zufqpf*syefwkd@tm; pwif wkdufcdkufa=umif; ppfa=unmvkdufonf? &Jabmfwkd@æzufqpf*syefvl±kdif;rsm;tm; awG@&m oif;csdKif; \"m;rqkdif;bJ okwfoif=uavmh? Akdvfr–;Axl; ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmf txufArmjynf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@atmufArmjynfu *syefukd ppfa=unm&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;? txufArmjynfurl 'ghxuf tcsdefaemufusvkd@ r&+yD? ukd,fu ppfra=unmao;rD r[mrdwfwkd@u rE Wav;ukd odrf;+yD;jzpfaev#if orkdif;wGif ArmtrsKd ;ok m;w@dk rsuEf mS ye;f rvS jzpvf rd rhf n?f x@dka=umihf Avdk cf sKyaf tmiqf e;f EiS hf wi}fuKnd Ed‡ KSid ;f xm;onthf widk ;f tcsed af pmI ppfa=unmvkduf&±kHru AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: *syefwkd@ oHo,r0ifbJ qufvuf,kH=unfaeap&ef Akdvfatmifqef; ESifhvrf;coGJ nhf oabmrsKd; xnfhoGif;a&;om;vkdufjcif; jzpf.? Akdvfr–;Axl;onf qufom;rsm;v$wfI a=unmcsufukd a'otoD;oD;okd@ jzef@a0ckdif;vkdufonf? aemufjyD; pcef;toD; oD;okd@ vSnfhvnfum pDpOfp&m&Sdonfrsm;ukd !¸ef=um;pDpOf&onf? atmifyifv,f ajymufusm;XmecsKyfwGif awmfvSefa&;tiftm; rsm;jym;vSonfawmhr[kwf? 300avmufom &rdS n?f xtdk itf m;EiS yhf if titf m;}u;D rm;aom *syewf @dkudk wudk cf udk af rmi;f xwk &f rnf jzpof n?f o@dkaomf jynof @ltitf m;onf }u;D rm;on?f Avdk rf ;– Ax;l onf jynof ul dk tm;u;dk on?f ,=Hk unof n?f rrd wd @dkwyof nf jynof vl xl .k axmucf rH E_ iS hf arwmW 120

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rjynfh? ‚wkd@ukd okH;av;a,mufpDygaom ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@av;awGtjzpf Akdvfr–;Axl;u xyfcGJay;onf? *sKHjzifh vkyfxm;onfh &duQmajcmufrkef@awG ay;onf? vufypfAkH;awG ay;onf? olwkd@u XmecsKyfESifh a0;vHaom *syefpcef;rsm;qDoGm;+yD; ESpf&ufokH; &uf *syefawG aexkdifpm;aomufykHukd acsmif;ajrmif;avhvmonf? 0ifvrf;xGufvrf;ukd avhvmonf? tvpftikduf &aom ntcsdefwGifrS v#yfwjyuf 0ifwkduf.? vufypfAkH;ESifh xk.? *syef tenf;qkH; q,fa,muf q,fhig;a,mufavmufaoonf? aemuf+yD; csufcsif; jyefqkwfvmonf? *syefrsm;um; ttdyftaeyif rajzmifhawmh? wxdwfxdwfESifh usD;vef@pmpm; jzpfae=uonf? rE aW v;EiS hf tr&y&l buwf iG f r[mrwd Ef iS hf wudk yf rJG S uxJG uG vf maom *syetf pak v;awuG dk ajymuuf sm;wyaf wuG wudk cf udk af csre_ ;f on?f vuef uyf irf u o@Hkye;f awvG n;f &on?f &onohf @Hkye;f awuG dk r[mrwd wf @dkxH omG ;a&mutf yEf oHS n?f “r[mrdwfwyfrsm;.todtrSwf vkdcsifaZmESifh usKyfwkd@ *syefukd wkdufcdkufaeonfholawG/ bmawG/ nmawG b,f awmhrS oGm;rajymavESifh? TuhJokd@vkyfjcif;onf tacsmiform;/ vlaysmhvlnHhrsm;/ tpGrf;tp r&Sdolrsm;ESifh bmrS rxl;acs? æoifwkd@u okH@yef;rsm;/ *syefowif;rsm;ukd ay;p&m&Sdv#ifum; ra=umufr±GH@ oGm;a&mufawG@qkH=uavmh? olwkd@u oifhtm; ar;vmrS Avdk rf ;– Ax;l tyk cf sKyaf om zuqf pqf e@fusiaf &; jynof @lwyrf awmof m; jzpaf =umi;f udk ajymjyavm?h oithf m; aiaG =u; ay;u b,fawmhrS r,l&? ig.trdef@[lI ajymyg”Tonfum; r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh qufqH&mrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfom; rsm; vkdufem&ef Akdvfr–;Axl;owfrSwfay;vkdufonfh pnf;urf;csuf? *syefwyf}uD; rE Wav;òr@rS pwifqkwfcGm+yD? olwkd@vkH;0 ±_H;edrfhoGm;onfr[kwfao;? ArmjynfrSm *syefwyfawG trsm;}uD; &Sdaeao;onf? olwkd@ukd txdematmif wkdufckdufacsr_ef;&OD;rnf? Avdk rf ;– Ax;l onf o;Hk a,muwf w/JG av;a,muwf wJG ajymuuf sm;tpak v;rsm;udk *syeqf wk cf mG rnhf &nS vf sm;vaS om vrf;wav#mufvkH; [kdae&mwpk 'Dae&mwpk awmufav#muf woDwwef;}uD; }udKwifae&mcsxm;vkdufonf? *syewf @dk qwk vf m+y?D wae&mta&muf ajymuuf sm;wyzf @JGu yek ;f cadk pmiqhf idk ;f ae&mrS ypcf wwf udk cf udk of n?f *syef awG usolus/ rrJ jJ rif&m ypfolypfESifh z±kdz&J jzpfoGm;onf? ajymufusm;awGum; r&Sdawmh+yD? *syefawG qufvufcsDwuf vm=ujyeof n?f tawmaf 0;a0; rxirf wS af omae&m rxirf wS af omtcsed wf iG f ajymuuf sm;wudk cf udk cf H &jyeof n?f aooal o/ '%&f m&o&l ? qucf swD u=fujyeof n?f xytf wudk cf &H jyeof n?f vr;f wav#muvf ;Hk ajymuuf sm;wudk yf JG awEG iS hf a&mS irf &awm?h *syefawG tem;r&awmh? tdyfr&/ pm;r&ESifh pdwf\"mwfawG ysufjym;ukefonf? ajcmufjcm;vmonf? Akdvfr–;Axl;. ajymuf usm;wyfqkdv#if *syefwkd@ausmpdrfhatmif a=umufvmonftxd jzpfvmonf? rE aW v;/ jrpif ,pf prf suEf mS w@dkY Avdk rf ;– Ax;l O;D aqmiof nhf ajymuuf sm;wyzf @JGrsm;onf rwvf 8&urf S 20 &utf xd (12)&utf wiG ;f rmS yif *sye3f 00ausmaf o/ 200 '%&f m& ppk ak ygi;f (500) ausmf acsre_ ;f Eidk cf +hJy;D / puaf oew2f vu/f ped af jymi;f }u;D 2 vuf/ b&if;*ef; 4 vuf/ oHcsyfum um; 4 pD;/ ±kd;±kd;um; 2 pD;/ ±kdifz,f 15 vufESifh ta&;}uD;aom pm±Gufpm wrf;rsm; odrf;qnf;&rdcJhonf? ppfukdif;ppfrsufESmwGifum; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;.pGef@pGef@pm;pm; wkdufckdufr_a=umifh *syefwkd@ ppfukdif;òr@tm;apmpD;pGm pGef@v$wfvkduf&a=umif; *syefoHk@yef;rsm;ukd,fwkdifu 0efcHajymqkdonftxd jzpfchJI t*Fvdyfwkd@u aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajym=um;vm&onf? t*vF yd wf @dkonf Avdk rf ;– Ax;l acgi;f aqmiof nhf zuqf paf wmvf eS af &;wyzf @JGudk txirf ao;awm?h totd rwS f rjyKbJ aeI r&awm?h xrdk #ru jrerf m zuqf paf wmvf eS af &;wyzf @JGEiS hf y;l aygi;f vvdk mon?f owl @dk Armjynpf prf suEf mS quvf ucf swD uf &mwGif Armwyfu a&S@rS toufpGef@wkdufcdkufay;apvkdjcif; jzpfonf? owl @dkonf Avdk rf ;– Ax;l EiS hf aw@GqaHk q;G aE;G Eidk zf @dk }uKd;pm;vmon?f owl @dkonf r;dk rusrD &euf ek tf a&mucf swD u&f rn?f r;dk òziòf zirf usrD &euf ek rf a&muvf #if r[mrwd wf yaf wG ppaf &;t& tcutf c}J u;D vmayvrd rhf n?f *syeAf vdk cf sKyf urD &l monf o@lwyf awuG dk jyevf nzf @JGpn;f &ef jyiqf icf sed &f omG ;ayvrd rhf n?f Tonuf dk ciG rhf jyKEidk ?f *syef wyrf awmf trwS (f 15)rS wyrf (15) (31)ESifh(33)wkd@onf &Srf;jynfbufokd@ qkwfoGm;=uonf? &Srf;jynfwGif vkH;0txdremao;aom wyfr(56)vnf; &Sdae on?f ‚w@dkudk r[mrwd wf @dku vudk vf wH udk cf udk jfci;f rjyKEidk ?f ‚w@dkudk [ewhf m;wudk cf udk of mG ;z@dk pwd cf stm;xm; &rnhf titf m; 122

w&yfvkdvmonf? jrefrmzufqpfawmfvSefa&;wyfzG@JrSvGIJ tm;ukd;p&m rjrif? okd@jzifh r[mrdwfwkd@onf Akdvfr–;Axl;ESifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;&ef pwifvufurf; vm=uavonf? (5) “'D=unfh? Axl; pum;ajymaew,f? &aJ bmfwkd@? ævl&,fvkd@ jzpfvm&if wm0eftoD;oD; ygvmovkd rdrdwkd@&J@ arG;&myg tcGifhta&;vnf; ygvmw,f? 'tD ciG thf a&;xrJ mS vwG vf yaf &;[m t\"ud qwdk m &aJ bmwf @dk oabmayguvf rd rhf ,vf @dk ,ql w,?f 'vD wG vf yaf &;udk tvum; pm;+y;D tyd +fy;D ae v@dkawmh r&b;l ? wudk ,f &l p+ryJ ?J u,dk thf ay: uswwhJ m0euf dk }uKd;pm;+y;D xr;f ±uG rf S jzpwf ,?f '@dk&nrf eS ;f csu[f m vwG vf yf a&;y?J t'J gudk r& &wehJ n;f ehJ &atmi,f &l r,?f b,of rl S '@dkvrl sKd;udk csKycf s,xf m;wmudk rvbdk ;l ? tcsKytf cs,uf i;f whJ vGwfvyfa&;tppfom vkdw,f? t&wkduf,l&w,f? 'gukd igwkd@&@J t\"duwm0efyvJ kd@ rSwfxm;=u” &Srf;jynfppfrsufESm a&S@wef;pcef;wckwGif &aJ bmfESpfa,muf Akdvfr–;Axl;ajym=um;chJaomrdef@cGef;wckukd jyefvnf avh vmae=ujcif; jzpfonf? wa,mufu zwfjyI wa,mufu em;axmifaeonf? rvSrf;rurf;rS ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom w}J uD;wwwJ Gifrlum; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wyfrS wyfr–;rsm;0kdif;I Adkvfr–;Axl;ESifh t }udwfte,f aqG;aEG;ae&onf? owl @dkawmvf eS af &;wyzf @JGrsm; *syeuf dk vudk vf wH udk cf udk of nrf mS ,cqk vdk #if atmiyf e;f òr@te;D u jri;f =um';dk e,tf xd a&muf&Sdaeay+yD? r =umrD atmifyef;òr@ukd odrf;Ekdifvdrfhrnfxifonf? okd@aomf Akdvfr–;Axl;um; acgif;rmvSonf? ol@ukd AkdvftmVm0u/ Akdvf&'J if/ AkdvfausmfxGef;wif/ Akdvfzpfcsf/ ESifh AkdvfatmifZi/f aq;r–;}uD; apmaemfcef; paom &aJ bmfrsm;u 0kdif;0ef;azsmif;zsajymqkdae=ujcif; jzpfonf? “tcqk &dk if usaemwf @dk&n±f ,G cf suaf tmiof avmuf jzpaf e+y?D &rS ;f jynuf *syewf yaf wG r;dk òziòfzirf uscif jyevf npf k z@GJ+yD;/ &efukefrSm oGm;aygif;zkd@qkdwhJ tpDtpOf[m b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdifawmhbl;? r[mrdwfwyfawGvnf; u|efawmfwkd@wyftul tneD @J &euf ek uf dk O;D wn+fy;D awmuaf v#mucf sED idk af e+y?D u|eaf wmwf @dkwyaf wvG n;f ysO;f rem;/ ycJ ;l buaf wrG mS tawmaf tmiyf JG cHaew,fvkd@vJ =um;ae&w,f? 'Dawmh æ” “[kwfw,f-Akdvfr–;æaemuf+yD; tajctaetm;vkH;ukdvJ Akdvfr–;ukd,fwkdif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;qDukd tpD&ifcH+yD;+yD yæJ AkdvfcsKyfqDu a&mufvmr,fh !¸ef=um;csufukdyJ Akdvfr–;taee@J aq;uk tem;,l&if; apmifhaeoifhw,f? Akdvfr–;twGuf a&@SrmS vyk pf &mawG trsm;}u;D &adS o;w,?f aemirf mS wudk pf &mawvG n;f trsm; &adS eao;wmyg? aemu+fy;D u|eaf wmwf @dkuvdk J pwd cf sapcsiwf ,?f wm0e[f ol r# t±;dk a=ua=u ta&ce;f ce;f u|eaf wmwf @dkwm0eaf usatmif }uKd;yr;f xr;f aqmiof mG ;r,qf wdk m ,kHyg” wyfAkdvfrsm;u aq;r–;}uD;apmaemfcef;.wifjycsufa=umifh Akdvfr–;Axl;tm; a&S@wef;pcef;rS ab;uif;&mpcef;okd@ qwk cf mG tem;,&l ef 0idk ;f 0e;f wudk wf eG ;f ae=ujci;f yif jzp.f ? Avdk rf ;– Ax;l pum;ajymon?f iuS zf sm;'%cf &H onrf mS =um+yD jzpof jzihf vlrSm jzLazsmhcsKH;usae+yD? avoHwkd;wkd;ESifh pum;ukd em;em;+yD;rS ajymae&onf? “&aJ bmfawGtay: usKyf,kHygw,f? 'gayrhJ &aJ bmfwkd@ ætajctae[m tawmfcufaewkef;y?J *syefwyfawGvJ tm;}uD;aewkef;y?J r[mrdwfawGuvJ &duQme@J c,J rf;tenf;tyg;u vGJvkd@ usKyfwkd@ukd bmrS ulEkdifwmr[kwfbl;æ? 'Du vlxkuvJ usKyfwkd@ukd ulzkd@rajyme@J/ wcsdK@±GmawGqkd iwfae=uwmævlwcsdK@e@J u|EJ Gm;vSnf;awG o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;twGuf ac:xm;wmvnf; usKyf tdrfjyefckdif;vkduf+yD? cktcsdef[m v,fvkyfcsdefr[kwfvm;? olwkd@ukd ihJ&r,f? usKyfwkd@twGuf tpm; taomuf/ aq;0g;/ vufeufc,J rf; tukeftcuftcJ &Sdw,f? 'DtcuftcxJ rJ Sm &aJ bmfawGcsnf; usKyfrsufESmv$rJ xm; cEhJ idk f b;l ? aemu+f y;D usKk y&f @Jyiuf ,dk uf vn;f &aJ bmaf waG &@Suae tE &W m,uf dk tO;D q;Hk &iqf idk cf siwf ,æf t*vF yd af w&G adS ewek ;f &euf ek f udk wudk wf ek ;f uvJ usKyuf a&@SuaecwhJ my?J wrHk [;D omG ;wvhJ r;f O±ak u;G jrprf mS widk ;f A;Hk awaG xmixf m;wthJ xrJ mS vn;f usKyf a&@Sq;Hk u jzwcf whJ my?J 'ga=umihf &aJ bmaf wxG m;c+hJy;D usKyrf em;&ubf ;l Asmæaemu+fy;D Avdk &f aJ cgiuf vn;f owrd &wcsuf 123

