WJP Rule Of Law-2020

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index® 2020 Insights Highlights and data trends from the WJP Rule of Law Index® 2020 WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 1

The World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law The Index is intended for a broad audience Index® 2020 is the latest report in an annual that includes policy makers, civil society series measuring the rule of law based on global organizations, academics, citizens, and legal surveys of more than 130,000 households and professionals, among others. It is our hope that 4,000 legal practitioners and experts. It is the this diagnostic tool will help identify strengths world’s leading source for original, independent and weaknesses and encourage policy choices, data on the rule of law. guide program development, and inform research to strengthen the rule of law. The Index presents a portrait of the rule of law in 128 countries and jurisdictions by providing The following pages contain a selection of scores and rankings based on eight factors: key insights and data trends from the WJP Constraints on Government Powers, Absence Rule of Law Index® 2020. The complete 2020 of Corruption, Open Government, Fundamental report—including country profiles, interactive Rights, Order and Security, Regulatory data visualizations, methodology, and Enforcement, Civil Justice, and Criminal Justice. questionnaires—is available at our website: worldjusticeproject.org © Copyright 2020 by the World Justice Project. WJP Rule of Law Index Permissions The WJP Rule of Law Index and the World Justice World Justice Project Project Rule of Law Index are trademarks of the 1025 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 1200 World Justice Project. All Rights Reserved. Washington, DC 20005 USA Requests to reproduce this document should be sent to: E-mail: [email protected] Subject line: WJP Rule of Law Index Permissions ISBN (print version): 978-1-951330-36-1 ISBN (online version): 978-1-951330-37-8

Table of Contents 05 2020 Highlights: Global Trends in the Rule of Law 06 Overall Rule of Law Scores and Rankings 08 Rule of Law Around the World 10 Rule of Law Around the World by Region 13 Overall Rule of Law Score Changes 14 Improving and Declining Rule of Law 15 Factors of the Rule of Law Over Time 16 Biggest Improvements in Overall Rule of Law Score 17 Year to Year Rule of Law Score Changes 18 One-Year and Five-Year Trends in Rule of Law 19 Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers 2019-2020 20 Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers Since 2015 21 Rule of Law Changes in Europe 22 Rule of Law Changes in East Asia and the Pacific 23 Conceptual Framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index 24 About the WJP Rule of Law Index 25 Defining the Rule of Law 27 About the World Justice Project

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2020 Highlights: Global Trends in the Rule of Law The WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 shows that frame as well. Fundamental Rights showed more countries declined than improved in the most backsliding with 67 countries overall rule of law performance for a third declining in score since 2015. year in a row, continuing a negative slide toward weakening and stagnating rule of Civil Justice showed the most positive law around the world. movement over the previous year, with 47 countries improving versus 41 declining. The declines were widespread and seen in Since 2015, Regulatory Enforcement has all corners of the world. In every region, a improved the most, with 65 countries majority of countries slipped backward or improving versus 29 declining. remained unchanged in their overall rule of law performance since the WJP Rule of Law Denmark, Norway, and Finland topped the Index 2019. WJP Rule of Law Index rankings in 2020. Venezuela, RB, Cambodia, and Democratic At a global level, the highest levels of Republic of Congo had the lowest overall decline over the past year were seen in the rule of law scores—the same as in 2019. areas of Fundamental Rights (54 declined, Countries with the strongest improvement 29 improved), Constraints on Government in rule of law were Ethiopia (5.6% increase Powers (52 declined, 28 improved), and in score) and Malaysia (5.1%). The largest Absence of Corruption (51 declined, 26 decline in the rule of law was seen in improved). This is not a new pattern; WJP Cameroon (-4.4% score change) and Iran data shows the same three factors were (-4.2%). the largest decliners over a five-year time WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 5

Overall Rule of Law Scores and Rankings This table presents the scores and rankings of the 128 countries and jurisdictions included in the WJP Rule of Law Index 2020. Scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest score (strong adherence to rule of law) and 0 signifies the lowest possible score (weak adherence to rule of law). Country/ Global Country/ Global Country/ Global Jurisdiction Overall Score % Score Global Rank Jurisdiction Overall Score % Score Global Rank Jurisdiction Overall Score % Score Global Rank Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Afghanistan 0.36 0.02 4.3% 122 3 Colombia 0.50 0.00 0.8% 77 5 Honduras 0.40 0.00 0.2% 116 1 Hong Kong Albania 0.50 -0.01 -1.2% 78 4 Congo, Dem. 0.34 0.01 2.6% 126 0 SAR, China 0.76 0.00 -0.4% 16 0 Rep. Hungary Algeria 0.49 -0.01 -2.3% 83 8 India Costa Rica 0.68 0.00 -0.5% 25 1 Indonesia 0.53 -0.01 -1.1% 60 2 Angola 0.43 0.01 3.1% 110 4 Iran Cote d'Ivoire 0.46 0.00 -0.4% 95 0 Italy 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 69 0 Antigua and Jamaica Barbuda 0.63 0.00 0.5% 34 1 Croatia 0.61 0.01 1.1% 39 3 Japan 0.53 0.01 1.3% 59 4 Jordan Argentina 0.58 0.00 -0.5% 48 2 Czech 0.73 0.00 0.6% 18 1 Kazakhstan 0.43 -0.02 -4.2% 109 3 Republic Kenya Australia 0.80 0.00 -0.3% 11 0 Kosovo 0.66 0.00 0.5% 27 1 Kyrgyz Austria 0.82 -0.01 -0.6% 8 1 Denmark 0.90 0.00 0.0% 1 0 Republic 0.57 0.00 0.8% 49 1 Lebanon The Bahamas 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 41 2 Dominica 0.58 0.00 -0.6% 46 1 Liberia 0.78 0.00 0.0% 15 0 Madagascar Bangladesh 0.41 -0.01 -1.6% 115 2 Dominican 0.48 0.01 3.1% 90 7 Malawi 0.57 0.00 -0.1% 50 1 Republic Malaysia Mali Barbados 0.65 0.00 -0.7% 29 0 Ecuador 0.49 0.01 2.0% 86 3 Mauritania 0.52 0.00 0.9% 62 4 Mauritius Belarus 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 68 1 Egypt 0.36 0.00 0.1% 125 2 Mexico 0.45 0.00 -0.2% 102 3 Moldova Belgium 0.79 0.00 -0.5% 14 0 El Salvador 0.49 0.02 3.2% 84 2 Mongolia 0.54 - - 54 - Morocco Belize 0.48 0.00 0.1% 89 1 Estonia 0.81 0.00 0.0% 10 0 0.48 0.01 1.4% 87 0 Benin 0.50 0.00 -0.4% 81 0 Ethiopia 0.41 0.02 5.6% 114 6 0.45 -0.02 -3.3% 96 4 0.45 -0.01 -1.3% 98 1 Bolivia 0.38 0.00 0.3% 121 0 Finland 0.87 0.00 -0.1% 3 0 0.44 0.01 2.4% 105 4 0.52 0.00 0.7% 65 3 Bosnia and 0.52 -0.01 -1.4% 64 2 France 0.73 -0.01 -1.3% 20 3 0.58 0.03 5.1% 47 4 Herzegovina 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 106 2 The Gambia 0.50 - - 74 - 0.36 0.01 4.0% 123 1 Botswana 0.60 0.01 1.7% 43 1 0.61 0.00 -0.1% 38 1 Georgia 0.60 -0.01 -1.1% 42 1 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 104 3 Brazil 0.52 -0.02 -2.9% 67 7 0.50 0.01 2.2% 82 3 Germany 0.84 0.00 0.1% 6 0 0.53 -0.01 -2.2% 57 3 Bulgaria 0.55 0.00 0.5% 53 1 0.50 0.00 -0.5% 79 3 Ghana 0.57 -0.01 -1.9% 51 3 Burkina Faso 0.51 0.00 -0.1% 70 1 Greece 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 40 4 Cambodia 0.33 0.00 0.7% 127 0 Grenada 0.59 -0.01 -1.8% 44 1 Cameroon 0.36 -0.02 -4.4% 124 2 Guatemala 0.45 -0.01 -2.3% 101 3 Canada 0.81 0.00 -0.2% 9 0 Guinea 0.42 -0.02 -3.9% 111 4 Chile 0.67 -0.01 -0.9% 26 1 Guyana 0.50 0.00 0.2% 73 3 China 0.48 -0.01 -1.5% 88 4 *Scores and change in scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. †The change in rankings was calculated by comparing the positions of the 126 countries and jurisdictions measured in the 2019 Index with the rankings of the same 126 countries and jurisdictions in 2020, exclusive of the two new additions to the 2020 Index. The two new countries and jurisdictions added to the Index are: Kosovo and The Gambia. 6

