LPS Installation Handbook

Installation Handbook EARTHING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS PREPARED BY : LPC REFERENCE : ELPA 10515:1 ISSUE : C DATE : 25 October 2017

ELPA NATIONAL STANDARD - 10515:1 Installers Guide to the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems WARNING - Can only be used in conjunction with the SANS 62305 series of standards

ELPA 10515:1 Installation Details for Earthing & 3D Modelling for LPS Installations Contents Earthing & Lightning Protection Designs 1.0 Forward 2.0 Scope 3.0 Normative Reference 4.0 Project Management 5.0 Quality Assurance 6.0 Definitions 7.0 Complete Lightning Protection System 7.1 External Lightning Protection System 7.2 Internal Lightning Protection System 8,0 Air Termination Systems 8.1 Types of Air Terminals 8.2 Air Termination Protection Methods 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.1 Tripod Masts 8.3.2 Finials & Small Masts 8.3.3 Freestanding Masts 8.3.4 Air Termination Conductors 8.3.5 Air Termination Expansion Loops 8.3.6 Natural Air Terminals 8.3.7 Bolted Connections 8.3.8 Air Termination Guides - Assembly Details 9.0 Down Conductor Systems 9.1 Types of Down Conductors 9.1.1 External Down Conductors 9.1.2 Natural Down Conductors 9.2 Minimum Dimensions of Down Conductors 9.3 Positioning of Down Conductors 9.4 Test Points 9.5 Installation Methods 9.5.1 External Down Conductors 9.5.2 Natural Down Conductors 9.5.3 Earth Entry Points 10.0 Earth Termination Systems 10.1 Types of Earth Termination Systems 10.1.1 Trench Earth Electrodes 10.1.2 Earth Rods 10.1.3 Foundation Earth Electrodes 10.1.4 Ring Earthing Systems 10.1.5 Natural Earth Electrodes

ELPA 10515:1 Installation Details for Earthing & 3D Modelling for LPS Installations Contents Earthing & Lightning Protection Designs 10.0 Earth Termination Systems 10.2 Earth Termination System Formats 10.2.1 Typical Ring Type Earth Termination System 10.2.2 Typical Mesh Type Earth Termination System 10.2.3 Typical Foundation Earth Termination System 10.2.4 Typical Rod Type Earth Electrode 10.2.5 Typical Rod Type Earth Electrode Assembly 10.3 Types of Below Ground Connections 10.4 Types of Earth Termination Conductors 10.5 Material Combinations 11.0 Equipotential Bonding 11.1 Bonding of Piping 11.2 Bonding of Cathodically Protected Pipes 11.3 Bonding of Cable Racks 11.4 Bonding of Handrails 11.5 Bonding of Electric Cables 11.6 Bonding of Cable Shielding 11.7 Bonding of Data Systems 11.8 Bonding of Network Cables 11.9 Bonding of Network Switches 11.10 Bonding of Telecom Systems 12.0 Separation Distance Concept 12.1 Separation Distance for Down Conductors 12.2 Separated / Isolated Air Terminals 12.2.1 Conventional Air Termination Masts 13.0 Step & Touch Potentials 13.1 Protection Against Touch Voltages 13.2 Protection Against Step Voltages 13.3 Natural Protection Measures 13.4 Touch Protection Assembly 13.5 Step Potential Assembly 14.0 Soil Resistivity Surveys 15.0 Earth Resistance Tests 16.0 Continuity Tests 17.0 Maintenance & Test Procedures 17.1 Order of Inspections 17.2 Inspection Procedure 18.0 Lightning Protection Safety Report 19.0 Rights 20.0 References 21.0 Notes

ELPA 10515:1 Page 3 1.0 Forward This ELPA Document was approved by the National Executive Committee of ELPA. The intention of this document is to create a uniform interpretation of the SANS 62305 series of documents. This cannot be used without the SANS 62305 series of documents. The components and assemblies shown in this document represent typical installation details. Similar installation details using compliant components are acceptable. 2.0 Scope This document is a standard guideline for the installation of a lightning protection system. The Scope of all parts of SANS 62305 apply. 3.0 Normative References The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For updated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. - SANS 62305 series of standards - SANS 10313: 2012 - SANS 10199: 2010 - SANS 52561 series of standards 4.0 Project Management The planning, installation and testing of an LPS encompasses a number of technical fields and makes demands for coordination by all parties involved with the structure to ensure the achievement of the selected lightning protection level with minimum cost and lowest possible effort. Quality assurance measures are of great importance. In the construction stages of a new structure, the LPS designer, LPS installer and all other persons responsible for installations in the structure or for regulations pertaining to the use of the structure (e.g. client, architect and builder) should be in consultation regularly. Consultation is important throughout all stages of the construction of a structure as modifications to the LPS may be required due to changes in the structure design. Consultation is also necessary so that arrangements can be agreed to facilitate inspection of the parts of the LPS which will become inaccessible for visual control after the structure is complete. In these consultations, the location of all connections between natural components and the LPS should be determined. 5.0 Quality Assurance Quality assurance shall be assured by implementing Quality Control Plans (QCP’s). A QCP identifies and describes each critical step in the installation and ensures that the required checks and balances are implemented. The QCP’s will also ensure that the final inspection / sign off of the system is comprehensive and without any doubt. Important elements of ensuring the proper quality measures are as follows: - Photographic evidence of all cast in and buried LPS components. - Provision compliance certificates for the various LPS components that were installed to the LPS. - Preparation and completion of the ELPA LPS Installation Safety Report (COC). - Preparation and completion of all earth resistance and electrical continuity test reports.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 4 6.0 Definitions For the purpose of this document, the definitions given in SANS 62305-3 apply. The following definitions are applicable to this standard: ELPA Accredited Person Person who is a member of ELPA and has passed the relevant accreditation examinations ELPA Accredited LPS Installer Person who is competent to install, construct and test the LPS for compliance with the SANS standards. Further to this, the person is a member of ELPA and has passed the required examinations for the ELPA installer accreditation. The ELPA accredited LPS installer does NOT have the authority to approve the safety report of an installation. ELPA Accredited LPS Designer Person who is competent to design, construct and test the LPS for compliance with the SANS standards. Further to this, the person is a member of ELPA and has passed the required examinations for the ELPA designer accreditation. The ELPA accredited LPS designer has the authority to approve the safety report of an installation. ELPA accredited LPS inspector Person who is competent to install, construct and test the LPS for compliance with the SANS standards. Further to this, the person is a member of ELPA and has passed the required examinations for the ELPA inspector accreditation. The ELPA accredited LPS inspector has the authority to approve the safety report of an installation as well as conduct and or approve an inspection report of an LPS. Installation Safety Report Report that is issued by a lightning protection system designer or installer in respect of an LPS that complies with the relevant requirements of the SANS standards. The approval of the safety report shall be done by either an ELPA accredited designer or inspector.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 5 7.0 Complete Lightning Protection System (LPS) The function of a LPS is to protect structures from fire or physical damage and people from injury or death. A lightning protection system consists of an internal and external system (fig.1). The function of the external system is to intercept the lightning, conduct it to ground and then dissipate the energy. The function of the internal system is to prevent dangerous sparking inside the building. The requirements for both of these systems shall be established by conducting a Risk Assessment in terms of SANS 62305-2. In order to provide complete lightning protection systems all protection elements must be installed to the structure. Lightning Protection System as per SANS / IEC 62305-3 Air Termination System Down Conductor System Earth Termination System Equipotential Bonding Separation Distances External Protection System Internal Protection System Fig. 1 7.1 External LPS The required level of protection (LPL I, II, III or IV) for the External Protection System shall be determined through the Risk Assessment which shall be conducted in terms of SANS 62305-2. Once the LPL is established the parameters for the external protection system are selected i.e. conductor sizes, down conductor spacing, rolling sphere radius, mesh size, protective angle etc. - Air Termination System (ATS) The function of the ATS is to prevent any direct lightning strikes from damaging the structure by intercepting the lightning strike, preventing penetration into the protected space. A correctly designed system will significantly reduce the risk of a direct strike to the structure. It is not possible to completely eliminate this risk. An ATS can consist of the following components: - Masts - Spanned wires and cables - Conductors in conductor holders It is important that the ATS covers corners and edges of a structure as these areas are most vulnerable to a direct strike. It is also important that any masts used are able to withstand the wind loading for the area in which it is installed. LPS - Lightning Protection System

