FLIPBOOK- AVNI KHARI

Name - Avni khari Class - 9 B Roll no. - 9

Turkey Geographical region • turkey officially the Republic of Turkey, is a country straddling Western Asia and Southeast Europe. • It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea to the west

CLIMATE OF TURKEY • The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. • The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. • The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. • The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country.

Population of Turkey Year Population Yearly % Yearly Change Median Age Change Turkish government, 99 2020 84,339,067 1.09 % 909,452 31.5 percent of the 84,339,067 population is 2019 83,429,615 1.32 % 1,089,527 30.2 Muslim, approximately 77.5 2018 82,340,088 1.51 % 1,223,638 30.2 percent of which is Hanafi Sunni. 2017 81,116,450 1.61 % 1,288,579 30.2

Major occupation of turkey • Agriculture Agriculture plays a significant role in the economy of Turkey, and in 2016, the country was the largest producer in the world of agricultural commodities such as cherries, hazelnuts, apricots, figs, and pomegranates. Turkey was also the 2nd largest producer of watermelons and quinces, and it was the world's 3rd largest producer of pistachios, green peppers, cucumbers, and lentils; Turkey was also a major producer of agricultural commodities such as tomatoes, apples, olives, eggplants, chickpeas, sugar beets, onions, almonds, grapefruit, lemons, cotton, and barley. Since the 1980s the country has been self-sufficient in food production and in 1989 the country was producing 16.2 million tons of wheat and 3.4 million tons of barley. However, since the late 1980s agricultural output in the country has been declining, particularly as a contributor to the total economy. • Manufacturing Manufacturing is among the leading industries in Turkey, and it is still a growing sector which contributes significantly towards the country's economy. The public sector dominates the manufacturing industry and accounts for about 40% of the value added in the industry. On the other hand, private-sector companies are dominated by a large number of conglomerates which have diversified in a wide range of sectors. Textile manufacturing is the largest in the manufacturing industry, and it is highly competitive in the international markets, earning the country millions of dollars each year.

Government of Turkey • The Government of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti) is a unitary government established by the Constitution of Turkey as a constituted governing authority of a parliamentary democratic republic, commonly called the Republic of Turkey. The term can mean either the collective set of institutions (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches) or specifically the Cabinet (the executive). Naming The republic is named \"Turkey\" or \"Republic of Turkey\" with its full name. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms \"Government of Turkey\" or \"Turkish Government\" are often used in official documents to represent the national government as distinct from the local entities. Because the seat of government is in Ankara, \"Ankara\" is commonly used as a metonym for the central government.

Literacy rate of turkey •Turkey literacy rate for 2017 was 96.15%, a 0.02% decline from 2016. •Turkey literacy rate for 2016 was 96.17%, a 0.57% increase from 2015. •Turkey literacy rate for 2015 was 95.60%, a 0.16% increase from 2014. •Turkey literacy rate for 2014 was 95.44%, a 0.18% increase from 2013. • Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. Turkey literacy rate for 2017 was 96.15%, a 0.02% decline from 2016. Turkey literacy rate for 2016 was 96.17%, a 0.57% increase from 2015.

Per capita income of turkey $3,060.86 Turkey recorded an annual household income per Capita of $3,060.86 in December 2018. This was the all-time lowest figure. The household income dropped considerably due to a decline in the construction sector and the currency crisis the country faced in August 2018. Many people had unpaid credit funds, lost jobs, and experienced a surge in prices.

