Mega Science 1.0: Sustaining Malaysia's Future Water

Recommendations:  To take up proactive adaptive management approach by:  Vulnerability assessment of water infrastructure  Increased oversight, inspection and regulation of infrastructure during operation and maintenance  Life cycle management of aging infrastructure  Development of forecasting methods for implementation of improved ‗soft measures‘ in water management, such as better reservoir and emergency operations  Strengthen emergency management and preparedness plans for managing risks associated with extreme  Risk based planning and design of new infrastructure to account for climate uncertainties  Development of new generation of risk-based design standards for infrastructure responding to extreme events.  The focus of climate studies must begin to shift from generic global information to local, particularly river basin (sub-basin) level to understand impacts and assessments of more focused adaptation and response options. Climate models cannot replicate droughts and the inherent persistence in those phenomena. Drought Early Warning is essential, especially for the large regions of rainfed agriculture. Flood and drought preparedness, warning and response planning are the essential elements of adaptive management. Floods serve as important water resource and enhance various environmental services. They need to be managed in a manner that addresses the vulnerability of the societies through robust policies such as Integrated Flood Management with appropriate emphasis on both soft and hard solutions at various stages of the risk management cycle, including residual risks. Continued operation of long-term monitoring networks and improved sensors deployed in space, in the atmosphere, in the oceans and on the Earth‘s surface are essential for understanding the current climate variability, hydrologic trend analysis, quantifying climate change and its impacts, improvements inMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 133

Summary of STI the accuracy of forecasting method. The effectiveness of adaptation strategiesObjectives and actions require continuous feedback and adjustments based on the information provided by monitoring networks.  To provide up to date projections to improve resilience with uncertain climate in the future Short terms:  Invest in current climate modelsScience, Technology and Medium terms:Innovation  Apply climate change projection to coastal area at risk around Malaysian coastline.Key Area Long terms:  Application of latest management technology based on science adaption of slow moving climate change and extreme events.  Improve climate projection for Malaysia using models and to evaluate catchment and coastal risk assesmentMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 134

Investment RoadmapSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Invest in Apply climate Couple climate Science-based Re-assess climate acquiring leading change forecasts to adaption strategies projections with latestEnablers international projections to hydrological and that cater for slow quantum computing climate science the coastal assets hydraulic models moving climate models and betterOutcomes and modelling to at risk around with better change and extreme knowledge of global provide up-to- the whole computing power events such as heat response to reducing date projections coastline of to provide wave impacts on greenhouse gas for Malaysia, Malaysia, integrated sensitive thermal emissions and whilst training up completing a catchment by tolerances of aquatic incorporate across local scientists risk assessment catchment risk tropical species, sea integrated e-planning for ongoing that takes into assessments. defences against systems. applications. account sea- rising sea levels, level rise, storm Use rapidly dam splillway Quantum computing, Access to world surges, changing increasing design for new flood e-planning class climate ocean computer power risks, and refined science and temperatures (e.g. Optical logging practices to Planning systems modelling and acidity, and computing) to minimise risk of support reduced long expertise. Recent tropical storms apply next landslides. term impacts of Malaysian and cyclones. generation of Climate Change climate science climate models Well developed graduates/PhDs Robust climate that couple with emergency plans and modellers. change land surface and well considered projections processes and feed adaptations at Improved climate combined with into hydrological regional and local projections for the best local and hydraulic levels. Strong Malaysia knowledge of models. support from covering coastal Detailed provinces and local temperature, processes and assessments of utilities. precipitation and competent risk climate change evaporation, with assessment. risks arising from Improved triple best estimates of increasing bottom line extreme events Coastal temperature and resilience through risks to water vulnerability evapotranspiration carefully planned resources and assessment , changing rainfall adaptations and dependent completed for all patterns, changing emergency response communities, coastal regions soil moisture, guidelines. industries and of Malaysia altering flow environments including local regimes and communities, extreme events coast-based such as heat industries and waves, forest fires, coastal storms, cyclones, ecosystems such and droughts. as mangroves and estuaries.Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 135

7. CONCLUDING REMARKSThis project was undertaken through a close and beneficial collaboration between the University ofTechnology Malaysia (UTM) and Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) under close guidance of the Academyof Science Malaysia (ASM) and input from relevant stakeholders.The output from the project has been the identification of twenty Science Technology and Innovation(STI) opportunities to enhance Malaysia‘s sustainable development in social, cultural, environmentaland economic terms over the 201102050 period. The project team has used a logical and systematicapproach and qualitative methods to reach and support its findings. The results have been tested on awide-ranging Stakeholder Group.Readers of this report should be aware of several caveats when considering the findings:  This assessment is strategic in nature and additional more detailed assessments, including benefit-cost analyses, should be conducted prior to investment  The prioritisation of the twenty STI opportunities has been based on a Risk-Return paradigm. The Malaysian government may well have other reasons for according higher priority to specific opportunities, for example to meet social objectives  Some of the opportunities that have a high return but a high risk are ranked lower when both return and risk are taken into account. High return - low risk projects may be taken up or partially supported (e.g. in a joint venture) by the private sector, whereas the high return – high risk opportunities may attract greater attention from government which is willing to invest (e.g. in research and development) to reduce the risk.  The assessments conducted in this project have relied heavily on the extensive knowledge and judgment of the project team members and priorities may need to be modified when other perspectives or more detailed analyses are included  The results of this report reflect a snapshot in time. Any strategic assessment of priorities should be regularly updated, at least every five years (and more often in fast-moving sectors)  A future timeframe of 40 years in a very long time in today‘s accelerating technological world. This means that the further one looks into the future, the greater the uncertainty is for STI investment and planning. However this should not be a barrier to investment, but rather a call to awareness to maximise flexibility, agility and adaptability when navigating towards a longer tern vision.Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 136