ELPA 10515:1 Page 6 7.1 External LPS (Contd.) - Down Conductor System (DCS) The function of the DCS is to safely conduct the lightning current from the ATS to the ETS without damaging the building. The important aspects of a DCS are: - Several parallel current paths ie the more DCS the better - The length of the DCS must be as short as possible (straight, vertical, no loops) - Connections to conductive parts of the structure are made wherever possible The maximum spacing between the down conductors is dependent on the Lightning Protection Level (LPL). The number of down conductors will also depend on the geometry (perimeter) of the structure. The down conductors should be placed such that there is a down conductor at each corner of the structure. The down conductors should then be spaced evenly around the perimeter in accordance with the LPL. In the case of an isolated LPS the number and position of the DCS can vary significantly more than the above method. - Earth Termination System (ETS) The earth termination system is designed to safely dissipate the lightning current (lightning protection systems) or fault current safely into the ground. The design of the Lightning Protection ETS is different to that of Power Frequency ETS, this is mainly due to the high impulse (dynamic) characteristic of Lightning. 7.2 Intenal LPS Sensitive electrical and electronic systems are becoming common place in modern buildings. These systems can be safety critical and therefore require permanent availability and reliability. A few examples are security systems, fire detection systems, life support systems in hospitals, telecommunications, building management systems etc. These systems are also sensitive to temporary over voltages (surges) which are caused by both lightning discharge and switching operations on the electricity supply. Internal LPSs consist of the following protection methods: - Equipotential Bonding (EB) Lightning equipotential bonding is the connection of all conductive elements of the building to the LPS and is carried out to prevent dangerous sparking inside the structure. The typical conductive elements of a building are metal pipes (water, air conditioning etc), gas pipes, steel structures, lift mechanisms, ducts etc. The connection of these systems to the LPS is done to prevent potential differences which can result in hazardous touch potentials as well as damage to electrical / electronic systems. - Separation Distance (’S’) Roof mounted structures such as HVAC, telecommunication masts and CCTV camera systems present a high risk of introducing lightning currents to the inside of the building. This risk can result in the damage of equipment and loss of human life. In order to reduce this risk the roof mounted structures should be protected by an Isolated LPS. An Isolated LPS ensures that all conductors of the LPS are separated from any other conductive elements by the calculated separation distance. LPS - Lightning Protection System

ELPA 10515:1 Page 7 8.0 Air Termination Systems A properly designed air termination system is installed to prevent penetration of a lightning strike into the protected space. The design of the air termination system depends on the selected lightning protection level derived from the lightning protection risk assessment. The air termination system should be designed by an accredited lightning protection designer. LPS installers must by competent enough to install the air termination system in accordance with the LPS design drawings. 8.1 Types of Air Terminals Air termination systems are made up of different types of air terminals as follows: - Meshed Conductors - Finials - Masts - Catenary Wires Individual air terminals should be connected together at roof level to increase current division. Types of Air Terminals Meshed Conductors Tripod Mast Finials 8.2 Air Termination Protection Methods The design of the air termination system uses three methods of protection: - Rolling Sphere Method - Angle of Protection Method - Mesh Method Rolling Sphere Method Angle of Protection Method Mesh Method

ELPA 10515:1 Page 8 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.1 Tripod Masts The use of masts is integral to the proper design of an air termination system. Tripod mast lengths range 2.5m up to 12m. Tripod masts are generally installed onto flat roofs. It is possible to use some tripod masts on angled roofs with a maximum angle of 10 degrees. The use of tripod masts that do not require drilling into the roof slab or through the flat roof`s waterproofing are preferable. Only masts that have been tested in accordance with SANS 62561 should be installed. Wind loading calculations and simulations should also be made available by the mast manufacturers. The positioning length of the masts must be as per the design drawings for the project. - Types of Tripod Masts Tripod Mast up to 3.5m Tripod Mast up to 4.5m Tripod Mast up to 5.5m Braced Tripod Mast up to 12m Note: Air-termination Rod For A Roof Inclination Of Max. 10° When installing the concrete bases ensure that the braces and the concrete recess in the concrete bases Tubular air-termination rod dia. 22 / 16 / 10 mm (aluminium) are aligned in one line. Thus, maximum stability of the brace support as well as the air-termination rod is Air-termination rod dia. 16 / 10 mm (aluminium) achieved when driving in the fixing wedges. In order to stabilise the air-termination rod, the three supporting braces of the air- termination rod have to Locking screws M8 be mounted to the brace support. For this purpose, the Air-termination rod dia. 40 mm (aluminium) relevant supporting brace is unfolded and tightened Fixing element at the brace support by means of the relevant clamp. Adapter Supporting braces Hexagon nut Locking screw 4 x M10 Supporting braces Clamp Connection point Screw and nut M10 Nut & screws M10 Marking Clamp aligned in parallel Fixing wedge Brace max. 10° Concrete base aligned in parallel Supporting plate Note: When positioning the brace support, ensure that the brace, which is located in the angle of inclination of the air-termi nation rod (adapter), is always aligned in parallel to the outer edge of the roof.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 9 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.2 Finials and Small Masts Finials and masts up to 1,5m high are installed in strategic positions on structures where they are most vulnerable to direct lightning strikes. Finials are most often positioned on exposed corners and sharp edges of structures or where the rolling sphere touches the structure. These air terminals must be interconnected to enhance current division. Finials are installed on the following types of roof structures: - Vertically Mounted Finials 1m Stainless steel finial, dia.10mm Connection clamp Mounting bracket Wall Plug and screw 6mm