Country/ Global Country/ Global Country/ Global Jurisdiction Overall Score % Score Global Rank Jurisdiction Overall Score % Score Global Rank Jurisdiction Overall Score % Score Global Rank Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Score* Change* Change Rank Change† Venezuela, Mozambique 0.41 -0.01 -3.4% 113 2 Slovenia 0.69 0.01 1.7% 24 2 RB 0.27 -0.01 -2.6% 128 0 Vietnam Myanmar 0.42 0.00 0.0% 112 0 South Africa 0.59 0.01 1.4% 45 2 Zambia 0.49 0.00 0.6% 85 2 Zimbabwe 0.45 -0.01 -2.6% 97 3 Namibia 0.63 0.00 0.6% 35 1 Spain 0.73 0.01 1.3% 19 2 0.39 -0.01 -1.5% 119 1 Nepal 0.53 0.00 -0.7% 61 0 Sri Lanka 0.52 0.00 -0.2% 66 2 Netherlands 0.84 0.00 -0.5% 5 0 St. Kitts and 0.63 -0.01 -2.1% 33 3 Nevis New Zealand 0.83 0.00 0.3% 7 1 Nicaragua 0.39 -0.01 -2.6% 118 2 St. Lucia 0.62 0.00 0.7% 36 2 Niger 0.45 0.00 -1.0% 103 0 St. Vincent 0.64 0.02 2.8% 31 4 and the Nigeria 0.43 0.00 -0.9% 108 0 Grenadines North 0.53 -0.01 -0.9% 58 1 Suriname 0.50 -0.01 -1.8% 76 5 Macedonia Sweden 0.86 0.00 0.2% 4 0 Tanzania 0.47 0.00 0.5% 93 0 Norway 0.89 0.00 0.1% 2 0 Pakistan 0.39 0.00 -0.7% 120 1 Thailand 0.51 0.00 0.9% 71 6 Panama 0.52 0.00 0.5% 63 2 Togo 0.45 0.00 -0.8% 99 3 Peru 0.50 -0.01 -1.5% 80 7 Trinidad and Tobago Philippines 0.47 0.00 0.8% 91 0 0.54 0.00 -0.7% 55 1 Tunisia Poland 0.66 -0.01 -1.1% 28 1 0.54 0.00 0.7% 56 3 Turkey 0.43 0.00 0.3% 107 3 Portugal 0.70 -0.01 -1.1% 23 1 Republic of 0.73 0.00 0.0% 17 1 Uganda 0.40 -0.01 -1.8% 117 2 Korea Ukraine 0.51 0.00 0.8% 72 6 Romania 0.63 -0.01 -1.5% 32 1 United Arab Emirates Russian 0.65 0.00 0.6% 30 2 Federation 0.47 -0.01 -1.4% 94 4 Rwanda 0.62 0.01 1.3% 37 3 United 0.79 -0.01 -1.7% 13 1 Kingdom Senegal 0.55 0.00 -0.1% 52 0 United 0.72 0.00 -0.6% 21 1 States Serbia 0.50 0.00 0.6% 75 5 Sierra Leone 0.45 0.00 -0.9% 100 0 Uruguay 0.71 0.00 0.7% 22 1 Singapore 0.79 -0.01 -0.9% 12 1 Uzbekistan 0.47 0.01 1.7% 92 4 *Scores and change in scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. †The change in rankings was calculated by comparing the positions of the 126 countries and jurisdictions measured in the 2019 Index with the rankings of the same 126 countries and jurisdictions in 2020, exclusive of the two new additions to the 2020 Index. The two new countries and jurisdictions added to the Index are: Kosovo and The Gambia. WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 7

Rule of Law Around the World Weaker Stronger 1.0 Scores and rankings of the 128 countries and jurisdictions included in the WJP Rule of Law Index 2020. 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 Scores range from 0 to 1, where 1 signifies the highest score (strong adherence to rule of law) and 0 signifies the lowest possible score (weak adherence to the rule of law). 8