AppendixAPPENDIX 1: Opportunities Long List Sector Opportunity for sustaining economic development 2011-2050Agriculture - Water wastage from open channel leakage can be dramaticallyirrigated reduced, providing significant long term cost savings. Manage irrigation supply during droughtForestryFisheries On-farm water use efficiency (distribution and application) can be improved , providing significant long term cost savingsEnergy & mining Water can be supplied to farms with quality matched to cropsTourism & grown, avoiding unnecessary expensive treatment costs (e.g. reusedevelopment of treated wastewater) Irrigation return flows impact on water quality (agrochemicals) and ecosystem services, leaving water available to other uses and users Water yield can be actively managed through forestry and silviculture Erosion/ sediments impact on water quality and ecosystem services can be reduced Can reduce impacts of aquaculture on water quality and ecosystem services, leaving water available to other uses and users Can reduce probability of alien fish species release from aquaculture and other sources into native ecosystems. Increasing export of seafood products Water is a major future renewable energy source via hydroelectricity and micro-hydro, geothermal, wave, tidal and bioenergy Solar energy to run smart water systems Reduce energy use in pumping, piping and desalination Rehabilitate old mining ponds and wetlands Develop urban tourist water options (river walks, lakes, parks, features) and waterfront development Clean-up and rehabilitate waterways in highly visible locations to improve aesthetics and ecological functioning Develop eco-tourism around high ecological value sitesEcosystem services Design tourism development to withstand climate change eg coastal resorts Community (including decision-makers, planners, politicians) values ecosystem services for Malaysia Dams & river infrastructure can be designed with the capacity to release environmental flows to meet the needs of fish and other species Work out where it is more cost-effective to repair ecosystem services (e.g. improve catchment management) than treat waterMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 137

Sector Opportunity for sustaining economic development 2011-2050Urban/ domestic Identify options for multi-service provision (multi-use)Health Improve ecosystem protection from point and non-point pollutionEducation Payments for Environmental Services (PES) or incentives Create water market value for tangible and intangible goods byWater policy regulation and offset schemesmanagement Ecosystem services conservation programsresource Ecosystem services knowledge packaged for ease of use by keyassessment stakeholders, policymakers, and business decision makers Development of non-traditional water sourcessupply Pay-for-use water tariffs to encourage efficient water use Introduction of water conservation technologies Advanced water and wastewater treatment to meet new WQ standards and regulations Zero waste Polluter pays principle & pollution trading Management of sullage and leachates Increase tap water supply (or safe alternative) to 100% of population Increase water supply treatment to meet drinking water quality standards for 100% of population Awareness campaigns to reduce mosquito borne disease vectors Market & export high quality water Malaysian brand for domestic water purification unit Assistance in implementing better water practice (domestic and industry) World leader in tropical aquatic ecosystem research, management and education Reform water education approach Improve public participation in decision-making Export knowledge products Groundwater resources can be fully assessed and more effectively utilised Hydroclimatic monitoring system could be expanded/intensified Real-time monitoring capacity could be expanded National water data management protocols for improved assessment and reporting Better public access to water information and data Surface groundwater interactions assessment Surface/groundwater plus other sources conjunctive use schemes assessedMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 138

Sector Opportunity for sustaining economic development 2011-2050water sharing Sustainable diversion limits (SDL) assessmentwater quality Water quality monitoring could be expanded for additional parameters including pesticides and EDCswater tools New generation water resource models could be adopted Improved climate and hydro climate prediction modelswater Single and multi-dam design, use, impact and EIAsinfrastructure Water asset management - infrastructure Smart water gridsFlood control Improve flood forecasting and mitigationwater environment Asset-based ecosystem managementwater treatment Better understanding of forest and ecosystem interactionswater policy Site specific management plans to maintain values at icon siteswater planning Wastewater ‗fit-for-purpose‘ treatment technologies Low footprint (green) technologieswater markets- Legislation to protect water supply catchments and high valuetrading ecosystemswater systemsClimate change Water supply planning to improve resilience with uncertain climateresponse future Catchment water sharing plans (describes how the water resources are to be shared amongst different consumptive users and the environment) Water markets and trading IWRM systems thinking and systems methods and optimisation Salt water intrusionMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 139

Appendix 2: Stakeholder Workshop Attendees`MEGA-SCIENCE FRAMEWORK STUDY FOR SUSTAINED NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (2011-2050) - WATER SECTOR' WORKSHOP FOR STAKEHOLDERS (1ST JULY 2010) PARTICIPANTSNo Name Position Org.1 HJ. ISHAK SAMSUDDIN JPS , PETALING2 HJ. AZMI MD. JAFRI JURUTERA DAERAH JPS3 HJ. MD. KHAIRI SELAMAT TIMBALAN PENGARAH , BAH. PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR JPS4 EN. TAN TEOW SOON HIDROLOGI TIMBALAN PENGARAH, BAH. JPS5 EN. YUSNAN ABD RANI KORPORAT , JAB LAUT SEM6 EN. MOHD. ARMA NORAMIN TIMBALAN PENGARAH , BAH . MALAYSIA ABD . RASHID PENGURUSAN LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN ZON PANTAI JAB LAUT SEM PEGAWAI LAUT MALAYSIA PEGAWAI LAUT7 PROF. MADYA DR. WAN TIMBALAN DEKAN (SISWAZAH, UPM NOR AZMIN SULAIMAN PENYELIDIKAN & PEMBANGUNAN) UPM8 DR. AHMAD ZAHARIN ARTS PENSYARAH KANAN UPM PENSYARAH9 PROF. MADYA DR. INDAH WATER MOHAMAD PAUZI PENGURUS BESAR KONSORTIUM S/B ZAKARIA PENGURUS INDAH WATER10 IR . HJ. MOHAMED HANIFFA HJ KONSORTIUM S/B ABD HAMID PEGAWAI PENYELIDIK PEGAWAI PENYELIDIK NAHRIM11 CIK LIM PEK BOON DP NAHRIM PENGARAH EKSEKUTIF (BAH . KPDNKK12 EN. KHAIRUL ANAM MUSA ® KAWALSELIA PEMBETUNGAN) MAHMUD SPAN13 EN. NOOR AZME OMAR14 DEVENDRAN RAJANGAM15 EN. MOHD. RIDHUAN SPAN ISMAILMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 140