ELPA 10515:1 Page 10 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.2 Finials and Small Masts - Horizontally Mounted Finials 1m Stainless steel finial, dia.10mm Wall Plug and screw 6mm Mounting bracket Aluminium conductor 10mm Nut & Washer

ELPA 10515:1 Page 11 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.2 Finials and Small Masts - Small Masts Small masts up to 3m high are installed in strategic positions on structures where they are most vulnerable to direct lightning strikes. These masts most often on roof structures to protect rooftop plant and equipment from direct lightning strikes. 1,5m Mast 2,5m Mast - Wall Mounted Masts Wall mounted masts up to 6m high are installed in strategic positions on structures where they are most vulnerable to direct lightning strikes. These masts are most often on roof structures to protect rooftop plant and equipment from direct lightning strikes. 4,0m Wall Mounted Mast 6,0m Wall Mounted Mast

ELPA 10515:1 Page 12 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.3 Freestanding Masts Freestanding masts are generally used in areas that are classified as explosive, flammable or hazardous and a direct lightning strike within the classified zone is not permitted. The use of freestanding masts allows for the installation of an isolated LPS. Masts must be installed at a minimum distance away from the structure that is equal to the calculated separation distance. Catenary wires can be spanned between the freestanding masts to allow for larger zones of protection. The determination of the placement and height of the freestanding masts forms part of the LPS design, it is vitally important to install the masts in the exact positions as shown on the design drawings. The size and format of the mast`s concrete base must be installed as per the manufacturers specifications. Freestanding masts can be installed to heights up to 25m. Protection of Biogas Tank using Freestanding Masts 25m Freestanding Mast 14m Freestanding Mast Mast Mast Base Base Holding Down Holding Down Bolts Bolts Steel Reinforced Steel Reinforced Base Base Concrete Concrete

ELPA 10515:1 Page 13 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.4 Air Termination Conductors Air termination conductors are installed to: - Connect air termination masts together at roof level - Form meshed air termination systems Air termination conductors are installed to the following types of roofs structures - Parapet & Gable Walls Parapet Wall 1000mm Spacing Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Conductor Holder/ Plastic Base

ELPA 10515:1 Page 14 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.4 Air Termination Conductors - Flat Roofs 1000mm Spacing Aluminium Conductor Conductor Holder 8mm dia. (50mm²) with Concrete Block

ELPA 10515:1 Page 15 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.4 Air Termination Conductors - Tiled Roofs Aluminium Conductor Conductor Holder Universal Connector 8mm dia. (50mm²) 1000mm Spacing

ELPA 10515:1 Page 16 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.4 Air Termination Conductors - Steel Roofs Universal Connector Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Conductor Holder 1000mm Spacing

ELPA 10515:1 Page 17 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.5 Air Termination Expansion Loops Expansion loops are important when dealing with long conductor runs where the change in temperature could cause excessive expansion or contraction of aluminium conductors. Severe expansion or contraction of aluminium conductors could cause conductor holders and connections to be dislodged (pulled off) roofs and connection points. On long runs of aluminium, an expansion loop must be installed to the run at a maximum of 30m. - Flat Roofs Aluminium Conductor Universal Connector 8mm dia. (50mm²) Conductor Holder Expansion Loop with Concrete Block - Parapet Walls & Tiled Roofs Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Conductor Holder/ Plastic Base Expansion Loop 150mm 300mm

ELPA 10515:1 Page 18 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.6 Natural Air Terminals The use of the natural elements of the roof structure as natural air terminals is highly recommended. Natural air terminals are conductive elements such as flag poles, balustrades, steel roofs and structural steelwork. The use of natural elements as air terminals is dependant on the cross-sectional size of the metallic element as per the table below: Thickness of Metal Natural Air Terminal? Conditions 0mm to 0,3mm thick No N/A 0,4mm to 3,9mm thick Yes Use only when hot spot, puncture or ignition are not important. 4mm thick and above Yes Natural air terminal prevents puncture, hot spot or ignition - Air Terminals Exceeding 0,4mm Thick Metallic elements that are a minimum of 0,4mm thick can be used as natural air terminals but only in areas where puncture, hot spot and ignition are not important factors as a result of a direct strike to the metallic element. Typical examples of these types of natural air terminal are steel flashing installed over parapet walls and steel gutters on the eaves of roof structures. - 0,5mm Aluminium Flashing used as a Natural Air Terminal 0,4mm Thick Flashing Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Bridge Piece Parapet Wall Fixed Earth Terminal Bolted Connection - 0,5mm Steel Gutter used as a Natural Air Terminal Conductor Holder Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Universal Connector

ELPA 10515:1 Page 19 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.6 Natural Air Terminals - Air Terminals Exceeding 4mm Thick Metallic elements thicker than 4mm can be used as natural air terminals with no risk of puncture, hot spot or ignition in the event of a direct strike to the metallic element. Typical examples of these types of natural air terminal are structural steel roofs, balustrades, hand rails, cat ladders and flag poles. Bolted Connection Steel Balustrade Structural Steel Roof Bolted Connection Aluminium Conductor Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) 8mm dia. (50mm²) Fixed Earth Terminal Conductor Holder/ Fixed Earth Terminal Plastic Base Steel Balustrade Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Pipe Clamp Universal Connector Conductor Holder/ Plastic Base 8.3.7 Bolted Connections Serrated Washer Spring Washer Washer M10 Bolt M10 Nut Washer Steelwork

ELPA 10515:1 Page 20 8.3 Installation Methods 8.3.7 Air Termination Guides - Assembly Details Conductor Holder Conductor Holder 5mm Self tapping screw 5mm Self tapping screw Plastic Base 5mm Wall plug 5mm Wall plug Notes: Notes: The use of this detail is The use of this assembly is intended for areas where ideal for the installation of the there are waterproofing issues conductor holder on concrete like the top of parapet walls roof tiles. Notes: Notes: Conductor holder can be fixed Conductor holder is installed on to the top of parapet walls by flat roofs and is used for mesh means of epoxy adhesive method of protection and where drilling is not permitted. bonding masts into air termin- ation system. Conductor Holder Conductor Holder Plastic Base with Concrete Block Epoxy adhesive

ELPA 10515:1 Page 21 9.0 Down Conductor Systems Down conductor systems form a link between the air termination system and the earth termination system and are designed to safely guide the lightning current from the air termination system to the earth termination system. 9.1 Types of Down Conductors There are two types of down conductors, namely: - External down conductors - Natural down conductors 9.1.1 External Down Conductors External down conductors are installed on the outside of the structure and normally consist of aluminium, copper or galvanised steel conductors mounted on stand-off saddles or inside conduits. 9.1.2 Natural Down Conductors The use of the natural components for the down conductor system is a very important part of providing an effective lightning protection system. Examples of natural down conductors are concrete steel reinforcing, structural steelwork, rainwater down pipes and steel facades. When using natural down conductors it is vitally important to ensure that there is electrical continuity across the steelwork of the natural down conductor. The minimum cross section of the natural down conductor must meet the requirements of the table in item 3,2 below. 9.2 Minimum Dimensions of Down Conductors The minimum cross sectional size of down conductors are as follows: Protection Level Material Down Conductor - mm² Copper 50mm² LPL I to IV Steel 50mm² Aluminium 50mm² 9.3 Positioning of Down Conductors The minimum spacing between down conductors are as follows: Protection Level Minmum Distance - m LPL I 10m LPL II 10m LPL III 15m LPL IV 20m A minimum of two down conductors per structure is required!

