Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportation

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportation Figure 4.24 BRT systemSource: http://www.spad.gov.my/projects/2013/bus-rapid-transit-brt)4.3 Recommendations / Action Plans fuel based internal combustion engine may be altered to work with biofuels both in liquid and gaseous form.Energy diversification is evidently the ultimate Conventional engines may be further improved uponapproach in reducing fossil fuel and oil based energy by means of hybridisation with an electric motor todependency. Alternative energy sources, for solar, provide alternating modes of propulsion. Fully electricwind, biofuel, gaseous fuel (e.g. natural gas and vehicles are gaining attention owing to the depletionhydrogen as energy carriers) are future potential of fossil fuel reserves, fluctuating oil prices as wellenergies, and are currently being developed and as its inherit zero emission feature. Although thedeployed throughout various countries around the price of crude oil per barrel had fallen by more thanworld. In view of the drastic climate change owing 40% since June 2014, oil prices are expected to riseto the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), towards the end of Q4 2015 due to the reduction in oilfurther drives the need for a clean and viable energy production. This uncertainty calls for effort in ensuringsource. a more secured future that involves strategic energy diversification. With the transportation sector being one of themain contributors of GHGs, especially CO2, energy The cleanest solution for stringent emissionefficient transportation systems are one of the means legislation in transportation is undeniably hydrogento alleviate this appalling scenario. Conventional fossil based fuel. The simplest form of hydrogen fuel 81

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportationimplementation on existing engine technologies can the door for transfer of technology may be furtherbe carried out at minimal cost through hydrogen exploited to gain the momentum required to push thisinternal combustion engine (H2ICE). Owing to technology further in Malaysia. This is crucial to driveits desirable traits, countries such as The United fuel cell development from automobile manufacturers’States, Japan, Germany, European Union, South especially local manufacturers by 2035. It is alsoKorea and China has embarked on the race towards anticipated that hydrogen production and distributionimplementing this technology and migrating away infrastructure are available at a plausible scale andfrom fossil fuel. The major barriers which hinder the locally manufactured Fuel Cell electric vehicle shouldwidespread implementation of hydrogen economy be available at least LDVs by 2050.are the mass production of the hydrogen as well asstorage facilities. The combination of hydrogen fuel and fuel cell as energy converter should be considered as a long Malaysia currently lags behind in the implementation term viable goal in order to achieve clean and efficientof hydrogen based technology. It is unsure whether prime mover for transportation in Malaysia. Thethe government had properly weighed the potential fuel cell technology must be able to serve the light,of hydrogen technology as national agenda as it medium and heavy duty transportation sectors athas never been mentioned explicitly in the previous acceptable fuel cell efficiency. In an attempt in fullytransportation, energy or automotive policies. exploiting the existing technology, national hydrogenNonetheless, the government has played its role in fuel cell technology must be pushed to the next stagesupporting hydrogen based researches by funding it of commercialisation on which the prototype hasthrough research grants. This effort is duly recognised demonstrated feasibility in the real world environment.through the establishment of Malaysia’s first fuel cellinstitute in UKM (2006) where hydrogen fuel generation Natural gas is the main alternative fuel replacingbecame a sub-area of research for fuelling the fuel gasoline and diesel in the world as well as incell. In a more recent progress, UTM had launched a Malaysia. In the United States and North America, thededicated center for hydrogen production, namely the widespread usage of compressed natural gas (CNG)Institute of Hydrogen Economy in 2009. This form of is further expanded through the commercialisationinvestment by the government bore fruit through the of High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) technology.recent prototype launch of Malaysia’s first fuel cell This technology is capable of rectifying the problemsvehicle late last year by UKM. caused by undesirable low energy density properties of gas. This is further supported by the storage Focus on hydrogen production must be emphasised technology of natural gas namely the Liquefied Naturalespecially through non-electrolysis means. It is Gas (LNG). The LNG system had been tested on heavyenvisioned that by 2020 extensive research and duty vehicle and is found to be able to maximisedevelopment takes place within both the academic the volume of gas stored on board. However, theas well as industrial local sphere. Once such feasible cryogenic cooling system for LNGs requires additionalnon-electrolysis process is attained/materialised, space thus incurs additional cost and is currently82