No Name Position Org.16 EN. MARZUKI MOHAMMAD. PAN PENGARAH (BAH17 IR. JASENI MAIDINSA PENYELIDIKAN, PERBADANAN PEMBANGUNAN & BEKALAN AIR INDUSTRI) P . PINANG S / B PENGURUSAN PENGURUS BESAR ASET AIR BERHAD PENGURUSAN18 EN. MOHD. FAUZI OMAR PENGURUS ASET AIR BERHAD19 EN. ZAMRI HASSAN PENGURUS MARDI GLOBAL ENVMNT20 PN. KHASIFAH MUHAMAD PEGAWAI PENYELIDIK21 DR. KALITHASAN RIVER CARE COORDINATOR CENTRE HSS INTEGRATED22 IR. ABD AZIZ ABAS KETUA JURUTERA S/B23 EN. ISHAMUDDIN MUSTAPHA EKSEKUTIF SAJ HOLDINGS SAJ HOLDINGS24 HJH. AZLIN HJ. SELAMAT EKSEKUTIF NRE25 CIK INA TISHA MERICAN.DIN PENOLONG S/U , BAH MERICAN PENGURUSAN JMG BIODIVERSITI DAN JMG PERHUTANAN WWF MALAYSIA ASIA WATER &26 EN. MOHD. BADZRAN MAT TAIB KETUA PENOLONG ENVIRONMENT SIB GRUNDFOS PUMPS27 PN. HABIBAH TAHIR PEGAWAI KAJIBUMI KANAN S/B LESTARI28 CIK DARIA MATHEW KOORDINATOR TEKNIKAL ASM29 EN. SAW HIN SEANG PERUNDING TEKNIKAL UPM30 EN. DAVID TAN TEONG CHYE MANAGER MITI31 EN. MD. ABDULLAH ABRAHAM GRADUATE RESEARCH HOSSAIN ASSISTANT32 CIK LAVANYA RAMA IYER PROJECT LEADER,33 DATO' DR. HASHIM AGRICULTURE SECTOR MEMBER, AGRICULTURE ABDUL WAHAB SECTOR34 DR. MOHAMED ARIFF OMAR PEG TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT35 PN. ISMAHANI ISHAKMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 141

No Name Position Org. SIME DARBY36 IR.DR. AZUHAN MOHAMED KETUA PEGAWAI EKSEKUTIF37 DATO‘ TEO YEN HWA CEO SPAN INTAN38 ROZITTA SULAIMAN SENIOR PROGRAMME COORDINATOR ASM39 ACADEMICIAN TAN SRI DATO‘ SENIOR FELLOW ASM IR. HJ. SHAHRIZAILA ABDULLAH ASM40 ACADEMICIAN TAN SRI DATO SENIOR FELLOW ASM DR. AHMAD MUSTAFFA BABIEE MBPJ41 DR. AHMAD IBRAHIM FELLOW KPDNKK42 PROFESSOR EMERITUS DATO‘ FELLOWWIRA IR. DR. MOHAMMAD NOORHJ. SALLEH43 IR AHMADF RASLAN SENIOR ENGINEER44 DEVENDRAN RAJALINGAM DPMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 142

APPENDIX 3: List of tableTable 1: Creating New Wealth Opportunities (2011-2050)Opportunity Primary economic MarketsEco-tourism around high ecological sectorvalue sites Tourism Domestic, regional and globalUrban water-based tourism Tourism Domestic, regional and globalMarket and export high quality water Water Regional and globalClean water for aquaculture Industry Fisheries Domestic, regional and globalMalaysian brand for domestic water Water Domestic, regional and globalpurification unit Domestic, regional and globalWorld leading tropical aquatic Educationresearch and education Regional and global Education DomesticKnowledge export Water Domestic Water DomesticTapping urban water WastewaterRainwater harvestingZero pollutant dischargeMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 143

Table 2: Opportunities for Sustaining the ResourceOpportunity Primary economic MarketsExploit groundwater further as a sectorresource and drought protection Water DomesticImprove flood forecasting and Water Domesticmitigation Domestic Education DomesticReform Water Education System inPrimary, Secondary and Tertiary Water/Sectors and Wider Public environmentImprove ecosystem protection frompoint and non-point pollutionClean-up and rehabilitate waterways Urban/water Domestic/regional/globalin highly visible locations to improve Agriculture Domesticaesthetics and ecological functioningIrrigation water use efficiencyCommunity (including decision- Water/ Domesticmakers, planners, and politicians) environmentvalues ecosystem services forMalaysia Water/wastewater DomesticAdvanced water and wastewatertreatment Water/ Domestic environment DomesticWetland ecosystem repair WaterWater management planning toimprove resilience with uncertainclimate futureTable 3: Malaysia’s domestic competitive advantages by industry sector Industry sector Competitive advantagesAgriculture  Large reliable water resourceEnergy  Government R&D priority in agricultural sector  Strong manufacturing baseTourism  Commercial development pathway  Increasing service sectorForestry  High quality natural assets  Tourist friendly  Multicultural  Tropical forest  Rubber wood as alternative to forest timber  Sustainable forest management  Reforestation program in placeMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 144

Industry sector  Competitive advantagesFisheries  Growing ornamental fish industry for domestic and export marketEcosystem services   Tropical climate with high rainfallsUrban  Rain-forest as major eco-tourismHealth  Diversity in forest plants and herbs of medicinal valueEducation  Government support and policy on eco-tourism  Prowess in urban designWater management   Already met Millennium Development Goals  Strong interest in S&T education High quality water education institutions Abundance of fresh water Water management expertiseTable 4: Role of water STI in increasing sector economic performance Industry sector  Water economic stimulusAgriculture   Increase crop for the drop (productivity)  Improve water use efficiency (WUE)  Reduce pollution downstream  Sustainable extraction limits Water-less rice productionEnergy  Multi-disciplinary approach of agriculture water saving for sustainabilityTourism  in economic, social and ecological aspectsForestry  Improve hydro energy provisionFisheries  Supply water fit-for-purposeEcosystem services  Manage waste stream  Identify sites for eco-tourism and general tourismUrban  Protect sites for their natural values  Design appropriate development and accessHealth  Ensure best practice in catchmentsEducation  Forest protection and rehabilitation Growing stock change  Fresh water and marine fish farming   Identify and describe ecosystem services  Protect or enhance these services  Educate population  Ecosystem restoration  Aquatic plant management  Urban water design  Lakes and pond rehabilitation  Channel to soft engineering  Quality of wastewater discharge  Stormwater management  Flood management  Meet MDGs  Reduce water-borne diseases  Meet or exceed water quality health standards  Reduce flood risks  Educating overseas students Increasing quality/capacity of Malaysian water science and technology Cultural change in water useMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 145