ELPA 10515:1 Page 22 9.4 Test Points Each down conductor must be equipped with a test point that shall be capable of being opened with the aid of a tool. In normal use the joint shall remain closed. Test Points are normally installed at the connection point to the earth termination system, foundation earthing systems do not require test points. 9.5 Installation Methods 9.5.1 External Down Conductors - Aluminium Down Conductors Aluminium Conductor Conductor Holder/ 8mm dia. (50mm²) Plastic Base Aluminium Conductor 8mm dia. (50mm²) Bimetallic Test Point 50mm² PVC Copper Conductor - Aluminium Conductors Fixed to Rainwater Down Pipes Aluminium Conductor 1000mm 8mm dia. (50mm²) Bimetallic Test Point Conductor holder for downpipe 50mm² PVC Copper Conductor Conductor holder for downpipe Notes: Down-conductors, even if covered in insulating material, shall not be installed in gutters or water spouts Bimetallic Test Point

ELPA 10515:1 Page 23 9.5 Installation Methods 9.5.2 Natural Down Conductors To Air Termination system - Concrete Steel Reinforcing Fixed Earth Terminal Rebar Connecting Clip 50mm² Galv. Steel Conductor Fixed Earth Terminal 1000mm Rebar Connecting Clip Universal Connector Notes: The use of the concrete steel reinforcing is the most Rebar Connection Clamp common and effective method of installing down conductors. In order to ensure electrical continuity across the Fixed Earth Terminal reinforcing steel the installation of the 50mm² galvanised steel down conductor inside the concrete column is essential.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 24 9.5 Installation Methods 9.5.2 Natural Down Conductors - Structural Steelwork - Clamp Connection Clamp Connection 50mm² PVC Copper Conductor Holder - Structural Steelwork - Bolted Connection M10 Bolted Connection 50mm² PVC Copper Conductor Holder Notes: The use of the structural steelwork as a natural down conductor is commonly used in factories, warehouses and industrial plants. Highly effective method of creating down conductors due to enhanced current division properties of the interconnected steelwork.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 25 9.5 Installation Methods 9.5.2 Natural Down Conductors - Steel Facades Metallic Facade Bolted Natural Down Connection Conductor 50mm² PVC Conductor Earthing Position Earth Electrode Bonding Bridge Connection Metallic Facade Natural Down Conductor Notes: Steel facades can be used as natural down conductors provided that they are electrically continuous and their cross sectional size exceeds 50mm². Bare Conductor 9.5.3 Earth Entry Points PVC Protective When using bare or uninsulated conductors, the point of Sheath entry of the uninsulated down conductor into the ground is particularly vulnerable to corrosion at this point of entry. Protection measures for the conductor by means of a PVC 300mm protective sheath must be installed to prevent corrosion.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 26 10.0 Earth Termination Systems 10.1 Types of Earthing Systems Earth termination systems are installed to provide protection to the following types of systems: - Lightning Protection Systems - Power / Electrical Systems - Telecommunication Systems - Computer / IT Systems - Security Systems The shape and format as well as a low resistance of the earth termination are important in the safe dissipation of fault currents into the ground. A single earth termination system is preferable, which is suitable for all purposes (i.e. lightning protection, power systems, telecommunications systems and data systems). 10.1.1 Trench Earth Electrodes Earthing conductors are installed into a trench at a depth of at least 500mm and can consist of stranded conductors, solid / bar conductors or flat conductors. These conductors are designed as a radial type, ring type or mesh type of earth electrode or a combination thereof. 10.1.2 Earth Rods Earth rods that are installed vertically into the ground. These earth rods can be installed to great depths depending on the soil resistivity prevailing on the site and the type of earthing application required. 10.1.3 Foundation Earth Electrodes Consists of earthing conductors installed in the structure`s foundations where the concrete of the foundations comes into contact with the ground over large areas. 10.1.4 Ring Earthing Systems Earthing conductors that form a closed ring around the structure. Ring earthing systems are installed at least 500mm below the ground and at least 1000mm away from the structure. 10.1.5 Natural Earth Electrodes Buried metal elements of a structure that are in direct contact with the earth and that were not originally intended to act as an earth electrode e.g. foundations, pipes and tanks. HES Ring Earth Termination System Around Building