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportationunable to serve as an economical alternative for the methane potential number must be further pursued.light duty vehicle sector. Malaysia as a country with vast bio-diversity is capable of producing biogas from multiple sources Malaysian universities had conducted research such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste,on HPDI system and a number of HPDI technology plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste.had been patented. Previous results from these In tandem with the National Biomass Strategy 2020,studies shows comparable engine performance to the application of biogas for transportation from palmgasoline port injection. However, the researches on oil waste must be upgraded to the commercialisationHPDI technology are still on-going and there are phase. Previous researches on Biogas conducted byno plans stated in having HPDI CNG systems to be SIRIM and other research organisations are adequatecommercialised under the Malaysian brand. Natural to further propel this technology for commercialisation.gas, hydrogen and other gaseous fuel such bio-methane are shares near similar fuelling systems. It is anticipated that by 2020 a wider distributionHence, natural gas and bio-methane for example system as well as research and development in non-are the right candidate to bridge the intermediate fossil based fuel is expedited. It is also hoped that thegap between current Malaysian scenario and fully distribution system network as well as the non-fossilhydrogen based economy. LNG possess the potential fuel sources are expanded especially with regard toto replace existing fuel (bunker oil) used in maritime the research and development of methane purificationapplication. The use of LNG would significantly reduce by 2035. Furthermore, it is envisioned that biogasmaritime emission and GHGs production. could replace conventional natural gas at least with respect to its application on HDVs prior to LDVs by Biogas or bio-methane is another viable candidate 2050.for future alternative fuel due to its renewableproduction capability. The National Biomass Strategy Energy efficient vehicles are a new segment2020 that aims at maximising the exploitation of of technology brought into Malaysia through thepalm oil product further strengthens its feasibility. National Automotive Policy 2014. The definition ofPalm oil waste can not only to produce bio-gas, but EEV provided by the NAP 2014 document includesit could also produce bioethanol and bio butanol. alternative prime mover such as the hybrid and fullyBioethanol and biobutanol are liquid biofuels which electric powertrain. We would like to propose incan replace existing gasoline and diesel fuel, whereas distinguishing EEV into two categories namely ICEbiogas in gaseous form is interchangeable with CNG based EEV and Electrified EEV. In the first proposedand hydrogen due to its compatible technology segment of EEV, the efficiency improvement mustarchitecture. Biogas in its primary form may contain be based on existing engine technology. Thevarious components of other gases with low methane efficiency gain for existing engine technology may bepercentage. Advanced purification of biogas will possibly gained through the use of advanced cleanerproduce higher fuel quality with larger percentage of propulsion technologies such as the implementationmethane. The search of biogas sources with highest of direct injection (DI) system, emission reduction 83

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportationby 3-way catalytic converter and diesel particulate must be continued to extend the transition periodfilter (DPF), as well as the improvement of existing until Malaysia’s local EV manufacturers and servicecombustion efficiencies through optimum engine providers are ready for the effective implementation ofcontrol strategy which includes the adaptation of EV related technologies. Nonetheless, the withdrawalalternative fuel. Further improvement of engine of hybrid incentives announced in the NAP 2014 hasefficiencies can be made possible through the vehicle inflicted a pronounced setback for the importers asweight reduction by means of light weight material well as the end users. The Malaysian government is(high power to weight ratio) such as boron steel which urged to review the fiscal incentives withdrawn in thecan be formed by hot press forming (HPF) as well as next budget dissemination as similarly echoed bythe reduction of vehicle aerodynamics and tyre rolling GreenTech Malaysia through its eMobility Blueprintresistance. The reduction of rolling resistance can be 2015. As hybrid technologies are quite complex andobtained by optimising materials, shape, and inflation beyond Malaysia’s technical capability owing to theof tyre. maturity state (5 to 10 years ahead) of the technology at this stage, nonetheless it is hoped that by 2035, These suggestions are in tandem with the local research and development of this technology issuggestions proposed by ETP 2014 as well as active and by 2050 this technology is readily availableresearch progress around the globe. Furthermore, by local manufacturers.the aforementioned technologies provide the lowestcost option towards in achieving the EEV requirement. The Malaysian government should capitaliseSuch technologies are not far-fetched and continuous and invest on the research as well as infrastructureresearch and development by means of Industry development to support the full electric vehicleCentre of Excellence (ICoE) at local higher education technology deployment as it is relatively new. Publicinstitutions should be sustained throughout the transport may possibly replace the numbers as well asstipulated timeline. Furthermore, in order to have a the relevancy of individual transport in the near future.more energy efficient ecosystem, an online integrated Therefore, electrification of public transport appearstraffic management system that allows and ensure to be important, nonetheless a cost benefit analysisroute optimisation should be regulated by 2020. This with respect to the outcome of such vehicles towardssystem should be a standard/compulsory feature in all the environment as a whole (well to wheel) must bevehicles. conducted. It is anticipated that by 2020 Proton Iriz EV is available on the road. It is also envisioned that The hybrid and full electric vehicle technology that more electric busses as well as charging stationsfalIs under the latter proposed category of EEVs, are erected that includes both public charging (fastformed a new vehicle chapter in Malaysia as of 2009. charge-high amps) and home charging (slow charge-The hybrid vehicle technology provides an excellent low amps) by this period. Ultimately the use of LDVtransition from internal combustion engine paradigm (pod like) akin to park and ride to cater the generaltowards full electrification of vehicle propulsion. public for last mile utilisation in order to reduceThe import of hybrid vehicles into the local market congestion should be online by 2050.84