Scientific development of turkey Turkey's industrial economy has just begun to Research Institutes apply advanced technology to basic industries. The government body that coordinates scientific •Atomic Energy Authority research is the Scientific and Technical Research •Defense Industries Research and Development Institute Council of Turkey (founded in 1963), in Ankara. The •Informatics and Information Security Research Center Mavmara Scientific and Industrial Research •Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Institute (1972), in Istanbul, conducts research on •Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center basic and applied sciences, and industrial •Marmara Research Center research. The Ankara Nuclear Research and •Nanotechnology Research and Application Center Training Center (1967), attached to the Turkish •National Magnetic Resonance Research Center Atomic Energy Authority, studies health physics, •National Metrology Institute nuclear electronics, and plasma physics. The •National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (1935), also in Ankara, conducts the •Space Technologies Research Institute Geological Survey of Turkey and evaluates mineral •Technical Universities resources. The Turkish Natural History Museum was founded in 1968 at Ankara. Turkey has 29 •Istanbul Technical University (1773) universities that offer courses in basic and applied •Yıldız Technical University (1911) sciences. In 1987–97, science and engineering •Karadeniz Technical University (1955) students accounted for 45% of college and •Middle East Technical University (1956) university enrollments. •Gebze Technical University (1992) •Bursa Technical University (2010) •Erzurum Technical University (2010)

Famous •Famous People from Turkey personalities • Salt Bae. Salt Bae was born on 09-08- 1983 in the Erzurum, Turkey.… • Burak Ozdemir. Burak Ozdemir was born on 12-03-1974 in Turkey. • Gamze Ercel. Gamze Ercel was born on 17-03-1992 in Bandirma, Turkey.… • Merve Bolugur. Merve Bolugur was born on 16-09-1987 in Istanbul,… • Sinem Kobal. Sinem Kobal was born on 14-08-1987 in Istanbul, Turkey.…

Famous Turkish Historical Personalities 1 Suleiman The Magnificent • Famous As: 10th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire • Birthdate: November 6, 1494 • Sun Sign: Scorpio • Birthplace: Trabzon, Ottoman Empire • Died: September 6, 1566 • Suleiman The Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and was instrumental in the empire’s expansion, leading the conquests of Belgrade, Rhodes, and Hungary. He was a patron of art and culture, and a talented poet and goldsmith himself. He married Roxelana, a Christian-turned-Muslim from his harem.

2 Osman I ❖ Famous As: Political Leader ❖ Birthdate: 1258 AD ❖ Birthplace: Söğüt, Turkey ❖ Died: August 1, 1326 ❖ Osman I was the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, which ruled the Ottoman Empire between 1299 and 1922. One of the most important historical figures in Turkey, Osman I is often depicted in popular culture. Interestingly, he is also one of the least documented leaders of the Ottoman Turks, making the factual information of his biographies questionable.

3 Kösem Sultan • Famous As: Ottoman sultana • Birthdate: 1589 AD • Birthplace: Tinos, Republic of Venice (currently the territory of Greece) • Died: September 2, 1651

Language spoken in turkey Turkish Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish or Turkey Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 70 to 80 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers exist in Iraq, Syria, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Greece, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state

Famous Monuments in Turkey Hidrilik Tower Hidrilik Tower is built of brownish stone. It is a historic tower and used as a monument of Turkey, where Kaleiçi meets Karaalioglu Park. It is accepted that the governing Roman Empire built it in the second century on a square plan. It was transformed into a roundabout tower in that century itself. It has since been utilized as a stronghold or a lighthouse. The tower is arranged at the southern side of the park, where the area dividers of the city join the ocean dividers. The 14-meter-high structure comprises a roundabout stone tower which has been architecturally built on a quadratic platform to add more height and stabilize the tower. The tower’s entryway at the eastern side leads onto a minor room, from where a narrow staircase is rounded to go up. There are indications of attempts of substantial restoration during the Seljuk and Ottoman times made in order to finalize the upper part of the tower. The present use of the tower today is to stay as a monument, where it has been staying for two centuries, and being a pleasant sight to view and use as a landmark. Address: Kılıncarslan Mh., 07100 Muratpasa/Antalya Province, Turkey.