&wcsufjzpfaeawmh olh@e@JusKyf ESpfa,mufpvkH;em;&if tm;awmfawmf av#mhoGm;rSm” aq;r–;}uD;apmaemfcef;uvnf; usef;rma&;±_axmifhrS 0ifajymonf? aq;XmewGif aq;aumif;0g;aumif;awG r&Sd awmh/ Akdvfr–;Axl;taejzifh tem;r,lbJ 'Dtwkdif;oGm;v#if b,faq;urS u,fwifEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwf? TwGif Akdvfr– ;Axl;ukd ygwD0ifrsm;;u twif;tusyf aqG;aEG; wkdufwGef; ,l=uonfhtqifh jzpfoGm;onf? aemufqkH;wGif trsm;qENukd Akdvfr–;Axl; rvGefqefomawmhbJ acgif; +idrfhoabm wlvdkuf &awmhonf? Avdk rf ;– Ax;l EiS hf Avdk &f aJ cgiwf @dkonf aemuwf e;f pce;f jzpof nhf w,vf ;l pce;f o@dk jye=f u&rn?f o@dk&mwiG f xr;f piuf m; wckwnf;om &Sdonf? Akdvfr–;Axl;onf owdr&wcsuf &wcsuf jzpfaeaom Akdvf&aJ cgifukdom xrf;pifESifho,faponf? orl ul m; awmiaf 0;S wacsmi;f udk tm;jyKum awmawaG wmiaf wuG dk jzwjf yerf n?f pwd \"f mwcf eG tf m;jziohf m wi;f xm;&on?f Akdvfr–;Axl;onf aumif;aumif;yif &yfEkdif&Smawmhonfr[kwf? awmifa0S;ukd axmufumaxmufum wjznf;jznf;csif; }udK;pm;av#mufaeonf? ab;rS &aJ bmfrsm;u tvSnfhusjzifh az;rulwG=J u&onf? ocl spaf om&aJ bmrf sm;udk wudk yf rJG sm;=um;wiG f Avdk rf ;– Ax;l xm;c&hJ +y?D ool nf i,pf Ouf u&dk i0f wpf Of &[e;f b0EiS hf x;l x;l uuJ J omoem0h exf r;f jzpEf idk of nqf +dky;D q&mawmEf iS hf rbd rsm;u omoemah bmiwf iG f wouvf ;Hk aeomG ;&ef wudk wf eG ;f =uonfukd remcHbJ rdbwkd@ukd pGef@+yD; xGufajy;chJ&zl;onf? ZeD;onf rtkef;wifESifh om;orD;rsm; rsuf&nfvnf±GjJ zifh olwyf xJ0ifonfukd vkdufvHawG@qkH+yD; awmif;yefwm;jrpfpOfuvnf; ZeD;onfukd azsmif;zsESpfodrfhxm;cJhum cGJcGmvmcJhzl;onf? o@dk&mwiG f ,ck tajctaeEiS uhf m; rw+l y?D xuG cf mG vm&aom oul ,kd wf idk uf useaf eojl zpIf / use&f paf eol a&@Swe;f rS &aJ bmf rsm;u ol@udk csefxm;=uonf[k olcHpm;ae&onf? Akdvfr–;Axl;onf ol@twGufxuf Akdvf&aJ cgiftwGuf pdwfraumif;? Akdvf&aJ cgiftwGuf aq;aumif;0g;aumif;rsm; vkd ayrnf? &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh awmifajcu ydEuJM kef;pcef;wGif rE Wav;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdxˆDvm&Sd r[mrdwfwyfESifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ qufoG,fa&;wm0ef,l&ef olwm0efay;xm;chJaom AkdvfrskdK;jrifh &Sdonf? ‚rSwqifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm;xHrS ol@ taejzifh aq;aumif;0g;aumif;rsm; awmif;cHI &Ekdifonf? okd@aomf olrrSmchJ? ppfa&;udpPrSvGIJ r[mrdwfrsm;xHu tul tnD awmif;cHvkdolr[kwf? okd@aomf Akdvf&aJ cgiftwGufrl pOf;pm;ay;&OD;rnf? c&D;wmonf a0;vSacsonfwum;? w,fvl;pcef;onf tm;wif;av#mufvSrf;ae&aom ol@twGuf a0;vGef;vS onf? okd@aomf olrr_? *syefukd atmifjrif+yD;v#ifaomfrS ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf a0;vHvSaom c&D;wmukd quf=u&OD;rnf r[wk yf gvm;? o,l =Hkunaf om q&dk ,S vf ppf ep/f ueG jfrLeppf epqf oD @dk cswD uzf @dktwuG qf vdk #ivf n;f &mouyf epf eG @fvw$ f v;Hk ye;f oGm;&rnfukdvnf; olodonf? w,fvl;pcef;a&mufzkd@ eD;vm+yD? awmifukef;wckrStqif; qifajcav#muav;wGif Akdvfr–;Axl; r[efEkdifawmh? tm;wif;xm;I r&awmh? ajr}uD;ay:okd@ ykHvsufom; vJusoGm;onf? ajr}uD;ay:okd@acgif;usum zkwfv_dufzkwfv_duf jzpfae&Smonf? &aJ bmfawG r=unfh&uf rjrif&ufp&m? 0kdif;0ef;ayG@xlxm;=u&onf? Akdvf&aJ cgifukd w,fvl;pcef;tjrefykd@+yD; Akdvfr–;Axl;ukd aemuf wacguf jyefac:&ef pDpOf=u&awmhonf? w,fvl;pcef;okd@a&mufaomtcgwGif Akdvfr–;Axl;onf pum;yif aumif;aumif; rajymEkdifawmh? arsmae&Sm+yD? tvkyform;xk. tem*wftwGuf vSyaomtvif;a&mifukd ol vdkufvH&SmazGaejcif;vm;? vGwfajrmufr_. csdK+rdefaom &o ukd olwrf;waeonfvm;? 1945 ckESpf/ ZGefv 2 &ufae@? w,vf ;l pce;f av;0,f &aJ bmaf w.G i±dk ud_ of rH sm; xuG af y:vmcahJ von?f wcsKd@u us,af vmipf mG iodk n?f wcsKd@u }udwfI}udwfI ±_dufonf? tm;vkH;yif 0rf;enf;pdwfukd xdef;rxm;Ekdif=u? olwkd@cspfaom Akdvfr–;Axl;twGuf ESajrmwo ,lusKhH;r& jzpf=u&onf? Akdvfr–;&,fæawmif,HrSm atmifvHpkdufumrSæ? okd@aomf olonf wm0efrsm;ukd tausyGefqkH;/ tjynfhpkHqkH;xrf;±GufoGm;chJol? om;r,m;udk peG ohf n?f rbd ukd peG @fon?f tusKd ;p;D ymG ;udk peG @fon?f b0udk peG @fon?f touuf dk peG @fon?f wyxf uJ dk 124