Industry sector  Water economic stimulusWater management   Ecosystem approach of water resources management  Regular water quality monitoring program A centralised agency responsible for water resource management Improve the industrial discharges standardsTable 5: Potential enablers that may be required to achieve STI outcomes Enabler CommentVisioning A grand statement like ‗we‘ll land man on the moon in 10 years‘Policy Highest level of government actionLegislation and regulation Follows setting of clear policiesStandards and guidelines Specifies minimum requirements or in some cases ‗best practice‘Administration Processes and means for implementing policies or legislationGovernance Specifies roles, responsibilities and decision-making rulesInstitutional arrangements Specifies roles and responsibilities of agencies which have carriage of taskPrograms and/or projects Provides the framework for specifying outcomes, targets, resources, ongoing monitoring and evaluation, reporting requirements etcPlanning requirements Meet planning requirements for example of local governmentFunding May be government, private, philanthropic, in-kind etcPublic-private partnerships PPPs can be designed with different levels/roles of ‗partnership‘Private sector Private sector investment for commercial outcomesPhilanthropy or corporate Suitable for some parts of the private sector and may attract taxsocial responsibility (CSR) benefitsIncentives Range of potential government incentivesKnowledge and capacity Specific programs designed to build a suitable workforce in a shortbuilding timeframeExpertise, skills Specialist expertise is required in most major projectsSuitable technologies Soft engineering, high tech treatment etcResearch and development Address knowledge gaps or novel situationsEx-ante cost-benefit Important part of establishing the business case and maximisingevaluation multiple benefits from a single investmentMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 146

Enabler CommentCommunity participation Projects that require community consultation, learning or assistanceTable 6: Risk-Return Assessment for Opportunities for Creating New Wealth Opportunity Return Risk Combined risk- return & rankEco-tourism around high ecological value 8 2.7sites 117Urban water-based tourism 8.4 3.5Market and export high quality water 8.1 3.3 113Clean water for aquaculture Industry 7.4 2.8 111Malaysian brand for domestic water 6.9 2.5 107purification unit 104World leading tropical aquatic research and 7.4 3.2education 101Knowledge export 7.4 3.3Tapping urban water 7.7 4.2 100Rainwater harvesting 7.4 4.3 93Zero pollutant discharge 6.8 6.2 87 61Table 7: Risk-Return Assessment for Opportunities for Sustaining the Resource Opportunity Return Risk Combined risk- 7.7 2.3 return & rankExploit groundwater further as a resource and 7.7 2.3drought protection 8 3.8 119Improve flood forecasting and mitigationReform Water Education System in Primary, 7.9 4 119Secondary and Tertiary Sectors and Wider 7 3.5 102PublicImprove ecosystem protection from point and 5.7 3.2 98non-point pollution 5.8 3.8Clean-up and rehabilitate waterways in 91highly visible locations to improve aesthetics 6.3 4.7and ecological functioning 6.2 4.8 79Irrigation water use efficiency 6.2 5.2 72Community (including decision-makers,planners, and politicians) values ecosystem 68services for Malaysia 65Advanced water and wastewater treatment 62Wetland ecosystem repairWater management planning to improveresilience with uncertain climate futureMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 147

Table 8: Return-risk Analysis for Eco-tourism Around High Ecological Value SitesReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 3Market potential/ROI 0.3 8 STI skills and capacity 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 8 Holistically robust 0.17 3restore ecosystemshealth Political/institutional 0.17 3 barriersCompetitive Ecological damage 0.17 2advantage Adoptability 0.17 2 8 Total risk scores 2.7Total return scoresTable 9: Return-risk Analysis for Urban Water-Based TourismReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 9 0.17 3Market potential/ROI 0.3 9 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 STI skills andrestore ecosystems capacityhealth 7 Holistically robust 0.17 4Competitiveadvantage 0.17 2Total return scores Political/institutional 0.17 5 barriers 0.17 4 Ecological damage 3.5 Adoptability 8.4 Total risk scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 148

Table 10: Return-risk Analysis for Market and Export of High Quality WaterReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 9 Technical barriers 0.17 4Market potential/ROI 0.3 8 STI skills and capacity 0.17 4Potential to protect or 0.3 7 Holistically robust 0.17 5restore ecosystemshealth Political/institutional 0.17 3 barriersCompetitive Ecological damage 0.17 2advantage Adoptability 0.17 2 8.1 Total risk scores 3.3Total return scoresTable 11: Return-risk Analysis for Clean Water for Aquaculture IndustryReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 3Market potential/ROI 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 2restore ecosystems capacityhealth 4Competitive 0.3 6 Holistically robust 0.17 2advantage 3 2.8 Political/institutional 0.17 barriers Ecological damage 0.17 Adoptability 0.17Total return scores 7.4 Total risk scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 149

Table 12: Return-risk Analysis for Malaysian Brand Domestic Water Purification UnitReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 9 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 7 STI skills and 0.17 3restore ecosystems capacityhealthCompetitive 0.3 4 Holistically robust 0.17 2advantage Political/institutional 0.17 2 barriers Ecological damage 0.17 2 Adoptability 0.17 3Total return scores 6.9 Total risk scores 2.5Table 13: Return-risk Analysis for World Leading Tropical Aquatic Research & EducationReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 7 STI skills and 0.17 4restore ecosystems capacityhealthCompetitive 0.3 7 Holistically robust 0.17 5advantage Political/institutional 0.17 3 barriers Ecological damage 0.17 2 Adoptability 0.17 2Total return scores 7.4 Total risk scores 3.2Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 150

Table 14: Return-risk Analysis for Knowledge ExportReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 5Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 4restore ecosystems 8 capacityhealth 0.3 0.17 4Competitive 7.4 Holistically robustadvantage 0.17 3 Political/institutional barriers 0.17 1 Ecological damage 0.17 3 Adoptability 3.3Total return scores Total risk scoresTable 15: Return-risk Analysis for Tapping Urban RunoffReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 8 0.17 3Market potential/ROI 0.3 8 Technical barriers 0.17 5Potential to protect or 0.3 STI skills andrestore ecosystems capacityhealth 7 Holistically robust 0.17 5Competitiveadvantage 0.17 6Total return scores Political/institutional 0.17 2 barriers 0.17 4 Ecological damage 4.2 Adoptability 7.7 Total risk scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 151