Taksim Square and Galatasaray • With regards to exploring Beyoğlu, Taksim Square has been the characteristic beginning stage of any touring visit for an extended time. Although the scenery of this famous monument in Turkey has dramatically changed, there are several noteworthy places within a brief walking distance from this spot, which can assist you to see the neighborhood within the right light. The most pedestrian boulevard of Beyoğlu, İstiklal Caddesi, is going to be our main point of reference for directions. • Address: Kuloğlu, İstiklal Cd. No:159, 34430 Beyoğlu/İstanbul, Turkey

Aspendos • Located in Yolu, Aspendos Theater is a Greco- Roman historical theatre. To organize wrestling for the relaxation of common people, the kings used this theatre earlier. Later an amphitheater was added to it and it began to be used as a performing center. This famous historical building in Turkey is nestled down near the hilly areas and hence you can hike over the hills. You can go upstairs to the theatre and can enjoy the stunning views of nature. It has a car parking area. You can organize picnics and other events in the picnic areas. You can find glimpses of many antique ornamental decorations in Aspendos Theater and it is well decorated. • Address: Sarıabalı Mahallesi, Aspendos Yolu, 07500 Serik/Antalya, Turkey.

lue Mosque or Süleymaniye Mosque • The mosque is massive, with intricate architecture decorated with tiles, designs, and glass windows. For those of you who want religious monuments in Turkey or have visited mosques over the course of your lifetime, you’ll note that the majority are literally quite sparsely decorated on the within. But the Blue Mosque is exclusive in size, architecture, and interior décor and it’s to not be missed! • Address: Süleymaniye Mah, Prof. Sıddık Sami Onar Cd. No:1, 34116 Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey

Tourism in Turkey • Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care. • At its height in 2019, Turkey attracted around 51 million foreign tourists, ranking as the sixth-most-popular tourist destination in the world]The total number fluctuated between around 41 million in 2015, and around 30 million in 2016. However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 37.9 million, and in 2018 to 46.1 million visitors

Places for tourist in turkey Best Beaches in Turkey

Kaputas Beach, Kas • Kaputas Beach Kas; The beach is situated at a distance of 20 km from Kaş and 7 from Kalkan, at a point where an extremely narrow valley towered by steep cliffs and forests joins the sea shore in the cove of the same name as the beach (Kaputaş). The beach is quite popular among visitors to the region due to its untouched natural beauty commanded by a view from the heights traversed by the State road D400 between Kaş and Kalkan.

Iztuzu Beach (Dalyan) • Iztuzu Beach, Dalyan; Good beach, with or w/o logger- head turtles. The town, 8 km (5 miles) NW of Dalaman Airport, the river, cliff tombs and Caunos ruins are a nice bonus. • Iztuzu Beach is backed by the Dalyan Delta. Iztuzu’s six kilometres of golden sands are just a fifteen- minute drive from Dalyan Town. Perhaps for this reason, the beach is rarely crowded. • The beach is a fine strip of white sand that juts into the water. Backed by Dalyan Delta, it is a stunning and natural place. • If you are seeking complete isolation, turn left on your way to Iztuzu and follow the off-road tracks into the mountains. You’ll travel through lush forests and isolated mountain villages, and eventually you’ll find a number of isolated, stunningly beautiful beaches.

Blue Lagoon (Oludeniz Beach), Fethiye Blue Lagoon (Oludeniz Beach), Fethiye; Ölüdeniz (Fethiye) Very fine, with good hotels, restaurants and bars, but because it’s Turkey’s most famous, it can get crowded. Oludeniz Blue Lagoon Turkey is a wondrous place famous for its beautiful beaches and historical sights. It should be mentioned that Oludeniz beach resort is a rather quiet and peaceful place, so you won’t find some noisy disco-bars and shows. In fact, tourists come here for other reasons So where is Oludeniz in Turkey located and how to get to Oludeniz beach? Oludeniz resort (Olu Deniz) is located near town of Fethiye in the province of Mugla in Turkey. You can easiliy get from Fethiye to Oludeniz by dolmus – mini bus. So how far is Fethiye from Oludeniz? The distance from from Oludeniz to Fethiye is 13 km and road goes through Ovacik and Hisaronu. Olludeniz dolmus timetable will not make you to wait for bus to go for more than 30 minutes or you always can take Oludeniz taxi. Sometimes holidaymakers from Marmaris, Bodrum, Antalya is comeing for a day to Oludeniz Blue Lagoon Turkey. Abswering the question how far is Oludeniz from Marmaris we must admit that Oludeniz to Marmaris is 137 km.Aas for the distances to other resorts: Antalya to Oludeniz is 201 km, Bodrum to Oludeniz – 244 km, Icmeler to Oludeniz – 145 km. The closest to Blue Lagoon Oludeniz airport is Dalaman which is located in 63 km from the resort.

Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Turkey Steeped in history with a landscape that encompasses beaches and soaring mountains, Turkey has acted as the gateway between Europe and Asia for thousands of years. Being a place of trade and of exchanging cultures has made Turkey a richly diverse country. The point where East meets West, the wealth of culture and breadth of influences has left its mark and is revealed in the country’s mouthwatering culinary landscape, as well as in the innumerable religious monuments and archaeological sites. Istanbul, once the capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, features prominently in most travel plans but there are many more great destinations. You could enjoy your time here staying in boutique hotels inside caves and floating in hot air balloons above the otherworldly landscape of Cappadocia, wandering in the midst of the Greco-Roman world in Ephesus, or simply soaking up the sun in the luxury beach resorts along the Aegean Sea. Here’s a look at the best places to visit in Turkey:

10. Ankara • Turkey’s capital city, Ankara, is a sprawling, modern city home to government buildings, commercial businesses, universities and foreign embassies. Located right in the center of the country and the Anatolia region, Ankara is an important transportation hub, linking nationals and tourists alike to other major destinations in Turkey. However, Ankara is not all business. This bustling city also offers a few historic sites and some arts and culture. • An old city once inhabited by various cultures including Hittite, Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman, Ankara is riddled with ancient structures and ruins reflecting its history. Some of the most notable of these are the Temple of Augustus, the Citadel, and a Roman Theatre. Numerous historic mosques can also be found throughout the city. An important 20th century landmark, Anitkabir, is a mausoleum housing the tomb of Turkey’s first President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

9. Mardin Perched on a strategic hilltop overlooking the plains of Mesopotamia in southeastern Turkey, Mardin is the capital of the Mardin Province. One of the oldest settlements in the region, Mardin is best known for its cultural diversity and Old City of sandstone buildings that cascade down the hill. Mardin’s Old City is easily toured by walking. The maze of meandering streets leads visitors along terraced houses and popular sites like Deyrü’z-Zafaran Monastery, one of the oldest monasteries in the world, and the Sultan Isa Medresesi, a medieval monument that once served as an astronomical observatory. Zinciriye Medresesi, a 14th century Islamic school, features beautiful courtyards and art works. The Great Mosque, with its soaring minaret, is hard to miss. Although closed to the public, the citadel presents fantastic photo opportunities. Throughout the Old City is a myriad of shops selling the likes of pottery, silverware, leather and traditional headdresses

8. Konya • One of the oldest cities in the world and best known for its remarkable Seljuk architecture and Whirling Dervishes, Konya is a large city in Turkey’s Central Anatolia Region. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Konya prospered as a capital city under the rule of the Seljuk Dynasty. Today, attractive buildings from that era can still be admired such as the Alaeddin Mosque, which houses the tombs of several sultans. Another popular example is the Ince Minare Medrese, now a museum displaying artifacts from the Seljuk and Ottoman eras. • Although in ruins, the Seljuk Palace is also worth a visit. A modern day architectural attraction is the Seljuk Tower, one of the tallest skyscrapers in Turkey, featuring a revolving restaurant at the top two floors. • In the 13th century, Konya was the home of the Persian theologian and Sufi mystic, Rumi. His tomb, the Mausoleum of Rumi, with its neighboring Melvana Museum, is a must-see site in Konya. Rumi’s followers founded the Mevlevi Order, which are also known as the Whirling Dervishes due to their famous religious ceremonies in which they spin around and around on the left foot while wearing white, billowing gowns. These ceremonies, also known as Sama, can be observed weekly at the Mevlana Cultural Centre. • Konya also offers beautiful green spaces and parks such as Alaeddin Hill, in the city center, and the Japanese Park with its lovely pagodas, waterfalls and ponds.