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zufqpf0g' ta&S@/ ta&S@awmiftm&S jynfolrsm;eJ@ uGefjrLepfygwDrsm; &Jabmfodef;0if; Armjynfolrsm;&@J *k%fa&mifajymifwhJ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ae@(rwfv 27 &ufae@)[m ,cktcg tESpf 60 wif; wif;jynfhoGm;chaJ y+yD? Armjynftygt0if tm&SEkdfifiHtoD;oD;rS jynfolvlxk}uD;&@J orkdif;0if zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uHKrsm;ukd azmfxkwf avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh 'Dae@xl;ae@jrwf}uD;ukd *k%fjyKvkdufygw,f? zufqpf0g'qkdwmbmvJ zuqf p0f g'qwdk m vu0f g;}u;D tyk f t&i;f &iS vf wl e;f pm;&@J ouOf ;D qyH idk f tm%m&iS pf epjfzpwf hJ t=ur;f zuf tyk cf sKyf wJh EkdifiHa&;pepfeJ@ EkdifiHa&;t,ltq jzpfw,f? ‚a0g[m&[m (Fasces)qkdwhJvufwifpum;u qif;oufvmwmyg? t\"yd m` ,uf awmh &wJ i;f rsm;udk ppk n;f xm;whJ wi;f ywk }f u;D jzihf tv,Af [udk dk x;dk pudk vf udk jf ci;f v@dk qydk gw,?f 'g[m t=ur;f zufjcif;e@J Akdvfusrif;rljcif;&@J o±kyfygy?J wu,fawmh zufqpf0g'[m yxr urBmppf}uD;+yD;oGm;whJaemuf t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;rSm vlwef;pm; yÉdyuQawG wqifh wkd; euf±_dif;vmr_&@J txGufypPnf;jzpfygw,f? zufqpf0g'ukd tDwvDEkdifiHrSm rlqkdvkdeD&@J zufqpfygwDu (1921)ckESpfrSm OD;pGmwifjychwJ ,f? (1922) ck/ ‚ygwD tm %mvkwufvm+yD;wJhaemuf vufawG@usifhoHk;vmw,f? 'D0g'[m jynfwGif;rSm oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepfukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; usifhoHk;+yD; 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawGukd acsr_ef;ypfw,f? wkd;wufwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rSefor#ukd zsufodrf;ypf+yD;/ uGefjrLepf0g'ukd urBmraus &efoltjzpf oabmxm;chJw,f? EkdifiHjcm;a&; ay:vpDrSmawmh a&SmfAif0g'ukd us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ usifoHk;+yD; usK;ausmfppfcif;a&;ukd wGef;aqmfygw,f? (1920)ck/ *smr%DrSm [pfwvm wifjychJwhJ ‘trsdK;om; qkd&S,fvpf0g'’qkdwm[mvnf; *smrefzufqpf0g'ygy?J [pf wvm[m *smr%DrSm zufqpf0g'ukd xlaxmifchJolyg? 'gawGe@J ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ *syefuvnf; zufqpf0g'qDokd@ OD;wnfajymif;vJ vmchJw,f? *smref/ tDwvD/ *syef zufqpf0if±kd;wef; (3) EkdifiH yl;aygif;+yD; 'kwd,urBmppfrD;ukd ar$;chJ=uw,f? »»» »»» »»» 'tD csed rf mS yJ urmB uh eG jfrLepf tz@JGcsKy}fu;D jzpwf hJ ww,d ueG jfrLeptf iwf mae&iS ef ,&f @J owrW t}urd f nvD mc(H 1935) 126

u “ypPnf;rhJ vlwef;pm; r[mrdwf tajccHay:wGif us,fjyef@whJ zufqpfqef@usifa&;wyfaygif;pktwGuf enf;y&d,m,frsm;e@J e,cf s@Jppyf JG tE &W m,f &iqf idk af e&csed wf iG f zuqf pqf e@fusiaf &; wudk yf JG en;f y&,d m,”f udk csrwS vf udk yf gw,?f 'gudk bvl af *;&;D ,m; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif a*smh*sD-'DrDxa&mhAf u OD;aqmifcsrSwfchJwmyg? urmB uh eG jf rLeptf z@JGcsKytf z@JG0if Eidk if tH o;D o;D rS ueG jf rLepyf gwrD sm;[m 'vD r;f ne¸ cf suuf dk rrd wd idk ;f jyn&f @J tcidk tf rm tajctaersm;e@J aygif;pyfusifhoHk;um zufqpf0g' wkdufzsufa&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif chJ=uygw,f? 1? ? w±kwfjynfolrsm;e@J w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD CPC w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD CPC ukd (1921)ck/ Zlvkdif (21)&ufae@rSm xlaxmifchJw,f? *syeef ,cf s@Jorm;[m apmpmG uwn;f u w±wk jf ynuf dk omG ;a&usaecwhJ ,?f w±wk jf ynf ta&@Sajrmuyf idk ;f udk O;D pmG odrf;ykduf+yD; wpwpe@J w±kwfwjynfvHk;ukd 0g;rsKdypfa&;yg? aemufqHk;rSm w±kwfjynfukd ol@&@JukdvkdeDtjzpf ajymif;ypfa&;jzpf yg w,f? (1931)ck/ pufwifbm 18 &ufae@rSm *syef[m w±kwfjynf ta&S@ajrmufykdif;&Sd wyfrsm;ukd usL;ausmfxkd;ppf qicf whJ ,?f ped ;f ,e+frKd@udk tajrmurf sm;e@Jypcf wyf gw,?f t'J uD mvawrG mS cseaf u&wdS [f m CPC acgi;f aqmiwf hJ wyef aD wmuf dk wytf if tm; tv;kH t&i;f e@J vudk vf aH csre_ ;f aewmyg? ‘jyiyf &euf dk ErdS ef i;f Eidk af &;twuG f jynwf iG ;f +ird 0f yyf jdym;a&;udk O;D pmG vyk ’f qkdwhJ ay:vpDukd usifhoHk;aew,f? t'J Da'ou wyfrsm;ukdvnf; ‘*syeftm; vHk;0rckcH&’ trdef@xkwfxm;w,f? 'Dvkde@J w±kwfjynf&@J ta&S@ajrmufykdif;u jynfe,f(3)ck[m *syefzufqpf vufusa&mufch&J w,f? 'Daemuf *syef e,fcs@Jorm;awG[m ayzsif (,ck yDuif;) e@J xifusif;wkd@ukd +cdrf;ajcmufvmw,f? txufazmfjyyg (9§18)ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;+yD;whJaemuf CPC [ma=unmcsuf csufcsif;xkwf+yD; *syefe,fcs@J orm;rsm; w±kwfjynfu xGufoGm;a&;ukd a=u;eef; ykd@awmif;qkdvkdufw,f? (1935)c/k =o*wk vf (1)&uaf e@rmS vn;f CPC [m w±wk tf rsKd;om; ar;G csi;f ayguaf zmrf sm;tm; *syecf ck qH e@fusiaf &;/ trdjynfu,fwifa&; E_d;aqmfcsufukd xkwfjyefchwJ ,f? 'g[m(8§1)a=unmcsufvkd@ w±kwforkdif;rSm xif&Sm; chJwmyg? 