Weaker Stronger Country/Jurisdiction Overall Global Country/Jurisdiction Overall Global Country/Jurisdiction Overall Global 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 Denmark Score* Rank Score* Rank Trinidad and Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Overall Global Overall Global Norway 0.90 1 Tobago Score* Rank Country/Jurisdiction Score* Rank Finland 0.89 2 Tunisia Sweden 0.87 3 Barbados 0.65 29 Mongolia 0.54 55 Moldova 0.50 82 Iran 0.43 109 Netherlands 0.86 4 North Macedonia 0.43 110 Germany 0.84 5 United Arab 0.65 30 Indonesia Algeria 0.49 83 Angola 0.42 111 New Zealand 0.84 6 Emirates Hungary 0.42 112 Austria 0.83 7 Nepal 0.54 56 El Salvador 0.49 84 Guinea 0.41 113 Canada 0.82 8 Kazakhstan 0.53 57 0.41 114 Estonia 0.81 9 St. Vincent and the 0.64 31 Panama 0.53 58 Vietnam 0.49 85 Myanmar 0.41 115 Australia 0.81 10 Grenadines Bosnia and 0.53 59 0.40 116 Singapore 0.80 11 Herzegovina 0.53 60 0.40 117 United Kingdom 0.79 12 Romania 0.63 32 Malawi 0.53 61 Ecuador 0.49 86 Mozambique 0.39 118 Belgium 0.79 13 Sri Lanka 0.52 62 0.39 119 Japan 0.79 14 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.63 33 Brazil 0.52 63 Kyrgyz Republic 0.48 87 Ethiopia 0.39 120 Hong Kong SAR, 0.78 15 Belarus 0.38 121 China Antigua and 0.63 34 India China 0.48 88 Bangladesh 0.36 122 Republic of Korea Barbuda Burkina Faso 0.36 123 Czech Republic Thailand Belize 0.48 89 Honduras 0.36 124 Spain Ukraine 0.36 125 France Namibia 0.63 35 Guyana Dominican 0.48 90 Uganda 0.34 126 United States The Gambia Republic Nicaragua 0.33 127 Uruguay St. Lucia 0.62 36 Serbia Philippines 0.47 91 Zimbabwe 0.27 128 Portugal Suriname Uzbekistan 0.47 92 Pakistan Slovenia Rwanda 0.62 37 Colombia 0.52 64 Tanzania 0.47 93 Bolivia Costa Rica Albania Russian Federation 0.47 94 Afghanistan Chile Mauritius 0.61 38 Morocco 0.52 65 Cote d'Ivoire 0.46 95 Mauritania Italy Peru 0.52 66 Lebanon 0.45 96 Cameroon Poland Croatia 0.61 39 Benin 0.52 67 Zambia 0.45 97 Egypt 0.51 68 Liberia 0.45 98 Congo, Dem. Rep. Greece 0.61 40 0.51 69 Togo 0.45 99 Cambodia 0.51 70 Sierra Leone 0.45 100 Venezuela, RB The Bahamas 0.61 41 0.51 71 Guatemala 0.45 101 0.51 72 0.76 16 Georgia 0.60 42 0.50 73 0.50 74 Botswana 0.60 43 0.50 75 0.50 76 0.73 17 Grenada 0.59 44 0.50 77 0.73 18 0.50 78 0.73 19 South Africa 0.59 45 0.50 79 0.73 20 0.50 80 0.72 21 Dominica 0.58 46 0.50 81 0.71 22 0.70 23 Malaysia 0.58 47 0.69 24 0.68 25 Argentina 0.58 48 Kenya 0.45 102 0.67 26 0.66 27 Jamaica 0.57 49 Niger 0.45 103 0.66 28 Jordan 0.57 50 Mexico 0.44 104 Ghana 0.57 51 Madagascar 0.44 105 Senegal 0.55 52 Mali 0.44 106 Bulgaria 0.55 53 Turkey 0.43 107 Kosovo 0.54 54 Nigeria 0.43 108 *Scores are rounded to two decimal places. WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 9

Rule of Law Around the World by Region Weaker Stronger 0.0 1.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 East Asia & Pacific Change Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Regional Overall Change in % Score Rank Rank† Indonesia 9/15 0.53 0.01 1.3% 59 4 Rank Score* Overall Change Thailand New Zealand Score* 71 Vietnam 10/15 0.51 0.00 0.9% 71 6 Australia 1/15 0.83 0.3% 11 0 China Singapore 2/15 0.80 0.00 -0.3% 12 1 Philippines 11/15 0.49 0.00 0.6% 85 2 Japan 3/15 0.79 0.00 -0.9% 15 0 Myanmar Hong Kong SAR, China 4/15 0.78 -0.01 0.0% 16 0 Cambodia 12/15 0.48 -0.01 -1.5% 88 4 Republic of Korea 5/15 0.76 0.00 -0.4% 17 1 Malaysia 6/15 0.73 0.00 0.0% 47 4 13/15 0.47 0.00 0.8% 91 0 Mongolia 7/15 0.58 0.00 5.1% 57 3 8/15 0.53 0.03 -2.2% 14/15 0.42 0.00 0.0% 112 0 -0.01 15/15 0.33 0.00 0.7% 127 0 Eastern Europe & Central Asia Country/Jurisdiction Regional Overall Change in % Score Change Serbia 8/14 0.50 0.00 0.6% 75 5 Georgia Rank Score* Overall Change Global in Global Albania Kosovo 1/14 0.60 Score* -1.1% Rank Rank† Moldova 9/14 0.50 -0.01 -1.2% 78 4 North Macedonia 2/14 0.54 -0.01 Kyrgyz Republic Kazakhstan 3/14 0.53 - - 42 1 Uzbekistan 10/14 0.50 0.01 2.2% 82 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4/14 0.52 -0.01 -0.9% 54 - Russian Federation Belarus 5/14 0.52 0.00 0.9% 58 1 Turkey 11/14 0.48 0.01 1.4% 87 0 Ukraine 6/14 0.51 -0.01 -1.4% 62 4 7/14 0.51 0.00 -0.5% 64 2 12/14 0.47 0.01 1.7% 92 4 0.00 0.8% 68 1 72 6 13/14 0.47 -0.01 -1.4% 94 4 14/14 0.43 0.00 0.3% 107 3 South Asia Regional Overall Change in Change Bangladesh 4/6 0.41 -0.01 -1.6% 115 2 Rank Score* Overall % Score Global in Global Pakistan Country/Jurisdiction 1/6 0.53 Score* Change Rank Rank† Afghanistan 5/6 0.39 0.00 -0.7% 120 1 Nepal 2/6 0.52 0.00 -0.7% Sri Lanka 3/6 0.51 0.00 -0.2% 61 0 6/6 0.36 0.02 4.3% 122 3 India 0.00 -0.5% 66 2 69 0 *Scores and change in scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. †The change in rankings was calculated by comparing the positions of the 126 countries and jurisdictions measured in the 2019 Index with the rankings of the same 126 countries and jurisdictions in 2020, exclusive of the two new additions to the 2020 Index. The two new countries and jurisdictions added to the Index are: Kosovo and The Gambia. 10