ELPA 10515:1 Page 27 10.2 Earth Termination System Formats 10.2.1 Typical Ring Type Earth Termination System Fixed Earth Terminal Exothermic Welded To Test Box Connection Main Earth Bar (MEB) Ring Earth Fixed Earth Terminal 70mm² PVC Copper to Ring 1 Down Conductor to Earth Earth Rod Ring Earth 2 3 Floor Slab 2 3 Retaining Wall 1 6 4 Concrete Column Floor Slab Rebar Foundation Slab Earth Rod 5 Blinding Layer Ring Earthing System 5 4 Inspection 6 Pit 16mm² PVC Copper to Universal Ring Earth Connector Cadweld Connection 70mm² Bare Inspection Copper Ring Disconnection Pit Earth Link Notes: Ring earthing systems are installed on sites that are LPL I and LPL II as well as sites with extensive electronics, sites that have a high risk of fire / explosion or sites which are situated on solid rock.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 28 10.2 Earth Termination System Formats 10.2.2 Typical Mesh Type Earth Termination System warehouse administration workshop power centre gate production industrial chimney production production Notes: Mesh type earthing systems are installed on industrial sites, power stations, switchyards and substations where there is a risk of high step and touch voltages being present. The various meshed earthing systems must be interconnected. 10.2.3 Typical Foundation Type Earth Termination System Concrete Floor Slab Concrete Column 2 Strip Foundation 70mm² Bare Copper Foundation Earth 1 Universal Connector 1 2 Notes: Foundation earthing systems have excellent anti-theft properties. Conductors are installed and bonded to the rebar as part of the construction process. Foundation earthing systems should not be installed to insulated foundations.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 29 10.2 Earth Termination System Formats 10.2.4 Typical Rod Type Earth Electrode - 1,5m to 4,5m Earth Electrode Bimetallic Test Point 50mm² PVC Copper Conductor Rod Clamp Connection 1,5m to 4,5m Earth Rod Vertical rod type earth electrodes can be driven into the ground by means of mechanical driving to a Rod Coupling maximum depth of 4,5m deep. The most common depth is 3m long earth electrodes which are used to meet the requirements of lightning protection level III and IV earth termination systems. - 6,0m to 20,0m Earth Electrode 50mm² PVC Copper Conductor Disconnection Link Inspection Pit 6,0m to 20,0m Earth Rod Inspection Pit Rod Coupling 40mm dia. Pre-drilled Hole Backfilled with Longer earth electrodes are often necessary on sites Earth Enhancing with high soil resistivity values or rocky soil conditions. Cement Mixture In order to install earth electrodes 6,0m and longer, it is necessary to install the earth electrode into a pre- drilled hole. The pre-drilled holes (up to 20m deep) is then backfilled with an earth enhancing cement slurry to ensure good contact with the soil and enhanced earth resistance readings.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 30 10.2 Earth Termination System Formats 10.2.5 Typical Rod Type Earth Electrode Assembly Vertical earth electrodes are a very important component of an earth termination system design. 50mm² PVC Copper They allow for fault current dissipation into the ground Conductor at deeper levels. Vertical earth electrodes also help to lower the earth resistance of the earth termination system. Rod Clamp Connection Vertical earth electrode lengths vary from 1,5m long to 20m long and the length of the vertical earth electrode 1,5m Earth Rod depends on the soil resistivity of the ground and the lightning protection level of the LPS. Earth rods are generally supplied in 1,5m lengths and in order to lengthen the vertical earth electrode, the first 1,5m rod is driven into the ground, then the rod Rod Coupling coupling is screwed onto the first rod. The second rod is then screwed onto the coupling making 3,0m long and driven into the ground. The same procedure applies to longer vertical earth Threaded Rod End electrodes, where the first rod is installed and held at a for Coupling Connection depth where the coupling can be screwed on, then the following 1,5m rods are connected in the same way. Once the correct depth is reached, the top of the vertical earth electrode is clamped or exothermically welded to the down conductor or earth termination system. 10.3 Types of Below Ground Connections - Exothermic Welded Connections T - Weld T - Weld to Rod Straight Weld X - Weld T - Weld to Flat Conductor Straight Weld to Rod Notes: Exothermic welds are a highly effective way of joining cables and rods together. The exothermic welding procedure forms a molecular bond between the two metallic objects that are being joined together. The process does not cause weak points for the ingress of moisture, therefore no additional corrosion prevention measures are required.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 31 10.3 Types of Below Ground Connections - Clamped Connections Rod Clamp T - Clamp Connection X-Clamp Connection Rod Clamp to X-Clamp Flat Copper Flat Copper to Flat Copper Anti-corrosion Tape Clamp connections provide good contact connection between rods and conductors, care should be taken not to combine dissimilar metals of the conductors, rods or clamps. The examples above indicate the use of stainless steel clamps combined with copper conductors and rods. The combination of dissimilar metals can result in premature corrosion at the connection point. All below ground clamped connections must be covered with an anti-corrosion tape to prevent corrosion that can be caused by the ingress of moisture and sand particles into the clamped joint. The advantages of using clamps for below ground connections is that they are easy to install and are less time consuming than exothermically welded connections. 10.4 Types of Earth Termination Conductors Material Lightning Electrical Earth Electrical Earth Electrical Earth Electrical Earth Protection Up to 5kA Up to 15kA Up to 25kA Up to 50kA Copper 50mm² 50mm² 70mm² 90mm² 180mm² Conductor Copper 16mm Dia. 50mm² 90mm² 140mm² 270mm² Coated Rods Stainless 78mm² 50mm² 120mm² 190mm² 380mm² Steel Conductor Galvanised 78mm² 50mm² 125mm² 205mm² 420mm² Steel Conductor The above conductor sizes were calculated using a maximum allowable temperature of 450ºC with the conductivity of the conductors as listed below: - Copper Conductor = 98% conductivity - Copper Coated Conductor = 40% conductivity - Stainless Steel Conductor = 10.8% conductivity - Galvanised Steel Conductor = 9.8% conductivity

ELPA 10515:1 Page 32 10.5 Material Combinations The cell current density resulting from the conductive combination of two different metals that are buried leads to the corrosion of the metal acting as the Anode. It is therefore extremely important to design earth termination systems taking into account the various different metals that may be buried. When combined with buried steel installations (pipes, tanks etc.), the earth electrode materials like bare copper or stainless steel will always behave as cathodes when they are covered with soil. The bonding to these buried installations must therefore be carefully considered to prevent corrosion of these buried metallic installations.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 33 11.0 Lightning Equipotential Bonding The Equipotentialization is performed to prevent dangerous sparking within a structure due to lightning current flowing in the external LPS or any conductive parts of a structure. The equipotential bonding of the following elements to the external LPS is essential : - Metal Installations - Internal Systems - External conductive parts and lines connected to the structure The interconnection of the LPS to these systems can be done by means of the following : - Bonding conductors , where electrical continuity is not provided by natural bonding - Surge Protection Devices , where direct connections with bonding conductors is not feasible The correct lightning equipotential is vitally important in preventing fire (dangerous sparking) and protecting electronic equipment from damage. LEGEND CLASS 1 SURGE PROTECTION DEVICE ISOLATION SPARK GAP EQUIPOTENTIAL EARTH BAR 11.1 Bonding of Piping Incoming Water Pipes Incoming Gas Pipe Incoming Heating Pipe Pipe Clamp Bridge Connection Fixed Earth Terminal 70mm² PVC Copper Earth Bar

ELPA 10515:1 Page 34 11.0 Lightning Equipotential Bonding 11.2 Bonding of Cathodically Protected Pipes Isolation Flange Mounting Bracket Bridge Connection Spark Gap Bonded to Main Mounting Bracket Isolation Flange Mounting Bracket Earth Bar Bonded to Main Earth Bar Spark Gap Bridge Connection 11.3 Bonding of Cable Racks Fixed Earth Terminal Cable Rack Bridge Connection 70mm² PVC Copper 11.4 Bonding of Handrails Metallic Hand Rail Metallic Hand Rail Aluminium Conductor Aluminium Conductor Bolted Connection Fixed Earth Terminal Fixed Earth Terminal

ELPA 10515:1 Page 35 11.0 Lightning Equipotential Bonding 11.5 Bonding of Electrical Cables Incoming Supply Cable Council Earth Wire To Main Breaker Din Rail Class 1 &2 Lightning / Surge Arrester To Earth Bar 11.6 Bonding of Cable Shielding Circuit Breakers Din Rail Detail of Cable Shield Bonding Clamp Cable Shield Bonding Clamp Anchor Bar To Main Earth Bar Incoming Cables 11.7 Bonding of Data Systems To Protected Equipment Class 1 & 2 Lightning / Surge Arrester Din Rail To Main Earth Bar

ELPA 10515:1 Page 36 11.0 Lightning Equipotential Bonding 11.8 Bonding of Network Cables Protected Cables to Equipment Din Rail Class2 Surge Arrester To Main Earth Bar Unprotected Cables 11.9 Bonding of Network Switches Network Cabinet Network Hub NET-protecter Equipotential Bonding to Earth Bar NET-protecter 11.10 Bonding of Telecom Systems Type 1 / 2 Krone Type ADSL Modem / Router Surge Arrester Incoming Telecom Line Termination Block for Incoming Telecom Lines Mounting Bracket Type 2 ADSL Surge Arrester