'g&@J twGif;oabmu jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; wpnf;wvHk;wnf; *syefckcHqef@usifa&;ukd qifE$oJ Gm;zkd@jzpfw,f? t'J ED pS uf ek rf mS yJ CPCA[adk umrf w[D m ‘0ga,muaf ygu’f rmS tpn;f ta0; w&yuf dk usi;f ycwhJ ,?f tpn;f ta0;u “*syecf ck H qe@fusiaf &;/ trsKd ;om; nnD wG af &;wyaf ygi;f pk xal xmiaf &;vr;f ne¸ ”f uf dk azmxf wk cf whJ ,?f 'vD r;f ne¸ [f m wjynf vHk;&Sd e,fy,ftoD;oD;u jynfcspfyk*~Kdvfrsm;&@J axmufcHr_ukd &&SdchJw,f? (1935) 'ZD ibf m (9) &uaf e@rmS CPC&@J acgi;f aqmirf j_zihf ayzsirf mS axmitf csKd @&wdS hJ ausmi;f om; qEjNyyJG ay:ayguf vmw,f? aºu;a=umfoHuawmh “*syefe,fcsJ@orm;tm; acsr_ef;ypf=u” “jynfwGif;ppfukd &yfpJ+yD; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm jynfyusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufckduf=u”“w±kwfjynfajrmufykdif; ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oukd qef@usif=u” qkdwmawGygy?J CPC&@J ‘*syefckcH qef@usifa&; trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk ay:vpD’ &@J wGef;aqmfr_atmufrSm ulrifwef AkdvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwhJ ‘usef;±$,fvsH’e@J ‘,ef[lcsdef’wkd@[m “jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGm *syefckcHqef@usifa&; awmi;f qdk csutf widk ;f wyef aD wmef @J ppcf i;f aeru_ dk &ypf +J y;D CPCe@Jy;l aygi;f um *syecf ck qH e@fusiaf &; qiEf oJ$ mG ;z@dk” cseaf u&wdS f tm; awmif;qkdvkduf=uw,f? (1936) 'ZD ibf mrmS cseaf u&wdS [f m &tDS e;f udk a&muvf mw,?f use;f e@J,ewf @dkudk &eS pf ;D jynaf jrmuyf idk ;f u wyef aD wmf tm; xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufa&;ukd }uD;=uyfzkd@ wkdufwGef;vm jyefw,f? usef;e@J,efwkd@u csefau&Sdwftm; jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; CPCe@J y;l aygi;f um *syef cck qH e@fusiaf &;vyk zf @dk t}urd af ygi;f rsm;pmG azsmi;f zscwhJ myg? 'gayr,hf cseaf u&wdS [f m acgi;f rmrme@J jii;f y,cf whJ ,?f 'ga=umihf cseaf u&wdS tf m; tusyuf idk f ztd m;ay;Eidk zf @dktwuG f zr;f q;D xed ;f ord ;f vudk wf ,?f 'tD jzptf ysu[f m tJ'Dwkef;u jynfwGif;jynfytm;vHk; wkefv_yfoGm;apcJhwJh ‘&SDtef;ta&;tcif;’ygyJ? 127

'tD ajctaeatmurf mS url iwf ef ygwtD wiG ;f ±y_ ±f y_ af x;G ax;G jzpuf m cseaf u&wdS tf m; aowiG ;f y@dkyp+f y;D tm%m &,la&; *kd%f;awGay:vmw,f? t'J Dvkd ±_yfaxG;aewhJtcsdefrSm wjynfvHk;u trsdK;om;jynfolrsm; tusdK;rS tpcsDum ‘&SDtef;ta&;tcif;’ukd +idrf; csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;=uzkd@ CPC u wifjychwJ ,?f vuaf w@GrmS vn;f csLtifvkdi;f pwhJ acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk &StD e;f okd@ apv$wf+yD; aqG;aEG;apchwJ ,f? CPC e@J tzufzufu 0dkif;0ef;}udK;pm;r_a=umifh csefau&Sdwf[m jynfwGif;ppf&yfp+J yD; CPCe@J ylaygif;um *syef cck qH e@fusiaf &;udk rvoJ$ mra&mS iof m vucf cH &hJ w,?f 'ga=umihf (10)EpS wf m jynwf iG ;f pp[f m tajcctH & &ypf J Eidk vf udk f w,f? 'g[m ulrif wefe@J CPC wkd@ 'kwd,t}udrf yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_yg? (1937)Zvl idk (f 7)&uf vul ;dk wwH m; ta&;tci;f jzpyf mG ;csed uf p+y;D (1945) =o*wk vf tx[d m w±wk jf ynof al w&G @J *syefckcHqef@usifa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGuJ mv jzpfw,f? (193&)=o*kwfvrSm CPC[m emrnfausmf=um;vSwhJ ‘avmhc|ef;nDvmcH’ukd usif;ychJw,f? nDvmcHrSm *syefckcH qe@fusiaf &;/ Eidk if aH wmuf ,wf iaf &; vyk if e;f pO}fu;D 10 &yuf dk a&;qcJG srwS cf whJ ,?f t'J aD emuf w±wk jfynf *syecf ck qH e@fusiaf &; ppyf [JG m w±wk tf rsKd;om;aygi;f pkH jynof al w&G @J cck aH &;ppyf JG tjzpof @dk wr[k wk cf si;f jzpaf y:w;dk ymG ;omG ;awmwh ,?f w±wk jfynof l aw&G @J *syecf ck qH e@fusiaf &;ppyf [JG m urmB zh uqf pqf e@fusiaf &; wudk yf rJG sm;twiG ;f u ta&;}u;D whJ tpwd tf yidk ;f w&yf jzpvf m w,f? *syefzufqpfawG[m a&mufav&mrSm tukef±d_@/ tukefowf/ rk'def;usifhvk,uf/ raumif;r_'kp±kdufrSefor# vkyfaqmif ch=J uwmyg? eefuif;+rdK@ukd odrf;ykduf+yD;aemuf &ufowW (6)ywftwGif; vl (3)odef;ausmftxdowfypfchwJ ,f? 'g[m‘eefuif; vlowf y’GJ tjzpf urBmausmfchJw,f? *syecf ck qH e@fusiaf &; trsKd ;om;nnD wG af &; wyaf ygi;f pk xal xmi+f y;D onwhf ifdk f cseaf u&wdS tf yk pf [k m ueG jf rLepqf e@f usiaf &;vyk &f yrf sm;udk tuek tf pif peG @fvw$ vf udk wf mr[wk yf gb;l ? (1939-41)cEk pS rf sm;twiG ;f cseaf u&wdS [f m *syeqf e@fusif a&;tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfwhJ trSwf(8)wyfrawmfe@J trSwf (4)wyfrawmfopfwkd@ukd t}udrf}udrftaESmuft,Suf ay;chwJ ,f? 