7.Antalya • Nestled along the beautiful Turkish Riviera on the Mediterranean coastline, Antalya is a large, vibrant city welcoming tourists with numerous resorts, hotels, bars and restaurants. Spectacular scenery frames the city with gorgeous beaches and lush green mountains dotted with ancient ruins. From swimming and sailing to mountain climbing, sightseeing and family fun, Antalya offers something for everyone. • A walk around Kaleiçi, the Old Quarter, offers a step back into the city’s ancient past with views of the old city walls, Roman gates, maze-like streets and historic structures that include the Clock Tower and beautiful, old churches, mosques and temples. At the heart of the Old Quarter is the Cumhuriyet Square, surrounded by shops, cafes, Turkish baths and street performers.

6. Marmaris • One of Turkey’s most popular seaside resorts, Marmaris is a picture-perfect setting of pine-clad mountains, sandy white beaches, turquoise waters and historic architecture. Located along the Turkish Riviera in southwest Turkey, this stunning cruise port is a tourist paradise with exceptional sightseeing opportunities, water sports, fantastic dining and buzzing nightlife. • Marmaris presents so much to see and do that visitors will be spoiled for choice. A walk along the cobblestone streets of the old quarter offers attractive architecture and a visit to the 16th century Castle of Suleyman the Magnificent. Various boating tours take visitors exploring around the picturesque bays and neighboring villages. • Horse safaris canter through lush pine forests, orange groves, traditional villages and around untouched bays and stunning waterfalls, while jeep safaris present off-the- beaten-track adventures.

5. Side • A major port in ancient Pamphylia and occupied by Alexander the Great in 4th century BC, Side today is a picturesquetown of classic ruins and modern day resorts overlooking sandy white beaches. Locatedon Turkey’s Mediterranean Coast in the Antalya Province on a small peninsula, Side offers fantastic sightseeing, nightlife and outdoor adventure. • Side’s star attraction is an excavated site of ancient Hellenistic and Roman ruins that include the remnants of a colossal amphitheater, an agora, a Byzantine basilica, public baths, marble columns and various temples. The Roman baths are now restored tohouse a museum, which displays a number of Roman statues and artifacts. Overlooking the beach, the Temple of Apollo is a spectacular sight, especially at sunset. • Featuring narrow streetsand attractive gardens, the charming town of Side offers many restaurantsranging from delis and pizza shops to upscale dining in a variety of cuisines. Just outside of town, the Manavgat River offers boat tours, white water rafting and impressivewaterfalls.

4. Bodrum • Located in the Mugla Povince in the southern Aegean region of Turkey, Bodrum is the site of the ancient fortified city, Halicarnassus, which was once home to marble buildings, temples, statutes, paved streetsand the Mausoleum, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. • After falling intoruins, the city remained a quiet fishing village until the 20th century when Turkish intellectuals brought popularity to it through their writings. Today, Bodrum’s intriguing ruins, stunning beaches and cliff-top resorts attract people from all over the world. • On Bodrum’s eastern side, tourists will find a beautiful beach overlooking brilliant blue water. Near the beach are plenty of cafes, bars and nightclubs. On the western side of town is the marina, shopping centers and restaurants. • No visit to Bodrum would be complete without seeing the Castle of St. Peter, alsoknown as Bodrum Castle. Built from 1402by the Knights Hospitaller it now operates as a museum. Other sights include the last remains of the Mausoleum, and ancient amphitheater and the Myndos Gate, which was once the scene of a bloody battle during a siege by Alexander the