Latin America & Caribbean Change in Change Weaker Stronger Overall % Score Global in Global 0.0 1.0 Regional Overall Score* Change Rank Rank† 0.25 0.50 0.75 Rank Score* 0.00 0.7% Country/Jurisdiction 1/30 0.71 0.00 -0.5% 22 1 Brazil 16/30 0.52 -0.02 -2.9% 67 7 2/30 0.68 -0.01 -0.9% 25 1 Guyana Uruguay 3/30 0.67 0.00 -0.7% 26 1 Suriname 17/30 0.50 0.00 0.2% 73 3 Costa Rica 4/30 0.65 29 0 Colombia Chile Peru 18/30 0.50 -0.01 -1.8% 76 5 Barbados 5/30 0.64 31 4 El Salvador St. Vincent and the Ecuador 19/30 0.50 0.00 0.8% 77 5 Grenadines 6/30 0.63 33 3 Belize St. Kitts and Nevis 7/30 0.63 0.02 2.8% 34 1 Dominican Republic 20/30 0.50 -0.01 -1.5% 80 7 Antigua and Barbuda 8/30 0.62 36 2 Guatemala St. Lucia 9/30 0.61 41 2 Mexico 21/30 0.49 0.02 3.2% 84 2 The Bahamas 10/30 0.59 44 1 Honduras Grenada 11/30 0.58 -0.01 -2.1% 46 1 Nicaragua 22/30 0.49 0.01 2.0% 86 3 Dominica 12/30 0.58 0.00 0.5% 48 2 Bolivia Argentina 13/30 0.57 0.00 0.7% 49 1 Venezuela, RB 23/30 0.48 0.00 0.1% 89 1 Jamaica 14/30 0.54 -0.01 -0.9% 55 1 Trinidad and Tobago 15/30 0.52 -0.01 -1.8% 63 2 24/30 0.48 0.01 3.1% 90 7 Panama 0.00 -0.6% 0.00 -0.5% 25/30 0.45 -0.01 -2.3% 101 3 0.00 0.8% 0.00 -0.7% 26/30 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 104 3 0.00 0.5% 27/30 0.40 0.00 0.2% 116 1 28/30 0.39 -0.01 -2.6% 118 2 29/30 0.38 0.00 0.3% 121 0 30/30 0.27 -0.01 -2.6% 128 0 EU, EFTA, & NA Regional Overall Change in Change Spain 13/24 0.73 0.01 1.3% 19 2 Rank Score* Overall % Score Global in Global France Country/Jurisdiction 1/24 0.90 Score* Change Rank Rank† United States 14/24 0.73 -0.01 -1.3% 20 3 Denmark 2/24 0.89 0.00 0.0% Portugal Norway 3/24 0.87 0.00 0.1% 10 Slovenia 15/24 0.72 0.00 -0.6% 21 1 Finland 4/24 0.86 0.00 -0.1% 20 Italy Sweden 5/24 0.84 0.00 0.2% 30 Poland 16/24 0.70 -0.01 -1.1% 23 1 Netherlands 6/24 0.84 0.00 -0.5% 40 Romania Germany 7/24 0.82 0.00 0.1% 50 Croatia 17/24 0.69 0.01 1.7% 24 2 Austria 8/24 0.81 -0.01 -0.6% 60 Greece Canada 9/24 0.81 0.00 -0.2% 81 Bulgaria 18/24 0.66 0.00 0.5% 27 1 Estonia 10/24 0.79 0.00 0.0% 90 Hungary United Kingdom 11/24 0.79 -0.01 -1.7% 10 0 19/24 0.66 -0.01 -1.1% 28 1 Belgium 12/24 0.73 0.00 -0.5% 13 1 Czech Republic 0.00 0.6% 14 0 20/24 0.63 -0.01 -1.5% 32 1 18 1 21/24 0.61 0.01 1.1% 39 3 22/24 0.61 -0.01 -0.9% 40 4 23/24 0.55 0.00 0.5% 53 1 24/24 0.53 -0.01 -1.1% 60 2 *Scores and change in scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. †The change in rankings was calculated by comparing the positions of the 126 countries and jurisdictions measured in the 2019 Index with the rankings of the same 126 countries and jurisdictions in 2020, exclusive of the two new additions to the 2020 Index. The two new countries and jurisdictions added to the Index are: Kosovo and The Gambia. WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 11

Rule of Law Around the World by Region Weaker Stronger 0.0 1.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 Middle East & North Africa Change Global in Global Country/Jurisdiction Regional Overall Change in Rank Rank† Algeria 5/8 0.49 -0.01 -2.3% 83 8 United Arab Emirates Rank Score* Overall % Score Lebanon Jordan 1/8 0.65 Score* Change 30 2 Iran 6/8 0.45 -0.02 -3.3% 96 4 Tunisia 2/8 0.57 0.00 0.6% 50 1 Egypt Morocco 3/8 0.54 0.00 -0.1% 56 3 7/8 0.43 -0.02 -4.2% 109 3 4/8 0.50 0.00 0.7% 79 3 0.00 -0.5% 8/8 0.36 0.00 0.1% 125 2 Sub-Saharan Africa Country/Jurisdiction Regional Overall Change in Change Sierra Leone 17/31 0.45 0.00 -0.9% 100 0 Namibia Rank Score* Overall % Score Global in Global Kenya 18/31 0.45 0.00 -0.2% 102 3 Rwanda 1/31 0.63 Score* Change Rank Rank† Niger 19/31 0.45 0.00 -1.0% 103 0 Mauritius 2/31 0.62 0.00 0.6% Madagascar 20/31 0.44 0.01 2.4% 105 4 Botswana 3/31 0.61 0.01 1.3% 35 1 Mali 21/31 0.44 -0.01 -2.8% 106 2 South Africa 4/31 0.60 0.00 -0.1% 37 3 Nigeria 22/31 0.43 0.00 -0.9% 108 0 Ghana 5/31 0.59 0.01 1.7% 38 1 Angola 23/31 0.43 0.01 3.1% 110 4 Senegal 6/31 0.57 0.01 1.4% 43 1 Guinea 24/31 0.42 -0.02 -3.9% 111 4 Malawi 7/31 0.55 -0.01 -1.9% 45 2 Mozambique 25/31 0.41 -0.01 -3.4% 113 2 Burkina Faso 8/31 0.52 0.00 -0.1% 51 3 Ethiopia 26/31 0.41 0.02 5.6% 114 6 The Gambia 9/31 0.51 0.00 0.7% 52 0 Uganda 27/31 0.40 -0.01 -1.8% 117 2 Benin 10/31 0.50 0.00 -0.1% 65 3 Zimbabwe 28/31 0.39 -0.01 -1.5% 119 1 Tanzania 11/31 0.50 -- 70 1 Mauritania 29/31 0.36 0.01 4.0% 123 1 Cote d'Ivoire 12/31 0.47 0.00 -0.4% 74 - Cameroon 30/31 0.36 -0.02 -4.4% 124 2 Zambia 13/31 0.46 0.00 0.5% 81 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. 31/31 0.34 0.01 2.6% 126 0 Liberia 14/31 0.45 0.00 -0.4% 93 0 Togo 15/31 0.45 -0.01 -2.6% 95 0 16/31 0.45 -0.01 -1.3% 97 3 0.00 -0.8% 98 1 99 3 *Scores and change in scores are rounded to two decimal places. Percentage change in score is rounded to one decimal place. †The change in rankings was calculated by comparing the positions of the 126 countries and jurisdictions measured in the 2019 Index with the rankings of the same 126 countries and jurisdictions in 2020, exclusive of the two new additions to the 2020 Index. The two new countries and jurisdictions added to the Index are: Kosovo and The Gambia. 12

Overall Rule of Law Score Changes Biggest improvement and decline in overall rule of law score by region over the last year. Figures reflect percentage change in overall rule of law score. Slovenia Moldova Russian Federation 1.7% 2.2% -1.4% United Kingdom Afghanistan Mongolia -1.7% 4.3% -2.2% El Salvador Tunisia Iran Bangladesh 3.2% 0.7% -4.2% -1.6% Brazil Cameroon Malaysia -2.9% -4.4% 5.1% Ethiopia WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 13 5.6% *Percentage change in score Declining 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 4.1% – 6.0%