'Dvkyf &yfrsm;ukd CPC u jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwkdufckdufchwJ ,f? (1941)'DZifbm(7)&ufae@rSm *syefu ypdzdwfork'N&mrSm&SdwhJ tar&duefavwyfe@Ja&wyfpcef;rsm;ukd tvpf0if a&muf wudk cf udk vf udk wf thJ wuG f ypzd wd of r'k &N m ppyf [JG m ay:xuG vf mcwhJ ,?f (9)&uaf e@rmS w±wk [f m tar&ud e/f +Awd ed f wkd@ESifh qufoG,f+yD; *syefukd ppfa=unmchJw,f? (1942)Zefe0g&DrSm tar&duef/ +Adwdef/ ±k&Sm;/ w±kwfpwhJ EkdifiH (26) EkdifiH[m *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefzufqpf 0if±kd;wef; (3) EkdifiHukd qef@usifwkdufckdufa&; ‘r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm; a=unmcsuf’ukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;=u+yD; ‘urBmhzufqpf qef@usifa&; nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk’ukd z@JGpnf;w,f? (1942) rSm *syefusL;ausmfa&; wyftiftm;&@J (60µ) ausmfukd w±kwfppfajrjyifrSm qGiJ ifcsKyfaESmif xm;EkdifchJw,f? 'g[m urBmhzufqpfqef@usifa&;rSm }uD;rm;whJ aumif;r_jyKcJhjcif;ygy?J (1944 rS 1945) c/k EpS qf e;f yidk ;f rmS urmB zh uqf pqf e@fusiaf &; wudk yf [GJ m atmiyf tJG vvD &D aeygw,?f *smreaf w[G m Oa&mypprf suEf mS rmS ueG jfrLeprf sm;/ w;dk wuwf hJ titf m;prk sm;e@J Oa&myjynof al w&G @J qe@fusiwf udk cf udk rf a_ =umihf rck s±;_H erd ahf wmh r,hf tajctae qudk af eyg+y?D *sye[f mvn;f ypzd wd pf prf suEf mS rmS tar&ud e&f @J jyi;f xewf whJ udk cf udk rf a_ =umihf tusyqf udk af e& ygw,?f urmB zh uqf pf qe@fusiaf &;wudk yf [JG m atmiyf aJG wG tvvD &D aeyg+y?D 'gawuG w±wk jf ynof al w&G @J *syecf ck aH &;wudk yf JG ukd tm;wufapygw,f? (1944) ck/ tapmykdif;rSmuwnf;u CPC &J@acgif;aqmifr_jzifh *syefckcHqef@usifa&; tajccHa'orsm;rS wyfe@Jjynfolrsm; [m a'ovkduf wefjyefxkd;ppfrsm;ukd qifE$aJ eyg+yD? atmifyGaJ wGvnf; woDwwef;}uD; &&Sdaew,f? t'J D (1944)ck wESpftwGif;rSmyJ trSwf(8)wyfrawmfeJ@ trSwf(4)wyfrawmfopfwkd@[m *syefzufqpfrsm;eJ@ wkdufyGJaygif; (20,000)ausmqf iEf cJ$ +hJy;D zuqf pf *syewf yof m;aygi;f (2)oed ;f (6)aomi;f ausmf acsre_ ;f Eidk cf whJ ,?f trad jr&@J a'owcsKd@uvdk n;f jyefvnfodrf;,lEkdifcJhw,f? wcsdef wnf;rSmvnf; *syefckcHqef@usifa&; tajccHa'orsm;ykdrkd ckdifrmvm+yD; wkd;csJ@EkdifcJhw,f? aemufwESpf ESpfopful;a&mufawmh CPC acgif;aqmifwhJ *syefckcHqef@usifa&; jynfol@tiftm;rSm (9)odef;(2)aomif;txd 128

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(1946) 'ZD ibf m (19) &uaf e@rmS A,D uef rtf p;dk &u “wjynvf ;kH o@dk cck pH pqf iEf aJ$ &;tred @f”uxdk wk jf yevf udk wf ,?f t'J Dtcsdefup+yD; jyifopfe,fcs@Jorm;ckcH qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ pwifchJ&wmygy?J (1954) Zlvkdif 21 &ufrSm *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyft& jyifopfe,fcs@JckcHa&;ppfukd tqHk;owfvkdufyg+yD? (9)ESpf wm ckcHa&;ppfyuGJ mvtwGif; jyifopfppfom;(oHk@yef;tygt0if)(5)odef;(6)aomif;ukdacsr_ef;ypfchJw,f? A,D uef rjf ynof al w[G m jyiof puf sL;ausmaf &;wyrf sm;qwk of mG ;ayr,hf tar&ud euf A,D uef raf wmiyf idk ;f udk o;D jcm;vwG vf ywf hJ ‘Eidk if ’H tjzpf qwD ;dk &@J tapmithf a&mS ucf H e,af jr tjzpxf m;a&;tqjdkyKum Eidk if wH aygi;f wpn;f wn;f jzpaf &; ukd twm;tqD; vkyfvmjyefw,f? (1959)arvrmS A,D uef rtf vyk of rm;(ueG jf rLep)f ygwD 'wk ,d t}urd f A[adk umrf wD (15)=urd af jrmuf pnkH tD pn;f ta0;rSm AD,uferfawmifykdif;jynfolawG[m tar&duefe,fcsJ@eJ@ ya'o&mZfpepfukd wGef;vSefa&;twGuf “t=urf;zuf awmfvSefa&;”qifEo$J ifhw,fvkd@ qHk;jzwfchwJ ,f? (1960)rmS A,D uef raf wmiyf idk ;f ‘trsKd;om;vwG af jrmuaf &;wyOf ;D ’ uxdk al xmi+fy;D tar&ud eef ,cf s@J&@Juvdk edk 0D g'opf ukd wudk yf 0JG icf whJ ,?f ajrmuyf idk ;f u jynof al wuG vn;f awmiyf idk ;f u ar;G csi;f naD emiof m;csi;f rsm;&@J wudk yf uJG dk axmucf uH nl D cJhw,f? (1975) {+yD 30rSm qkdif*Hkukd odrf;ykdufEkdif+yD; tar&duefe,fcs@J wGef;vSefa&;ppfyGJ atmifyGcJ HchwJ ,f? A,D uef rjfynof al wrG mS A,D uef ruf eG jfrLepyf gw&D @J acgi;f aqmirf j_zihf *syezf uqf pf usL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm; uvdk n;f aumif;/ ESpfw&m ausmfwkdifwkdif AD,uferfukd usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufchJwhJ jyifopfe,fcs@Jorm;e@J tar&uefe,fcs@Jorm;wkd@ukd vnf;aumif; &&J 0J Hh0Hhwkdufy0GJ ifjcif;jzifh e,fcs@Jorm;tm;vHk;ukd armif;xkwfypfEkdifchJovkd ESpfaxmifcsD&Snf=umchJwhJ ya'o&mZf pepfukdvnf; tqHk;owfEkdifvkdufyg+yD? A,D uef rf trsKd ;om;rsm;&@Joridk ;f opuf dk ziG vhf pS Ef ifdk cf vhJ @dk vwG vf ywf hJ trcDS udk i;f whJ Eidk if aH wmwf &ytf jzpf 0xhH npf mG a&S@ukdcsDwufvsuf&Sdw,f? 3? ? ArmjynftrsdK;om;aygif;pHkjynfolrsm;eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDCPB CPBukd (1939) =o*kwf 15 &ufae@rSm xlaxmifchwJ ,f? BIAwyfrsm;e@Jtwl ppfa=umif; (3)a=umif;cGuJ m zufqpf*syefrsm; ArmjynfwGif;ukd (1941) 'DZifbmrSm 0ifvm w,f? (1942) 'DZifbmvukefrSm Arm wjynfvHk; *syefvufatmufukd usa&mufoGm;&w,f? zufqpf*syefrsm; 0ifvm wme@J t*Fvdyfe,fcs@Jorm;wdk@ Armjynfu qkwf cGmoGm;awmhw,f? zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;[m ArmjynfwGif;a&mufvm+yD; zufqpfZmwdukd jyvmw,f? Arm trsKd;om; EkdifiHa&;acgif; aqmifrsm;t=um; zufqpf*syefukd jyefvnfarmif;xkwfa&;t,ltq wpwp ysH@ESH@wlnDvmum v#Kd@0SufpGm pwifv_yf&Sm; vmw,f? ocifpkd;/ ocifoef;xGef;wkd@ukd,fpm;jyKwhJ t*Fvdyfe@J ,m,Dr[mrdwfjyK+yD; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; t,ltq (wwd, uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f&@J pdwf\"mwf)jzpfwhJ ‘tif;pdefppfwrf;’ ukd wkd;wufolrsm;u pwifvufcHvmw,f? w;kd wuwf hJ Eidk if aH &;acgi;f aqmirf sm; wjynvf ;kH wiG f tuuJG JG tjym;jym; jzpaf ewthJ wuG f zuqf p*f syeaf wmvf eS af &; twGuf jyefvnfpnf;±kH;&ef vkdtyfvmw,f? 