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportation A crucial step in realising the electrification of with regards to advanced knowledge. The efforttransportation is essentially the enabling technologies taken by MAI in developing lithium-ion batteriessuch as the power electronics, electric motor and with Swinburne University of Technology should beenergy storage system. As major EV components extended, especially to local public institutions as itare imported/ outsourced from overseas, Malaysia is would further develop local expertise. MAI should alsorequired to develop local EV component technologies widen its reach to include the ICoE for alternative fuelthrough technology transfer or localisation. The generation, future fuelling technology for ICE and EVEV components are applicable for both EV and propulsion system. The inclusion of existing advancedHEV. Research and development (R&D) of such knowledge and research institutes for transportationtechnologies should be pursued initially by conducting into the mainstream industry is essential to reducetechnology scanning and transfer. This process is vital R&D cost. The Institute of Fuel Cell and Institute ofas it will provide the transition period required prior to Hydrogen Economy should be given the ICoE statusits local development. Continuous improvement on with sufficient monetary incentives due to its excellentR&D of existing technologies that has been explored track record in hydrogen and fuel cell development inin order to shift it from its lab-scale nature to pilot this country.scale and finally commercial scale. It is hoped that theidentification of viable technology to be developed Following the introduction of B5 biodiesel, theby means of technology scanning and assessment government is set to mandate the use of B7 biodieselon technologies that has yet to be locally developed which increases the percentage of palm oil biodieselcould be conducted by 2020. It is anticipated that in the blend to 7% in the first quarter of 2015 andknowledge transfer of the suitable technologies to is studying the prospects of B10 and B20 biodieselbe developed by 2035 by inviting multi-national programmes. However, the main contention is onEV components manufacturer to invest locally and whether Malaysia is capable in fulfilling the blendingthe development and assembly of the identified mandates. This is essentially due to the current maintechnologies are available locally by 2050. constituent of Malaysian palm oil mix which originates from the same source as the refined oil for processed Malaysia Automotive Institute (MAI) initiative on the food. The impending B7 and higher blendingICoE in collaboration with the Ministry of Education mandates will surely increase the amount of palm oilis an excellent move towards the localisation of mix usage and may pose as a threat for food security.EEV technologies. Existing automotive related ICoEsuch as the Miyazu-UMP ICoE on hot press forming Therefore, the most viable option in balancing the(HPF) technology, Sapura-UMP on suspension and transportation energy requirements is the use of palmdynamic test system, and PHN-UMP on Tailor Welded oil waste as biomass energy source which is usedBlank (TWB) technology are exemplars of successful to produce biogas or bio-methane. However, purecooperation made so far. The major outcome of such biogas cannot be used directly in engines, owing toinitiatives not only focuses on technology transfer its corrosive nature due to the existence of hydrogenbut moreover, it benefits human capital development sulphide, CO2 and water. Further purification process 85