3. Ephesus Europe’s most complete classical metropolis, Ephesus is an ancient site located in Aegean Turkey. By the 1st century BC, Ephesus was one of the largest cities in all of the Roman Empire, boasting one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Temple of Artemis. The ruins of Ephesus are well preserved and contained within a large archaeological site, making it one of Turkey’s most popular tourist attractions.Ephesus was declared a Roman settlement in 133 BC, although it did not reach its peak until some 200 years later. At one point, when the city was the capital of Roman Asia Minor, Ephesus housed more than 250,000 permanent residents. St.Paul lived in Ephesus, fostering Christianity among many other religions. With the decline of the harbor of Ephesus, and the sacking of the city by Germanic Goths in the third century, Ephesus began its decline. For roughly 1,500 years, Ephesus was all but forgotten. The remnants of this incredible classical city were hidden from the world until the 1860s, when an international team of archeologists began unearthing the ruins. Today, less than 20 percent of Ephesus has been excavated, but it is still one of the largest accessible archeological sites in the world. Without question, the most famous structure in Ephesus is the Temple of Artemis. The temple was once the largest on the planet, showcasing just how important the city of Ephesus was. Unfortunately, the temple itself was largely destroyed around the fifth century, but it is still possible to tour the ruins. Some of the most recently excavated attractions in Ephesus, and certainly some of the most popular, are the Terraced Houses. These were the homes of the richest residents of Ephesus in approximately the first century, and they were built in a modern Roman style. Remarkably, some of the homes had hot and cold baths, marble floors and even heating systems. On the walls, you can spot unusual artwork, mosaics and even love poems scrawled by hand. No trip to Ephesus would be complete without seeing the famed Library of Celsus. Built in 123 AD, the library was once of the largest libraries in the ancient world, coming in third after the libraries of Alexandria and Pergamum. The library has been restored, making it easier to see its two-story design, its columns and its capitals.

2. Cappadocia • Situated in Central Anatolia of Turkey, Cappadocia is best known for its fairytale landscape of unusual formations resembling chimneys, cones, mushrooms and pinnacles. Natural processes such as ancient volcanic eruptions and erosion have all sculpted these odd formations over the ages, with some of them rising as much as 130 feet (40 meters) high. However, thousands of years ago, mankind added remarkable touches to the landscape by carving out houses, churches and underground cities from the soft rock. • Inhabited as early as 1800 BC, Hittites and other residents chiseled out underground tunnel complexes, seeking safety from invading Persians and Greeks. Much later in the 4th century AD, Christians, fleeing out of religious persecution from Rome, sought refuge in Cappadocia’s tunnels and caves. Today, the region’s natural wonders and historic sites all make it a popular destination. • While much of Cappadocia is located in the province of Nevsehir, some of the main towns in the region are Ürgüp, Göreme, Avanos, Ortahisar and Mustafapasa. Many of these towns offer hotels, restaurants, nightlife options and attractions such as museums, rock castles, fairy chimneys, underground tunnels, old Greek villages, monasteries and handicraft markets. Some of the caves in the region are actually hotels and cater to tourists.

Istanbul • Once serving as the capital of the Ottoman and Byzantine Empires, Istanbul todayis the largest cityin Turkeyand one of the largest in the world. Istanbul stretchesacross bothsides of the Bosphorus, a narrow strait that connects Asia and Europe, making it the only city in the world spanning two continents. Impressive architecture, historicsites, dining, shopping, nightlife and exoticatmosphere all make Istanbul one of the world’stop tourist destinations. • The Old City is where most of the city’s impressive historic sitesare found, which include the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque and TopkapiPalace. Another important district is New City, knownfor its moderndayattractions, skyscrapersand shopping malls. Beyogluand Galata are popular zones for nightlife and entertainment, while the Bosphorusarea is home to beautiful palaces, waterfront mansions and urban parks. • There is no shortage of excitingthings to see and do in Istanbul. A shopping affair not to be missed is the Grand Bazaar, one of the world’s oldest and largest covered markets. Visiting a Turkish bathis also a great wayto experience the local culture. The nightlife scene in Istanbul aboundsin numerousrestaurants, pubsand nightclubs to suit everybudget and preference.