'ga=umifh ocifpkd; OD;aqmifum pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd v#dK@0SufvkyfaqmifchJ w,?f ocipf ;dk e@Jociof e;f xeG ;f w@dk&@J ueG jfrLep0f g'udk tajccwH hJ zuqf p*f syef qe@fusiaf &; v#Kd@0uS pf n;f ±;kH a&;[m wjzn;f jzn;f tqutf o,G rf sm;jym;/ titf m;w;dk ymG ;vmw,?f zuqf p*f syeqf e@fusiaf &;twuG f taw;G tac:t&/ pn;f ±;kH a&;t& jyiqf if EkdifcJhw,f? ‚umvrsm;twGif; ocifoef;xGef;u ocifodef;azukdawG@qHkum tdENd,okd@ rjzpfraeoGm;+yD; r[mrdwfrsm;e@J tqutf o,G f &a&;u}dkuKd;pm;z@dk aq;G aE;G wudk wf eG ;f cwhJ ,?f (1942)Zvl idk af vmurf mS ociof ed ;f aze@Jociwf iaf ±w$ @dk tEd ,dN o@dk 131

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(1945)c/k =o*wk vf wiG f ‘aeo&l ed tf pn;f ta0;’v@dkac:whJ zqyv&@J oridk ;f 0if vxl tk pn;f a0;}u;D usi;f ycwhJ ,?f tpnf;ta0;rSm (1) Armhwyfrawmfta&; (2) wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvGwfawmfac:,la&; (3) trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;pwhJ ta&; }uD; jy\\emrsm;ukd qHk;jzwf twnfjyKchJw,f? (1946) Zefe0g&D (21-22) rSm zqyv&@J yxrqHk;nDvmcHukd usif;yw,f? vlxk (1)odef;ausmfwufa&mufw,f? v;kH 0 vwG vf yaf &;twuG f quvf uwf udk yf 0JG iaf &;/ ajr,mjy\\em ajz&iS ;f a&;/ e,cf s@Jt&i;f tE;DS rsm;udk jynof yl idk f ord ;f ,al &;/ tou(f 18)EpS jfyn+hfy;D owl idk ;f rqJ EaN y;ciG &hf adS &;/ widk ;f jyKjynjfyK vw$ af wmaf c:,al &;pwhJ ta&;}u;D q;kH jzwcf surf sm;udk cscwhJ ,?f (1946) puwf ibf mwiG f taxaG xoG ywd af y:xuG vf mw,?f zqyvwiG f vusmf *%kd ;f u tomp;D &omG ;wthJ wuG f vlxkwkdufyuGJ kd acgif;aqmifaewhCJ PBukd zqyv trsdK;om;wyfaygif;pk}uD;rS xkwfy,fypfvkdufw,f? (1947)Zefe0g&DwGif zqyv-uGefjrLepf nDnGwfa&;ukd aemufqHk;vrf;pOfcsrSwf vkyfaqmifchJw,f? ratmifjrifchJ? (1948)Zefe0g&D (4)&ufae@rSm Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfjzifh ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &chJw,f? (1948)rwvf (13) &u-f ysO;f rem;/ *sivf udk ek ;f awmiof vl ,of rm;nvD mcwH iG f vuif wk vf urf vwG af &;/ rw&m; aºu;+rDrsm; av#mfypfa&;/ &efukeftvkyform; wkdufyGuJ kd axmufcHa&; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfchJw,f? nDvmcHwGif ocifoef; xGef;u “ygwDukd &efolu wkdufvm&if jyefvnfckcH wkdufckdufoGm;r,f”vkd@a=unmchwJ ,f? (1948)rwvf (28)&uaf e@rmS zqyv tp;dk &u ygweD @Jjynof rl sm;udk azmujf yewf hJ jynwf iG ;f ppf pwiwf udk cf whJ ,?f ygwuD “&&mvuef uuf idk pf +JGy;D rrd ud ,dk uf ,dk f cck uH mu,G af &;ppuf dk qiEf oJ$ mG ;=u”v@dk wygwvD ;kH udk v@H_aqmcf whJ ,?f jynwf iG ;f pp[f m uae@txtd q;kH rowEf idk ±f rkH u pptf m%m&iS pf epf wen;f tm;jzihf zuqf p0f g' usiohf ;kH aewhJ pptf p;dk &tyk cf sKyaf ewm (43)ESpfwm =umoGm;yg+yD? jynfolawG vkdvm;awmifhwaewhJ +idrf;csrf;a&;e@J 'Drkdua&pD r&ao;ygbl;? 'kwd,t}udrf zufqpf awmfvSefa&;w&yf qifE$&J ygvdrfh OD;r,f? wkdif;jynf[m acwfaemufus+yD; rjJG ymusvsuf &Sd+r&J Sdaeygao;w,f? 4? ? ukd&D;,m;jynfolrsm;e@J ukd&D;,m; tvkyform;ygwD ukd&D;,m; uGefjrLepfygwDukd (1925) ck/ {+yDvrSm xlaxmifw,f? aemifrSm ukd&D;,m; tvkyform;ygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJhcJhw,f? (1910) ckESpfwGif *syefodrf;ykdufjcif;ukd cHchJ&w,f? (1930) ck/ ZGefv ‘cvef’ nDvmcHrSm uiftDqGef;u ukd&D;,m; awmfvSefa&;&@J t\"duvkyfief;pOf[m *syefckcH qef@usifa&; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJukd wGef;aqmfay;a&; jzpf&r,fvkd@ pwif,wifjycJhw,f? (1932)rSm *syefckcHqef@usifa&; vufeufukdif ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@ukd pwifxlaxmifygw,f? (1934)rSm ‚ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@rsm;ukd pkaygif;+yD; jynfol@ awmfvSefa&; wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifchJ jyefw,f? (1936) arv(5)&ufae@rSm ‘ukd&D;,m;trdajrjyefvnfodrf;ykdufa&;tzGJ@’ukd xlaxmifvkdufw,f? 'g[m ukd;&D;,m;o rkdif;rSm yxrqHk; ay:aygufvmwhJ *syefqef@usifa&; trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk w&yfjzpfw,f? &nf±G,fcsufuawmh *syefckcHqef@usifa&;rSm ukd&D;,m;jynfolrsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@v_yf&Sm;yg0if vmapa&;/ *syefckcH qef@usifa&; tiftm;pk awG&@J pnf;vHk;nDnGwfwhJ acgif;aqmifr_ukd tm;jznfhay;a&;wkd@ jzpfygw,f? 'DtzG@J[m uGefjrLepfrsm;ukd tjrKawtjzpfxm;+yD; tvkyform; v,form; r[mrdwfzG@Jr_ukd tajccHum *syef eJ@eD; pyfwJh ajr&Sif/ vufa0cH t&if;&SifeJ@ trsdK;om; opPmazmufrsm;rSty vlwef;pm;vl@tv$mtoD;oD;ukd vlxk}uD;eJ@ pnf;vHk;nD nGwf+yD; wcsdefwnf;rSm usefwkd;wufwhJ tzG@Jtpnf;toD;oD;e@J eD;eD;uyfuyf r[mrdwfjyK z@JGpnf;chJw,f? uiftDqGef; OD;aqmif+yD; ‚tz@JG&@J vkyfief;pOf}uD;(10)&yfudk a&;qGcJ srSwfchJw,f? t'J Dvkyfief;pOfawGxrJ Sm *syef ukdvkdeD tkyfpkd;r_ukd wGef;vSefypfa&;/ trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;&@J wm0efrSm vGwfvyfwhJ ukd&D;,m; 'Drkdu&ufwpfE1kdi3fi3H