ELPA 10515:1 Page 37 12.0 Separation Distance Concept The ‘Separation Distance’ concept are the measures employed when an Isolated Air Termination System is required. In accordance with the SANS / IEC Code 62305 series, “An isolated external LPS should be used when the flow of the lightning current into bonded internal conductive parts may cause damage to the structure or its contents.” In other words; an isolated LPS should be installed to prevent partial lightning currents from entering into protected space via electrical equipment or plant situated in areas that are vulnerable to direct lightning strikes. The uncontrolled entry of partial lightning currents into a structure can lead to flashovers between the LPS and the internal conductive elements of the structure. This will result in the risk of fire and damage to internal systems will be unacceptably high. The correct separation distance therefore must be maintained to prevent these flashovers. Protection of roof mounted equipment with Isolated Air Termination System Assumed flow of Lightning current Assumed flow of Lightning current 12.1 Separation Distance for Down Conductors The separation distance between the LPS down conductors and internal conductive elements increases linearly with length from zero separation distance at ground floor to the calculated separation distance at roof level. S1 The use of natural down conductors such as S1 concrete steel reinforcing or structural steelwork eliminates the need to maintain the separation distance. This is because of the enhanced current division of the natural down conductors. S2 S2 In order to maintain the separation distance of down conductors the down conductor must be physically separated away from any internal conductive elements. This can be achieved by using non-conductive fibre glass rods to isolate the down conductor from the structure. MDB MEB

ELPA 10515:1 Page 38 12.0 Separation Distance Concept 12.2 Separated or Isolated Air Terminals In order to provide effective protection for structures that have rooftop plant and equipment, the air termination system must be isolated from the rooftop plant. A non-isolated LPS will allow partial lightning currents to enter into the building and thereby causing damage to internal elements of the structure. There is also an unacceptably high risk of fire caused by uncontrolled sparking inside the structure and the risk of high step and touch voltages being present as well causing injury or death to people. An isolated LPS is created by calculating the required separation distance. Then the air termination masts are installed far enough away from the rooftop equipment so that any lightning currents travelling along the air termination conductors are not induced onto the equipment or their cables. If possible, conventional air termination masts should be installed at a minimum distance away from the rooftop plant and their cables. 12.2.1 Conventional Air Termination Masts Rooftop Plant / Equipment Zone of Protection Tripod Mast Installed with Separation Distance OK S S Separation Distance OK

ELPA 10515:1 Page 39 13.0 Step and Touch Potentials SANS 62305 Part 3 indicates that in some cases outside of a building the touch voltage may be extremely dangerous near the down conductors even though the structure may have a lightning protection system installed in accordance with the standards. The dangerous touch potentials can occur where down conductors are installed near entrances or high visitor frequency areas such shopping centres, theatres etc. The exposure to the dangerous touch potentials is increased when bare or uninsulated down conductors are used. The presence of dangerous step potentials occur when people are standing in close proximity to the down conductor and the lightning protection earth electrode connected to the down conductor. The touch potential is defined as the voltage affecting a person standing on the U t ground within a distance of 1m from the down conductor and who is touching the down conductor. In this case the current flows from the hand into the body and down to the feet (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram t of Touch Voltage Ut 13.1 Protection Against Touch Voltages According to SANS 62305 Part 3, the dangerous down conductors must be protected from touch voltages to an area which is at least the height of a person standing with their arms raised plus a separation distance ‘s’, (Fig. 2) Effective protection measures against touch voltages are defined as follows: - Installation of an insulated (coated) conductor with at least a 3mm thick cross-linked polyethylene covering. This conductor must also be able to prevent creepage sparkovers in the event of rain. 3 m insulation - Installation of physical barriers and /or warning signs to minimise the possibility of the down conductors being touched. ±0 ground level - Installation of specialised conductors has been specifically designed to serve the purpose of protection against touch voltages. Fig.2 Protective Measures 13.2 Protection Against Step Voltages 49,50 € 480 698 4013364144590 1-7-1 128 g 1 pc(s) The protection against step voltages must also be taken into account when installing a lightning protection system. The risk to living beings can be reduced by increasing the resistance of the surface ground (asphalt or concrete) and barriers or warning signs can be installed or a meshed type earth termination system around the down conductor. This type of earthing system is called the potential control grid and installed in addition to the lightning protection earth termination system. 13.3 Natural Protection Measures Warning Sign SANS 62305 Part 3 states that in certain circumstances the provision of protection against step and touch voltages can be ignored. These are as follows: 480 699 34,50 € 4013364107229 1-7-1 12.5 g 1 pc(s) - When natural down conductor systems are installed (concrete steel reinforcing or structural steel work) - When the LPS has more than ten down conductors and earthing positions. Warning Sign

ELPA 10515:1 Page 40 13.0 Step and Touch Potentials 13.4 Touch Protection Assembly Product Product name 1 Insulated Down Conductor 2 1 Conductor Holder Stripping Tool 2 Conductor Holder 13.5 Step Potential Assembly Product Product name 3 Earthing Conductor 4 Clamps Conductor Holders 3 4

ELPA 10515:1 Page 41 14.0 Soil Resistivity Surveys The method of determining the soil resistivity distribution of the earth on a site for the purpose of designing an earthing system is the four-electrode sounding method call the ‘Wenner’ method (see Fig 2). When this method is used, current is passed through the earth between the two current probes C1 and C2 and the resulting potential drop over a given distance is measured between the two potential probes P1 and P2. When the electrode spacing is increased, current should penetrate deeper into the earth and the potential measured should reflect the changes in resistivity as the depth increases. Because the relation between the electrode spacing and the depth of the investigation in a multi-layered soil is a very complex one, it is not sufficient to carry out one measurement, instead, a series of measurements with progressively larger electrode spacings is required. The resulting curve of apparent resistivity is then used to obtain an estimation of the thickness and resistiveness of the layers as well as the homogeneous nature of the soil. Wenner Method of Sounding Supply A V C1 P1 P2 C2 a a a CURRENT LINES OF FLOW Fig 2 EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES - Site Conditions Prior to any site survey, each area must be analysed and the location of the soil resistivity survey should be determined. Soil Resistivity surveys using the “Wenner” method of sounding should be conducted to determine the soil resistivity values prevailing on the site. Each soil resistivity survey should be conducted to a sufficient depth until the resistivity values are low enough to design the necessary earthing systems.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 42 15.0 Earth Resistance Tests The ‘Fall in Potential’ method of measuring the D.C. Resistance of Type A and Type B earth termination systems is the preferred method of testing earth termination systems. This three-point method is the most thorough and reliable test method; used for measuring resistance to earth of an installed ETS. The Fall in Potential method is in accordance with SANS Code 10199:2010. - 62% Rule for Single Test Fig 3. Fall in Potential Method When it is possible to carry out measurements so that L2 (see Fig.3) is at least five times the largest diagonal Supply width or depth of the earthing system then the single test A method should be utilised. V Place the potential probe L1 along a straight line so that the geometric centre of the earthing system is aligned with C1P1 P2 C2 the current probe L2. Under ideal conditions L1 = 0,62L2. The D.C. Resistance should be obtained directly in Ohms. - Full Fall in Potential Test A full Fall in Potential test involves carrying out number of tests. The tests must be made with different spaces of P and then a full resistance curve is plotted. Rx - Large Format Earthing Systems The test procedures for testing large format ETS or when there is limited space tend to be more complex and L1 sophisticated. These tests require many measurements L2 and/or a great deal of calculation. These methods should Under ideal circumstances L1/L2 = 0,62 only be employed by an ELPA accredited assessor. - Simplified Fall in Potential In areas where driving ground rods may be impractical, the simplified (two-point) method may be used. With this method, the resistance of two electrodes in a series is measured by connecting the P1 and C1 terminals to the ground electrode under test; P2 and C2 connect to a separate all-metallic grounding point (like a water pipe or building steel). The simplified method is the simplest way to obtain an earth resistance reading but is not as accurate as the three-point method and should only be used as a last resort. - Clamp-on Earth Resistance Test The use of the clamp-on method of testing has numerous limitations and is not recommended for installation or commissioning tests. Some limitations of the clamp-on method include: - Effective only in situations with multiple grounds in parallel. - Cannot be used on isolated grounds. - Not applicable for installation tests or commissioning new sites. - Cannot be used if an alternate lower resistance return exists not involving the soil, such as with cellular towers or substations. - Results must be accepted on \"faith.\"