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportationis required in order to harness usable fuel (methane). benefits the rail sector as most of railway trains areThe main concern on the utilisation of biogas, is in its still utilising diesel engine. In recent developments,viability for large scale production which inherently electrified aircraft (through solar with batteries orinvolves high cost. Local research should look into the dedicated batteries) have made ways as an alternativeeffective generation of biogas through feedstock that means of propulsion system for light aircrafts. Carbonpossess the highest methane potential number. emissions at airports could be significantly reduced by aircrafts utilising hybrid electric power whilst on In the aviation sector, most of the propulsion fuel the ground as demonstrated by El Al. The reductionutilises kerosene or aviation fuel. Turbo jet engine of emissions could further be reduced by electrifyingis considered as one of the most highly efficient ground support vehicles. The same principle couldenergy converter. Nonetheless, the dependency on also be applied to the maritime sector at ports, asfossil oil reduction as a whole, will require the use demonstrated by Port of Tanjung Pelepas which is inof alternative fuel. The use of gaseous fuel in liquid the process of electrifying all of its rubber tyred gantryform (for example LNG and Liquid H2) appears to be (RTG) cranes.a bright option. The properties of gas eliminates thepredicament arise in vaporising the fuel and mixture The recommendations/action plans together with thepreparation. The technology of liquefied gaseous also expected implementation timeline are as follow:PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION 2020 STRATEGIES 2050PLANS 2035Hydrogen and Fuel Cell XR&D on hydrogen production.(non –electrolysis)Feasible non-electrolysis processes may Xbe materialised, that in turn drives fuel celldevelopment (from automobile manufacturers)Transfer of technology on the application vehicle XHydrogen production and distribution Xinfrastructure are available at a plausible scale.Locally manufactured Fuel Cell vehicle should Xbe available. Application on LDV.86

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationNatural Gas & Bio-Methane/ Biogas XWider distribution system – to cater the storage Xissues.R&D in non-fossil basedExpanded network, non- fossil fuel sources Xshould be expanded XR&D in methane purificationApplication on HDVs and further perhaps Xexpanded to LDVs XReplace conventional NG to biogas/syngas.Electrification of Vehicles StatusIriz.EV may take off X XMore electric busses should be available – caterpublic transportationRegulating of online monitoring system as Xstandard/ compulsory vehicle requirementHybrid R&D X XHybrid should take off XAutonomous pod like on tracks (long term),crash free – safety aspects, electrified, efficient Xdue to light weightUltimately the use of LDV akin to park and rideto cater the general public (pod like) – last mileutilisation –reduce congestion 87

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationKey Enabling Technologies X X XThe identification of viable technology to be X Xdeveloped by means of technology scanning X Xand assessment on technologies that has yet to X Xbe locally developed XKnowledge transfer of the suitable technologiesto be developedMulti-national EV components manufacturershould be invited to invest locally.Local development and assembly of theidentified technologiesEnergy Efficient Vehicles (Conventional ICE)The efficiency gain for existing enginetechnology may be possibly gained throughthe use of advanced cleaner propulsiontechnologies such as the implementationof direct injection (DI) system, emissionreduction by 3-way catalytic converter anddiesel particulate filter (DPF), as well as theimprovement of existing combustion efficienciesthrough optimum engine control strategy whichincludes the adaptation of alternative fuel.To increase the number of ICOE88





Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationSummary and Conclusion5.1 Summary development, supported by well-developed and accessible public transportation networks, to ensureThis report has identified the various environmental sustainable city development. To ensure continualimpacts asserted by the transportation sector, making development and improvement of the transportationit clear that proper strategies are necessary to keep system in Malaysia, the master plan should pave wayour nation growing without adversely affecting the for the establishment of Transport Research Centrenature. Based on the outcomes from two stakeholder as well. Various push and pull factors, includingworkshops, these strategies are divided into two incentivising and improving the efficiency of publicaspects, namely policy (Chapter 3) and technology transports, implementing road zoning or congestion(Chapter 4). By looking at the current policy and charging for city areas, enforcing end of life policytechnology status, both from global and local for vehicles, etc., will encourage the use of publicperspectives, corresponding action plans have been transports over private transports.recommended and documented in this report. Nevertheless, it is of paramount importance to In terms of Policy, this report identified the needs to ensure that sufficient pull factors, particularly efficientestablish a Transport Master Plan that covers land, air and affordable public transport system, are already inand water transportations. The Transport Master Plan place before the push factors can be introduced. Fromshould concentrate on the concepts of transit oriented the stakeholder workshops, two important trends for future transportation systems have been identified, 91