Improving and Declining Rule of Law Weaker Stronger Categorization of countries according to whether their overall WJP Rule of Law Index score is above 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 or below the median, and whether it has improved or declined in the last year. Stable countries —those with a percentage score change between -0.5% and 0.5% — are not shown. 0.85 00..880 Spain 0.73; 1.3% 0.07.755 00..770 Romania 0.63; -1.5% Malaysia 0.58; 5.1% 0.06.655 2020 Index Score 00..660 Ghana 0.57; -1.9% 0.05.555 00.550 0.04.455 Kyrgyz Republic 0.48; 1.4% 00.440 0.03.355 Mozambique 0.41; -3.4% Guatemala 0.45; -2.3% Cambodia 0.33; 0.7% 00.330 0.25 -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% -5% -4% -3% -5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 Percentage change in score since 2019 Declining Rule of Law Declining Rule of Law Improving Rule of Law Improving Rule of Law Above the Median (25) Below the Median (30) Below the Median (21) Above the Median (19) Austria Hungary Albania Lebanon Russian Afghanistan Malawi Botswana Rwanda The Bahamas Mongolia Algeria Liberia Federation Angola Mauritania Bulgaria Slovenia Barbados Nepal Bangladesh Mali Cambodia Moldova Croatia South Africa Belgium North Macedonia Belarus Mexico Sierra Leone Colombia Philippines Czech Republic Spain Bosnia and Herzegovina Poland Brazil Morocco Suriname Congo, Dem. Rep. Serbia Indonesia St. Lucia Chile Portugal Cameroon Mozambique Togo Dominican Republic Tanzania Italy St. Vincent and the Costa Rica Romania China Nicaragua Uganda Ecuador Thailand Jamaica Dominica Singapore Guatemala Niger Venezuela, RB El Salvador Ukraine Kazakhstan Grenadines France St. Kitts and Nevis Guinea Nigeria Zambia Ethiopia Uzbekistan Malaysia Tunisia Georgia Trinidad and Tobago India Pakistan Zimbabwe Kyrgyz Republic Vietnam Namibia United Arab Emirates Ghana United Kingdom Iran Peru Madagascar Uruguay Greece United States Grenada 14

Factors of the Rule of Law Over Time Percentage of countries whose score has improved or declined for each of the eight factors of the WJP Rule of Law Index. Percentage of countries that declined in the past year is based on the 126 countries and jurisdictions that were covered in 2019. Constraints on Absence of Open Fundamental Order Regulatory Civil Criminal Government Powers Corruption Government Rights and Security Enforcement Justice Justice 47% 43% 64% 50% 20% 42% 33% 42% 21% 37% 31% 29% 31% 22% 23% 22% 32% 32% 29% 28% 33% 40% 40% 36% 41% 44% 43% 46% 49% 66% 48% Fundamental 57% Rights Constraints on Absence of Open Order Regulatory Civil Criminal Government Powers Corruption Government and Security Enforcement Justice Justice % of countries that declined in the past year % of countries that improved in the past year % of countries that declined in the past 5 years % of countries that improved in the past 5 years *Percentage of countries that declined in the past five years is based on the 102 countries and jurisdictions that were covered in 2015. *Percentages may not add to 100%” WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 15

Biggest Improvements in Overall Rule of Law Score Biggest improvements in overall rule of law score over the last year. Figures reflect change in overall rule of law score in annual percentage terms. For each country or jurisdiction highlighted, the factor in which it improved the most is listed. Slovenia 1.7% Moldova 2.2% Factor Seven: Civil Justice Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers Mauritania 4.0% Factor Seven: Civil Justice Uzbekistan 1.7% Factor Two: Absence of Corruption El Salvador 3.2% Dominican Republic 3.1% Afghanistan 4.3% Malaysia 5.1% Factor Six: Regulatory Enforcement Factor Six: Regulatory Enforcement Factor Three: Open Government Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers Ecuador 2.0% St. Vincent & the Grenadines 2.8% Ethiopia 5.6% Factor Four: Fundamental Rights Factor One: Constraints on Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers Government Powers Congo, Dem. Rep. 2.6% Madagascar 2.4% Factor One: Constraints on Factor Seven: Civil Justice Government Powers Angola 3.1% Factor Three: Open Government Botswana 1.7% Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers *Percentage change in score Declining 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 4.1% – 6.0% 16