Table 16: Return-risk Analysis for Rainwater HarvestingReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 8 0.17 4Market potential/ROI 0.3 7 Technical barriers 0.17 5Potential to protect or 0.3 STI skills and 0.17 6restore ecosystems capacityhealth 0.17 5 7 Holistically robustCompetitive 0.17 3advantage 0.17 3 4.3Total return scores Political/institutional barriers Ecological damage Adoptability 7.4 Total risk scoresTable 17: Return-risk Analysis for Zero Pollutant DischargeReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.17 7Market potential/ROI 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 7Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills andrestore ecosystems capacityhealthCompetitive 0.3 4 Holistically robust 0.17 6advantage 0.17 8 Political/institutional barriers 0.17 2 0.17 5 Ecological damage 6.2 AdoptabilityTotal return scores 6.8 Total risk scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 152

Table 18: Return-risk Analysis for Conjunctive Use Return Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 2Market potential/ROI 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 3 capacityPotential to protect or 0.3 7 0.17 2restore ecosystems Holistically robusthealth 0.17 2 Political/institutionalCompetitive barriers 0.17 2advantage Ecological damage 0.17 3 Adoptability 2.3Total return scores 7.7 Total risk scoresTable 19: Return-risk Analysis for Flood ForecastingReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.17 2Market potential/ROI 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 2restore ecosystems capacityhealth 0.17 2Competitive 0.3 7 Holistically robust 0.17 2advantage 0.17 3 2.3 Political/institutional barriers Ecological damage AdoptabilityTotal return scores 7.7 Total risk scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 153

Table 20: Return-risk Analysis for Education Reform Return Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 8 Technical barriers 0.17 2Market potential/ROI 0.3 9 STI skills and 0.17 3 capacityPotential to protect or 0.3 7 0.17 6restore ecosystems Holistically robusthealth 0.17 6 Political/institutionalCompetitive barriers 0.17 1advantage Ecological damage 0.17 5 Adoptability 3.8Total return scores 8 Total risk scoresTable 21: Return-risk Analysis for Protection of Ecosystems for Point and Non-Point PollutionReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 8.5 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 9 STI skills and 0.17 3restore ecosystems 6 capacityhealth 0.3 0.17 6Competitive 7.9 Holistically robustadvantage 0.17 7 Political/institutionalTotal return scores barriers 0.17 1 Ecological damage 0.17 4 Adoptability Total risk scores 4.0Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 154

Table 22: Return-risk Analysis for River RehabilitationReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 7 Technical barriers 0.17 4Market potential/ROI 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 3 capacityPotential to protect or 0.3 6restore ecosystems Holistically robust 0.17 3healthCompetitiveadvantageTotal return scores 7.0 Political/institutional 0.17 7 barriers 0.17 1 Ecological damage 0.17 3 Adoptability 3.5 Total risk scoresTable 23: Return-risk Analysis for Irrigation Water Use Efficiency Return Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 3 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 6restore ecosystems 7 capacityhealth 0.3 0.17 4Competitive 5.7 Holistically robustadvantage 0.17 2 Political/institutionalTotal return scores barriers 0.17 1 Ecological damage 0.17 3 Adoptability Total risk scores 3.2Table 24: Return-risk Analysis for Community Values Ecosystem Services for MalaysiaReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 4 Technical barriers 0.17 3Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills and 0.17 3restore ecosystems 6 capacityhealth 0.3 0.17 2Competitive 5.8 Holistically robustadvantage 0.17 8 Political/institutionalTotal return scores barriers 0.17 1 Ecological damage 0.17 6 Adoptability Total risk scores 3.8Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 155

Table 25: Return-risk Analysis for Advanced Water and Wastewater TreatmentReturn Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 5Market potential/ROI 0.4 7.5 Technical barriers 0.17 5Potential to protect or 0.3 8 STI skills and capacity 0.17 6restore ecosystemshealth 5Competitive 0.3 3 Holistically robust 0.17 2advantage 5 4.7 Political/institutional 0.17 barriers Ecological damage 0.17 Adoptability 0.17Total return scores 6.3 Total risk scoresTable 26: Return-risk Analysis for Repair of Wetland Ecosystem Services for Malaysia Return Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight CriteriaMarket potential/ROI 0.4 5 Technical barriers 0.17 4Potential to protect or 0.3 7 STI skills and capacity 0.17 4restore ecosystemshealth 0.3 7 Holistically robust 0.17 4Competitiveadvantage Political/institutional 0.17 7 barriers Ecological damage 0.17 2 Adoptability 0.17 8 6.2 Total risk scores 4.8Total return scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 156

Table 27: Return-risk Analysis for Water Planning in an Uncertain Climate Return Criteria Weight Score Risk Criteria Weight Criteria 0.4 5 0.17 6Market potential/ROI 0.3 8 Technical barriers 0.17 6Potential to protect or 0.3 6 STI skills and 6restore ecosystems capacityhealth 4 Holistically robust 0.17Competitive 3advantage 6 5.2 Political/institutional 0.17 barriers 0.17 Ecological damage 0.17Total return scores 6.2 Adoptability Total risk scoresMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 157

APPENDIX 4: Investment RoadmapDevelop Eco-Tourism around High Ecological Value SitesSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment National mapping of Research into Green technology Demonstration Green technology potential high value Biodiversity (energy source, of ecological applicationEnablers ecotourism sites. Inventory of the transportation, and Malaysia as the hubOutcomes Assessment and identified and buildings, etc.), biodiversity for biodiversity, research. assessed eco- research and conservation high-tech tourism sites. education ecotourism Identification of unique Chemical free management values and attractions of Ecosystem Extensive water Malaysian ecosystems management ecosystem science treatment and People appreciate potential. science and for the processing green technology, technology development of research funding, Assessment of direct and education detailed code of 60% of ecological laws in indirect benefits of the practice for tourism population in full force. identified sites in a triple Creation of operators to urban - bottom line format, \"Sustainable minimise damage education and Tropical forest and blending Trail Initiatives promotion, wetland base and local/indigenous (STI)\" voluntary Demonstration of higher marine base eco- interests with groups e.g. fully green temperatures tourism as the main commercial interests for friends of an technology in encourage attraction mutual benefit, research ecosystem action in and people to take on climate change around the eco- refuge in impacts on eco-tourism Highly valuable tourism sites, cooler places in Malaysia tourism biodiversity critical mass including eco- market inventory of professional eco- tourism areas Commitment of various Malaysian eco- tourism guides and government agencies. tourism sites managers. Highly valued biodiversity Coordination between Local community and ecological various government and national attractions for agencies. economic high valued benefits of the customers/tour Financial and eco-tourism ists institutional support. High-tech marketing and promotion of eco- tourism including packages. National maps of high value ecotourism potential sites. Complete full ecological assessments of the identified ecological sites. High values and appreciation ofMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 158