ELPA 10515:1 Page 43 16.0 Continuity Tests The carrying out of numerous continuity tests is extremely important in ensuring that the proper lightning equipotential bonding has been carried out. Under normal circumstances an electrical multi meter or earth resistance tester can be used to carry out the required continuity testing. When testing the continuity of concrete steel reinforcing then a high current (10A) continuity test must be employed. Typically, all conductive elements that would require physical equipotential bonding (e.g. pipes, racks, ducts, lift rails etc.) need to be tested for equipotential bonding into the LPS. Very low resistances are required to confirm continuity, 0.2 Ohms is preferable. Continuity Test for Ring Earthing System Continuity Test for Concrete Steel Reinforcing Continuity Test for Cable Racks Continuity Test for Electrical Equipment

ELPA 10515:1 Page 44 17.0 Maintenance and Test Procedures If the protection systems are not tested and maintained as per the standards, then the earthing and lightning protection systems cannot be regarded as compliant to the relevant codes of practice. All test methods used and their results need to be well documented, so as to enable repeatability of such tests, and comparisons of the test results Application of Maintenance Regular inspections are fundamental for the reliable maintenance of lightning protection systems. Regular testing is fundamental to the reliable maintenance of earth termination systems. The objective of the inspections is to ascertain that : - The lightning protection system conforms with the relevant codes of practice. - All components of the lightning protection system are in good condition and capable of performing their designed functions, and that there is no visible corrosion. - Any recent additions to the structure that could influence the effectiveness of the lightning protection system be incorporated into the LPS. Regular testing is required for the reliable maintenance of the earth termination, down conductor, air termination and lightning equipotential bonding. The objectives of the test procedures are to : - Verify if there is substantial degradation or corrosion of the below ground conductors. - ensure that electrical continuity between various conductive elements is still in place. 17.1 Order of Inspections Inspections and or testing should take place as follows : - During the construction of the structure to ensure that all cast-in and below ground items are correctly installed and verified via. on-site photographs. - Periodically at intervals which is determined by the type of structure to be protected. i.e. corrosion problems and the lightning protection level. - After alterations, additions or repairs to the structure. - When it is known that the structure has been struck by lightning. During inspections, it is particularly important to assess the following : - Deterioration and corrosion of air-termination elements, conductors and connections. - Corrosion of earth electrodes. - Earth termination system D.C. resistance value. - Condition of connections, equipotential bonding and fixings. MAXIMUM PERIOD BETWEEN INSPECTIONS OF A LPS Protection Level Visual Inspection Complete Inspection Critical Systems Complete Inspections (Year) (year) (year) I and II 1 2 1 III and IV 2 4 1

ELPA 10515:1 Page 45 17.0 Maintenance and Test Procedures If the protection systems are not tested and maintained as per the standards, then the earthing and lightning protection systems cannot be regarded as compliant to the relevant codes of practice . - Application of Maintenance Regular inspections are fundamental for the reliable maintenance of lightning protection systems. Regular testing is fundamental to the reliable maintenance of earth termination systems. The objective of the inspections is to ascertain that : - The lightning protection system conforms with the relevant codes of practice. - All components of the lightning protection system are in good condition and capable of performing their designed functions, and that there is no visible corrosion. - Any recent additions to the structure that could influence the effectiveness of the lightning protection system be incorporated into the LPS. Regular testing is required for the reliable maintenance of the earth termination, down conductor, air termination and lightning equipotential bonding. The objective of the test procedures are to : - Verify if there is substantial degradation or corrosion of the above ground connections and conductors. - Ensure that electrical continuity between various conductive elements is still in place. 17.1 Order of Inspections Inspections and or testing should take place as follows : - During the construction of the structure to ensure that all cast-in and below ground items are correctly installed and verified via. on-site photographs. - Periodically at intervals which is determined by the type of structure to be protected. i.e. corrosion problems and the lightning protection level. - After alterations, additions or repairs to the structure. - When it is known that the structure has been struck by lightning. During inspections, it is particularly important to assess the following : - Deterioration and corrosion of air-termination elements, conductors and connections. - Corrosion of earth electrodes. - Earth termination system D.C. resistance value. - Condition of connections, equipotential bonding and fixings. 17.2 Inspection Procedure The purpose of the tests and inspections is to ensure that the earthing and LPS conforms to the standards in all respects. - Technical Documentation Technical documentation should be checked for completeness, compliance with the relevant standards and agreement with the site layout as executed. The technical documents also give a good indication of the competency of the original designers and installers and the compliance with the standards.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 46 17.0 Maintenance and Test Procedures (Contd.) 17.2 Inspection Procedure - Visual Inspections Visual inspections should be made to ascertain that : - The LPS conforms to the standard - The LPS is in good condition - There are no loose connections or accidental breaks in the LPS conductors - The system is not weakened by corrosion - Any additions or alterations to the structure are equipped with additional protection - There is no visual evidence of damage to the LPS or SPDs - Correct equipotential bonding has been established and any new services entering the structure are adequately bonded - Separation distances are maintained - All connections, above ground conductors and SPDs are fully functional - Testing A full site inspection of the earthing and lightning protection systems must also include a range of tests to determine the functionality of the protection systems. Although numerous tests are required, essentially there are only two types of tests that need to be performed on the site : - Earth Resistance Tests In order to determine the D.C. Resistance of the earth termination system, earth resistance tests are conducted. The earth termination system should be tested as a whole and individual earth electrodes where practical should be tested in isolation (i.e. disconnected from the down conductor or main earth bar). Generally, the ‘Fall in Potential’ method of testing is applied to small and medium size earth termination systems, for larger earthing systems the ‘Tagg Method’ of testing is recommended. Required Earthing System Resistances : - Lightning Protection Systems = 10 Ohms or less - Mains / Electrical Earthing 50Hz Systems = 1 Ohm or less (depending on Step & Touch calculations) - Continuity Tests In order to determine whether or not the correct internal equipotential bonding is in place numerous electrical continuity tests are required between the LPS and the various internal conductive elements of the structure. Conducting continuity tests for the LPS elements that are not visible (cast-in items and buried items) is essential due to the fact that visual inspections are not possible. Continuity tests across the concrete steel reinforcing is also required where natural down conductors are utilised. All continuity tests with results less than 0,20 Ohms are acceptable. - Surge Protection Devices SPDs without a visual indicator need to be tested, preferably using the guidelines or equipment provided by the manufacturer.