DDoommiinniiccaa -0--00.8..883%%% -1--11.8..883%%% -0--00.6..663%% Mozambique -3.4% DDoommiinniiccaann RReeppuubblliicc -3--33.3..449%%% -0--00.4..441%%% -0--00.3..449%%% 333.1..114%% Myanmar 4.0% -3.2% -0.5% 0.0% EEccuuaaddoorr -3--33.4..440%%% 333.7..774%%% 111.1..227%%% 122.9..006%% Namibia 0.6% Year to Year Rule of Law Score ChangesEEggyypptt -1--11666.6..776%% -0--11.9..005%%% -1--11.0..118%%% 000.1..113%% Nepal -2.2% 1.1% 0.8% -0.7% EEll SSaallvvaaddoorr -3--33.1..229%%%-2--22.8..884%%% -0--00.3..446%%% 333.2..224%% Netherlands 3.4% Nega-0ti.v7e%Chang-1e.5% Po-0si.t5i%ve Change Sheet 1Percentage change in score between each edition of the WJP Rule of LawEEEEttshshItitnioooonpdnpiiiiaaeaa x s-19--i11.99n.8..4..88244c2%%%%%e%20-110--11.005.28....22288.4%%%%%C%oun31t3113..32r....3333i61e%%%%%%s and050505..j06....u060631r%%%%isdictions that are newNetwNo iZctaehraaelagInundadex-01i..0n1%%2020-30.a.23r%%e not--i60n..95c%%luded-0.2..36%% 2015 2016 2017/18 2019 Overall FFiinnllaanndd 3332.0.0.0001%%%5 -0--200.03..3313%%6% 20000.51..667%%/%18 -0--200.0..117%%9 Overall Niger 2015 2016 2017/18 -210.109% Overall FFrraannccee -2--222.08t..o9915%%6% 22022.17..t8879o%%/%18 -0002.0..t00o13%%9% -1--211.20t..o3327%%0 Score to to to to Score to to to to Score Sheet 1 2020 Nigeria 290.01%6 20-1.72/%18 -210.109% -200.290% 2020 F1 2F0216 201F73/18 2F0419 2F0520 2020 Afghanistan -2.2% -0.3% 0.9% 4.3% 0.36 GGeeoorrggiiaa -0--00.1..226%%% -6--66.6..776%%% -0--00.1..225%%% -1--11.0..118%% 0.60 North Macedonia -1.7% -2.3% 1.8% -0.9% 0.53 Albania -3.2% 0.8% -0.3% -1.2% 0.50 GGeerrmmaanFny1y 222.7..F7712%%% 000.0..F0043%%% 000.0..F0044%%% 000.1..F1135%% 0.84 Sheet 1 Norway 1.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% 0.89 Algeria -2.3% 0.49 GGhhaannaa -3--33.7..771%%% 222.3..448%% -2--22.4..556%% -1--11.9..993%% 0.57 Pakistan 1.1% 1.9% -0.2% -0.7% 0.39 - - - Greece -0--00.1..227%%% 000.4..556%% 222.2..337%% -0--00.9..991%% 0.61 PanamF1a -1F.92% -0F.33% -0F.24% 0.F55% Angola - - - 3.1% 0.43 -7--77.7..888%%% -1--11.3..447%%% -1--11.7..88%% 0.59 Peru 3.1% 1.7% -2.9% -1.5% 0.52 Antigua and Barbuda - 0.5% 0.63 Grenada - 0.50 -5.8% 0.1% Argentina 6.7% 5.0% 0.1% -0.5% 0.58 Guatemala -0--00.1..114%%% 000.1..113%%% 444.5..666%%% -2--22.2..335%% 0.45 Philippines -3.6% -7.7% 0.4% 0.8% 0.47 Australia 0.5% 0.2% -0.4% -0.3% 0.80 Guinea -3--33.8..99%% 0.42 Poland -0.2% -5.8% -0.9% -1.1% 0.66 1.3% -2.4% 1.0% -0.6% 0.82 Guyana - - - 000.1..226%% 0.50 1.7% 0.9% -0.8% -1.1% 0.70 Austria - Portugal 111.9..990%%% 000.0..003%%% The Bahamas - -0.9% 1.5% -0.9% 0.61 Honduras -0--00.4..559%%% -3--33.8..996%%% -0--00.3..330%%% 000.2..220%% 0.40 Republic of Korea -7.7% -1.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.73 Bangladesh -2.1% 0.2% 1.4% -1.6% 0.41 Hong Kong SAR, China 111.3..332%%% -0--00.4..443%%% -0--00.1..229%%% -0--00.4..442%% 0.76 Romania 6.6% -0.7% -1.9% -1.5% 0.63 Barbados - -2.8% 0.2% -0.7% 0.65 Hungary -1--11.3..332%%% -3--33.9..991%%% -2--22.1..228%%% -1--11.1..113%% 0.53 Russian Federation -4.1% 3.2% 1.0% -1.4% 0.47 Belarus 1.4% -4.6% 0.8% -0.5% 0.51 India 111.4..444%%% 000.9..995%%% -1--11.2..221%%% -0--00.5..553%% 0.51 Rwanda - - - 1.3% 0.62 Belgium 2.8% -2.0% 2.4% -0.5% 0.79 Indonesia -0--00.1..115%%% -0--00.9..990%%% 000.8..997%%% 111.2..339%% 0.53 Senegal 0.8% -4.0% 0.3% -0.1% 0.55 Belize -2.8% -0.2% 0.8% 0.1% 0.48 Iran 777.5..552%%% 111.7..889%%% -6--66.2..222%%% -4--44.2..223%% 0.43 Serbia -0.7% -0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.50 Benin - - - -0.4% 0.50 Italy 000.1..113%%% 000.6..663%%% 000.9..991%%% 000.5..554%% 0.66 Sierra Leone 1.8% 2.0% 0.1% -0.9% 0.45 Bolivia -2.7% -5.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.38 Jamaica 111.5..552%%% 000.7..771%%% -2--22.0..004%%% 000.8..880%% 0.57 Singapore 1.0% -2.6% 0.0% -0.9% 0.79 Bosnia and Herzegovina -1.7% -4.9% -0.2% -1.4% 0.52 Japan -0--00.7..887%%% 111.0..116%%% -0--00.7..887%%% -000.0..002%%% 0.78 Slovenia 1.9% -0.3% 0.5% 1.7% 0.69 Botswana -9.9% 1.3% 1.3% 1.7% 0.60 Jordan 444.0..119%%% 111.4..558%%% -4--44.8..883%%% -0--00.0..117%% 0.57 South Africa 1.7% 0.3% -1.6% 1.4% 0.59 Brazil 2.9% -3.1% -1.2% -2.9% 0.52 Kazakhstan 111.3..333%%% 222.2..224%%% 000.9..990%%% 000.8..998%% 0.52 Spain 2.0% 0.9% 2.4% 1.3% 0.73 Bulgaria -0.8% -2.4% 2.4% 0.5% 0.55 Kenya -3--33.5..550%%% 444.0..000%%% 000.4..559%%% -0--00.2..22%% 0.45 Sri Lanka 0.6% 2.8% -0.9% -0.2% 0.52 Burkina Faso 3.1% 4.8% 0.5% -0.1% 0.51 Kyrgyz Republic -0--00.7..771%%% 000.7..773%%% 000.8..997%%% 111.3..445%% 0.48 St. Kitts and Nevis - -0.5% -2.2% -2.1% 0.63 Cambodia -12.2% -1.1% 0.5% 0.7% 0.33 Lebanon -5--55.4..440%%% 222.7..774%%% 000.2..220%%% -3--33.2..336%% 0.45 St. Lucia - -2.1% -2.1% 0.7% 0.62 Cameroon -8.0% -0.1% 2.8% -4.4% 0.36 Liberia 000.1..111%%% 111.2..221%%% 111.3..445%%% -1--11.3..330%% 0.45 StS. Vt.i nVcienncteannt datnhde tGhree nGardeinnae.s. - -0.4% 1.6% 2.8% 0.64 Canada 3.8% 0.3% -0.1% -0.2% 0.81 Madagascar 000.5..667%%% -3--33.8..997%%% -1--11.4..440%%% 222.3..446%% 0.44 Suriname - -3.9% 0.4% -1.8% 0.50 Chile 0.8% -2.4% 1.5% -0.9% 0.67 Malawi 000.6..778%%% 000.5..668%%% 000.7..889%%% 000.7..772%% 0.52 Sweden 1.3% 0.2% -0.4% 0.2% 0.86 China 0.3% 3.8% -2.7% -1.5% 0.48 Malaysia -5--55.1..226%%% -0--00.4..558%%% 333.5..669%%% 555.0..115%% 0.58 Tanzania -1.4% 0.2% -0.3% 0.5% 0.47 Colombia 0.8% 0.50 Mali -2--22.7..886%% 0.44 Thailand 0.9% 0.51 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1.2% -0.4% -1.4% 2.6% 0.34 - - - 444.0..001%% 0.36 -0.3% -1.8% -0.4% -0.8% 0.45 Costa Rica -0.5% 0.68 Mauritania - - - -0--00.0..115%% 0.61 Togo -0.7% 0.54 - - - Mauritius - - - Trinidad and Tobago - - - - 0.4% -0.1% 0.3% -2.1% -3.0% Cote d'Ivoire -1.4% 1.4% -1.3% -0.4% 0.46 Mexico -1--11.7..771%%% -0--00.7..770%%% -0--00.2..221%%% -2--22.7..88%% 0.44 Tunisia -4.6% 0.3% -0.2% 0.7% 0.54 Croatia 1.0% 1.0% -0.6% 1.1% 0.61 Moldova 222.4..442%%% -0--00.4..558%%% -1--11.0..000%%% 222.2..223%% 0.50 Turkey -7.2% -3.1% 2.7% 0.3% 0.43 Czech Republic 4.1% -1.2% -1.4% 0.6% 0.73 Mongolia 111.0..119%%% 000.8..884%%% 000.2..335%%% -2--22.1..226%% 0.53 Uganda -4.1% 2.6% 0.6% -1.8% 0.40 Denmark 1.9% 0.6% 0.8% 0.0% 0.90 Morocco 111.3..449%%% -3--33.4..442%%% -1--11.1..226%%% -0--00.5..553%% 0.50 Ukraine 1.9% 1.6% 1.0% 0.8% 0.51 Dominica -0.8% -1.8% -0.6% 0.58 -3--33.4..441%% 0.41 United Arab Emirates -2.1% -1.5% -0.7% 0.6% 0.65 - Mozambique - - - Dominican Republic -3.4% -0.4% -0.4% 3.1% 0.48 Myanmar 444.0..004%%% -3--33.2..223%%% -0--00.5..553%%% -000.0..004%%% 0.42 United Kingdom 3.0% -0.1% -0.7% -1.7% 0.79 Ecuador -3.4% 3.7% 1.2% 2.0% 0.49 000.5..669%%% 0.63 United States 1.4% -1.1% -1.5% -0.6% 0.72 Namibia - - - Egypt -16.7% -1.0% -1.1% 0.1% 0.36 Nepal -2--22.2..223%%% 111.0..117%%% 000.7..886%%% -0--00.7..770%%% 0.53 Uruguay 1.9% -1.9% -0.6% 0.7% 0.71 El Salvador -3.2% -2.8% -0.4% 3.2% 0.49 Netherlands 333.3..445%%% -0--00.7..771%%% -1--11.4..556%%% -0--00.5..550%%% 0.84 Uzbekistan -1.4% 1.9% 1.0% 1.7% 0.47 Estonia 1.8% 1.2% 1.3% 0.0% 0.81 New Zealand 000.0..001%%% -0--00.3..335%%% -0--00.5..554%%% 000.3..333%%% 0.83 VVeenneezzuueellaa,, RBBR -13.7% 4.0% -3.5% -2.6% 0.27 Ethiopia -9.4% -0.8% 3.3% 5.6% 0.41 Nicaragua -1--11.1..115%%% 333.2..225%%% -6--66.9..994%%% -2--22.6..662%%% 0.39 Vietnam 2.9% -2.1% -2.4% 0.6% 0.49 Finland 3.0% -0.3% 0.6% -0.1% 0.87 -1--11.0..004%%% 0.45 Zambia 0.5% -0.8% -1.2% -2.6% 0.45 Niger - - - France -2.9% 2.8% 0.0% -1.3% 0.73 Nigeria 999.0..002%%% -1--11.2..223%%% -1--11.0..004%%% -0--00.8..999%%% 0.43 Zimbabwe 0.8% 0.6% 7.1% -1.5% 0.39 Georgia -0.2% -6.7% -0.2% -1.1% North Macedonia -1--11.6..777%%% -2--22.2..338%%% 111.8..880%%% -0--00.9..995%%% *PercentageGcehramngaenyin sco2r.7e%is roun0d.e0d%to one0d.0ec%imal pl0ac.1e%. Scores are rounded to two deNciomrwalapylace11s1.7...772%%% 000.7..887%%% 000.6..777%%% 000.0..118%%% Ghana -3.7% 2.4% -2.5% -1.9% Pakistan 111.0..115%%% 111.8..999%%% -0--00.2..222%%% -0--00.6..778%%% -0.2% 0.5% 2.3% -0.9% Panama -1--11.8..998%%% -0--00.2..335%%% -0--00.1..227%%% 000.4..559%%% -7.8% -1.4% -1.8% Peru 333.0..117%%% 111.7..772%%% -2--22.9..994%% -1--11.5..552%% WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 17 -3-3.5.69%% -7-7.6.78%% 00.4.4% 00.8.80%