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportationnamely electric vehicles (EV) and Internet of Vehicles development of biodiesel, through the existing B5 and(IoV). In light of this, this report recommends the B7 biodiesel program, can be extended. However,government and automotive industry to look into these attention is raised on the importance to ensure thatareas, and start developing suitable policies to pave the development of bio-fuel does not affect foodway for the development of EV and IoV. In particular, production and food security of our nation. Throughthe Electric Vehicle Policy needs to consider not only this report, the stakeholders have highlighted theirthe electric vehicle itself, but also to take into account interest on hydrogen based fuel and its relatedsource of power to the end-of-life management. As the technology, as it is considered the cleanest solutionuse of EVs will increase the electricity consumption, for stringent emission legislation in transportation. Theit is important to ensure sufficient infrastructure implementation of hydrogen based technology is stilldevelopments to support the industry. Furthermore, if considered lagging in Malaysia, with activities mainlythis rise of electricity demand is met by building more confined within universities, such as in UKM (fuelfossil fuel based generation plants, the purpose of cell development), UTM (hydrogen production) andusing EV for carbon emission reduction will be lost. UMPEDAC from UM (power electronics converter for fuel cells). Support should be given to conduct more Hence, there is a need to increase electricity R&D the technology to bring it to real applications ingeneration from renewable sources to accommodate Malaysia.for the rise in energy demand caused by EVs.Apart from these, this report recommended the For electric vehicle technology, this report hasimplementation of vehicle taxes and incentive to identified the need to develop local expertise on EVencourage the use of energy efficient transport. components, such as power electronics, electricMandatory energy usage and fuel labelling schemes motors and energy storage systems, via technologyfor vehicles are suggested as well, as a move to transfer or localisation. The stakeholders haveincrease awareness on energy usage and energy recognised that the MOE and MAI’s initiatives onefficiency in transportation. ICoE, such as Miyazu-UMP ICoE (hot press forming technology), Sapura-UMP (suspension and dynamic In terms of Technology, this report called for the test system) and PHN-UMP (Tailor Welded Blankdiversification of energy sources and the increase technology), are beneficial to the localisation ofof energy efficiency in transportation sector. Natural transportation technology. It is recommended thatgas, particularly compressed natural gas (CNG) and similar effort can be extended to Swinburne Universityliquefied natural gas (LNG), is a potential option of Technology (lithium-ion battery development),as a substitute to gasoline and diesel. As a more Institute of Fuel Cell from UKM (fuel cell development),sustainable source of fuel, the use of biogas as an UMPEDAC from University of Malaya (poweralternative fuel for vehicles is highly favourable. electronics and energy management system), InstituteNevertheless, further developments on the biogas, of Hydrogen Economy from UTM and etc.such as to increase its methane percentage andbring it to commercial level, are necessary. The92

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in Transportation5.2 ConclusionTransportation is the backbone of a nation’sgrowth and hence demand due attention from allstakeholders. Based on the findings in this report, it isclear that transportation takes up a significant chunkof the world’s as well as our nation’s energy usage.Given the rate of population increase in Malaysia,it is easy to see that the energy consumed by thetransportation sector is riding on a rising tide. It is thusa timely effort to sit back and review the energy usageand energy efficiency in the transportation sector,and propose corresponding strategies and mitigationplans. It is anticipated that the transportation will evolvefrom the currently fossil-fuel-based transports to amix of fossil-fuel-based and non-fossil-fuel-basedtransport, then eventually to full electric vehicles.Transports will also transform from being user-drivento fully autonomous and interconnected as Internet ofVehicles. Malaysia should be well prepared to thesedevelopments by adopting relevant policies anddeveloping new technologies. It is hoped that this report will provide a clearpicture on the energy usage and energy efficiency intransportation sector, and serve as a guideline for therelevant stakeholders to act upon. As a concludingremark, it is worth noting that there will be no use for afirst class policy and technology blueprint, if there theyare not supported by first class implementation andmonitoring actions. 93



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Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationAppendixThe recommendations given in this report have been To ease the recommendations into executable actionsopinions of the participants from the two stakeholder by the stakeholders, the task force has disseminatedworkshops. The workshops were structured so that the information and restructured the recommendationsthe recommendations were specific to the topics of to be stakeholder-specific. The results are given in thediscussions (namely Policy and Technology), rather following table:than being stakeholder-oriented.STAKEHOLDERS PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION PLANS STRATEGIES 2020 2035 2050Transportation related Policy xgovernment agencies(MOT, SPAD, JPJ, • Integrated Transport Master Plan to address development of xMAI, etc.) transportation system in Malaysia in a holistic manner. x • Action plans for implementing and monitoring the (existing and x upcoming) policies. x • Internet of Vehicle (IoV) Policy. x • Electric Vehicle Policy. x x • Malaysia should proceed with its own pace for higher emission standard, on par with Europe and USA standards. x • Continue development of biofuel as a source of energy for xxx transportation. 99 • Implement mandatory energy usage and fuel efficiency labelling for vehicles. Corresponding enforcement policy should be outlined. Technology • Electrification of vehicles - More electric busses should be available - cater public transportation. - Regulating of online monitoring system as standard/ compulsory vehicle requirement. - Ultimately the use of LDV akin to park and ride to cater the general public (pod like) – last mile utilisation – reduce congestion. • Energy efficient vehicles (conventional ICE) - To increase the number of ICOE