ecosystems for and Specialized eco- ecosystems tourism sites (birds watching/water sports/mountain climbing/marine recreational fishing, etc) Urban Water-Based Tourism 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50STI Assessment of Adaptation and Application of Application of Specialised training restoration potential on development science and science and facilities water quality and techniques technology to technology to ecosystem functions applicable to developing implement tropical urban restoration plans restoration system plansEnablers Vision and commitment Research and Critical mass of Funding and Service industriesOutcomes development restoration skill competent with specialised funding implementer Malaysian consultant Identify potential urban Restoration plans for 5 flagship Export services to based tourism plan and techniques restoration project urban water other tropical location. applicable to with target based tourism countries Malaysia's urban benchmark projects rivers completed Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 159

Market and Export High Quality WaterSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Mapping potential Develop quality Ensuring Advanced Major player in source of high quality standard and sustainable bulk water water export virgin spring water from regulation extraction of bulk transport technology the untouched tropical waters technology forest Ecofriendly packagingEnablers Ecofriendly marketing SME to develop Private sector Private sector Private sectorOutcomes advantage niche water investment- 2 investment - investment - 9 market billion people 3.5 billion billion people facing Niche market water facing water people facing water scarcity sources known scarcity water scarcity Export water Malaysia enters the Malaysia is an Malaysia is a industry developed bulk water export established prominent water market world player exporter Clean Water for the Aquaculture IndustrySTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Recycling water to a Application of Synthetic marine Fully Design of standard for a smart sensors water for automation sustainable large guaranteed high quality optimization of using robotics scale aquaculture product location and design system enterprises of aquaculture facilitiesEnablers Importation and Nanotechnology Land/ water use Application of Collapse of globalOutcomes adaptation of existing research capability robotics fisheries and technology assessment technologies increasing global water scarcity Disease prevention Real time Aquaculture Sustainable, Exploiting monitoring water optimally located reliable, Malaysia's abundant quality for quality for optimal human, efficient and water resources to control economic and high quality upscale aquaculture environmental water supply for high value benefits for eco label exports aquatic product Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 160

Malaysian Brand for Domestic Water Purifier 2010-15 2015-30 2030-40 2040-50  Identification of  Development Green technology on domesticSTI water purifier and its componentsInvestment existing local of local and products in the innovated market produts of  Development of filter medium operating and other procedures for halal auxiliaries and tayibah  Promotion and certification export of local products at the global marketEnablers Government and Government and Government and private initiative private initiative private initiativeOutcomes Certification New and Eco-friendly products procedures improved products Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 161

World Leading Tropical Aquatic Research and EducationSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Design of world Real-time testing Course and Understand Monitoring and leading tropical aquatic of facilities as they research programs science, evaluation plan forEnablers research and education come online. rolled out across research and centre's impact on centre recognising Course Malaysia education sustainability Malaysia's abundant development needs across designed and aquatic/ecosystem completed with many tropical implemented resources fully enabled countries virtual learning. Business model Funding, Highly skilled International Funding for impact presented and agreed virtualisation professional staff marketing; assessment with government and technologies attracted international partners reputationOutcomes Business model and Facility built in Recognised leading Recognised as Impact of centre on development plan in physical and research and a leading sustainability of place that is futuristic cyberspace education centre in institution tropical regions to match foreseen Malaysia across all recognised and technology advances tropical results fed back to over 50 year lifespan regions with continuously and incorporates real and improve appropriate level of virtual nodes effectiveness of commercial features established in centre. Export (e.g. Australian CRC many earnings amongst model) countries and best for special cornerstone of centres in Malaysia. capacity development Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 162

Knowledge ExportSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Focus on human National research Demonstration of Government Malaysian resource development alliance on water successful R&D and private companies on water specializing in water STI and partnership in STI operating sector commercialization water STI overseas of Water STI Improvement of experts and expertise directoryEnablers Strong policy directive Strong legal and International International International tradeOutcomes towards water STI policy support to partnerships and satellite promotion and legal potential products/ collaborations offices supports technology and expertise Enhanced interest in the Enhanced R&D Intensified R&D Increasing Significant water sector STI and and trend of contribution from commercialization commercialization national water based Increase number of of water STI income technology/ products human resource trained Increase in including overseas generated and expertise to in water STI international markets overseas from national income partnerships and the water generated overseas collaborations based products/ technology and expertise. Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 163

Downstream Water TappingSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Installation of RBF is widely Show case of urban Tapping urban Enhancement of demonstration unit of accepted for large water collection runoff urban water RBF system along scale system for water technology is facilities for eco- major rivers implementation supply implemented tourism and in high water conservation Mapping off urban Design of smart Public awareness demand areas runoff potential for barrage that can campaign on total Private sector, water supply automatically protection of water Realization of greater public regulate flow resources integrated ownership/ Public awareness river basin participation campaign on total Flood risk Private investment, management protection of water modelling for Incentive from the resources potential site government, Private which incorporate enforcement investment,Enablers Policy statement, climate change Hydraulic modeller impact Flexible water Availability of supply policy fund and technical resourcesOutcomes Public acceptance of Acceptance by Cleaner river, New source of Healthier river RBF system freshwater in ecosystem potential investor wider acceptance urban area Documented urban Increase property runoff potential and the public by the public Reduced cost values for water RBF provides transfer Increase tourism cleaner water revenue Cleaner urban runoff through public participation Improved river habitat Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 164

Rainwater HarvestingSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Rainwater harvesting Rainwater Show case of large Treated Widely accepted for new public & harvesting system scale rainwater rainwater for technology for commercial buildings is implemented in harvesting system domestic and using rainwater in and heavy water use 30% of new industrial used water supply system industries residential areas In all new housing and compulsory areasEnablers Enforcement of the for heavy water Private Private investment, existing policy, use industries Private investment, investment, strong policy and incentive right government higher water enforcement Enforcement of policy and tariff for existing policy, incentive domestic and higher industrial industrial use and domestic water tariffOutcomes Reduced water bill Reduced Additional source Cost saving Rainwater as major dependency on tap of raw water from delayed source in water water and construction supply system minimise flash Reduced flood risk of major flood water Significant reduction resources in flash flood and infrastructure urban runoff pollution Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 165