One-Year and Five-Year Trends in Rule of Law The scatter plots below show the annual percentage change in score for each country and jurisdiction over the last year (x-axis) and the average annual percentage change in score for each country and jurisdiction over the last five years (y-axis). The charts to the right show the change in distribution of overall rule of law scores (top) and Factor One scores (bottom) since 2015. The colored bars represent the percentages of countries and jurisdictions that fall within the corresponding score ranges. Overall Rule of Law Index Score Average Percentage change in score since 2015 3 22 countries declined in the past year, 20 countries improved in the past year, 2015 but improved in the past five years and improved in the past five years 2016 2.0%2 2017 2018 1 Malaysia 2019 Guatemala 0%0 -1 Cameroon Philippines -2.0-%2 -3 -4.0-%4 28 countries declined in the past year, 21 countries improved in the past year, 25% 50% 75% and declined in the past five years but declined in the past five years -5 0.00 < Country Score <0.25 0.25 < Country Score <0.50 -4.0% -2.0% 0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 0.50 < Country Score <0.75 0.75 < Country Score <1.00 -5 -4 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3 -1 Percentage change in score since 2019 Factor One: Constraints on Government Powers 10.0% 19 countries declined in the past year, 18 countries improved in the past year, 2015 but improved in the past five years and improved in the past five years Average Percentage change in score since 2015 Zimbabwe 2016 5.0% Ecuador 2017 0% 2018 -5.0% Turkey Honduras 41 countries declined in the past year, 21 countries improved in the past year, 2019 and declined in the past five years but declined in the past five years -10.0% -8.0% -4.0% 0% 4.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% Percentage change in score since 2019 25% 50% 75% 18

Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers 2019 – 2020 Biggest declines in Constraints on Government Powers (Factor One) over the last year, in annual percentage terms. Albania Iran -6.8% -5.2% Belize Niger Pakistan Bangladesh -5.1% -4.8% -5.6% -5.2% Guatemala Morocco Egypt Philippines -4.2% -4.4% -9.1% -4.3% Zambia Honduras -6.2% -7.8% Mozambique -4.7% Venezuela, RB -5.3% Brazil -5.2% *Percentage change in score Declining 0.0% Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -10.0% – -5.0% -4.9% – -0.1% 0.1% – 5.0% 5.1% – 10.0% 10.1% – 15.0% 15.1% – 20.0% 20.1% – 25.0% WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 19

Biggest Declines in Constraints on Government Powers Since 2015 Biggest declines in Constraints on Government Powers (Factor One) over the last five years, in average annual percentage terms. Nicaragua Bosnia and Herzegovina Poland China -6.5% -5.4% -6.8% -5.5% Albania -4.7% Hungary Philippines -5.3% -4.9% Honduras Serbia -6.4% -6.2% Senegal Bulgaria -3.7% -3.4% Cote d’Ivoire Turkey -3.4% -4.7% Cameroon Egypt -4.2% -8.5% *Percentage change in score Declining 0.0% Improving is rounded to one decimal place. -10.0% – -5.0% -4.9% – -0.1% 0.1% – 5.0% 5.1% – 10.0% 10.1% – 15.0% 15.1% – 20.0% 20.1% – 25.0% 20

Rule of Law Changes in Europe The heat map depicts percentage change in overall rule of law scores in Western Europe over the last year. The table shows the overall rule of law score from the most recent edition of the WJP Rule of Law Index, the change in overall rule of law score over the last year, and the average change in overall rule of law score over the last five years. Country/Jurisdiction Average Country/Jurisdiction Average % Score Annual % % Score Annual % Overall Change Score Change Overall Change Score Change Score since 2019 since 2015 Score since 2019 since 2015 Austria 0.82 -0.6% -0.2% Hungary 0.53 -1.1% -2.1% Belgium 0.79 -0.5% 0.7% Italy 0.66 0.5% 0.6% Norway Finland Bulgaria 0.55 0.5% -0.1% Netherlands 0.84 -0.5% 0.2% 0.1% -0.1% Croatia 0.61 1.1% 0.6% Norway 0.89 0.1% 0.8% Czech Republic 0.73 0.6% 0.5% Poland 0.66 -1.1% -2.0% Denmark 0.90 0.0% 0.8% Portugal 0.70 -1.1% 0.2% Sweden Estonia Estonia 0.81 0.0% 1.1% Romania 0.63 -1.5% 0.6% 0.2% 0.0% Finland 0.87 -0.1% 0.8% Slovenia 0.69 1.7% 0.9% France 0.73 -1.3% -0.3% Spain 0.73 1.3% 1.6% Denmark Germany 0.84 0.1% 0.7% Sweden 0.86 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% Greece 0.61 -0.9% 0.4% United Kingdom 0.79 -1.7% 0.1% Netherlands Constraints on Poland Hungary -0.5% Government Powers Factor % Score Factor % Score United Kingdom Germany Poland -1.1% Absence of Score Change Score Change -1.7% 0.1% Corruption since 2015 since 2015 Czech Republic Open Government Belgium 0.6% 0.58 -25.0% 0.40 -20.0% -0.5% Fundamental Rights Austria 0.73 12.0% 0.51 2.0% -0.6% Order and Security Regulatory 0.60 -11.0% 0.46 -11.0% France Hungary -1.1% -1.3% Enforcement Civil Justice 0.64 -17.0% 0.58 -11.0% Slovenia Romania 0.89 4.0% 1.7% -1.5% Criminal Justice 0.47 -8.0% 0.86 1.0% Croatia 1.1% 0.62 4.0% Bulgaria 0.5% 0.63 -4.0% 0.45 -15.0% Spain 0.47 1.3% -15.0% Portugal Italy 0.60 -19.0% -1.1% 0.5% Greece -0.9% *Scores are rounded to two decimal places. Declining 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% Improving Percentage change in score is rounded to -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 4.1% – 6.0% one decimal place. WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 21