ELPA 10515:1 Page 47 18.0 Lightning Protection Safety Report LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM INSTALLATION SAFETY REPORT (as per SANS 10313:2012 Edition 3.2) 1-PROJECT DETAILS Physical address: Province, Country: ELPA No. Postal Code Unit / Building No.: Issue Date Customer / Owner details: Company name: Expity Date 2-GENERAL Protected space (details): Type of Certification: Acceptance Re-certification Type of Inspection: Visual Testing Additional 2 Lightning ground flash density (N G ) (Flashes/km /year): Accepted annual lightning flashes to structure (N D ): 3-RISK ASSESSMENT Has a risk assessment been done for system? Yes No Is the risk assessment report attached? Yes No Calculated Risk Are the calculated Calculated Risk with User-specified acceptable risks (R T ) R x risks acceptable? Protection R x Loss of human life R 1 1.00E-05 Yes No User-calculated Loss of services 1.00E-03 Yes No R 2 risks R X Tolerance on risk R T Loss of cultural heritage R 3 1.00E-04 Yes No Loss of economic value 1.00E-03 Yes No R 4 Lightning Protection System (LPS) level: LPL 1 LPL 2 LPL 3 LPL 4 Risk mitigation Lightning Equipotential Bonding (LEB) level: LPL 1 LPL 2 LPL 3 LPL 4 methods required Coordinated surge protection device (SPD) level: LPL 1 LPL 2 LPL 3 LPL 4 4-LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS) Has the LPS design been done in accordance with SANS 62305:2011 Yes No Is the LPS design drawing attached? Yes No Are all LPS components tested and certified in accordance with SANS Are the test certificates of these components Yes No Yes No 62561:2012 attached? 5-AIR-TERMINATION SYSTEM (ATS) Thatched roof: Yes No Roof used as ATS: Yes No Hazardous location: Yes No External conductors installed: Yes No Type of roof/striucture: Type of ATS used: Metal roof: Yes No Free-standing masts: Yes No Other: Yes No Isolated ATS: Yes No 2 Protective angle (ᶿ): Yes No Details: ATS size and or detail (mm ) Rolling sphere radius (m): Yes No Details: HVI Steel(St/tZn,StSt) ATS method used: Mesh method (grid): Yes No Details: ATS material used: Copper (Cu) Aluminium (Al) Hybrid (mix of methods) Yes No Details: Zinc (Zn) Other Overall Comments: 6-DOWN CONDUCTOR SYSTEM (DCS) 2 Natural conductive element used as DCS Yes No DCS size and or detail (mm ) Reinforcement used as DCS: Yes No Spacing between down conductors (m): Type of DCS used: External DCS used: Yes No Number of down conductors in the system: Existing structure used as DCS: Yes No Accessible test joints/terminations: Yes No DCS material used: HVI Steel (St/tZn, StSt) Copper (Cu) Aluminium (Al) Zinc (Zn) Other Overall Comments: NOTES: The following codes have been referenced in this report SANS 10142, SANS 10199, SANS 10313, SANS 60364, SANS 62305, SANS 62561 Page 1 of 2

ELPA 10515:1 Page 48 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM INSTALLATION SAFETY REPORT (as per SANS 10313:2012 Edition 3.2) 7-EARTH-TERMINATION SYSTEM (ETS) Has a soil resistivity test been done for the site? Yes No Is the existing ETS used? Yes No Is the soil resistivity test report attached? Yes No If a new ETS was designed, is the ETS design attached? Yes No Top layer soil resistivity (p1) Type A Type of earthing arrangement: Bottom layer soil resistivity Type B (p2) Soil resistivity test results: Reflection Factor (k) Final earth resistance (Ω): Depth of top layer (h) Final reading acceptable: Yes No Copper (Cu) Steel (St/tZn,StSt) Particular soil conditions: Material used for the ETS: Zinc (Zn) Other Reason for ETS arrangement: Overall Comments: 8-LIGHTNING EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING (LEB) Is the LPS bonded to the building earthing system? Yes No Copper (Cu) Steel (St/tZn,StSt) Material of bonding bar: Is an equipotential bonding bar installed? Yes No Zinc (Zn) Other 2 Communication Pipes Conductor size to connect bonding bar to ETS (mm ): System connected to bonding 2 Electrical Equipment Equipment Conductor size to connect metal installation to ETS (mm ): bar: IT Equipment Other Is the bonding bar labelled? Yes No Overall Comments: 9-SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES (SPD) Are new SPDs installed? Yes No Are the existing/new SPDs tested and certified in accordance with SANS 61634 60643: 2011 Yes No Are the SPDs pre-fused? Yes No Main distribution board current rating(A) Prospective Short-circuit current (I sc ) rating (kA) Type 1 Impulse current I imp (kA, 10/350µs): Voltage protection level at I imp (kV) Type of SPD installed Type 2 Impulse current I n (kA, 8/20µs): Voltage protection level at I n (kV) Overall Comments: 10-CERTIFICATION I/We, being the person(s) responsible for the design, installation, inspection, testing, of the lightning protection system (LPS), am/are competent to certify that the LPS complies with the requirements of SANS 10142, 62305 & 10313 10.1-DETAILS OF LPS DESIGNER Name: Tel No.: ELPA No. ID No.: Signature: Date: cc yy mm dd 10.2DETAILS OF LPS INSTALLER Name: Tel No.: ELPA No. ID No.: Signature: Date: cc yy mm dd 10.3DETAILS OF FIXED ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Type of electrical installation New Existing Has a new/updated COC been issued? Yes No COC Doc No. Any work performed on the electrical installation with regard to the LPS shall be witnessed by an accredited person and a new electrical Notes: COC may be issued in accordance with SANS10142:1. 10.4 APPROVAL SIGNATURE (LPS INSPECTOR) Name: Tel No.: ELPA No. ID No.: Signature: Date: cc yy mm dd Overall Comments: NOTES: The following codes have been referenced in this report SANS 10142, SANS 10199, SANS 10313, SANS 60364, SANS 62305, SANS 62561 Page 2 of 2