xlaxmif a&; jzpfw,fvkd@ azmfjycJhw,f? 'ghtjyif awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@pnf;a&;/ jynfol@tpkd;&zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifoGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; e@J ,Ofaus;r_pwhJbufawGrSm jyKjyifajymif;vaJ &; aqmif±GufoGm;a&; jzpfw,f? tcsdefwkdtwGif;rSm a'oqkdif&m ukd&D;,m;trdajr jyefvnfodrf;ykdufa&; tz@JGrsm;ay:vm+yD; tiftm; (2)odef; avmuf xd tzGJ@0ifrsm;wkd;rsm;vmw,f? (1945)ck/ ZlvkdifvwGif usif;ywhJ ykd@p'rfuGefz&ifhu (38)rsOf;+ydKifukd qkdAD,ufe@J tar&duefwkd@ odrf;ykdufxm;whJ e,fajrrsm;&J@ e,fedrdwfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhw,f? (38)rsOf;+ydKif&J@ajrmufbufukd ajrmufukd;&D;,m;/ awmifbufukd awmifukd&D;,m; tjzpf uoJG Gm;chJw,f? (1945)ck/ =o*kwfv (10) &ufae@rSm qkdAD,uf wyfeDawmfwyfz@JGrsm; ajrmufukd&D; ,m;ukd 0ifa&mufvm +yD; zufqpf*syef wkdufa&;ukd ulnDchJw,f? ‚ESpf pufwifbmv(8)&ufae@wGif tar&duefwyfrsm; ukd&D;,m; awmifykdif;udk odrf; ykdufvkdufw,f? (1948)c/k puwf ibf mvrmS ajrmuuf &dk ;D ,m; tvyk of rm;ygw&D @Jacgi;f aqmirf j_ zihf ajrmuyf idk ;f udk (ajrmuuf &dk ;D ,m;) ukd&D;,m; 'Drkdu&ufwpfjynfol@orRwEkdifiHawmf ukd wnfaqmufvkdufygw,f? (1950)ck/ ZGefv(25)&ufae@rSm trdajr vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyuGJ kd pwif qifEc$J hwJ ,f? (1951) ckZlvkdifv (10)&ufae@rSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; ppf&yfpcJ hwJ ,f? 5? ? zdvpfykdif jynfolrsm;eJ@ zdvpfykdifuGefjrLepfygwD (1930)ck/ Ekd0ifbmv 7 &ufae@rSm zdvpfykdif jynfolrsm;twGif;rSm zdvpfykdif uGefjrLepfygwD ay:xGufchJw,f? (1941) 'ZD ibf m(7)&u/f *syeuf yvk qJ yd uf r;f udk tvp0f iaf &muwf udk cf udk vf udk wf thJ cg *syecf ck H qe@fusiaf &;wyf aygif;pk xlaxmifzdk@ v_H@aqmf+yD; jynfolvlxkukd acgif;aqmifum zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; vufeufukdifwkdufyJG qifEc$J hwJ ,f? (1942)rwvf rmS zuqf p*f syeqf e@fusiaf &; jynof @lwyrf awmuf dk xal xmiEf idk cf whJ ,?f t'J aD emuf ajymuuf sm;ppuf dk tus,tf jye@f qiEf cJ$ whJ ,?f (1944)cEk pS af &muaf wmh t+rwJ r;f wytf itf m; (2)aomi;f tx&d cdS whJ ,?f titf m;awmiwhf i;f whJ t&H wyftiftm;rsm;vnf; &Sdvmw,f? zdvpfykdif&@J e,fajrtcsdK@ukd *syefzufqpf tkyfpkd;r_atmufu vGwfajrmufap+yD; 'Drkdu a&pDtm%mukd xlaxmifay;EkdifcJhw,f? (1945) ck=o*kwfv (15) &ufrSm zufqpf*syef[m tºuif;rJh vufeufcsoGm;cJhw,f? (1934)ckESpfwGif tar&duefwkd@ jyÏmef;chwJ hJ Oya'e@JtnD (1946)ck/ Zlvkdifv 4 &ufae@wGif zdvpfykdif EkdifiH[m vGwf vyfa&;ukd a=unm+yD; orRwEkdifiHukd xlaxmifvkdufw,f? ,ctk xd zvd pyf idk jf ynof rl sm;e@J zvd pyf idk uf eG jf rLepyf gwaD cgi;f aqmiwf hJ jynof @lwyrf awmof pwf @dk[m tar&ud e-f rm;ukd@pf/ tar&duef-tuGDEkd/ tar&duef-&mrkd@/ tar&duef-tufpx&mpwhJ tpkd;&tqufqufukd jzKwfcsEkdifchJ+yD; trd EkdifiHtm; trSDckduif;whJ EkdifiHw&yfjzpfvma&;twGuf qufvufwkdufyG0J ifvsuf&Sdygw,f? 6? ? tif'kdeD;&Sm;jynfolrsm;eJ@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD tif'kdeD;&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwD[m (1914)ck/ arv (5)&ufae@rSm xlaxmifchwJ hJ ta&S@tdENd,qkd&S,f 'Drkdu&ufwpf r[m rdwftzG@Jukd (1924)ck/ ZGefvrSm tif'kdeD;&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwDvkd@ trnfajymif;chJwm jzpfw,f? (1942)/ rwfvrSm *syef[m tif'dkeD;&Sm;ukd odrf;ykdufvkdufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSpvkd@ *syefzufqpf qef@usifa&; vufeuf udkif wkdufyGJukd (1945) ck/ =o*kwfv (15) &uf/ *syefrsm; tºuif;rJh vufeufcsoGm;wJhtxd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ wkdufyGJ 0ifchJ=uwmyg? (1945)c/k =o*kwfv 17 &ufae@rSm tif'kdeD;&Sm; orRwEdkifiHukd xlaxmifchJ ygw,f? ‚aemuf tif'kdeD;&Sm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvuf wkdufy0JG ifchJw,f? (1949)ck/ 'DZifbm 27 &ufae@wGif 'wfcsft pkd;&u tcsKyftjcm tm%mukd vtJG yfay;chJ&w,f? uGefjrLepfygwD[m (1965) aemufykdif;wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpf usa&mufoGm;chJ&wm ,ae@txdygy?J 134

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