Zero DischargeSTI 2010-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Installation of effective tertiary treatment for Local Export Low carbon water recovery at wastewater treatment development and knowledge of footprintEnablers facilities, either domestic or industry installation of wastewater technologiesOutcomes state-of-the-art treatment Emphasized in water stress areas such as technologies for Political Kelang Valley and Melaka manufacturing Recovery of commitment and processes and end- materials other concern for global Also implemented in areas where high of-pipe tertiary than water, e.g. warming natural water body quality is to be wastewater energy maintained, such as upstream of tourism site, treatment Support national low where discharge of effluent is to be Private & carbon policy minimized expansion of zero institutional discharge initiatives Incentives, policy, Stringent regulation & application to enforcement other areas Wealth creation Incentive and Water saving. Hence reduce water stress policy Eco-friendly industry Improvement of water quality and human Private & and ecosystem health at sensitive areas institutional initiatives Wealth creation Water saving. Hence reduce water stress More improvement of water quality and human and ecosystem health in the countryMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 166

Opportunities for Sustaining the ResourceSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Intensive assessment of Complete Design and More groundwater Technology is current and future water mapping of installation of large plant to be installed fully resources and demand Malaysia's scale groundwater to supplement water developed for in all states aquifer systems plant to supplement in major areas large and and its capacity water in 3 major small scale areas (KL, Penang, groundwater Study of Ground Johor Bahru) plant water physico- chemical characteristics and propose treatmentEnablers KeTTHA, NAHRIM, KeTTHA, KeTTHA, NAHRIM, KeTTHA, Private JMG NAHRIM, JMG JMG, State Gov NAHRIM, JMG, investment State Gov and private investmentOutcomes Updated reliable water Updated, reliable Increase groundwater Increase Groundwater supply and demand Malaysia's usage to 10%. groundwater usage can be a main data for Malaysia aquifer system Reduce surface water to 20%. Reduce source for known and its physi- usage thus cut down surface water usage areas far away chemical quality treatment cost and thus cut down from water known river water quality treatment cost and supply downstream river water quality downstream Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 167

Improve Flood Forecasting and MitigationSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Application and Perfection of Adaptation measures Development of Technology is adaptation of flood flood early to flood associated local brand fully forecasting and warning system with climate change hydraulic and developed and mitigation models hydrological ready for software market Technique for specializing in predicting future tropical environment rainfall and floodEnablers Sufficient numbers of Investment on Private investment Critical mass of Private professionals state of the art professionals investment technologyOutcomes Capable of using Minimization of Reduced risk of Malaysian global Market models and up to date flood damage extreme flood player services software associated with climate change Reform Water Education Approach 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50 Development of local Establishing Online water Integration ofSTI based water water care education education andInvestment module/curricular groups awareness systemEnablers Education Ministry Community Web 3.0 - intelligent Convergence of allOutcomes together with all based national web good quality agencies related to program education material water sector Universal access to with information water information access and strong Incorporate water Experiential community education in primary, learning involvement secondary and tertiary education Whole population values water Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 168

Improve Ecosystem Protection from Point and Non-point PollutionSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Developing a national Application of Advanced wastewater Design of Scientific scale ecosystem online sensors treatment, zero sustainable demonstration/ services assessment and satellite discharge, best ecosystem establishment protocol technology management practice, management ecosystem precision farming for benefit efficient use of compared to agriculture chemical. unsustainable Organic farming is practices widely practisedEnablers Political will and funding and Polluters pay scheme Best practise policy, Massive lossOutcomes funding, overcoming adaptation of strategy is fully guidelines and of biodiversity institutional barrier existing enforced implementation elsewhere in technology the world. Potential of Malaysia is Nationwide Fully Improvement in ecotourism is fully less impacted prioritisation of established overall water quality realised by climate ecosystem services and national scale change risk protection assessment and Malaysia requirement monitoring recognised as a global resource of biodiversity and genetic resources Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 169

Clean-up and Rehabilitate Waterways in Highly Visible Locations to Improve Aesthetics andEcological FunctioningSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Design of a national Careful Project initiation and Tropical river Malaysia river rehabilitation mapping and implementation rehabilitation submits mostEnablers program based on best prioritisation of technical supervision knowledge packaged successfulOutcomes available science and sites based on and guidance, with for export to other river proven green and soft transparent before and after tropical countries, rehabilitation engineering techniques. TBL criteria evaluation sites supported by regular project to the Green jobs initiative and public established. 'science tours' of International supported by river consultation. Restoration sites used icon projects. River Prize restoration short World best effectively in primary, following best courses. practice river secondary and tertiary Knowledge example of rehabilitation and third age packaging. Overseas pre/post Program business plan manual for education. marketing. Growth evaluation. presented to tropical river of Malaysian-based government systems University staff and/or consulting River prize developed. consultants to companies. application. National river Imaginative supervise projects. Tropical river rehabilitation program new sustainable Community, local rehabilitation Malaysia wins initiated including public access government and local knowledge and international 'green jobs' initiative and enjoyment industry tangible skills exported to riverprize facilities tested support. tropical countries ($500,000) in virtual Six major projects earning Malaysia that provides landscapes. completed for export income. impetus to Flood R1billion. Ecosystem overseas mitigation, functioning restored 'twinning ' navigation and and iconic species projects. real estate restocked. Local developments pollution sources optimised. controlled. Urban and Public support. rural dwellers flock to Business joint new tourism sites ventures. which emphasised Government encouraging human financial sharing of river support. environments in novel Priority sites identified. Techniques established. Guidelines for tropical systems finalised. Riverine landscaping concepts and planning for new business opportunitiesMega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 170

completed. but sustainable ways. Learning outcomes achieved across all sectors of the community. Irrigation Water Use EfficiencySTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Intensive assessment of Application of Adaptation measures Full development of Technology is current and future smart sensors of Irrigation water local brand fully irrigation water use and to control water supply with climate hydraulic and developed and water auditing in all supply change hydrological ready for states software market specializing in tropical environmentEnablers ministry of agriculture Sufficient Integration of data on Application of fully PrivateOutcomes number of optimise water use and automation in investment Irrigation of current and professionals to climate change irrigation sector future water needs focus on Market known artificial Minimization of water Malaysian global services Intelligence loss player in Irrigation research system Real time monitoring optimisation of water use Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 171