❑ Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage Turkish cuisine of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Mediterranean, Balkan, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, Eastern European and Armenian cuisines. ❑ Turkish cuisine varies across the country. The cooking of Istanbul, Bursa, Izmir, and rest of the Asia Minor region inherits many elements of Ottoman court cuisine, with a lighter use of spices, a preference for rice over bulgur, koftes and a wider availability of vegetable stews, eggplant, stuffed dolmas and fish. ❑ Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees grow abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking.

Pide • when it comes to Turkish food, Pide is one of my absolute favorites. It’s a type of flatbread, which is baked in a stone- or brick oven. They are widely available across the whole country, although toppings can vary a lot. • Some common fillings and toppings include cheese, onions, peppers, ground beef, eggs, pastrami, sausage, tomatoes, etc. They are usually shaped in the form of a “pizza boat”, and they are really delicious.

Börek • Börek is one of the most famous foods from Turkey, which has been spread across all Eastern Europe, where it’s just as popular. It’s a type of savory pastry that is made of thin flaky dough, usually phyllo. • The börek is baked in a large pan and can have various fillings, depending on the region.

Dolma • Dolma is a quintessential dish that can be found in many Turkic countries, and the name comes from the Turkish word dolmak, which means “to fill”. • It has been a staple for centuries and is basically a family of stuffed dishes where wrapped and stuffed vine leaves are considered to be the queen of Dolmas.

Hünkârbeğendi • Hünkârbeğendi is a royal dish dating back to the Ottoman Empire. It consists of grilled and pureed eggplant which has been smoked and spiced as well. It is then stirred with milk, butter, and roasted flour. This results in a flavorful mix that is topped with sauteed lamb.

Festivals of • Turkey delivers more than just a fascin turkey • ating culture & stunning landscape. It is basically considered as a home to a various holidays and festivals, several of which have been disclosed to help the country develop a more modern image. Festivals in Turkey including all kinds – music festivals, sport & outdoors events, nightlife events, cultural festivals, religious festivals & lifestyle events. Apart from local festivals celebrated in almost every city of the country, there are many other significant festivals that are popular internationally and are held in major city centers such as Ankara, Turki, Antalya and Zmir.

Izmir World Fair • Izmir is well known for for being the host to the oldest festival activity in Turkey, during the multi-theme Izmir World Fair held during early September. The fair is organized by İZFAŞ, which is a depending corporation of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality. The social & musical events that take place simultaneously as the commercial fair had started away as an auxiliary activity to attract popular interest for the fair, but over time the festival became a school by itself. This is one of the most popular Turkey festivals 2021.

Ramazan • The most crucial religious festival is Ramadan (Ramazan in Turkish), the Muslim month of day abstention from drinking water, food, tobacco & having any sexual contact. Else, life carries on as normal during Ramadan, while most of the individuals are fasting from dawn to sunset. Some restaurants close for the timeframe or severely curtail their menus, others discreetly cover their salons behind window treatments, but at most of the firms you will be served with unexpectedly good grace. This is amongst the most popular festivals in Turkey.

Kadir Gecesi • Kadir Gecesi (The Eve of Power), when Mohammedreceived the Koran from Kristus, takes place between the 27th and 28th times of the month of Ramadan. Mosques – wonderfully illuminatedfor the complete month – are full all night, as its thought that prayers at this time have special value. On the last day of Ramadan,On Arife, people visit cemeteries and pay respect to their departedloved ones.

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