Rule of Law Changes in East Asia and the Pacific Percentage change in overall rule of law scores in East Asia and the Pacific over the last year. Country/Jurisdiction % Score Change since 2019 Overall Rule of Law Score Malaysia 5.1% 0.58 Indonesia 1.3% 0.53 0.51 Mongolia Thailand 0.9% 0.47 -2.2% Philippines 0.8% 0.33 Cambodia 0.7% 0.49 China Japan 0.6% 0.83 -1.5% 0.0% Vietnam 0.3% 0.78 New Zealand 0.0% 0.73 Thailand Republic of Korea 0.0% 0.42 0.9% 0.0% Japan 0.0% 0.80 Cambodia Republic of Korea 0.76 0.7% Myanmar Hong Kong SAR, -0.3% 0.79 Malaysia 0.0% China -0.4% Myanmar -0.4% 0.48 5.1% Australia -0.9% 0.53 Vietnam Hong Kong SAR, China -1.5% 0.6% Singapore Philippines China 0.8% Indonesia 1.3% Singapore -0.9% Australia -0.3% New Zealand 0.3% Mongolia -2.2% *Scores are rounded to two decimal places. Declining 0.0% 0.1% – 2.0% 2.1% – 4.0% Improving Percentage change in score is rounded to -6.0% – -4.1% -4.0% – -2.1% -2.0% – -0 .1% 4.1% – 6.0% one decimal place. 22

Conceptual Framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index The conceptual framework of the WJP Rule of Law Index is comprised of eight factors further disaggregated into 44 sub-factors. These factors and sub-factors are presented below and described in detail in the section that follows. Factor One 1.1 Government powers are effectively limited by the legislature Factor Five 5.1 Crime is effectively controlled Constraints on 1.2 Government powers are effectively limited by the judiciary Order and 5.2 Civil conflict is effectively limited 1.3 Government powers are effectively limited by independent 5.3 People do not resort to violence to redress personal grievances Government Security Powers auditing and review 1.4 Government officials are sanctioned for misconduct 1.5 Government powers are subject to non-governmental checks Factor Six 6.1 Government regulations are effectively enforced 1.6 Transition of power is subject to the law Regulatory 6.2 Government regulations are applied and enforced without Enforcement Factor Two 2.1 Government officials in the executive branch do not use public improper influence Absence of office for private gain 6.3 Administrative proceedings are conducted without unreasonable delay 6.4 Due process is respected in administrative proceedings Corruption 2.2 Government officials in the judicial branch do not use public 6.5 The government does not expropriate without lawful process and office for private gain adequate compensation 2.3 Government officials in the police and the military do not use public office for private gain Factor Seven 7.1 People can access and afford civil justice Civil 7.2 Civil justice is free of discrimination 2.4 Government officials in the legislative branch do not use public 7.3 Civil justice is free of corruption office for private gain Justice 7.4 Civil justice is free of improper government influence 7.5 Civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delay Factor Three 3.1 Publicized laws and government data 7.6 Civil justice is effectively enforced Open 3.2 Right to information 7.7 Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms are accessible, impartial, 3.3 Civic participation Government 3.4 Complaint mechanisms and effective Factor Four 4.1 Equal treatment and absence of discrimination Factor Eight 8.1 Criminal investigation system is effective Fundamental 4.2 The right to life and security of the person is 8.2 Criminal adjudication system is timely and effective Criminal 8.3 Correctional system is effective in reducing criminal behavior Rights effectively guaranteed Justice 8.4 Criminal justice system is impartial 4.3 Due process of the law and rights of the accused 8.5 Criminal justice system is free of corruption 4.4 Freedom of opinion and expression is effectively guaranteed 8.6 Criminal justice system is free of improper government influence 4.5 Freedom of belief and religion is effectively guaranteed 8.7 Due process of the law and rights of the accused 4.6 Freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy is effectively guaranteed 4.7 Freedom of assembly and association is effectively guaranteed 4.8 Fundamental labor rights are effectively guaranteed WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 23

About the WJP Rule of Law Index The WJP Rule of Law Index® is a quantitative A General Population Poll (GPP) conducted assessment tool designed to measure how by leading local polling companies, using a the rule of law is experienced and perceived representative sample of 1,000 respondents in practical, everyday situations by the in each country; general public worldwide. Performance is measured across the eight primary rule of Qualified Respondents’ Questionnaires law factors and 44 sub-factors outlined on (QRQs) consisting of closed-ended questions the previous page. completed by in-country practitioners and academics with expertise in civil and To present an accurate portrait of the rule of commercial law, criminal justice, labor law, law as experienced by ordinary people, each and public health. score of the Index is calculated using a large number of questions drawn from two original For the full methodology of the Index and data sources collected by the WJP in each more detailed country-level information, country: please refer to the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index® 2020 report, available for download at worldjusticeproject.org. 24

Defining the Rule of Law The World Justice Project defines the rule of law as a durable system of laws, institutions, norms, and community commitment that delivers: Universal Principle One Universal Principle Three Accountability Open Government The government as well as private actors The processes by which the laws are are accountable under the law. enacted, administered, and enforced are accessible, fair, and efficient. Universal Principle Two Universal Principle Four Just Laws Accessible and Impartial Dispute Resolution The laws are clear, publicized, and stable; are applied evenly; and protect fundamental rights, Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and including the security of persons and contract, independent representatives and neutrals who are accessible, have adequate resources, and reflect the property, and human rights. makeup of the communities they serve. WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 25

Effective rule of law reduces corruption, combats poverty and disease, and protects people from injustices large and small. 26

About the World Justice Project The World Justice Project (WJP) is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to create knowledge, build awareness, and stimulate action to advance the rule of law worldwide. Effective rule of law reduces corruption, combats poverty and disease, and protects people from injustices large and small. It is the foundation for communities of justice, opportunity, and peace—underpinning development, accountable government, and respect for fundamental rights. Learn more at: worldjusticeproject.org. WJP Rule of Law Index 2020 Insights 27

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