Community Values Ecosystem ServicesSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2040Enablers Developing a national Application of Best practise 2030-40 -50 scale ecosystem latest policy, guidelines Application of latest management services valuation technology and technology based on ecosystem wealth to protocol (e.g. online implementation drive national economy and development sensors and IT)  Human resource for immediate Community Government and private institutional capacity. dissemination involvement in commitments and involvement, including of ecosystem ecosystem services universities and research centres, NGOs,  Research, conditions conservation (e.g. etc. education and  Strengtheni Friends of awareness Ecosystem programs targeted ng the Sustainable Trail towards general aspects of Initiatives). public, politicians ecosystem Financial and and decision services in legislation makers. school and university  Institutional and curriculum. financial support.  Extensive awareness programs.  Legislation enforceme nt on protection of identified ecosystem servicesOutcomes  Fully established Changes of Malaysians are Significant Ecosystem services as national scale attitudes highly ecosystem one of the main economic ecosystem services towards knowledgeable and services and development drivers valuation protocol. ecosystem appreciative of the contribution services values values of to the  Extensive data on among the ecosystem services economy the values of general public, evidenced by better and Malaysian politicians and ecosystem development ecosystem services decision conservations. makers Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 172

Advanced Water and Wastewater TreatmentSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Installation of Expansion of Expansion of the Export Low carbon footprint advanced water the advanced advanced knowledge technologies treatment at polluted technology technology of water sources (WTP) application to application wastewater major cities in throughout treatment Installation of nutrient Malaysia Malaysia removal system at STP Installation of effective tertiary treatment for industries (sensitive areas)Enablers Incentives, policy, Incentives, Incentives, policy, Private & Political commitment andOutcomes Stringent regulation & policy, Stringent regulation institutional concern for global enforcement Stringent & enforcement initiatives warming regulation & Improvement of water enforcement Improvement of Wealth Support national low quality and human and water quality and creation carbon policy ecosystem health at Improvement of human and sensitive areas water quality ecosystem health and human and throughout ecosystem Malaysia health at major cities Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 173

Wetland Ecosystem Repair 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50  Mapping of Evaluation Managed as protection ofSTI  Appropriate design and technique techniques the ecosystem andInvestment degraded water of development of ecotourism ecosystem for wetland restoration. restoration properties.  Assessment of site success specific potential.  Implementation of restoration  Prioritization of wetland for program for priority wetlands restorationEnablers  Expert and Strong Continues Budget to Committed NGOs government government and program on support support 2. local community ecosystem evaluation Rationalization of involvement restoration, of wetland education and restoration management awareness successOutcomes Comprehensive report Restoration of degraded wetlands Enhanced Managed as protection of on degraded wetland ecosystem the ecosystem and services development of ecotourism properties Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 174

Water Management Planning to Improve Resilience with Uncertain Climate FutureSTI 2010-15 2015-20 2020-30 2030-40 2040-50Investment Invest in acquiring Apply climate Couple climate Science-based Re-assess climate leading international change forecasts to adaption projections with latestEnablers climate science and projections to hydrological strategies that quantum computing modelling to provide the coastal and hydraulic cater for slow models and better up-to-date projections assets at risk models with moving knowledge of global for Malaysia, whilst around the better climate response to reducing training up local whole coastline computing change and greenhouse gas emissions scientists for ongoing of Malaysia, power to extreme and incorporate across applications. completing a provide events such as integrated e-planning risk assessment integrated heat wave systems. Access to world class that takes into catchment by impacts on climate science and account sea- catchment risk sensitive Quantum computing, e- modelling expertise. level rise, storm assessments. thermal planning Recent Malaysian surges, changing tolerances of climate science ocean Use rapidly aquatic graduates/PhDs and temperatures increasing tropical modellers. and acidity, and computer species, sea tropical storms power (e.g. defences and cyclones. Optical against rising computing) to sea levels, Robust climate apply next dam splillway change generation of design for new projections climate models flood risks, combined with that couple and refined the best local with land logging knowledge of surface practices to coastal processes and minimise risk processes and feed into of landslides. competent risk hydrological Well assessment. and hydraulic developed models. emergency plans and well considered adaptations at regional and local levels. Strong support from provinces and local utilities.Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 175

Outcomes Improved climate Coastal Detailed Improved Planning systems support projections for vulnerability assessments of triple bottom reduced long term impacts Malaysia covering assessment climate change line resilience of Climate Change temperature, completed for risks arising through precipitation and all coastal from increasing carefully evaporation, with best regions of temperature planned estimates of extreme Malaysia and adaptations events risks to water including local evapotranspirat and resources and communities, ion, changing emergency dependent coast-based rainfall response communities, industries industries and patterns, guidelines. and environments coastal changing soil ecosystems such moisture, as mangroves altering flow and estuaries. regimes and extreme events such as heat waves, forest fires, storms, cyclones, and droughts. Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 176

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Yusoff, F. M., Shariff, M. and Gopinath, N., (2006) 'Diversity of Malaysian aquatic ecosystems and resources', Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 9: 2, 119 — 135 (DOI: 10.1080/14634980600713315; URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980600713315)Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 180

STUDY TEAMProf. Dato‘ Dr. Ir. Zaini Ujang (UTM) – Project DirectorProf. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop (UTM) – Project Leader - Natural Resources and Catchment ManagementAssoc. Prof. Dr. Abdull Rahim Yusoff (UTM) - Water Harvesting and Water Demand ManagementProf. Dr. Rahmalan Ahmad (UTM) - Water as Part of EcosystemAssoc. Prof. Dr. Azmi Aris (UTM) - Water and Green TechnologyDr. Shamila Azman (UTM) - Institutional Set-up, Policy and LegalDr Nicholas Schofield (Sinclair Knight Merz) - Business Opportunities Assessment and Futures Analysis Contact details: email: [email protected] Tel: +61 6246 2772 Mob: +61 (0) 447 545 991Mega Science Framework Study Water Sector –Final Report Page 181