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationSTAKEHOLDERS PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION PLANS STRATEGIES 2020 2035 2050Finance related Policy xgovernment agencies x(MOF, MITI, EPU etc.) • Integrated Transport Master Plan to address development of xEnergy related transportation system in Malaysia in a holistic manner xgovernment agencies& Utility • Action plans for implementing and monitoring the (existing and x(KeTTHA, TNB, SEB, upcoming) policies xSESB, etc.) • Tax and incentive policy to phase out energy inefficient vehicles x x • Implement mandatory energy usage and fuel efficiency labelling for vehicles. Corresponding enforcement policy should be x outlined. x x Technology x x • Key enabling technologies x - Knowledge transfer of the suitable technologies to be developed x - Multi-national EV components manufacturer should be invited to invest locally x • Energy efficient vehicles (conventional ICE) x - To increase the number of ICOE Policy • Integrated Transport Master Plan to address development of transportation system in Malaysia in a holistic manner. • Action plans for implementing and monitoring the (existing and upcoming) policies. • Malaysia should proceed with its own pace for higher emission standard, on par with Europe and USA standards. • Continue development of biofuel as a source of energy for transportation. Technology • Hydrogen and fuel cell - Hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure are available at a plausible scale. - Natural gas & bio-methane/ biogas - Wider distribution system – to cater storage issues - Expanded network, non-fossil fuel sources should be expanded100

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationSTAKEHOLDERS PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION PLANS STRATEGIES 2020 2035 2050Research and Policy xinnovation related • Integrated Transport Master Plan to address developmentgovernment agenciesand universities of transportation system in Malaysia in a holistic manner –(MOE, MOHE, MOSTI, establishment of Transport Research Centre.MAI, etc.) • Internet of Vehicles (IoV) x • Electric Vehicle Policy x Technology x • Hydrogen and fuel cell x - R&D on hydrogen production - Transfer of technology on vehicle application x • Natural gas & bio-methane/ biogas x - R&D n non fossil based x - R&D in methane purification x • Electrification of vehicles xx - Hybrid R&D xxx • Key enabling technologies - The identification of viable technology to be developed by means of technology scanning and assessment of technologies that has yet to be locally developed - Knowledge transfer of the suitable technologies to be developed • Energy efficient vehicles (conventional ICE) - The efficiency gain for existing engine technology may be possibly gained through the use of advanced cleaner propulsion technologies such as the implementation of direct injection (DI) system, emission reduction by 3-way catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter (DPF), as well as the improvement of existing combustion efficiencies through optimum engine control strategy which includes the adaptation of alternative fuel. 101

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationSTAKEHOLDERS PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION PLANS STRATEGIES 2020 2035 2050Automotive industry Policy x(Proton, Perodua, etc) • Integrated Transport Master Plan to address development of transportation system in Malaysia in a holistic manner – x establishment of Transport Research Centre. x • Internet of Vehicles (IoV) x x • Electric Vehicle Policy x Technology x • Hydrogen and fuel cell xx - Transfer of technology on vehicle application. x - Hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure are available at a plausible scale. x - Locally manufactured fuel cell vehicle should be available. x Application on LDV. • Natural gas & bio-methane/ biogas - Wider distribution system – to cater storage issues - Expanded network, non-fossil fuel sources should be expanded - Application on HDVs and further perhaps expanded to LDVs - Replace conventional NG to biogas/syngas • Electrification of vehicles - Iriz EV may take off. - More electric busses should be available – cater public transportation. - Regulating of online monitoring system as standard/ compulsory vehicle requirement. - Hybrid should take off. - Autonomous pod like on track (long term), crash free – safety aspects, electrified, efficient due to light weight. - Ultimately the use of LDV akin to park and ride to cater the general public (pod like) – last mile utilisation – reduce congestion.102

Advisory Report on Energy Usage and Energy Efficiency in TransportationSTAKEHOLDERS PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION PLANS STRATEGIES • Key enabling technologies 2020 2035 2050 - Knowledge transfer of the suitable technologies to be x x developed. x x - Multi-national EV components manufacturer should be x x x invited to invest locally. x x - Local development and assembly of the identified x technologies. • Energy efficient vehicles (conventional ICE) - To increase the number of ICOE. 103





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